Solutions to Chapter 10 Problems

Taking moments of areas about the skin

[(19.0 + 2 31.8 + 2 9.5) 0.9 + 48 1.6]y = 19 0.9 31.8
+ 2 31.8 0.9 15.9
from which y = 8.6 mm.
Then
Ixx

0.9 31.83
+ 0.9 31.8 7.32
= 19.0 0.9 23.2 + 2
12
2

+ 2 9.5 0.9 8.62 + 48 1.6 8.62

i.e.
Ixx = 24 022.7 mm4
From Eq. (8.5)
=

2 69 000 24 022.7
168.2 L 2

L2 =

2 69 000 24 022.7
168.2 200.1

Therefore

i.e.
L = 697 mm
say
L = 700 mm

Solutions to Chapter 10 Problems

S.10.1
Referring to Fig. S.10.1(a), with unit load at D (1), RC = 2. Then
M1 = 1z

(0 z l)

M1 = 1z RC (z l) = 2l z
M1 = 1(z 2l)
M2 = 0

(l z 2l)

(2l z 3l)

(0 z 2l)

M2 = 1(z 2l)

(2l z 3l)

Hence, from the rst of Eqs (5.21)

l
2l
3l
1
1
1
11 =
M12 dz +
M12 dz +
M12 dz
EI 0
EI l
EI 2l

151

152

Solutions Manual
B (2)

D (1)

Fig. S.10.1(a)

Substituting for M1 from the above



2l
3l
l
1
2
2
2
z dz +
(2l z) dz +
(z 2l) dz
11 =
EI
0
l
2l
which gives
l3
EI

11 =
Also
22

1
=
EI

3l

(z 2l)2 dz

2l

from which
l3
3EI

22 =
and
12 = 21

1
=
EI

3l

(z 2l)2 dz

2l

i.e.
12 = 21 =

l3
3EI

From Eqs (10.5) the equations of motion are

mv1 11 + 2mv2 12 + v1 = 0

(i)

mv1 21 + 2mv2 22 + v2 = 0

(ii)

Assuming simple harmonic motion, i.e. v = v0 sin t and substituting for 11 , 12 and
22 , Eqs (i) and (ii) become
32 v1 + 22 v2 + v1 = 0
2 v1 22 v2 + v2 = 0

Solutions to Chapter 10 Problems

in which = ml3/3EI or, rearranging

(1 32 )v1 + 22 v2 = 0

(iii)

2 v1 + (1 22 )v2 = 0

(iv)

From Eq. (10.7) and Eqs (iii) and (iv)

&
&
&(1 32 )
22 &&
&
=0
& 2
(1 22 )&
from which
(1 32 )(1 22 ) 2(2 )2 = 0
or
4(2 )2 52 + 1 = 0
i.e.
(42 1)(2 1) = 0

(v)

Hence
2 =

1
4

3EI
4ml 3

or

or

so that
2 =

2 =

3EI
ml3

Hence
%
1 =

3EI
4ml 3

%
2 =

3EI
ml3

The frequencies of vibration are then

1
1
=
f1 =
2
2

3EI
4ml 3

1
f2 =
2

3EI
ml3

From Eq. (iii)

v1
22
=
v2
1 32

(vi)

When = 1 , v1 /v2 is negative and when = 2 , v1 /v2 is positive. The modes of

vibration are therefore as shown in Fig. S.10.1(b) and (c).

153

154

Solutions Manual
f1 =

3EI
4ml 3

1
2

f2 =

(b)

(c)

Fig. S.10.1(b) and (c)

S.10.2
Referring to Fig. S.10.2
4

EI

3EI

EI

z
l

Fig. S.10.2

M2 = 21 z
M2 =

21 (2l

(0 z l)
z)

(l z 2l)

M2 = 0

(0 x l)

M4 = 1x

(0 x l)

M4 = 21 z

(0 z l)

M4 = 21 (2l z)

(l z 2l)

Then from the rst of Eqs (5.21)

22

1
=
3EI

l
0

1
z2
dz +
4
EI

which gives
22 =

l3
9EI

2l
l

(2l z)2
dz
4

1
2

3EI
ml 3

Solutions to Chapter 10 Problems

Also
44

1
=
EI

l
0

1
x dx +
3EI

1
z2
dz +
4
EI

2l

(2l z)2
dz
4

from which
44 =
and
42 = 24

1
=
3EI

l
0

4l3
9EI

1
z2
dz +
4
EI

2l
l

(2l z)2
dz
4

Thus
42 = 24 =

l3
18EI

From Eqs (10.5) the equations of motion are

mv4 44 + 2mv2 42 + v4 = 0

(i)

mv4 24 + 2mv2 22 + v2 = 0

(ii)

Assuming simple harmonic motion, i.e. v = v0 sin t and substituting for 44 , 42 and
22 , Eqs (i) and (ii) become
82 v4 22 v2 + v4 = 0

(iii)

2 v4 42 v2 + v2 = 0

(iv)

in which = ml3 /18EI. Then, from Eq. (10.7)

&
&
&(1 82 )
22 &&
&
=0
& 2
(1 42 )&
which gives
(1 82 )(1 42 ) 2(2 )2 = 0
i.e.
30(2 )2 122 + 1 = 0
Solving Eq. (v)
2 = 0.118 or

2 = 0.282

Hence
18EI
18EI
or 2 = 0.282
3
ml
ml3
Then, since f = /2, the natural frequencies of vibration are
%
%
1 2.13EI
1 5.08EI
f2 =
f1 =
2
ml3
2
ml 3
2 = 0.118

(v)

155

156

Solutions Manual

S.10.3
The second moment of area, I, of the tube cross-section is given by
I=

4
(D d 4 )
64

in which D and d are the outer and inner diameters respectively. Now,
D = 25 + 1.25 = 26.25 mm

d = 25 1.25 = 23.75 mm

Thus
I=

(26.254 23.754 ) = 7689.1 mm4

64

The polar second moment of area, J, for a circular section is 2I, i.e. J = 15 378.2 mm4 .
From Eqs (5.21)


Mi Mj
Ti Tj
ds +
ds
(i)
ij =
L EI
L GJ
C (1,2)
A

y
a
z

2a

Fig. S.10.3(a)

Then, referring to Fig. S.10.3(a)

M1 = 1y

(0 y a)

M1 = 1z

(0 z 2a)

T1 = 0

(0 y a)

T1 = 1a

(0 z 2a)

M2 = 1

(0 y a)

T2 = 1

(0 z 2a)

Thus, from Eq. (i)

11 =
0

y2
dy +
EI

2a
0

z2
dz +
EI

2a
0

a2
dz
GJ

Solutions to Chapter 10 Problems

which gives

11 = a

2
3
+
EI
GJ


= 250

2
3
+
70 000 7689.1 28 000 15 378.2

i.e.
11 = 0.16
Also

22 =
0

i.e.


22 = a

2
1
+
EI
GJ


= 250

12
dy +
EI

2a
0

12
dz
GJ

1
2
+
70 000 7689.1 28 000 15 378.2

which gives
22 = 1.63 106
Finally

12 = 21 =
0

so that

12 = 21 = a2

2
1
+
2EI
GJ


= 2502

y
dy +
EI

2a
0

a
dz
GJ

2
1
+
2 70 000 7689.1 28 000 15 378.2

Thus
12 = 21 = 3.48 104
The equations of motion are then, from Eqs (10.5)
mv11 + mr 2 12 + v = 0

(ii)

mv21 + mr 2 22 + = 0

(iii)

Assuming simple harmonic motion, i.e. v = v0 sin t and = 0 sin t, Eqs (i) and (ii)
may be written
m11 2 v mr 2 12 2 + v = 0
m21 2 v mr 2 22 2 + = 0
Substituting for m, r and 11 , etc.
20 0.162 v 20 62.52 3.48 104 2 + v = 0
20 3.48 104 2 v 20 62.52 1.63 106 2 + = 0

157

158

Solutions Manual

which simplify to
v(1 3.22 ) 27.22 = 0

(iv)

0.0072 v + (1 0.1272 ) = 0

(v)

Hence, from Eqs (10.7)

&
&
&(1 3.22 )
27.22 &&
&
& 0.0072 (1 0.1272 )& = 0
which gives
(1 3.22 )(1 0.1272 ) 0.194 = 0
or
4 15.42 + 4.63 = 0

(vi)

Solving Eq. (vi) gives

2 = 15.1 or

0.31

Hence the natural frequencies are

f = 0.62 Hz

and 0.09 Hz

From Eq. (iv)

v
27.22
=

1 3.22
Thus, when 2 = 15.1, v/ is negative and when 2 = 0.31, v/ is positive. The modes
of vibration are then as shown in Figs S.10.3(b) and (c).
2  15.1
2  0.31

(b)

Fig. S.10.3(b) and (c)

(c)

Solutions to Chapter 10 Problems

S.10.4
Choosing the origin for z at the free end of the tube
M1 = z,
M2 = z,

S1 = 1 and T1 = 0
S2 = 1 and T2 = 2a

in which the point 1 is at the axis of the tube and point 2 at the free end of the rigid bar.
From Eqs (5.21) and (20.19)

L
L
L '
Mi Mj
Ti Tj
qi qj
dz +
dz +
ds dz
(i)
ij =
EI
Gt
0
0 GJ
0
in which qi and qj are obtained from Eq. (17.15) in which Sy,i = Sy, j = 1, Sx = 0 and
Ixy = 0. Thus
s
1
ty ds + qs,0
qi = qj =
Ixx 0
Cutting the tube at its lowest point in its vertical plane of symmetry gives qs,0 = 0.
Then, referring to Fig. S.10.4
y

x
a

qi  qj
0

Fig. S.10.4

1
qi = qj =
Ixx

ta cos a d
0

i.e.
qi = qj =

a2 t sin
Ixx

From Fig. 16.33, Ixx = a3 t. Hence qi = qj = sin /a and

'

qi qj
ds = 2
Gt

sin2
1
a d =
2
2
G a t
Gat

159

160

Solutions Manual

Also in Eq. (i) the torsion constant J is obtained from Eq. (18.4), i.e.
J=(

4(a2 )2
4A2
=
= 2a3 t
2a/t
ds/t

Therefore from Eq. (i)

11 =
0

z2
dz +
EI

L
0

L3
1
L
dz =
+
Gat
3EI
Gat

(ii)

Putting = 3Ea2 /GL 2 , Eq. (ii) becomes

11 =
Also

22 =
0

z2
dz +
EI

L3
(1 + )
3EI

L
0

4a2
dz +
G2a3 t

L
0

1
dz
Gat

which gives
22 =

L3
(1 + 3)
3EI

Finally

12 = 21 =
0

z2
dz +
EI

L
0

1
dz
Gat

i.e.
L3
(1 + )
3EI
From Eqs (10.5) the equations of motion are
12 = 21 =

mv1 11 + mv2 12 + v1 = 0

(iii)

mv1 21 + mv2 22 + v2 = 0

(iv)

Assuming simple harmonic motion, i.e. v = v0 sin t, Eqs (iii) and (iv) become
m11 2 v1 m12 2 v2 + v1 = 0
m21 2 v1 m22 2 v2 + v2 = 0
Substituting for 11 , 22 and 12 and writing = L 3 /3EI gives
v1 [1 m2 (1 + )] m2 (1 + )v2 = 0
m2 (1 + )v1 + v2 [1 m2 (1 + 3)] = 0

Solutions to Chapter 10 Problems

Hence, from Eqs (10.7)

&
&
&[1 m2 (1 + )]
m2 (1 + ) &&
&
=0
& m2 (1 + )
[1 m2 (1 + 3)]&
Then
[1 m2 (1 + )][1 m2 (1 + 3)] m2 4 2 (1 + )2 = 0
which simplies to
1
1
2 2 m(1 + 2) + 2m2 2 (1 + ) = 0
4

Solving gives
1
= m(1 + 2) m(1 + 2 + 22 )1/2
2
i.e.
1
mL 3
=
[1 + 2 (1 + 2 + 22 )1/2 ]
2
3Ea3 t

S.10.5
Choosing the origin for z at the free end of the beam
M1 = z,

S1 = 1

Also, from Eqs (5.21) and Eq. (20.19)

ij =
0

Mi Mj
dz +
EI

L
0

'


q i qj
ds dz
Gt

(i)

in which qi and qj are obtained from Eq. (20.11) and in which Sy,i = Sy, j = 1, Sx = 0,
Ixy = 0 and tD = 0. Thus
qi = qj =

n
1
Br yr + qs,0
Ixx
r=1

where Ixx is given by (see Fig. S.10.5)

Ixx = 2 970 1002 + 2 970 1502 = 6.305 107 mm4
Thus
qb,i = qb, j =

n

1
B r yr
6.305 107
r=1

161

162

Solutions Manual
2
1.25 mm

150 mm
100 mm
O
1.0 mm

1.0 mm
4
600 mm

Fig. S.10.5

Hence, cutting the tube at O,

qb,O1 = 0
970 100
= 0.0015 N/mm
6.305 107
970 150
= 0.0015
= 0.0038 N/mm
6.305 107

qb,12 =
qb,23

Then, from Eq. (17.27)

qs,0 =



0.0015 600 0.0038 150
2

2(100/1.0 + 600/1.25 + 150/1.0)

1.25
1.0

i.e.
qs,0 = 0.0018 N/mm
Therefore
qi,O1 = qj,O1 = 0.0018 N/mm
qi,12 = qj,12 = 0.0015 + 0.0018 = 0.0003 N/mm
qi,23 = qj,23 = 0.0038 + 0.0018 = 0.002 N/mm
Then
'

qi qj
2
ds =
Gt
26 500

0.00182 100 0.00032 600 0.0022 150

+
+
1.0
1.25
1.0

= 7.3 108
Hence

1525

11 =
0

z2
dz +
EI

1525
0

7.3 108 dz

Solutions to Chapter 10 Problems

i.e.
11 =

15253
+ 7.3 108 1525 = 3.79 104
3 70 000 6.305 107

For exural vibrations in a vertical plane the equation of motion is, from Eqs (10.5)
mv1 11 + v1 = 0
Assuming simple harmonic motion, i.e. v = v0 sin t Eq. (ii) becomes
m11 2 v1 + v1 = 0
i.e.
1
9.81 103
=
= 5816.6
m11
4450 3.79 104

2 =
Hence

f =

1
=
5816.6 = 12.1 Hz
2
2

S.10.6
Assume a deected shape given by
V = cos

2z
1
l

(i)

where z is measured from the left-hand end of the beam. Eq. (i) satises the boundary
conditions of V = 0 at z = 0 and z = l and also dV /dz = 0 at z = 0 and z = l. From Eq. (i)
2
2z
dV
=
sin
dz
l
l
and
d2 V
42
2z
=

cos
2
2
dz
l
l
Substituting these expressions in Eq. (10.22)



 

l/2  2 2
4
2z
2 2z
2
dz +
dz
4EI
cos
EI
cos
l
l2
l
0
l/4
2

=

2
2 
l/2 
l/4
2z
2z
1
1
2
2m cos
m cos
1 dz +
1 dz + 2 ml(1)2 + ml(2)2
l
l
2
4
0
l/4
l/4

42
l2

2

163

164

Solutions Manual

which simplies to
 2 2  l/4

 


l/2
4
2 2z
2 2z
EI
ds +
dz
4 cos
cos
l2
l
l
0
l/4
2

= 
2
2
l/2 
l/4 
2z
2z
m
1 dz +
1 dz + l
cos
2 cos
l
l
0
l/4
Now

l/4
0

l/2
l/4



l
1
4z l/4
l
2z
z+
dz =
sin
cos
=
2
l
4
l 0
8
2

cos2



1
l
4z l/2
l
2z
dz =
z+
sin
=
l
2
4
l l/4
8
2

l/4 

cos
0

(ii)

2z
1
l

dz =

l/4  1


1 + cos

4z
l


2 cos


2z
+ 1 dz
l

 

l/4
1
l
l
3l
4z
l
2z
=
z+

=
sin
sin
+z
2
8
4
l

0
Similarly

l/2 
l/4

2
l
2z
3l
1 dz =
+
cos
l
8

Substituting these values in Eq. (ii)

 2 2 

4
l
4l
EI
+
l2
8
8


2 =  
3l
l
3l
l
m 2

+ + +l
8

i.e.
2 = 539.2
Then

EI
ml4

EI
f =
= 3.7
2
ml4

The accuracy of the solution may be improved by assuming a series for the deected
shape, i.e.
V (z) =

n

s=1

Bs Vs (z)

(Eq. (10.23))