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    Lecture 4 Tape Corrections

    Uploaded by

    AndreaMiccaBautista
    This document outlines the key topics covered in a university lecture on general surveying. The lecture introduces common sources of error in tape measurements, such as tape length variations, slope, alignment, temperature, tension, sag, and wind. It provides rules for applying corrections, including adding corrections when a tape is too long and measuring, and subtracting when laying out distances. Equations are given for calculating corrections due to various factors. Examples are included to demonstrate applying corrections to obtain true horizontal distances and lengths. The goal is for students to understand how to identify, apply, and determine equations for tape measurement corrections.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lecture 4 Tape Corrections

    Uploaded by

    AndreaMiccaBautista
    1K views26 pages
    This document outlines the key topics covered in a university lecture on general surveying. The lecture introduces common sources of error in tape measurements, such as tape length variations, slope, alignment, temperature, tension, sag, and wind. It provides rules for applying corrections, including adding corrections when a tape is too long and measuring, and subtracting when laying out distances. Equations are given for calculating corrections due to various factors. Examples are included to demonstrate applying corrections to obtain true horizontal distances and lengths. The goal is for students to understand how to identify, apply, and determine equations for tape measurement corrections.

    Original Description:

    Elementary Surveying

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    This document outlines the key topics covered in a university lecture on general surveying. The lecture introduces common sources of error in tape measurements, such as tape length variations, slope, alignment, temperature, tension, sag, and wind. It provides rules for applying corrections, including adding corrections when a tape is too long and measuring, and subtracting when laying out distances. Equations are given for calculating corrections due to various factors. Examples are included to demonstrate applying corrections to obtain true horizontal distances and lengths. The goal is for students to understand how to identify, apply, and determine equations for tape measurement corrections.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views26 pages

    Lecture 4 Tape Corrections

    Uploaded by

    AndreaMiccaBautista
    This document outlines the key topics covered in a university lecture on general surveying. The lecture introduces common sources of error in tape measurements, such as tape length variations, slope, alignment, temperature, tension, sag, and wind. It provides rules for applying corrections, including adding corrections when a tape is too long and measuring, and subtracting when laying out distances. Equations are given for calculating corrections due to various factors. Examples are included to demonstrate applying corrections to obtain true horizontal distances and lengths. The goal is for students to understand how to identify, apply, and determine equations for tape measurement corrections.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Department of Geodetic Engineering

    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    At the end of the lecture, the student should be


    able to:
    Identify, enumerate and apply correctly the rules
    and general statement for tape corrections
    Discuss the causes of errors in taping and carry
    out corresponding corrections
    Determine equations to apply for each tape
    correction
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    I.

    Rules in Tape Corrections


    A.
    B.
    C.

    Measuring with a tape


    Laying out distances using a tape
    General Statement

    II. Corrections to Tape


    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.
    E.
    F.
    G.

    Tape not of standard length


    Slope
    Alignment
    Temperature
    Tension
    Sag
    Wind

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Rules in Tape Corrections


    First Rule:

    When a line is measured with a tape that is


    TOO LONG, corrections are ADDED
    Second Rule:
    When laying out a length with a tape that is
    TOO LONG, corrections are SUBTRACTED
    Third Rule:
    When a line is measured or laid out with a tape that
    is TOO SHORT, corrections applied are opposite of 1st and
    2nd rules
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Rules in Tape Corrections

    GENERAL STATEMENT
    When measuring with tape

    TOO LONG, ADD;


    TOO SHORT, SUBTRACT.
    Do the reverse when laying out.

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape
    1. Due to tape not of standard length
    2. Due to Slope
    3. Due to Alignment
    4. Due to Temperature
    5. Due to Tension

    6. Due to Sag
    7. Due to Wind
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Tape Not of Standard Length


    Often due to imperfections in their manufacture,
    stretching or wear
    Also due to constant use of tapes becoming
    worn, kinked, and improperly repaired when
    breaks occurred.

    Corrections may vary from few millimeters or


    centimeters

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Tape Not of Standard Length

    Corr = Correction per tape length


    TL =

    True or Actual Length

    NL =

    Nominal Length of tape

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Tape Not of Standard Length

    ML
    CL ML Corr

    NL
    CL =

    Corrected length of the line to be measured or laid out

    ML =

    length measured or laid out

    Corr = Correction per tape length (TL-NL)


    TL =

    True or Actual Length per tape length

    NL =

    Nominal Length of tape

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Tape Not of Standard Length


    Example
    The length of line AB measured with a 50-m tape is
    465.285 m. The tape used is found out to be 0.016 m
    too long. Determine the correct length of AB.

    ANS: CL = 465.434 m
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Slope
    When distances are measured along a slope, the equivalent
    horizontal distance may correspondingly be determined by applying
    an approximate or exact slope correction

    d s Ch
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Slope

    d s Ch
    2

    Gentle Slopes (<20%)


    Steep Slopes (Between 20% & 30%)
    Very Steep Slopes (>30%)
    Ch = slope correction = s-d
    h = Delev between pts
    s = measured slope distance
    d = equivalent Horizontal distance
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    h
    Ch
    2s

    h2 h4
    Ch 3
    2 s 8s

    Ch s1 cos
    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Slope
    Example
    Slope distances AB and BC are measured with lengths 76.52 m
    and 84.94 m, respectively. The differences in elevation are
    30.55 m for points A and B, and 20.60m for points B and C.
    Determine the combined slope correction for line AC assuming
    slopes are gentle, steep and very steep. Finally, calculate the
    corrected horizontal distance AC for each slope type.
    Ch: gentle = 8.596 m, steep = 8.876 m , very steep = 8.899 m
    DAC: gentle = 152.864 m, steep = 152.584 m, very steep = 152.561 m
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Alignment
    Linear error due to inaccuracy in alignment of a tape
    Similar to the effect of slope

    Easier to control and smaller in magnitude


    Generally least important among different tape
    corrections

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Temperature
    Change in the length of the tape due to variations in
    temperature

    Occurs when measurements are taken at


    temperatures above or below the standard temperature
    of the tape
    Correction is usually small and negligible
    Proportional to the number of tape lengths
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Temperature

    Ct kLT Ts
    Ct = Correction due to change in temperature
    k = coefficient of linear expansion (steel = 0.0000116/0C)
    L = length of line measured
    T = temperature of tape at time of measurements
    Ts = standard temperature of tape (usually 200C)
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Temperature
    Example
    A steel tape is known to be 50 m long at 200C. The tape was
    used to measure a line 532.28 m long at 350C.
    Determine:
    a) Whether the tape is too short or too long Too Long!
    b) Ct per tape length
    c) Ct total

    0.0087 m

    0.0926 m

    d) Corrected length of line

    532.373 m

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Tension
    Arises whenever the pull applied is different from the
    standard tension used in calibration

    A function of:
    Difference between applied and standard pulls
    Measured length

    Cross-sectional area of the tape


    Modulus of elasticity of the tape material

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Tension

    CP

    PM

    PS L
    AE

    CP = Correction due to incorrect pull applied on the tape (m)


    E = modulus of elasticity of the tape material (kg/cm2)
    L = length of line measured (m)
    PM = pull applied to the tape during measurement (kg)
    PS = standard pull applied to the tape (kg)
    A = cross-sectional area of the tape (cm2)
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Tension
    Example
    A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.45 kg is of standard length under a
    pull of 5 kg, supported for full length. A line 938.55 m long was
    measured using the tape with a steady pull of 10 kg.

    If E = 2.0x106 kg/cm2 and unit weight of steel is 7.9x10-3 kg/cm3,


    determine:
    a) cross-sectional area of the tape = 0.061 cm2

    b) total CP = +0.038 m
    c) Correct length of line = 938.588 m

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Sag
    Occurs when tape supports are only at its ends or
    at the 2 points measured
    Will sag because of its own weight
    Tape takes the form of a catenary between points
    of supports

    Similar to electric or telephone wires which swings


    loosely between two posts

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Sag
    2

    w L
    CS
    2
    24P
    CS = Correction due to sag (m)
    w = weight of tape per unit length (kg/m)
    L = interval between supports or unsupported length of tape (m)
    P = tension or pull applied on the tape (kg)

    Note: The effect of sag always shortens the tape.


    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Sag
    Example
    A 50-m steel tape weighs 0.04kg/m and is supported at its
    endpoints and at the 8-m and 25-m marks. While measuring a
    line, a pull of 6 kg is applied to the tape. Determine the following:
    a) CS for each span CS1 = 0.0009m; CS2 = 0.0091m; CS3 = 0.0289m
    b) Total CS

    = 0.0389 m

    c) Correct distance between tape ends

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    = 49.9611 m

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Corrections to Tape

    Due to Wind
    Caused by wind blowing perpendicular to the
    direction of taping

    Wind moves the middle and unsupported portion


    of the tape to one side of the line measured
    Similar to the effect of sag but is usually much less
    Preferable not to undertake any taping work
    during windy days

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Sources
    Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and
    Practice. USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
    La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines:
    National Book Store.

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry

    GE 10 General Surveying I

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