Scribd
Upload
44 views

System Development: 3.1 Software Requirement

This document discusses the requirements and design for an eye tracking system. The software requirements include robust and reliable tracking, compatibility with Android and Windows, and the ability to run standalone. The hardware needs to be compact, low-power, and include an onboard processor and image sensor capable of standalone eye tracking. The design section describes the characteristics of eye movements, including saccades to move the fovea between fixations, small jittery motions during fixations, and pursuit motions to follow moving objects. Proper eye tracking is needed to understand a user's focus of attention when interacting with a computer.

Uploaded by

kks
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views

System Development: 3.1 Software Requirement

This document discusses the requirements and design for an eye tracking system. The software requirements include robust and reliable tracking, compatibility with Android and Windows, and the ability to run standalone. The hardware needs to be compact, low-power, and include an onboard processor and image sensor capable of standalone eye tracking. The design section describes the characteristics of eye movements, including saccades to move the fovea between fixations, small jittery motions during fixations, and pursuit motions to follow moving objects. Proper eye tracking is needed to understand a user's focus of attention when interacting with a computer.

Uploaded by

kks
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

3.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

Extremely robust, reliable tracking

Compact size

Low power

Android and Windows compatible

Capability to run standalone

Eye tracking processing done on the camera board

Reliable tracking algorithm

Runs on a single ARM core

3.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

Hardware compact
Low-power
PCB with an on-board Xilinx Zynq processor.
Image sensor capable of tracking eye gaze as a stand-alone device (no PC required).

CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF EYE MOVEMENTS
In order to proceed with the design of effective eye movement-based human-computer
Interaction, we must first examine the characteristics of natural eye movements, with
emphasis on those likely to be exhibited by a user in front of a conventional (non-eye
tracking) computer Console.
4.1.1The Eye
The retina of the eye is not uniform. Rather, one small portion near its center contains
many densely-packed receptors and thus permits sharp vision, while the rest of the retina
permits only much blurrier vision. That central portion (the fovea) covers a field of view
approximately one degree in diameter (the width of one word in a book held at normal
reading distance or slightly less than the width of your thumb held at the end of your
extended arm).
Anything outside that area is seen only with peripheral vision, with 15 to 50
percent of the acuity of the fovea. It follows that, to see an object clearly, it is necessary to
move the eye so that the object appears on the fovea. Conversely, because peripheral vision is
so poor relative to foveal vision and the fovea so small, a persons eye position gives a rather
good indication (to within the one-degree width of the fovea) of what specific portion of the
scene before the person is being examined.
Sample of Eye

Figure 4.1 the Eye

4.1.2 Types of Eye Movements


Human eye movements can be grouped into several categories.
First, the principal method for moving the fovea to view a different portion of the
Visual scene is a sudden and rapid motion called a saccade. Saccades take approximately
30-120 milliseconds and traverse a range between 1 and 40 degrees of visual angle (15-20
degrees being most typical). Saccades are ballistic, that is, once begun, and their trajectory
and destination cannot be altered. Vision is suppressed (but not entirely prevented) during a
saccade. There is a 100-300ms. Delay between the onset of a stimulus that might attract a
saccade (e.g., an object appearing in peripheral vision) and the saccade itself. There is also a
200ms, refractory period after one saccade before it is possible to make another one.
Typically, a saccade is followed by a 200-600ms, period of relative stability, called a
fixation, during which an object can be viewed. The purpose of a saccade appears to be to get
an object that lies somewhere in the visual field onto ones fovea for sharp viewing. Since the
saccade is ballistic; such an object must be selected before the saccade is begun;
Peripheral vision must therefore be the means for selecting the target of each saccade.
During a fixation, the eye does not remain still. Several types of small, jittery
Motions occur, generally less than one degree in size. There is a sequence of a slow drift
followed by a sudden, tiny saccade-like jump to correct the effect of the drift (a micro
saccade). Superimposed on these is a high-frequency tremor, like the noise seen in an
imperfect servomechanism attempting to hold a fixed position.
Another type of eye movement occurs only in response to a moving object in the
Visual field. This is a pursuit motion, much slower than a saccade and in synchrony with the
moving object being viewed. Smooth pursuit motions cannot be induced voluntarily; they
require a moving stimulus.

Yet another type of movement, called nystagmus, can occur in response to motions
of the head. This is a pattern of smooth motion to follow an object (as the head motion causes
it to move across the visual field), followed by a rapid motion in the opposite direction to
select another object (as the original object moves too far away to keep in view). It can be
induced by acceleration detected by the inner ear canals, as when a person spins his or her
head around or twirls rapidly, and also by viewing a moving, repetitive pattern.
The eyes also move relative to one another, to point slightly toward each other
when viewing a near object or more parallel for a distant object. Finally, they exhibit
a small rotation around an axis extending from the fovea to the pupil, depending on neck
angle and other factors.
Eye Movements

Figure 4.2 Basic Eye Movements

Thus the eye is rarely entirely still, even when viewing a static display. It constantly
moves and fixates different portions of the visual field; it makes small, jittery motions even
during a fixation; and it seldom remains in one fixation for long. Visual perception of a static
scene appears to require the artificially induced changes caused by moving the eye around the
scene. In fact, an image that is artificially fixed on the retina (every time the eye moves, the
target immediately moves precisely the same amount) will appear to fade from view after a
few seconds .The large and small motions the eye normally makes prevent this fading from
occurring outside the laboratory.

You might also like