SECTION 11.

11.6

1. f
x, y
x 2 y 3  2x 4y,
2. f
x, y
sin
x  2y,

14. f
x, y, z
sxyz,

6 9

4,
2,

1

16. t
x, y, z
x tan
yz,


34

17. t
x, y, z
z 3
x 2 y,

5, 0, 
2


34

3, 1,

8. f
x, y, z
xy z ,
2 3

P
1,
2, 1, u

9. f
x, y, z
xy  yz 2  xz 3,

1 2
,
s5 s5

23. f
x, y, z

1
1 1
,
,
s3 s3 s3

10. f
x, y
xy,

6,
2, v

1, 3 

11. f
x, y
sx
y,
12. t
x, y
xe xy,

v
12, 5 

3, 0, v
2 i  3 j

13. t
x, y
e x cos y,

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5, 1,

1, 6,

v
i
j

v
3 i  4 j  12 k

y
x
 ,
y
z

6,
8

1, 2

4, 3,
1

4, 2, 1

Find equations of (a) the tangent plane and (b) the normal
line to the given surface at the specified point.

24. xy  yz  zx
3,

4, 10

24 30

Find the directional derivative of the function at the given

point in the direction of the vector v.

10 17

v
ij
k

 3y,
1, 0

22. f
x, y, z
x  yz,

P
2, 0, 3,

1, 2,
2,

1, 6, 2,

21. f
x, y
ln
x 2  y 2 ,

1 2

2, 1, 1, v
i
2 j  3 k

18. f
x, y
sx 2  2y,

20. f
x, y
xe

u

3 ,
3 , 3 
2

y

P
0,
1, u
 35 , 45 

P
1, 4, u

19. f
x, y
cos
3x  2y,

7. f
x, y
e x sin y,

v
4, 2,
4

18 23 Find the maximum rate of change of f at the given point

and the direction in which it occurs.

(a) Find the gradient of f .

(b) Evaluate the gradient at the point P.
(c) Find the rate of change of f at P in the direction of the
vector u.
6. f
x, y
x 3
4x 2 y  y 2,

2, 4, 2,

15. t
x, y, z
xe yz  xye z,


3

1,
2,

1, 2, 
2

5. f
x, y
y ,
x

S Click here for solutions.

15 Find the directional derivative of f at the given point in the

direction indicated by the angle .

4. f
x, y

x 2
y3,

DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND THE GRADIENT VECTOR

A Click here for answers.

3. f
x, y
xe
2y,

DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND THE GRADIENT VECTOR

25. xyz
6,

1, 1, 1

1, 2, 3

26. x 2  y 2
z 2
2xy  4xz
4,

27. x 2
2y 2
3z 2  xyz
4,
28. xe yz
1,

3,
2,
1

1, 0, 5

29. 4x 2  y 2  z 2
24,

2, 2, 2

30. x 2
2y 2  z 2
3,

1, 1,
2

1, 0, 1

SECTION 11.6

DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND THE GRADIENT VECTOR

11.6

ANSWERS

S Click here for solutions.

E Click here for exercises.

3 16

1. 7

2. 22

3. 10

4. 672

5. 1

(c) 85

(b)

2 3

(c)
3

(b)


(b)

20
(b) 4, 4, 12
(c)
3


3
2
2
9. (a) y + z , x + z , 2yz + 3xz

(b) 27, 11, 54

10.

2 510

11.

14. 16

15.
4 3

18.

17
,
6

4, 1

(b)
28. (a)

13.

16.

27. (a)

43
3

12. 29

13

Copyright 2013, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

(c)

7
52

(b)

1 + 3
e
2 2

e 714

29. (a)

(b)
30. (a)

17. 8
19.

1
6

(x 1) =

1
3

(y 2) =

26. (a) 3x y + z = 4

1 e
10

2 2

8. (a) y z , 2xyz , 3xy z

17
,
2

1, 0, 4

25. (a) 6x + 3y + 2z = 18

+ j)

23.

(b) x = y = z

7. (a) e sin y i + e cos y j

2
e (i
2

21. 2 5 5 , 1, 2

24. (a) x + y + z = 3

2




2
6. (a) 3x 8xy i + 2y 4x j
(b) 2 j

5, 1, 2

22.
11, 1, 1, 3
20.

13
,
2

3, 2

(b)

x1
= y = z 1
3
8x + 5y = 14
y+2
x3
=
, z = 1
8
5
x + 5y = 1
y
x1= ,z =5
5
4x + y + z = 12
x2
=y2=z2
4
x + 2y + 2z + 3 = 0
z+2
y1
=
x+1=
2
2

1
2

(z 3)

SECTION 11.6

11.6

DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND THE GRADIENT VECTOR

SOLUTIONS

E Click here for exercises.

2 3

fx (x, y) = 2xy 3 + 8x3 y

and fy (x, y) = 3x2 y 2 + 2x4 . If u is a unit vector in the
direction of = 3 , then from Equation 6,
Du f (1, 2) = fx (1, 2) cos 3 + fy (1, 2) sin 3
 


= (32) 12 + (14) 23 = 7 3 16

1. f (x, y) = x y + 2x y

2. f (x, y) = sin (x + 2y)

fx (x, y) = cos (x + 2y) and

fy (x, y) = 2 cos (x + 2y). If u is a unit vector in the
direction of = 3
, then from Equation 6,
4
+ fy (4, 2) sin 3
Du f (4, 2) = fx (4, 2) cos 3
4
4
 
 
2
2
= (cos 0) 2 + 2 (cos 0) 2 = 22
2y

fx (x, y) = e2y and

fy (x, y) = 2xe2y . If u is a unit vector in the direction of
= 2 , then
Du f (5, 0) = fx (5, 0) cos 2 + fy (5, 0) sin 2

3. f (x, y) = xe

= 1 0 + (10) 1 = 10

2
3
4. f (x, y) = x y
Du f (x, y) =

2
2


2
3
3 x y (2x) cos 4 + 3 x2 y (1) sin 3
. Thus
 
  4

2
2
2
2
= 672 2.
Du f (3, 1) = 3 (8) (6) 2 3 (8)
2
5. f (x, y) = y


Du f (x, y) = (y x ln y) cos 2 + xy x1 sin 2 = xy x1 .
Thus Du f (1, 2) = (1) (2)11 = 1.
3

6. f (x, y) = x 4x y + y

(b) f (0, 1) = 2 j

Du f (5, 1) = f (5, 1) u =

(a) f (x, y) = fx i + fy j = e sin y i + e cos y j




(b) f 1, 4 = 22 e (i + j)
 


(c) f 1, 4 u = 22 e 15 = 110 e
2 3

8. f (x, y, z) = xy z

(a) f (x, y, z) = fx (x, y, z) , fy (x, y, z) , fz (x, y, z)



= y 2 z 3 , 2xyz 3 , 3xy 2 z 2

9. f (x, y, z) = xy + yz + xz

12

20

(a) f (x, y, z) = fx (x, y, z) , fy (x, y, z) , fz (x, y, z)



= y + z 3 , x + z 2 , 2yz + 3xz 2
(b) f (2, 0, 3) = 27, 11, 54
1
3

7
.
52



g (x, y) = exy (1 + xy) , x2 exy ,


g (3, 0) = 1, 9, u = 213 , 313 and
2
13

Du g (3, 0) =

27

13

29

.
13

13. g (x, y) = e cos y

g (x, y) = e cos y, ex sin y,



 


g 1, 6 = 23 e, 12 e , u = 12 , 12 and


1
1 + 3
e
=
e.
Du g 1, 6 = 232 e + 2
2
2 2
x

14. f (x, y, z) =

xyz

(xyz)1/2 yz, xz, xy,

 1 


f (2, 4, 2) = 1, 2 , 1 , u = 23 , 13 , 23 and


Du f (2, 4, 2) = 1 23 + 12 13 + 1 23 = 16 .
1
2

f (x, y, z) =

+ xyez
g (x, y, z) = e + yez , xzeyz + xez , xy (eyz + ez ),

15. g (x, y, z) = xe

yz

g (2, 1, 1) = 2e, 4e, 4e, u =

(2e)(1)

+ (4e)(2)
14
14

e 14
7

(54 11 + 108) =

43
3

1
14

1, 2, 3 and

(4e)(3)

14

2e

14

1
(y/z) g (x, y, z) =
 1






tan (y/z) , xz/ y 2 + z 2 , xy/ y 2 + z 2 ,


g (1, 2, 2) = 4 , 14 , 14 , u = 13 1, 1, 1 and

16. g (x, y, z) = x tan

Du g (1, 2, 2) =

()(1)

4 3

(1)(1)

4 3



g (x, y, z) = 2xy, x2 , 3z 2 ,

(1)(1)

4 3

= 4
3

17. g (x, y, z) = z x y

3
, 4 , 12 , and
13 13 13
(1)(4)
+ (12)(12)
= 8.
13
13

g (1, 6, 2) = 12, 1, 12, u =

(b) f (1, 2, 1) = 4, 4, 12

4

5
52

xy

7. f (x, y) = e sin y

(c) f (1, 2, 1) u =

12
52

12. g (x, y) = xe

Du g (2, 1, 1) =

(c) f (0, 1) u = 85

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Du f (6, 2) = 2110 2910 = 410 = 2 510 .

11. f (x, y) = x y


f (x, y) = 12 (x y)1/2 , 12 (x y)1/2 ,


f (5, 1) = 14 , 14 , and a unit vector in the


direction of v is u = 12
, 5 , so
13 13

yz





(a) f (x, y) = fx i + fy j = 3x2 8xy i + 2y 4x2 j

(c) f (2, 0, 3) u =



f (x, y) = 1/y, x/y 2 ,




f (6, 2) = 12 , 32 , u = 110 , 310 and

10. f (x, y) = x/y

+
Du g (1, 6, 2) = (12)(3)
13

18. f (x, y) =
x2 + 2y


x
1
f (x, y) =

. Thus the
x2 + 2y
x2 + 2y
maximum rate of change is |f (4, 10)| =


direction 23 , 16 or 4, 1.

17
6

in the

SECTION 11.6

DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND THE GRADIENT VECTOR

19. f (x, y) = cos (3x + 2y)

f (x, y) = 3 sin (3x + 2y) , 2 sin (3x + 2y), so the

 
maximum rate of change is f 6 , 8 = 13
in the
2


direction 3 2 2 , 2 or 3, 2.

y

20. f (x, y) = xe



f (x, y) = ey , 3 xey ,

+ 3y

f (1, 0) = 1, 2 is the direction of maximum rate of

change and the maximum rate is |f (1, 0)| = 5.

21. f (x, y) = ln x + y

f (x, y) =

in



1
y
22. f (x, y, z) = x + y/z f (x, y, z) = 1, , 2 ,
z
z

so the maximum rate of change is |f (4, 3, 1)| = 11 in

the direction 1, 1, 3.
x
y
+

y
z


1 1
y
x
, 2 , 2 , so the maximum rate
f (x, y, z) =
y z
y
z



of change is |f (4, 2, 1)| = 217 in the direction 12 , 0, 2

23. f (x, y, z) =

or 1, 0, 4.

F (x, y, z) = y + z, z + x, x + y,
F (1, 1, 1) = 2, 2, 2
(a) 2x + 2y + 2z = 6 or x + y + z = 3
(b) x 1 = y 1 = z 1 or x = y = z
25. F (x, y, z) = xyz

F (x, y, z) = yz, zx, xy,

F (1, 2, 3) = 6, 3, 2
(a) 6x + 3y + 2z = 18

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(b)

1
6

(x 1) =

(a) 6 (x 1) 2 (y 0) + 2 (z 1) = 0 or
3x y + z = 4
x1
(b)
= y = z 1
3
2

1
3

(y 2) =

1
2

(z 3)

F (x, y, z) = 2x + yz, 4y + xz, 6z + xy,

F (3, 2, 1) = 8, 5, 0
(a) 8 (x 3) + 5 (y + 2) + 0 (z + 1) = 0 or 8x + 5y = 14
x3
y+2
(b)
=
, z = 1
8
5
yz

28. F (x, y, z) = xe

F (x, y, z) = eyz , xzeyz , xyeyz ,

F (1, 0, 5) = 1, 5, 0
(a) 1 (x 1) + 5 (y 0) + 0 (z 5) = 0 or x + 5y = 1
y
(b) x 1 = , z = 5
5
2

29. F (x, y, z) = 4x + y + z , F (2, 2, 2) = 16, 4, 4

(a) 16x + 4y + 4z = 48 or 4x + y + z = 12
x2
y2
z2
x2
(b)
=
=
or
=y2=z2
16
4
4
4
2

24. F (x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx

F (x, y, z) = 2x 2y + 4z, 2y 2x, 2z + 4x,

F (1, 0, 1) = 6, 2, 2




2y
2x
, f (1, 2) = 25 , 45 .
,
2
2
2
2
x +y x +y

2 5
5

27. F (x, y, z) = x 2y 3z + xyz

Thus the maximum rate of change is |f (1, 2)| =



the direction 25 , 45 or 1, 2.

26. F (x, y, z) = x + y z 2xy + 4xz

30. F (x, y, z) = x 2y + z

F (1, 1, 2) = 2, 4, 4

(a) 2x 4y 4z = 6 or x + 2y + 2z + 3 = 0
y1
z+2
(b) x + 1 =
=
2
2