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477306S Introduction Non-Ideal Reactors

This document discusses non-ideal reactors and methods for characterizing their behavior. It covers key topics like residence time distribution (RTD) measurements, common non-ideal flow patterns including dead zones and short-circuiting, and reactor models used to predict performance of non-ideal systems, such as tanks-in-series and dispersion models. RTD is identified as a crucial parameter for determining non-ideality and evaluating how well models can predict a reactor's behavior. The document provides an overview of ideal versus non-ideal reactors and outlines the course, which will examine modeling of non-ideal reactors and applications like bioreactors and catalytic reactions.

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José Luis Gómez Ramírez
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572 views13 pages

477306S Introduction Non-Ideal Reactors

This document discusses non-ideal reactors and methods for characterizing their behavior. It covers key topics like residence time distribution (RTD) measurements, common non-ideal flow patterns including dead zones and short-circuiting, and reactor models used to predict performance of non-ideal systems, such as tanks-in-series and dispersion models. RTD is identified as a crucial parameter for determining non-ideality and evaluating how well models can predict a reactor's behavior. The document provides an overview of ideal versus non-ideal reactors and outlines the course, which will examine modeling of non-ideal reactors and applications like bioreactors and catalytic reactions.

Uploaded by

José Luis Gómez Ramírez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Non-ideal Reactors
(477306S - 5 op)
Environmental and Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Technology
University of Oulu

Course period (10 Nov-12 Dec 2014)

Contact: Prof. Riitta Keiski, E-mail: [email protected]


Dr. Prem Kumar Seelam, E-mail: [email protected]

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15.05.2008

Course contents: Non-ideal Reactors

Theory of residence time distribution (RTD)


Mixing models
Dispersion and Tank-in-series models
Microreactor technology
Bioreactors
Heterogeneous catalysis: Mechanism and Kinetics
Gas-Liquid reactions: reactor modelling, mechanism and
reactor design
Exercises, home assignments and exam
(Contact: Prem and ???,)
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Outline
L1a. Introduction
Ideal Vs. Non-ideal reactors
Measurement and/or Diagnosing of
Non-ideality

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Ideal Reactor Types

Batch

CSTR

XA
t CA0
dV

Vr
XA

FA0 (rA )

t C A0

Vr

FA 0
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dX A
(rA )

PFR design equations


XA

XA

F dF
dX
A
V

FA0 rA
F rA
dV
A

A0

dX A
(rA )

Ideal Reactor Types

0% Backmixing (PFR)

Three ideal reactors: (a) batch reactor, or BR; (b) plug flow reactor, or PFR; and (c) mixed flow
reactor, or MFR.
100% Backmixing (CSTR)

1. It has neither inflow nor outflow of reactants or


products which the reaction is being carried out.
2. Perfectly mixed.
3. No variation in the rate of reaction throughout the
reactor volume.
4. Normally run at steady state.
5. Generally modelled as having no spatial variations
in concentration, temperature, or reaction rate
throughout the vessel.
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CSTR: well stirred and uniform throughout

Ideal Vs. Non-ideal reactors


Non-ideal Reactors

Ideal Reactors

Uniform flow distribution


Uniform mixing
Ideal mixing
Ideal design equations
No flow effects
No bypass
No radial variation in
concentration
No hot spots

Non-uniform flow
In-efficient mixing, unmixed
Design equations changes
Different flow effects can
occur: Laminar & turbulent
Bypass
Affect the reactor design,
the yield or temperature
development of a chemical
process

Non-ideal.Deviation of real reactors from ideal reactors


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Non-ideal

1. Dead Zone
2. Short Circuit
3. ideal mixing
4. ideal plug flow
behaviour in
corresponding
reactors.

(1). The ideal plug


flow Radial
concentration
& temperature
differences occur,
depending on the
particular flow
conditions
(e.g. (2) Turbulent
(3) Laminar
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Non-ideal flow patterns which may exist in process equipment.


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Two extremes of aggregation of fluid

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Examples of macro- and micro fluid behavior.

10

Measurement of Non-ideality
Three concepts used to describe non-ideal
reactors:
The residence times distribution (RTD) in
the system
The quality of mixing

The model used to describe the system

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Generally, the performance of non-ideal flow systems


can be determined from known parameters, such as:
The kinetics of the system
The RTD of fluid in the system
State of aggregation
The earliness or lateness of fluid mixing in the system
The nature of the fluid (i.e., whether a micro or macro
fluid) in the system, whether the mixing occurs in micro
or macroscopic level.
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Reactor modeling with the RTD


When the fluid in a reactor is neither well mixed nor
approximates plug flow (i.e., non-ideal), one can use RTD data
and some model to predict conversion in the reactor.
Frequently used models include:
Zero adjustable parameters
segregation model
maximum mixedness model

One parameter model


tanks-in-series model
dispersion model

Two adjustable parameters


real reactor modeled as combinations of ideal reactors
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13

Summary
Non-ideal reactors PFR and CSTR
TR with bypassing
STR with incomplete mixing
LFTR
Tracer response techniques and
Curves for ideal and non-ideal reactors

RTD
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E(t) E(), F(t), I(t)


Estimating reactor performance using E(t)
Predicting reactor behaviour
The macro fluid model
Moments of RTD

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