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Light Dependent Resistor LM339 Automatic Lightdark Indicator BC 547

This circuit uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) and comparator LM339 to detect changes in light levels and activate a relay. The comparator output is connected to a transistor that acts as a switch for the relay. When the LDR detects a change in light, the comparator output switches states, turning the transistor on or off and energizing or de-energizing the relay. The relay then switches appliance power between its normally open and normally closed contacts.

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133 views3 pages

Light Dependent Resistor LM339 Automatic Lightdark Indicator BC 547

This circuit uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) and comparator LM339 to detect changes in light levels and activate a relay. The comparator output is connected to a transistor that acts as a switch for the relay. When the LDR detects a change in light, the comparator output switches states, turning the transistor on or off and energizing or de-energizing the relay. The relay then switches appliance power between its normally open and normally closed contacts.

Uploaded by

yeateshwarrior
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A light dependent resistor (LDR) is used in this circuit to provide input to a comparator of LM339 (refer

project on Automatic lightdark indicator). The output pin of the comparator goes high depending on the
configuration of LDR so that it can be made light or dark activated. This output is connected to a transistor
T1 (BC 547) which acts as a switch for the relay.

The high output of the comparator provides the necessary forward bias to the base-emitter junction of the
transistor T1. Thus T1 jumps from cut off to saturation state and collector current flows. This collector
current energizes the relay coil. The magnetic field produced by the relay coil shifts its connection from
NO state to NC. An appliance connected to NC contact gets switched on.
When the output of the comparator is low, it is insufficient to drive the transistor T1 to saturation. Hence
T1 moves to cut off and the collector current ceases to flow. Thus the relay coil gets de-energized and it
switches the state from NC to NO mode. It is important to note that resistor R2 (20k ) is provided at the
base of T1 to check the base current.

his circuit based project demonstrates the working of 555 timer in astable mode to generate pulses of
time period 0.5 second. This pulse can be further used for anything where we need a pulse such as to
blink a LED or to create fashionable blinking lights. Image below shows internal circuitry of NE 555 timer
which can be used in astable and monostable mode:

This circuit of this project makes the use of timer IC NE555 which produces a constant square pulse of a
desired frequency. This pulse could be either triggered or could be produced continuously depending
upon the mode of 555 we are using. The two mostly used modes of 555 are Monostable and Astable.
Here it is used in the astable mode with time period of half second, with high time period of 0.333 seconds
and low time period of 0.166 seconds.

For

astable

mode total

time

period is

[ln2C*(R1+2*R2)]

with high

time

period as

[ln2(R1+R2)*C] and low time period as [ln2(R2*C)]. Here R1 is the resistorconnected between VCC and
pin7 (discharge pin), R2 is between pin7 and pin2 (trigger pin) and C1 is the capacitor connected from
pin2 to ground. For 555 to function in astable mode pin2 and pin6 (threshold) pin must be shorted. Reset
pin is connected to VCC.

The output of 555 is taken at pin3 which is in the form of square wave and is then fed to lighting circuit
which glows when output is high and stops when it becomes low; there by producing pattern of blinking
lights. By varying the value of R1, R2 and C1 square waves of different time periods can be
obtained.

This project describes the functioning of the traffic light system, which are commonly used on the streets.
In this circuit 555timer is used to produce a clock pulses, which are used by a counter to produce the
required output.

the circuit of this project, 555 is used in astable mode with a variable resistor VR1 (1M ) connected
between pin7 and pin2. R1 is 100K and C2 is 10uF. The capacitor C1 is used to remove ripples if
present from DC source. The other pins of 555 are connected as usual in astable mode. The output
frequency is taken on the clock pin of counter IC 4017. Enable pin of 4017 is connected to ground. The
reset pin is connected to C3 and R6 which are connected to VCC and ground respectively as shown in
the figure. This is done to ensure that IC4017 resets when switch is turn on. Pins 1,5,6,9 are connected to
green LED, while pins 10 &11 are connected to yellow LED. The carry out pin 12, is connected to red
LED. The duration of the sequence can be adjusted from 7.5 seconds to 2.5 min by varying the 1M
preset. The circuit operates at a 9V DC source.
Shadow alarms are widely used for security purposes. A shadow alarm is a device that generates an
alarm whenever a shadow falls on it. Project can be easily installed on the windows and doors. This
circuit demonstrates the principle and operation of a simple shadow alarm using LDR.
his circuit in this project is based on LDR which is used as detector to detect the shadow. When the
shadow falls on the LDR, its resistance goes high so voltage across it increases. This voltage reaches at
input negative pin of comparatorLM324, where it is compared to the reference voltage which is at positive
pin. So when negative pin (input) voltage is higher than positive pin (reference) voltage comparator gives
high output and buzzer sounds.
Here, reference voltage is set by using 10K

preset, we set this voltage around 2.5-3.5 volts.

intruder alarm

he circuit comprises of Operational amplifier. ?A741 is used as a sensitive voltage comparator, NE555
wired in mono-stable mode. In mono-stable mode IC is once trigged, it will hold the output for a specific
interval of time as defined by the timing component before returning to its original state and we are
utilizing this property in our circuit. LDR, Preset VR1 which provides reference voltage to the non-inverting
terminal pin 3 and LDR and R1 and R2 is connected to inverting pin 2 of IC1 and few more components.

Working of circuit
In this circuit we have made a two potential divider circuit one at inverting terminal (pin2) and another at
non inverting terminal (pin 3) of IC1. We have used resistor R1 and R2 to provide half supply voltage at
inverting terminal. LDR and variable resistor VR1 is used to provide variable voltage input at non inverting
terminal pin 3.
Initially when nobody is present in front of sensor (LDR), output pin 6 of IC1 is at high voltage level which
makes the base of transistor T1 also high and its emitter is also high that's why at this time transistor T1
will not conduct. Because if this IC2 will not oscillate and alarm will remain off.Now as person enters its
shadow will fall on LDR because of change in light intensity on LDR voltage at non inverting input pin 3
will become low. The output pin 6 of IC1 become low causing the transistor T1 to conduct. This will trigger
the IC2 and the alarm or buzzer connected to it will start sounding. It is recommended that keep LDR
inside black tube or pipe to increase the sensitivity of LDR. You can also increase the sensitivity by the
variable resistor VR1.

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