THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE ON THE

EATING HABITS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS

OF CEBU DOCTORS UNIVERSITY

CLARENCE MICHAEL C. ALABAN

LESLEY DAWN A. CEDRO

MAYLEN A. LICATAN, RGC

Research Mentor

CEBU DOCTORS UNIVERSITY

Mandaue City

March 14, 2016

2
THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE ON THE
EATING HABITS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS
OF CEBU DOCTORS UNIVERSITY

_____________________________________
A Thesis Paper Presented
To the
Department of Psychology
Cebu Doctors University
_____________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Degree of
Bachelor of Arts in Psychology
_____________________________________

by:
Alaban, Clarence Michael C.
Cedro, Lesley Dawn A.

October 8, 2015

ii

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

7
The researcher would like to express their sincere gratitude and
appreciation towards the following influential and inspiring people for
making this thesis paper possible.
To our dearest mentor, Ms. Maylen A. Licatan, you have always
been so approachable and supportive. You never failed to follow up on us
and giving guidance. Through the very last minute, you were patiently
correcting and helping us with our paper. We are so grateful to be your
mentee. Thank you so much.
To the head of the Research Office, Mrs. Maria Fe F. Abejar, thank
you for challenging and for the continuous support from the moment we
joined the psychology family. You are not just a teacher and chair of
psychology department before but also a parent. You thought us so much
about life, and you help us not just to be a better student but also a better
person.
To our panel and research coordinator, department chair Mrs.
Maria Elen C. Marcojos, thank you for providing us much needed support
and encouragement, and for sharing to us so much wisdom and
knowledge. Thank you for your guidance, time, trust and patience.
To our adviser Ms. Melda P. Rubillos, panelist Mr. Jose Carme P.
Balicoco, and our statistician Mr. Ryan Max Dueas, for your critical
assessment of our ideas, constructive feedback ad for the time you have
allotted for this paper. Your assistance brought meaningful observation
which strengthened the study.

8
To our technical services librarian Mrs. Maria Angie T. Suarez Del
Real. Thank you for the time and effort on helping us finishing the in text
citation.
To all the College Deans of Cebu Doctors University, thank you for
allowing us to conduct our study and to all the students of Cebu Doctors
University for their time and cooperation that made this thesis paper a
reality.
To our beloved family, especially our parents and siblings, for their
unconditional love, and undying support. Thank you for always believing in
us and for inspiring us. We love you so much.
To our friends and inspirations, thank you for filling our lives with
energy, dreams, love, and unforgettable memories. Without you walking
through college would not a be as wonderful.
And lastly, to our Almighty Father, thank you for giving us the love,
wonderful blessings, and our family. Thank you for your grace that guided
us through, and for giving us these people who made our life awesome.
Thank you!

8
Table of Contents
Page
TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

vi

LIST OF TABLES

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

xi

ABSTRACT

xii

CHAPTER
1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION
Rationale

Theoretical Background

Review of Related Studies

10

Conceptual Framework

17

THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem

18

Significance of the Study

19

Scope and Limitation

20

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design

21

Research Environment

21

Research Respondents

21

9
Research Instruments

22

Research Procedure

23

Gathering of Data

23

Statistical Treatment of Data

24

DEFINITION OF TERMS

26

Chapter
2

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Level of Body Image Disturbance

30

of Male
Level of Body Image Disturbance

33

of Female
Level of Eating Habits of Male.

36

Level of Eating Habits of Female

39

Relationship between Body Image

42

Disturbance and Eating Habits

among Male
Relationship between Body Image

43

Disturbance and Eating Habits

among Female
3

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings

44

Conclusions

45

10
Recommendations
REFERENCES

45
48

APPENDICES
A

TRANSMITTAL LETTER

57

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

61

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

63

TIMETABLE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

68

RESEARCH BUDGET

69

ETHICAL RE VIEW FORM

70

RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION

71

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT MAP

73

CURRICULUM VITAE

11
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Title

Page

1.0

Schematic Diagram of the Study

17

2.0

Level of Body Image Disturbance

in terms of Male

30

3.0

Level of Body Image Disturbance

in terms of Female

33

4.0

Level of Eating Habits in terms

of Male

36

5.0

Level of Eating Habits in terms

of Female

39

6.0

Significant Relationship of Body

Image Disturbance and Eating
Habits in terms of Male

42

7.0

Significant Relationship of Body

Image Disturbance and Eating
Habits in terms of Female

43

ABSTRACT

12

This study aimed to determine the relationship of body image

disturbance on the eating habits among male and female students of
Cebu Doctors University for academic year 2015 2016. The study was
conducted at Cebu Doctors University located at P.V Larrazabal Jr., Ave.,
Mandaue City, Cebu with a total population of two hundred eighty six
respondents from the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of
Rehabilitative Sciences. The study utilized a descriptive correlation
research method to determine the relationship of body image disturbance
on eating habits and the stratified random sampling to determine the
sample size of two hundred eighty six (286) respondents. The study
utilized two research instruments which is the Body Shape Questionnaire
(BSQ) authored by Cooper et al. (1997), and the Eating Habits
Questionnaire by Graham (2003).
Based on the findings, majority of one hundred forty three or 60%
indicated a moderate level of body image disturbance in male and 57% or
eight two of the female respondents also had a moderate level in body
image disturbance which meant that respondents are moderately concern
over their body shape. They perceived some parts of their body unlike
they really are and start to feel uncomfortable, awkward and selfconscious. The researchers also discovered that majority of the male and
female respondents or 92% indicated moderate level of eating habits. This
meant that majority of the respondents often felt preoccupied by the food
they intake but also have the tendency to opt to what is convenient for
them. Furthermore, it was found out that body image disturbance has no
correlation on the eating habits among the male college students of Cebu
Doctors University (r = -0.012, p= 0.227 > 0.05 ) but there is a weak
correlation between body image disturbance and eating habits among
female college students ( r= 0.210, p= 0.012 > 0.05).
Based on the findings, body image disturbance has no significant
relationship on the eating habits among male college students and has a
weak relationship between body image disturbance and eating habits
among female college students. The researchers would recommend that
the school should implement programs that will promote healthy eating
habits and that parents should take part in the regulation of their childrens
eating habits. Students were also encourage to participate in recreation
activities, sports and other events that promotes health and wellness in
coordination with the schools Physical Education Department. Further
studies were also encourage in order to further expound the knowledge
and studies that concerned body image disturbance and eating habits.

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Many teenagers are concerned about their body image and on how
other people perceived them as attractive or not. The media gave
peopleconcepts of what an ideal body image should be like. The concept
of physically attractive male and female both varies in cross cultural
contract context. Studies have reported that female body image
dissatisfaction have a higher number compared to the male population
though reports of the growing number of males admitting of having body
image dissatisfaction is shockingly increasing (Brennan, Lalonde & Bain,
2010).
There had been a concern on what an ideal male and female should be
like. Such as what makes a male physically attractive? Contemporary
Filipino masculinity is a result of mixing local attitudes with those of
Spanish and American colonization (Yang, Vasquez & Koeppel, 2015). So
how does the Filipino community define a physical attractive Filipino? Men
desired to be shaped and toned, as opposed to women who focus on
weight loss. In western context male ideal V-shaped, with an emphasis
placed on large biceps and chests. Men desire for weight gain would fit

2
with the desire to achieve the male ideal v-shaped figure and to gain
additional

muscle.

Opposed

to

the

male

definition

of

physical

attractiveness, females on the other hand were extremely thin with

emphasis on the hips, bottoms and thighs (Morris, 2011). Women are
more likely than men to describe themselves as fat, to weight themselves
often, and to diet frequently (Furnham, Badmin & Sneade, 2002).
Body image is simply the subjective picture or mental image of
ones body (Daley, 2015). Body image is how you saw yourself when
looking in the mirror or when you picture yourself in your mind. It also
includes how you feel about your body, including your height, shape and
weight. People having negative body image have a bigger chance of
developing an eating disorder and are more likely to suffer from
depression, isolation, and obsession with weight loss (What is Body
Image, n.d.).
Thompson, Heineberg, Altabe and Tantleff-Dunn (1999, as cited in
Amissah, Nyarko, Gyasi-Gyamarah & Anto-Winne, 2015) defined body
image disturbance as a persistent report of dissatisfaction, concern, and
distress that is related to an aspect of appearance and some desire of
impairment in social relations, or occupational functioning.
Eating Habits was defined as what and how people eat, their
selection of food, their way of getting food. A good eating habit is
necessary for man of all ages to maintain the proper nutrition their body
needs and to perform well. It is also important for man to take in the right

3
amount and eat at the right time for the metabolism and energy
consumption of the body to do their tasks. College students need the
proper intake of food to improve their study skills, memory, and thinking
capabilities (Cmzaleta, 2012).
Take for example the case of Anna, a college student who has a
voluptuous body shape. For a young girl, she has been obsessing herself
watching fashion shows, or reading fashion magazines. Her ideal body
shape is that of runway models, having smaller hips and thinner thighs.
Her obsession with having a slimmer body shape has led her to avoid
situations in which she was to wear clothes that can reveal lumps of her
fats on her back or going out with friend with the fear of being mocked by
others due to her shape. She began changing the course of her diet; with
extreme focus on eating what she thinks as healthy. She deliberately
avoids eating with friends and classmates whom did not much her food
preference. She mocks others with differing eating habits.
Another example is the case of Leo, a college student who has
been surrounded by men who are shaped and toned, some are in vshaped and had large biceps and chest especially because the gym is
near the school. His classmates are already concerned of their body
shape so Leo began to exercise and work out on the gym, he also avoid
eating unhealthy foods and drinking alcohol. He tended to be preoccupied
with food and has a rigid and restrictive eating habit. He prefers to eat with
people with the same food preference.

4
The researchers desired to establish a relationship between the
level of body image disturbance and level of eating habits to able to
predict how the one variable is affected by the other for male and female
The researchers view the study as having great significance in
psychological research. Moreover, the eating habits were an interesting
topic for research with the sensationalizing concept of healthy eating and
going organic. As well as body image disturbance that had been widely
used in studies that affects other variables. In the event that there is a
significant relationship among the two variables, the result can be further
utilized into understanding in the context of teenage eating habits.
Theoretical Background
Adolescentsbodies

underwent

physical

growth.

Teenagers

experience physical maturation and social changes.As they became

sensitive when it comes to social acceptance, the desire to fit in
influenced their eating habits and how they perceive their bodies.
According to Jourard (1974, as cited in Arquisola & Cabinatan,
2009), body image has two components. First is the body ideal and next is
the body concept. The body ideal may either healthy or unhealthy. The
healthy body-ideal is not too different from the cultural standards but is
also adjusted by the person himself. In this way, the person makes his/her
ideal body more realistic. Body concept includes everything a person
believes about the structure and capabilities of his body and including a
persons mental image of how his body looks like. This may either be

5
accurate or inaccurate.
The Developmental Theories stated that body image development
is focused on the importance of puberty and maturational timing, an area
of particular importance for those interested in adolescent population
(Heinberg, Wood & Thompson, 1996). For example, Fabian and
Thompson compared subjective and perceptual measures of body image
for

premenarcheal

and

postmenarcheal

girls

found

out

that

postmenarcheal girls were more likely to overestimate their thighs. In

general, girls who mature later than their peers experience (experience
menarche after the age of 14) had a more positive body image than those
who reached menarche early or on time. Research indicated that it is not
the timing of puberty alone that predicted body image dissatisfaction but
instead, it is a cumulative effect of puberty and other stressful events like
dating and academic stress (Heinberg et al., 1996).
According to Cusumano & Thompson (1997, as cited in
Hausenblas & Downs, 2001), the most empirically supported theory is
Sociocultural, which identified social pressure as the impetus for an
individuals desire to conform to unrealistic body shape standards.
Sociocultural model emphasized that the current aesthetic student of a
thin and toned physique for female.
The social comparison theory of Festinger (1954, as cited in Roohi,
2014) stated that humans have the drive to evaluate their opinions and
abilities. He believed that people who engaged in this comparison process

6
as a way of establishing a benchmark by which we can make accurate
evaluations of ourselves. There are two kinds of social comparison. The
upward social comparison is comparing ourselves to others who we
thought are better than us. Downward social comparison is comparing
themselves to others who are worse off than themselves. The researchers
believed that one must have what the society has seen as the ideal
concept of perfect body image to be socially accepted.
Similar to the previous theory, the cognitive and social learning
theory of Bandura (1977, as cited in Arquisola & Cabinatan, 2009)
suggested that the body image is a result of explicit and implicit impact
from others. Thus the theory postulated that a person evaluated his own
appearance with the elements of others as a basis for what is desired and
what is not. People acquired their beliefs of how they should look by
internalizing the standards set by those around them. It emphasized on
learning occurred in a social context, and that much of what is learned is
gained through observation, the theory had also been applied to wide
spectrum of ideas.
On the other hand, self-discrepancy theory suggested that man is
strongly motivated to main consistency among his beliefs and selfperceptions. Kazdin (2000, as cited in Arquisola & Cabinatan, 2009) stated
that a negative body image results from the incongruity between ideal and
self-perceived physical attributes. According to social discrepancy theory,
Higgins (1987) stated that the self has three domains; the actual, ideal,

7
and ought. The actual self reflects the individuals perception of his or her
own attributes. Ideal-self referred to the attributes that the individual would
like to possess or that individual aspired to have. Lastly, the ought-self
reflected to attributes that the individual believes he or she had an
obligation to possess. The relevance of social discrepancy theory to body
image is largely based on the fact that there were cultural norms that
espoused particular standards of attractiveness (Higgins, 1987).
Heinberg (1996, as cited in Arquisola & Cabinatan, 2009)
suggested that the development and maintenance of body image
disturbance is largely influenced by social pressure. Social pressure is
identified as the moving force behind a person need to conform to body
shape standards. Ideal body shape as seen in point and film has been
related to body image disturbance. For example, is the most theoretical
attention involved the sociocultural pressures. It had been suggested that
pressure to be thin, form ones social environment fostered body
dissatisfaction because of the repeated messages that one is not thin
enough would be expected to produce discontent with physical
appearance. The pressure to be thin then emanated from a variety of
sources, such as parents, peers, dating partners, and media. Further, the
pressure can be direct such as a parent who encouraged a daughter to
diet, or indirect such as a peer which voiced of a slender model (Stice &
Whitenton, 2002).

8
Objectification theory of Fredrickson and Roberts (1997, as cited in
Krawczyk, 2013) had become one of the widely statistical and empirically
supported theory. The theory is based on the ideas of several
objectifications, an interpersonal phenomenon which occured when a
person is seen or treated as a body or a collection of body parts for use by
others. Calogero, Tantleff-Dunn and Thompson (2011, as cited in
Krawczyk, 2013) stated that self-objectification is believed to be related to
several negative psychological consequences like appearance anxiety,
body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, body shame, eating disorders,
depression, and sexual dysfunction. This usually happen especially to girls
and women who are socialized to view their bodies as objects. In this
case, however, the word object is not only used in the projects that
should be engaged in, controlled, and improved, but in a sexualized sense
as sex objects (Holmqvist, Frisen & Anderson-Fye, 2014). Through a
range of societal messages, girls and women learn to think of and treat
their own bodies as objects of others desires (Frederikson & Roberts
1997; McKinley & Hyde 1996, as cited in Holmqvist, Frisen & AndersonFye, 2014). Females are socialized into self-objectification- to internalize
an observers perspective on their physical self and to view their bodies as
objects to be looked and evaluated by other based on their appearance.
This process rendered women vulnerable to body image related problems
like body, dissatisfaction and eating behaviors (Wertheim & Paxton 2012,
as cited in Holmqvist, Frisen & Anderson-Fye, 2014).

9
Cognitive psychologists suggested that irrational attitudes and
beliefs, and distorted perception are involved in eating disorders. These
beliefs may concern unrealistic ideals of perceptions of body shape, or
irrational attitudes towards eating habits and dieting (Hill, 2001).
The study of Armitage and Conner (as cited in Kvaavik , Lien, Tell,
& Klepp, 2005) employed the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) which
included the constructs behavioral intention, attitudes, subjective norms
and perceived behavioral control) and reported intentions assessed at
baseline to be predictive of dietary behavior (fat intake) three months later.
The first theory Conner and colleagues also employed the TPB and found
that healthy eating behavior was predicted from intentions and perceived
past behavior measured six years earlier.
On the other hand, Kristal and colleagues (as cited in Kvaavik ,
Lien, Tell, & Klepp, 2005) applied the Stages of Change Model in their
study and implemented a follow-up survey after two years. They found
that reduction in fat intake and increased in fruit and vegetable intake were
differently predicted by psychosocial factors. Respondents who were in
the later stages of change for eating a low fat diet and who read food
labels made the largest reductions in fat intake, while changes in fruit and
vegetable intakes were small and did not reach significance across
psychosocial factors.
One theory used by health care professionals when people decide to
change their habits into healthy eating habits is Change theory. This

10
theory, according to Conte (2013), has four stages. The first stage is the
decision-making stage: this meant that the person is not ready and
believed that they are not concerned. Next stage is the contemplation
stage, in this stage the person worried about a change, like thinking of
losing their behaviours on food when they will change their eating habits.
The third stage is preparation stage; the person is now ready to change
and preparing to make a switch and begins with small changes like eating
more fruits and drinking water. The fourth stage is action stage, at this
stage a person is trying make an action to change a behavior like stopping
to eat sweets, lesser amount of food, and etc. Next stage is the
maintenance stage, in this stage the change is stabilized and the new
behavior is incorporated in a persons life (Conte, 2013).
Review of Related Studies
Adolescents experienced of bodyimage disturbance and eating
habits are interesting variable that various researchers have studied. Their
studies present various findings and conclusions on the said variables.
A study conducted by Goeden et al. (2004, as cited in Arquisola &
Cabinatan, 2009) demonstrated that concerns about body dissatisfaction
should not be limited to one gender only. Results showed that out of 4,
746 adolescents, 46% of the girls and 26% of the boys had low body
satisfaction. Overweight girls and boy was observed to have higher
dissatisfaction.

11
On the other hand, a study of Kilpatrick et al. (1999, as cited in
Arquisola and Cabinatan, 2009) reported that 19.5% of the 6,504
adolescents included in the study were trying to gain weight, while 36.6%
were trying to lose weight. More females were trying to lose weight while
more males were trying to gain weight.
A longitudinal study conducted by Bearman, Martinez and Stice
(2006) among adolescent girls and boys in a University in the US on body
dissatisfaction. The story found out that the body dissatisfaction had more
significant increase for girls than for boys among adolescence.
Similar to the previous belief, a study by Bernier, Kozyrskyj, Benoit,
Becker and Marchessault (2010) on the Body Image & Dieting Attitudes
among the preadolescent boys and girls in Canada found out that females
are more likely to feel sensitive and conscious about their body than
males. The study showed that the girls have higher levels of being
conscious with their body size and reported on receiving more advice from
peers and family than boys.
In a review of the literature on body image in men, Cohane and
Pope (2001, as cited in Botta, 2003) concluded that the body image
disturbance does exist in men; however it is linked to trying to be more
muscular rather than trying to be thinner.
Similarly, another study stated that there are still significant number
of males who are concern with their body image and still unhappy with
their bodies. Ricciardelli et al. (2007) studied about the desire for

12
muscularity among the males in the Pacific islands. The participants of the
study included 24 indigenous Fijan, 24 Indo-Fijan, and 24 Togan Boys
between ages 13 to 20. The study aimed on examining body image
concerns associated with muscularity and the reasons for concerns.
Results showed that muscularity was a dominant theme for the
respondents.
On the other hand a study conducted by Siegel (2002) noted how
negative body image is more prominent in females. Siegel used and
ethically diverse sample, he examined the association between body
image and depressive symptoms in adolescents. The results showed that
girls were more influenced by body image than boys compared to women
from other race like Africa who experienced increase in psychological
distress as body image declined.
A correlational study conducted by Grabe, Ward and Hyde (2008),
found small to medium effects sizes between television exposure and
body dissatisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, and eating disorders. In
contrary, Borzekowski, Robinson, and Killen (2000) found that there is no
significant relationship between media exposure and weight and
appearance concerns.
Historically, there are also increasing reports about body image.
Across all ages, according to Striegel-Moore and Franko (2002, as cited in
Serdar, n.d.), females have been found to experience dissatisfaction with
physical appearance at a much higher rate than males. Various studies in

13
the past have also used the correlation method to determine the
significant relationship between body image and a variety of variables. In
the study entitled, Body Image and the Media: The Medias Influence on
Body Image, Sparhawk (2003) suggested a result from his two groups
that individuals who viewed the media slides felt slightly unattractive at the
particular time while the control group felt neither attractive nor attractive.
On the second group which is the experimental group felt slightly worse
than normal about their looks. No significant differences were found on the
both group.
Brebante and Cagas (2015) showed a result on their local study of
Body Image, Body Mass Index and the experience of hiya in physical
education among filipino female university students that filipino female
students reported to have high levels of investment in ideals, social
dependence, attention to grooming, overall appearance of evaluation,
health/fitness evaluation, negative effect and fatness evaluation
A local study on the relationship between body image disturbance
and the eating habits of overweight individuals conducted by Adolfo et al.
(2006, as cited in Arquisola and Cabinatan, 2009), found out that majority
of the respondents had significant body image disturbance.
Another local study on the level of Body-Esteem and the level of
social physique anxiety among the selected students of Cebu Doctors
University conducted by Palacion and Romea (2000, as cited in Arquisola
and Cabinatan, 2009) found out that there is a low negative correlation

14
between the two variables. This shows that low body-esteem would result
to how social physique anxiety. The study also found out that girls have
hig her negative correlation than boys.
A study conducted by Aquisola and Cabinatan (2009) on the levels
of Body Image Disturbance and Interpersonal Trust among high school
students of St. Louis School in Mandaue city showed a result that
perception of ones body does not influence how one perceived others to
be worthy of trust.
Graham (2003) develops an eating habits questionnaire that will
assess symptoms of orthorexia nervosa. He conducted two studies and
results overall comes with a 21 item self-report inventory. The EHQ has
three subscales: 1) problems associated with health eating, 2) knowledge
of healthy eating, 3) feeling positively about healthy eating. The limitation
of the study is that the participants were all college students they were not
conducted with an orthorexic population.
Eating habits that focus on healthy eating as a preliminary step in
researching an alleged syndrome that has been labeled orthorexia
nervosa, defined as a pathological fixation on healthy eating. Bratman
and Knight (2000, as cited in Graham, 2003) described this conjectured
disorder as a pathological fixation on eating healthy pure food.
Orthorexia nervosa is characterized by: 1) spending large amounts of
time thinking about shopping for, and preparing healthy food, 2) feeling
superior to those with differing eating habits, 3) following a particular

15
health-food diet rigidly and engaging in compensatory restriction to make
up for any dietary indiscretions, 4) tying self-esteem to adherence to the
diet, and 5) turning eating properly into the central focus of life, at the
expense of other personal values, relationships, previously enjoyed
activities, and ironically, physical health.
A study about different factors affecting unhealthy eating habits
among youth in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand conducted by Varinil
(2005) Showed a result among youth that about 54% of youth are age 1519 yrs old, and 52.2% of them have eaten fast food and snack food
regularly. Moreover, youth of 15-19 years old are more likely to have
unhealthy eating habits than youth age of 20-24. The study also showed
that females youth are more likely to eat fast food than male youth.
Therefore it is necessary to target healthy promotion programs to young
adolescents age 15-19 and attention should be paid to female youth.
Adolescents encounter pressure not only on their studies but also
dealing with their personal problem and one of this is their eating
behaviour. Studies on Korea and Japan reported poor eating habits and
inappropriate dieting behaviour among high school and university students
(Kim, Kang & Kim,1999; Nakamura et.al., 1999, as cited in Khor, Cobiac &
Skrzypiec, 2002).
Typical eating patterns among university student were meal
skipping, snacking, and eating away from home, fast food etc, and
unconventional dietary pattern such as vegetarian diets, specific weight

16
loss diet and overall reduction of food intake. Studies also reported that
university students showed as a nutritionally vulnerable group with
unhealthy eating behaviors did not meet dietary recommendation (Savige
et al., 2007;Shi et al., 2005; WHO, 2005, as cited in Chin & Nasir, 2009).
On the other hand, studies have also shown that university
students who have healthy eating behavior perform better academically
than student with unhealthy eating behaviors (Affenito, 2007; Kleinman et
al., 2002; Pollitt and Mathews, 1998, as cited in Chin & Nasir, 2009).

17
Conceptual Framework

Level of Body Image

Disturbance

Level of Eating Habits

ISY

LOW

LOW
MODERATE

MODERATE

HIGH

HIGH

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Study

The

diagram

above

illustrated

that

study

determined

the

relationship between the two variables: body image disturbance as the

independent variable and the dependent variable, eating habits, among
male and female students of Cebu Doctors University.

18
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the relationship between body image
disturbance on the type of eating habits among male and female students
of Cebu Doctors University for academic year 2015-2016.Specifically, the
study will answer the following statements:
1. Determine the level of Body Image Disturbance of Male in terms

of:
1.1 Low
1.2 Moderate
1.3 High
2. Determine the level of Body Image Disturbance of female in

terms of:
2.1 Low
2.2 Moderate
2.3 High
3. Determine the level of Eating Habits of Male in terms of:

3.1 Low
3.2 Moderate
3.3 High
4. Determine the level of Eating Habits of Female in terms of:

4.1 Low
4.2 Moderate

19
4.3 High
5. Determine the significant relationship between the level of body
image disturbance and eating habits among male respondents.
6. Determine the significant relationship between the level of body
image disturbance and eating habits among female.
Significance of the Study
The study on the relationship of Body Image Disturbance on the
Eating Habits among Male and Female students of Cebu Doctors
University is significant to other individual such as parents, guidance
counselors, dieticians, and other future researchers as well.
The respondents could able to identify the relationship of body
image disturbance on the eating habits. Their awareness on the variables
lead them to take action for improvement in terms of their lifestyle and on
how to perceive themselves.
Parents could also able to understand their children better. They
were able now to guide their children into what is considered to be a good
eating habit thus, minimizing the possibilities of developing poor eating
habits and eating disorders.
Guidance Counselors can use the result of the study to work hard
in hand with dieticians to further improve respondents eating habits. They
will also be able to understand more what other factors influence eating
habits among college students.
Finally, using the ideas and the results presented in the study,

20
future researchers can benefit from it since it can be used for reference
date in making their own study that can somehow relate to the study. The
study cant further contribute to literature in the Philippines concerning
how ones body image affects our eating habits. Furthermore, future
researchers can use the results improve the study or nullify it should be
the gathered data will contradict the outcome of the current study.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study only focused on determining the significant relationship
of body image disturbance and eating habits among male and female
students of Cebu Doctors University for academic year 2014-2015.
The respondents may had fatigue since the data gathering process
consists of lengthy research instruments in which respondents may more
often engage in "straight-line" responding (i.e. choosing answers down the
same column on a page) or may answer directly without understanding
the test item.

21
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design
The study utilized a descriptive correlational method. This method
was designed to determine the relationship of Body Image Disturbance on
the Eating Habits of Male and Female Students of Cebu Doctors
University.
Research Environment
The study was conducted in Cebu Doctors University, the first
Medical University in the Philippines located at #1 P.V. Larrazabal Jr.
Avenue, North Reclamation Mandaue City, 6014. It was founded in 1975
and was initially located at Osmea Boulevard, Cebu City. The school
gained its University status in 2004 and moved its present campus in
Mandaue City in 2007.
The university is composed of nine (9) colleges namely; College of
Arts and Sciences, College of Optometry, College of Dentistry, College of
Nursing, College of Rehabilitative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, College
of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Graduate School and College of
Medicine.
Research Respondents
The research respondents were male and female students of Cebu
Doctors University. The sample size needed was at least 286
respondents.

22
The researchers utilized the stratified random sampling to get the
determined sample size of two hundred eighty six (n = 286) respondents.
Research Instrument
The study utilized two (2) research instruments namely: Body
Shape Avoidance Questionnaire (BSQ) of Cooper et al. (1997) and the
Eating Habit Questionnaire of Graham (2003).
The Body Shape Questionnaire was used to determine the
respondents relationship on body image disturbance. The BSQ is a 34item research instrument used to measure concerns about body shape.
Respondents rate individual items on ascale from 1(never) to 6(always).
The test was scored simply by summing the Individual item responses
with total 34 to 204. Total scores that were low indicated a low concern
about body shape.
The second research instrument is Eating Habit Questionnaire
(EHQ) developed by Graham (2003) is 21-item self-report inventory
designed to measure a pathological fixation on healthy eating that has
been labelled orthorexia nervosa. The subscales of the EHQ appear to
capture: 1) problems associated with healthy eating. 2) Knowledge of
healthy eating and 3) feeling positively about healthy eating. The EHQ
displayed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability in college
student sample.

23
Research Procedure
Gathering of Data
The researchers presented a transmittal letter to the dean of
College of Arts and Sciences and College of Rehabilitative Sciences of
Cebu Doctors University asking permission to conduct the study in the
school among male and female students. As soon as it was approved, the
researchers retrieved the transmittal letter consent from the CDU CAS
Dean, CDU RS Dean (see Appendix A-1, A-2). The researchers have then
determined the sample population of the respondents.
The researchers have also asked permission to use the tool from
the respective authors of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) (P.J.
Cooper, personal communication, August 19, 2015) and the Eating Habits
Questionnaire (EHQ) tools of Graham (2003) (B. Herbert, personal
communication, August 22, 2015). Permission were sent through e-mail
and were granted by the authors (see Appendix A-3 and A-4).
The data was collected in Cebu Doctors University and was
conducted on the second semester of academic year 2015-2016,
specifically in the months of December 2015 to January 2016.
On the day of the test administration, the researchers initially
distributed the two survey questionnaires along with the informed consent
to each respondent. The informed consent form contained their ID number
and their signature bearing the agreement into being participants of the
study. The researchers were able to discuss and sight information to the

24
respondents on what is the purpose of the study to be conducted.
Instructions were clearly given on how to answer the questionnaires.
Questions or any clarifications from the respondents were answered and
were highly encouraged by the researchers. This was to make sure that
the respondent has clearly understood what the instructions have stated.
The researchers assured that the responses of the respondents were
handled with extreme privacy and confidentiality.
The respondents were given the first tool which is the Body Shape
Questionnaire (BSQ). It took approximately fifteen (15) minutes for the
respondents to finish answering the questionnaire. The second tool which
is the Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ) was distributed. Similarly, it took
approximately fifteen (15) minutes for the respondents to finish the EHQ.
The research mentor also supervised the researchers during the
administration.
The papers were then tabulated based on the scoring procedures
of each instrument and was analyzed by the researcher in a month.
Statistical Treatment of Data
To determine the relationship of body image disturbance on the
eating habits, frequency distribution was used. The distribution of the
scores is presented according to Low, Moderate and High. A bar graph
was used to present the results of the distribution for relationship of body
image disturbance on the eating habits. The mean and standard deviation
of the body image disturbance scores and eating habits scores are also

25
computed.
Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship of body
image disturbance on the eating habits among male and female students
of Cebu Doctors University.

26
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Level of Body Image Disturbance: Referred to a persons

disturbance of his/her body image characterized by having fears of gaining
weight, feelings of low self-esteem because of a persons appearance, the
desire to lose weight and body dissatisfaction. This study uses the Body
Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) of Cooper et al. (1997).
The BSQ was designed for female respondents but this study
researchers also used for males. Responses for individual items may be
never, rarely, sometimes, often, very often and always. Respondents
scores were classified in 3 categories namely:
Score
1-68

Level
Low

Interpretation
It possesses a characteristic of being
positive

and has a clear perception

over body shape. Individual see the

various parts of the body as they really
are, they are also comfortable and
69-136

Moderate

confident of their body.

A characteristics of individual obtaining
moderately concerned of

their

body

shape. They perceive some parts of

their body unlike they really are. They
start to feel uncomfortable, awkward,
and self-conscious. They tend to worry

27
about food, and gaining weight
137-204

High

Respondents

has

intense

negative

thought about their body shape. This

characterized by having fears of gaining
weight, feeling low self-esteem of a
persons appearance and the desire to
lose weight and body dissatisfaction.
Level of Eating Habits: referred to a persons expectation that
his/her eating habits characterized by extremely concerned with healthy
eating habits, preoccupied with food, practice food rituals, and has a rigid
and restrictive eating habits. This study uses the Eating Habits
Questionnaire (EHQ) of Graham (2003). The EHQ was designed for both
male and female respondents. Responses for individual items may be
false/not at all true, slightly true, mainly true, and very true. Respondents
scores were classified in 3 categories namely:
Score

Level

1 -28

Low

Interpretation
It manifests traits of being satisfied
when it comes to eating habits.
Individual

is

not

afraid

and

concerned of having healthy or

29-56

Moderate

unhealthy eating habits.

The respondents are moderately
concerned with their eating habits.
They are already conscious

28
whether they are eating healthy or
57-84

High

unhealthy foods.
The respondents are extremely
concerned with their healthy eating
habits.

They

tend

to

be

preoccupied with food, practice

food

rituals,

has

restrictive eating habits.

rigid

and

Chapter 2
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPETATION OF DATA
The findings of the study are presented, analyzed, an interpreted in
six (6) sections of this chapter, namely:
1. Level of Body Image Disturbance of Male
2. Level of Body Image Disturbance of Female
3. Level of Eating Habits of Male
4. Level of Eating Habits of Female

5. Relationship between the level of body image disturbance and

eating habits among male respondents
6. Relationship between the level of body image disturbance and

eating habits among female respondents.

Level of Body Image Disturbance of Male
Body Image Disturbance is referred to a persons disturbance of his
or her body image characterized by having a fear of gaining weight,
feelings of low self-esteem due to a persons appearance and the desire
to lose weight and body dissatisfaction.
The levels of body image disturbance in terms of male respondents
were presented in figure 2.0 in terms of low, moderate, and high.

30
Percentage Distribution of the Level of Body Image Disturbance
in terms of Male

Level of Body Image Disturbance (Male)n = 143

100

86

80
60

45

40
12

20
0

Low

Moderate

High

Figure 2.0
As shown in Figure 2.0 sixty percent (60%) or eighty-six (86) of the
respondents had a moderate level of body image disturbance. Thirty two
percent (32%) or forty five (45) of the respondents had a low level of body
image disturbance while eight percent (8%) or twelve (12) of the
respondents scored a high level of body image disturbance.
Based on the data presented, majority or sixty percent (60%) or
eight six (86)of the respondents had a moderate level of body image
disturbance. This signifies that 60% out of the total population experienced
moderate body image disturbance which were characterized by a
moderate concern over body shape. They perceived some parts of their
body unlike they really are and start to feel uncomfortable, awkward and
self-conscious. They tend to worry about food and gaining weight.
Male respondents who scored moderate often perceived parts of
their body unlike they really are. Although these individuals have moderate

31
body image disturbance they are prone to have high scores in the future.
This signifies that these male respondents are also inclined to comparing
their body shape towards other males to an extent. In comparison, recent
research suggested that the past studies of body image among men were
flawed. This flawed impression of the male body image could have
influenced their own perception of their bodies (Brennan et al., 2010).
Males who scored moderately in the Body Shape Questionnaire often
have the tendency brood about their body shape and feel ashamed of
their bodies. Males who scored moderately are also inclined to feeling bad
about their own body, and often avoid situations in which body image is a
topic. They would often feel self-conscious about their bodies in the
company of other males.
Thirty two (32%) or forty five (45) of the respondents had low levels
of Body Image Disturbance. Low scores are characterized by a positive
and clear perception over body shape. Male respondents who scored low
see various parts of their body as they really are and are comfortable
about their own body.
Low scores on the Body Shape Questionnaire implies that the
respondents dont over think about being fat or avoid wearing clothes that
will make them aware of their body shapes. In comparison, a study
conducted by Cohane and Pope (2000, as cited in Gupta, 2011) found out
that body image satisfaction is positively correlated with levels of selfesteem. This implies that male respondents who scored low have high

32
levels of self-esteem, they dont usually compare their bodies with that of
others. Although there are other factors that could influence body image
disturbance, these factors dont play a big role on low scorers compared to
those who scored moderate and high on the Body Shape Questionnaire.
They are not as conscious as those who scored differently in the test.
Eight percent (8%) or nine (9) of the sample male population had a
high level of body image disturbance. A high score on the Body Shape
Questionnaire implies that these individuals have a fear of gaining weight
and low levels of self-esteem which are characterized by the individuals
desire to lose weight and body dissatisfaction. High results of the Body
Shape Questionnaire would signify that these respondents would very
often feel uncomfortable and feel bad about their own body shape. They
have the tendency to often compare their body shape towards other males
in an unfavorable manner.
Level of Body Image Disturbance of Female
Body Image Disturbance has been defined as a persistent report of
dissatisfaction, concern and distress that is related to an aspect of
appearance and some desire of impairment of social relations and social
functioning.
The levels of body image disturbance in terms of female
respondents were presented in Figure 3.0 in terms of low, moderate and
high.

33

Percentage Distribution of the Level of Body Image Disturbance in

terms of Female

Level of Body Image Disturbance (Female)n = 143

100

82

80
60
40

35

26

20
0
Low

Moderate

High

Figure 3.0
As shown in Figure 3.0 fifty seven percent (57%) or eighty two (82)
of the female respondents scored moderate. Twenty five percent (25%) or
thirty five (35) of the female respondents scored low and eighteen percent
(18%) or twenty six (26) of the respondents scored high on the Body
Shape Questionnaire.
Eighty two (82) of the female respondents scored moderate on the
Body Shape Questionnaire, It signifies that fifty seven percent (57%)
experienced a moderate body image disturbance characterized by a
moderate level of concern on their body. These respondents feel awkward,
uncomfortable and self-conscious; these respondents have the tendency
to worry about food and gaining weight.
The results imply that females who scored moderate on the Body

34
Shape Questionnaire are often inclined to worry about their shape,
thought about dieting and had a fear of gaining weight and become fat.
These preoccupation about their body shape, can be a result of flawed
body image impression and of social influences.
In a local study conducted by Brebante and Cagas (2015), the
researchers found that Filipino females have high levels of investments in
ideals, social dependence, attention to grooming, overall appearance of
evaluation, health or fitness evaluation and negative effects and fatness
evaluation. The researchers found that hiya plays a role on how females
perceived their body image.
Moderate scores are considered significant because these
respondents have high levels of body image disturbance if they are
exposed to other influencing factors such as appearance related media.
This is supported by the study of Thompson and Heinberg (1999) which
showed that those women with lower self-esteem and lower self-image
were found out to be dissatisfied with their body shape compared to those
who had high levels of self-esteem and self-image.
Twenty five (25%) of thirty five (35) of the respondents had a low
score on the Body Shape Questionnaire. This implies that these
respondents have a clear perception of their body shape compared to
those who scored differently.
Low scores on the Body Shape Questionnaire implies that these
respondents never or rarely experienced body image disturbance such as

35
feelings of discomfort towards their body which are characterized by
feeling fat after a meal or avoided situations in which body shape is
discussed.
The results of the study can be linked to respondents having high
levels of self-esteem as stated in the role of self-esteem in Body Image
Disturbance. In a study conducted by Philips, Pinto and Jain (2004, as
cited in Wasylkiw, MacKinnon & MacLellan, 2012), they found out that high
levels of self-esteem resulted in a positive evaluation of their body.
Moreover, twenty six (26) of the respondents had a high level of
body image disturbance. This signifies that eighteen percent (18%)
experienced high body image disturbance which is characterized by
having fear of gaining weight, feeling of low self-esteem of a persons
appearance and the desire to lose weight and body dissatisfaction.
This high scores maybe a result of external influences such as
media ideals on body image. According to Wolf (1990, as cited in
Thompson and Heinberg, 1999), the mass media had been criticized as
advocates and promoters of the unrealistic and dangerously thin ideal of
the female body image. These respondents have the tendency to subject
themselves to these external factors. The researchers believed that
female with high scores on the Body Shape Questionnaire are subjected
to media influence especially on how they see and perceive their body
image.
Level of Eating Habits of Male

36
Eating Habits defined as what and how people eat, their selection
of food, their way of getting food. A good eating habit is necessary for a
person of all ages to maintain the proper nutrition their body needs and to
perform well.
The level of eating habits in terms of male respondents was
presented in Figure 4.0 in terms of: low, moderate, high.
Percentage Distribution of the Level Eating Habits in terms of Male

Level of Eating Habits (Male)n= 143

131

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Low

Moderate

High

Figure 4.0
As shown in Figure 4.0, ninety two percent (92%) had a moderate
level of eating habits. Five percent (5%) had a high level of eating habits.
Three percent (3%) had low level of eating habits.
Ninety-two percent (92%) of the male respondents scored
moderate on the Eating Habits Questionnaire, which is characterized by
being conscious of eating healthy or unhealthy foods. It signifies that male
respondents who scored moderate on the Eating Habits Questionnaire are
subjected to their personal preference over food. This would signify that
male respondents who scored moderately on the Eating Habits

37
Questionnaire have often felt preoccupied by the food they intake but also
have the tendency to opt to what is convenient for them. Moderate scores
also meant that these respondents often felt that healthy eating is a
significant source of stress in their relationships on some occasions and
would often consider only a few choices of food as healthy. In terms of
relationships towards others, moderate scores are influenced by sociocultural factors and environments.
The results can be related to a study conducted by Verstraeten et
al. (2014), that socio-cultural changes influence eating behaviors in
adolescents. In which, she found out that the impact of changing sociocultural environments on traditional food diets, food availability and family
meal factors lead to increase portion sizes & variety of palatable foods
with poor nutritional quantity. Another reason for choosing a particular food
may be associated with concerns over identity, image & social
belongingness. Moderators in eating behavior that influenced eating habits
included financial autonomy & setting (rural/urban) these moderators may
restrict participants from accessing food choice thus a change in eating
behavior may occur.
Five percent (5%) of the male respondents experienced high level
of eating habits, which meant that respondents are extremely concerned
with their healthy eating habits. They tend to be preoccupied with food,
practice rituals, had rigid and restrictive eating habits. It should be taken
into consideration that high scores are linked to orthorexia nervosa,

38
obsessive compulsive attitude towards eating or even prone to depression
over food and the expense of socialization. The results implied of those
high scores on the Eating Habits Questionnaire is that these male
respondents spend a huge amount of time in choosing where to eat, or
whether a food is healthy or not.
Respondents who scored high on the Eating Habits Questionnaire
compared to those who scored differently are prone to turn down social
offers in which involved eating unhealthy food, in the expense of social
relationships. High scores meant that these respondents felt that they are
in control when they eat healthy.
Moreover, three percent (3%) experienced low eating habits, an
indication that respondents are satisfied when it comes to eating habits.
These individuals are not afraid and concerned of having healthy or
unhealthy eating habits. Male respondents consume food based on their
preference rather on what they considered healthy or not. They would go
for food choices which are convenient and easily accessed. Also, the
researchers believed that the socio-economic status played a role in food
choice, such as those respondents who belonged to the lower and middle
socio-economic classes had different food choice than those belonging to
the upper classes.
Furthermore, low scores on the Eating Habits Questionnaire meant
that these respondents dont have a difficulty in finding places to eat nor
they felt that their eating habits are superior to others.

39

Level of Eating Habits of Female

Eating habits referred to a persons expectation that his/her eating
habits characterized by extremely concerned with healthy eating habits,
preoccupied with food, practice food rituals, and has a rigid and restrictive
eating habits.
The level of eating habits in terms of male respondents was presented in
Figure 5.0 in terms of: low, moderate, high.
Percentage Distribution of the Level Eating Habits in terms of Female

Level of Eating Habits (Female)

n= 143

Figure 5.0

40
As shown in Figure 5.0, ninety two percent (92%) had a moderate
level of eating habits. Five percent (5%) had low level of eating habits.
Three percent (3%) had high level of eating habits.
Ninety-two percent (92%) scored moderate, this population is prone
into scoring high score on the Eating Habits Questionnaire, this result
indicated that respondents are moderately concerned with their eating
habits. This would signify that these respondents would often take into
consideration eating healthy though they are also inclined to consuming
food which are relatively convenient and which are available to them.
Female respondents who scored moderate on the Eating Habits
Questionnaire are subjected to their personal preference over food. This
implies that females with moderate scores on eating habits based their
food choice on what is convenient for them at the given time. Eating habits
of moderate scores can be influenced by socio-cultural and environmental
influences. Therefore moderate scores on the Eating Habits Questionnaire
meant that these respondents will have a tendency to score higher on the
test if they are subjected to other factors which may include peer pressure.
In contrast to low scores and high scores on the Eating Habits
Questionnaires, a moderate score would indicate that these respondents
occasionally gain a feeling of satisfaction from eating healthily and are
often following a personal food diet
The moderate scores can be related to the results of the study
conducted by Lupi et al. (2015) which showed that majority of respondents

41
especially the students living away from home recognized to have
changed their eating habits while attending university. It was noted in other
contexts how students find difficulty in following healthy eating habits. The
reasons that influence the food choices are different: the change of
lifestyle, the comfort and convenience of fast food, the taste, the physical
and social environment surrounding them, the gender, the attention to the
weight and the beliefs. The results of this study are in agreement with
others reporting the adoption of unhealthy food habits among college
students, especially with regard to the low consumption of fruit and
vegetables, milk and dairy products, fish, eggs, pulses, and the excessive
consumption of meat, sausages and sweets.
Five percent (5%) of the population experienced low eating habits
which indicate that they are satisfied with their eating habits and not
concerned nor afraid of healthy and unhealthy eating habits.
This implies that low scores on the Eating Habits Questionnaire
meant that these respondents are not preoccupied with the food they
consume.
On the other hand, only three percent (3%) had high scores on the
Eating Habits Questionnaire which characterized by having extreme
concern on their eating habits. Respondents with high scores have the
tendency to be preoccupied with food, practice rituals, & and have rigid
restrictive eating habits. This result proved that at least only three percent
of the population is prone to orthorexia nervosa.

42
Orthorexia Nervosa which was defined by Bratman and Knight
(2000, as cited in Graham, 2003) is a fixation on healthy eating to a point
in which becomes a crippling compulsion, described as a disease,
disregard as a virtue where in the fixation on healthy eating now becomes
a form of obsession. High scores on the Eating Habits Questionnaire
indicated that they would resort to turning down social offers which
involved eating which are not of their own personal preference. They
would also believe that their diet is better than others, eating healthily
gives a sense of satisfaction and that they made several efforts to eat
healthily over time. A high score on the Eating Habits Questionnaire also
would indicate that these respondents feel anxious about their diets.
Scatter Plot: The Relationship of Body Image Disturbance and Eating
Habits among Male respondents

Relationship of Body Image Disturbance and Eating Habits among Male

100
80
60
Eating Habits 40
20
0
0

50 100 150 200 250

Figure 6.0
As shown in the model on Figure 6.0 there is no significant
relationship between body image disturbance and eating habits among

43
male respondents

(r = -0.012, p= 0.227 > 0.05

). A no correlation

between the two variables implies that an increase in eating habits does
not affect male body image disturbance. Therefore, male eating habits,
whether high, moderate or low does not necessarily play a role on male
body image disturbance.
The results imply that even if male respondents feel that they are
worried about their body image they do not feel that this is due to their lack
of self-control on their eating habits. Also male respondents who follow a
healthy food-diet do not necessarily feel that their body shape influenced
their choice in making a diet.

Scatter Plot: The Relationship of Body Image Disturbance and Eating

Habits among Female respondents

Relationship of Body Image Disturbance and Eating Habits among Female

100
80
60
Eating Habits 40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Figure 7.0
As shown in the model on Figure 7.0 there is a weak positive
correlation between body image disturbance and eating habits among

44
female respondents ( r= 0.210, p= 0.012 > 0.05). There is slight
significant relationship between the two variables, a weak positive
correlation between the two variables signifies that when eating habits
increases there also a slight increase in body image disturbance. This
would imply that when female respondents often felt ashamed of their
body shape that they have the tendency to make efforts to eat healthy
foods.

Chapter 3
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECCOMENDATIONS
OF THE STUDY
The summary of findings, conclusion, and recommendations of the
study entitled The Relationship of Body Image Disturbance of the Eating
Habits among Male and Female Students of Cebu Doctors University are
presented in this chapter.
Summary of Findings
Based on the data presented, interpreted and analyzed in Chapter
two (2) the following findings are found out:
The study aimed at establishing the relationship between the level
of body image disturbance and eating habits. The study as composed of
two hundred eighty six (286) respondents from the male and female
students of Cebu Doctors University.
Most of the respondents answered a moderate score for both Body
Image Disturbance and Eating Habits. For Body Image Disturbance, one
hundred seven percent of the total population answered Moderate, while
only fifty seven percent of the population answered low and twenty six
percent answered high while for eating habits, one hundred eighty four
percent of the total population answered moderate, while both eight
percent of the total population answered low and hi

45

Conclusion
The following statements of conclusions are based on the result findings:
1. Majority of the male and female respondents scored moderate
on the level of Body Image Disturbance. Therefore majority
respondents often perceived parts of their body as they really
are and often inclined to feel worry about their shape.
2. Majority of the male and female respondents also scored
moderate on the level of eating habits. Therefore the
researchers concluded that majority of the male and female
students would often take into consideration eating healthy
though they are inclined to consuming foods which are relatively
convenient and available to them.
3. The study found out that body image disturbance has no
significant relationship on the eating habits among the male
college students of Cebu Doctors University but the study also
found out that body image disturbance has a weak significant
relationship on the eating habits among female college students
of Cebu Doctors University.
4. Respondents with high level of body image disturbance can
attained greater levels of eating habits than those whose level of
body image disturbance is low. The more a respondents level of

46
body image disturbance increases the level of eating habits also
increases which denotes a positive correlation between the two.
5. As a result, the researchers concluded that decreasing the level

of body image disturbance can help improve eating habits

among male and female students of Cebu Doctors University
which is the main objective of the study.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the studies, the researchers recommend
the following:
1. Respondents who felt that they are worried about their body shape
should make efforts in participating through school activities. The
P.E Department of Cebu Doctors University can implement
programs that encourage students to practice proper exercise and
promote healthy food practices.
2. The

Guidance

Counselor

can

implement

programs

which

encourage and inform students the benefits of healthy eating

habits, as well as practicing healthy lifestyles. They can also
conduct a seminar on body image disturbance awareness, its
implication and how to go through with the said condition.
3. Parents can help regulate the eating habits and wellness of their
children which will be accessed and monitored by the schools clinic
through an annual check-up which can be conducted before

47
enrollment of the semester and evaluated by the schools Physical
Education Department.
In the interest of future studies, the researchers would like to
recommend the following:
1. A similar study can be made utilizing a different research
instrument to measure body image disturbance that is not only
focused on the discomfort brought by the feeling of being fat
experience.
2. A comparative study on the level of eating habits among adults in
varying socio-economic status.
3. A similar study can be conducted using body image, body shape
in relationship with self-esteem and self-compassion.
4. A qualitative study can be conducted to determine the leading
factors of body image disturbance.
5. A descriptive study on body image disturbance that takes into
consideration of exposure to social media.
6. A similar study which will utilize Eating Habits Questionnaire to
further add up existing knowledge on Orthorexia Nervosa.

48

References
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(2015). Relationships among body image, eating behavior, and
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15,

2015,

from

http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_6_June_2015/23.pdf
Arquisola, K.A. & Cabinatan, A.S. (2009, February 11). The level of body
image disturbance and interpersonal trust among the selected
students of Saint Louis School of Mandaue (Unpublished
undergraduate thesis). Cebu Doctors University, Mandaue City.
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57

APPENDIX A-1
TRANSMITTAL LETTER

58

APPENDIX A-2
TRANSMITTAL LETTER

59

APPENDIX A-3
TRANSMITTAL LETTER

60

APPENDIX A 4
TRANSMITTAL LETTER

61

Appendix B
INFORMED CONSENT FORM

62
I.D. Number: ________ Course: __________Date:____________
Gender: _____ Age:__________
Title of the Research Study: The Relationship of Body Image
Disturbance on the Eating Habits of Male and Female Students of Cebu
DoctorsUniversity
Investigator: Clarence Michael Alaban and Lesley Dawn A. Cedro,
College of Arts and Science Department of Psychology, Cebu Doctors
University, MandaueCity (032) 238- 3888
Purpose and Background of the Study: This is a study designed to
determine the relationship of Body Image Disturbance on the Eating
Habits of Male and Female Students of Cebu Doctors University.
Procedures: If I agree to participate, the following things will happen:
1. I will answer Body Shape Questionnaire which is designed to measure
concerns about body shape. This will take about 5-8 minutes.
2. I will answer Eating Habits Questionnaire which is designed to measure
pathological fixation on healthy eating. This will take about 5-8 minutes.
Benefits: If I wish to know my test results, I may contact the researcher
regarding the matter. My test results will allow me to know my level of
body image disturbance and level of eating habits questionnaire.
Risks: I understand that this study will not pose any direct risks towards
me.
Reimbursement: I am aware that I will not receive any form of

63
compensation for my participation in this study.
Confidentiality: All information and results to this study will be kept
confidential and used only for research purpose. Once research has been
approved after the oral defense, the results will be shredded.
Questions: All of this information has been provided by the research
investigators Clarence Michael Alaban and Lesley Dawn A. Cedro and I
can contact them via email, [email protected] or text at
09324839579.

Right to Refuse or Withdraw: My participation in this study is entirely

voluntary, and I have the right to refuse if I wish.
Consent: I have read the entire consent form and I agree to participate in
the study.

Signature: ______________________
Investigators Signature: __________________

Date: ___________

64
Appendix C-I
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
BODY SHAPE QUESTIONNAIRE
P.J Cooper, M.J Taylor, Z,Cooper, and C. G. Fairburn
We should like to know how you have been feeling about your appearance
over the PAST FOUR WEEKS. Please read each question and circle the
appropriate number to the right. Please answer all the questions.
OVER THE PAST FOUR WEEKS:
1=Never, 2=Rarely, 3=Sometimes, 4=Often, 5=Very often,
6=Always
1. Has feeling bored made you brood about your shape?
1 2 3 4

2. Have you been so worried about your shape that you have
been feeling you ought to diet?
1

3. Have you thought that your thighs, hips or bottom are too
large for the rest of you?
1

4. Have you been afraid that you might become fat (or fatter)? 1

5. Have you worried about your flesh being not firm enough? 1

6. Has feeling full (e.g. after eating a large meal) made you 1
feel fat?

7. Have you felt so bad about your shape that you have 1
cried?

8. Have you avoided running because your flesh might 1

wobble?

10 Have you worried about your thighs spreading out when 1

. sitting down?

11 Has eating even a small amount of food made you feel fat? 1
.

9. Has being with thin people at the same gender made you
feel self-conscious about your shape?
1

12 Have you noticed the shape of other people at the same

. gender felt that your own shape compared unfavorably?
1

65
13 Has thinking about your shape interfered with your ability to
. concentrate (e.g. while watching television, reading,
listening to conversations)?
1

17 Has eating sweets, cakes, or other high calorie food made 1

. you feel fat?

14
. Has being naked, such as when taking a bath, made you 1
feel fat?
15 Have you avoided wearing clothes which make you
. particularly aware of the shape of your body?
1
16 Have you imagined cutting off fleshy areas of your body?
.

18 Have you not gone out to social occasions (e.g. parties)

. because you have felt bad about your shape?
1
19 Have you felt excessively large and rounded?
.

20 Have you felt ashamed of your body?

.

21 Has worry about your shape made you diet?

.

22 Have you felt happiest about your shape when your

. stomach has been empty (e.g. in the morning)?
1

23 Have you thought that you are in the shape you are
. because you lack self-control?
1

24 Have you worried about other people seeing rolls of fat

. around your waist or stomach?
1

25 Have you felt that it is not fair that other people are thinner 1
. than you?.

26 Have you vomited in order to feel thinner?

.

27 When in company have your worried about taking up too

. much room (e.g. sitting on a sofa, or a bus seat)?
1

66
28 Have you worried about your flesh being dimply?
.

29 Has seeing your reflection (e.g. in a mirror or shop window)

. made you feel bad about your shape?
1

33 Have you been particularly self-conscious about your

. shape when in the company of other people?
1

30 Have you pinched areas of your body to see how much fat 1
. there is?
31 Have you avoided situations where people could see your
. body (e.g. communal changing rooms or swimming baths)? 1
32 Have you taken laxatives in order to feel thinner?
.

34 Has worry about your shape made you feel you ought to 1
. exercise?

Appendix C-II

67
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
EATING HABITS QUESTIONNAIRE
Eric Collins Graham
Dr. David H. Gleaves
Please answer the following questions by circling the response that best
fits your current eating habits.
F= False, not at all true

ST= Slightly True

MT=

Mainly

true

VT= Very true

1. 1.

I am more informed than others F

about healthy eating.

ST

MT

VT

2.

I turn down social offers that F

involve eating
unhealthy
food.

ST

MT

VT

3.

The way my food is prepared is F

important in my diet.

ST

MT

VT

4.

I follow a diet with many rules.

ST

MT

VT

5.

My eating habits are superior to F

ST

MT

VT

6.

others.
I am distracted by thoughts of F
eating healthily.

ST

MT

VT

7.

I only eat what my diet allows.

ST

MT

VT

8.

My healthy eating is a significant F

source
of
stress
in
my
relationships.

ST

MT

VT

9.

I have made efforts to eat more F

healthily over time

ST

MT

VT

10.

My diet affects the type

employment I would take.

of F

ST

MT

VT

11.

My diet is better than other peoples F

ST

MT

VT

12.

diets.
I fell in control when I eat healthily.

ST

MT

VT

68
13.

In the past year, friend or family F

member have told me that Im
overly concerned with eating
healthily.

ST

MT

VT

14.

I have difficulty finding restaurants F

that serve the food eat.

ST

MT

VT

15.

Eating the way I do gives me a F

sense of satisfaction.

ST

MT

VT

16.

Few foods are healthy for me to F

eat.

ST

MT

VT

17.

I go out less since I began eating F

healthily.

ST

MT

VT

18.

I spend more than three hours a F

day thinking about healthy food

ST

MT

VT

19.

I feel great when i eat healthily.

ST

MT

VT

20.

I follow a healthy food-diet rigidly.

ST

MT

VT

21.

I prepare food in the most healthful F

ST

MT

VT

way.

Appendix D
TIMETABLE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Research
Activities
Research
Title
Screening

June
2015

July Aug
201 201
5
5

Sep
t
201
5

Oct
201
5

Nov
201
5

Dec
201
5

Jan
201
6

Feb
201
6

Mar
201
6

Ap
r20
16

69
Thesis
Proposal
Development
Ethical
Review
Thesis
Proposal
Hearing
Data
Collection
Data
Processing
and Analysis
Final Report
Writing
Oral Defense
Research
Forum
Submission
of
Research
Final
Requirement
s

Appendix E
RESEARCH BUDGET

Expense/s

Cost

Reproduction Materials

Php 800.00

Internet Usage

Php 100.00

70
Transportation

Php 300.00

Thesis Proposal Hearing Fee

Php 3000.00

Data Collection

Php 2000.00

Spss

Php 500.00

Oral Defense

Php 3200.00
______________________
TOTAL

APPENDIX F
ETHICAL REVIEW FORM

Php 9,900.00

71

APPENDIX G
DOCUMENTATION

Physical Therapy-1 Students

72

Psychology-3 Students

73

APPENDIX H
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT MAP

74

CURRICULUM VITAE

75

Personal Background
Name:Lesley Dawn A. Cedro
Address: Bldg 8, Unit 213, Urban Deca Homes, Tipolo,
Mandaue City
Contact No:09322595936
Email Address: [email protected]
Educational Background
2001-2007
Primary Level
Tandag Pilot Elementary School (SPED)
Tandag City
2007-2011
Secondary Level
Saint Theresa College
Tandag City
2012-Present
Tertiary level
Bachelor of Arts in Psychology
Cebu Doctors University

CURRICULUM VITAE

76
Personal Background
Name:Clarence Michael Alaban
Address: brgy, Maguikay, Mandaue City
Contact No:0927-871-4315
Email Address: [email protected]
Educational Background
2001-2007
Primary Level
Kinaadman Elementary School Inc.
2007-2011
Secondary Level
Fellowship Baptist College
2013-Present
Tertiary level
Bachelor of Arts in Psychology
Cebu Doctors University
Mandaue City