Parasitoid flies collected in the south Gois and west Minas

Gerais, Brazil.
Carlos Henrique Marchiori
Instituto Federal Goiano/ Universidade Federal de Gois/ Instituto de Patologia
Tropical e Sade Pblica Goinia - Gois Brasil. E-mail:
[email protected]

Abstract
Some species of dipterous included in the infraorder Muscomorpha are of fundamental
medical and veterinary importance, since they can produce myiasis and act towards
transmission of pathogens to humans and animals. The objective of the present study
was to extend the knowledge of the biology of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis
(Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The pupae were obtained using the flotation
method. They were individually placed in gelatin capsules until the emergence of
adult dipterous or their parasitoids. Between May 1998 and February 2013, 6.030 fly
pupae were collected. In 228 of these pupae, 1105 specimens of N. vitripennis were
found. The overall percentage of parasitism was 3.8%. Chrysomya megacephala
(Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) was the fly that had the highest percentage
parasitism (9.6%). In relation to the hosts collected, the species Chrysomya albiceps
(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), C. megacephala and Musca domestica L.
(Diptera: Muscidae) medical-veterinary. Considering the importance of these
dipterous insects for public health, as vectors of disease-causing agents, it is essential
to conduct surveys on these natural enemies to aid in adequate control of dipterous
insects through integrated control methods.
Keywords: Hymenoptera, Diptera, substrates, traps, baits.

1. Introduction
All the representatives of Chalcididae behave as parasitoid and most attack
Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera (Grissel and Schauff, 1990). The
Chalcididae are cosmopolitan insects with a high diversity in the tropics (Gauld and
Bolton, 1988) including approximately 1500 species. They are predominantly solitary
endoparasitoids (Gauld and Bolton, 1988).

[SYLWAN., 158(6)]. ISI Indexed

485

The Pteromalidae are one of the biggest families of the superfamily Chalcidoidea,
with approximately 3100 species. They may be solitary or gregarious, ectoparasitoids
or endoparasitoids, primary or secondary parasitoids, or even predators. Most of them
develop as solitary or gregarious ectoparasitoids in the larvae or pupae of Diptera,
Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera or Siphonaptera (Gauld and Bolton 1988;
Hanson and Gauld, 1995).
Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (Figure 1) behaves as
gregarious parasitoid is ectoparasitoid in pupae of several species of Diptera families,
particularly Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Tachinidae (Rivers and
Denlinger, 1995; Schurmanm et al., 2014). It is a polyphagous insect parasite over 68
species of Diptera.
The objective of the present study was to extend the knowledge of the biology of the
parasitoid N. vitripennis.

Figure 1- General aspect of parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis

Source: www. Biotechnologie.com.de

[SYLWAN., 158(6)]. ISI Indexed

486

2-Material and Methods

2.1. Experiment with Human Feces, Cattle Kidneys, Cattle Liver, Fish and Fruit.
The flies were collected by using traps, made of dark cans (Figure 1) measuring 19 cm
in height and 9 cm in diameter, with two openings resembling blinders, located in the
lowest third of the can, to allow flies to enter. The top of the can was connected to a
nylon funnel that was open at both ends, with the base pointing down. This was
wrapped in plastic bags, so that when they were removed, the flies and parasitoids
could be collected. The following items were used as baits: human feces, cattle
kidneys, fish, chicken and cattle liver which were placed inside the cans, over a layer
of earth. Five traps were used and they were hung on trees at a height of one meter
above the ground, two meters apart from each other.

The insects collected were taken to the laboratory, sacrificed with ethyl ether and kept
in 70% alcohol for further identification. To obtain the parasitoids, the contents of the
traps were placed in plastic containers with a layer of sand for use as a substrate for
transformation of the larvae into pupae. This sand was sifted after being in the fields
for 15 days and the pupae were extracted from it and were individually placed in
gelatin capsules (number 00) in order to obtain the flies and/or parasitoids.

2.2- Experiment with Manure Chicken.

The feces collected originated from 40 Hyline chickens that were reared in a cage
system. The feces that accumulated under the cages varied in terms of moisture
content, ranging from pasty to firm. Fresh feces (pasty), which were collected
immediately after emission, were placed in five basins of 30 cm in diameter and 12 cm
in height, and were left in an appropriate environment, in a dry location, for 15 days.
For extraction of the pupae using the floatation method, the routine procedures for this
type of experiment were modified. The parasitoids and dipterous that emerged were
identified with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope.

[SYLWAN., 158(6)]. ISI Indexed

487

2.3- Percentage of Parasitism.

The total percentage parasitism was calculated by means of the number of pupae
parasitized, divided by the total number of pupae collected, and multiplied by 100.
The percentage parasitism of each parasitoid species was calculated by means of the
number of pupae parasitized per species of parasitoid, divided by the total number of
pupae from that host, and multiplied by 100.

3- Results and Discussion

Between May 1998 and February 2013, 6.030 fly pupae were collected. In 228 of
these pupae, 1105 specimens of N. vitripennis were found (Table 1). The overall
percentage of parasitism was 3.8%. This percentage can probably be explained in
terms of the availability of resources, the host density and the searching capacity of
the parasitoids.
Some species of dipterous included in the infraorder Muscomorpha are of fundamental
medical and veterinary importance, since they can produce myiasis (Oliveira et al.,
2004) and act towards transmission of pathogens to humans and animals (Chow, 1940;
Greenberg, 1971; Ekanem et al., 2013; Marchiori, 2013). These dipterous are potential
mechanical vectors for etiological agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoan cysts and
helminths eggs (Greenberg, 1971).

The occurrence, distribution and prevalence of these dipterous in metropolitan areas

are factors of great public health importance. In rural areas, these insects can cause
decreased egg production and animal diseases and constitute a nuisance for human
populations close to the breeding sites (Berti Filho et al., 1996; Couri and Barros,
2010; Ekanem et. al., 2013; Marchiori et al., 2014; Velsquez et al., 2013).

[SYLWAN., 158(6)]. ISI Indexed

488

Tabela 1. Nasonia vitripennis and their hosts collected of May 1998 to February
2013 in the south Gois and west Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Taxonomic Group
Number of
Number of
Percentage
flies
parasitized pupae
Calliphoridae:
Chrysomya albiceps
1131
55
4.9
Chrysomya megacephala
83
08
9.6
Muscidae
Musca domestica
Ophyra sp.
Synthesiomyia nudiseta

2140
529
109

36
38
05

1.7
7.2
4.6

Sarcophagidae:
Oxysarcodexia thornax
Peckia chrysostoma
Sarcodexia lambens
Total

855
575
608
6030

36
24
28
228

4.2
4.2
4.6
-

Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) was the fly that had the
highest percentage parasitism (9.6%). Chrysomya megacephala is often found
associated with the modified human environment, in which its larvae live on
decomposing organic matter from animals. This is of great interest from the medical
and sanitary point of view, and occurrence, distribution and prevalence of this species
in metropolitan areas are very important factors. This species has been observed in
human bodies and in pets. Adults of C. megacephala can be attracted by substances in
the fermentation process, decomposition, blood and wounds (D'Almeida, 1993; 1994;
Carvalho and Ribeiro, 2000; Renaud et al., 2012).

In relation to the hosts collected, the species Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann)

(Diptera: Calliphoridae), C. megacephala and Musca domestica L. (Diptera:
Muscidae) medical-veterinary. Chrysomya albiceps is of major medical and sanitary
interest, because it is responsible for secondary myiasis and is a vector for pathogenic
microorganisms (Marchiori et al., 2013).

[SYLWAN., 158(6)]. ISI Indexed

489

Musca domestica is a species of great sanitary interest because of its synanthropic

characteristics, abundance in urban areas, capacity to develop in several sorts of
substrates and high reproductive capacity (Marchiori, 2014a; b).

Considering the importance of these dipterous insects for public health, as vectors of
disease-causing agents, it is essential to conduct surveys on these natural enemies to
aid in adequate control of dipterous insects through integrated control methods
(Marchiori, 2014c: Marchiori and Borges, 2014; Marchiori et al., 2014).

4-conclusion
1-Chrysomya megacephala was the fly that had the highest percentage parasitism
(9.6%).
2-In relation to the hosts collected the species C. albiceps, C. megacephala and M.
domestica medical-veterinary. Chrysomya albiceps is of major medical and sanitary
interest, because it is responsible for secondary myiasis and is a vector for pathogenic
microorganisms.
3-Considering the importance of these dipterous insects for public health, as vectors of
disease-causing agents, it is essential to conduct surveys on these natural enemies to
aid in adequate control of dipterous insects through integrated control methods.

References
Berti Filho E, Thomazini MJ, Costa VA. (1996): Artrpodes benficos associados ao
esterco de galinhas poedeiras no Brasil. Revista de Agricultura, 71: 73-286.
Carvalho CJB, Ribeiro PB. (2000): Chave de identificao das espcies de
Calliphoridae (Diptera) do sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia
Veterinria, 9: 255-268.
Chow CY. (1940): The commom blue bottle fly Chrysomya megacephala as a carrier
of pathogenic bacteria in Beijing. China Chinese Medical, 57: 145-153.

[SYLWAN., 158(6)]. ISI Indexed

490

Couri MS, Barros GPS. (2010): Diptera hosts of Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera:
Conopidae) from Madagascar and South Africa. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia,
54: 361-366.

DAlmeida JM. (1993): Capture of calyptrate flies with different breeding substrates
on beaches in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Memrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 88:
215-220.

DAlmeida JM. (1994): Ovipositional substrates used by calyptrate Diptera in Tijuca

Forest, Rio de Janeiro. Memrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 89: 261-264.

Ekanem MS, Idiong MO, Usua EJ. (2013): Synanthropic indices and baits preferences
of common nonbiting dipterous (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 5: 192-197.

Gauld ID, Bolton, B. (1998): The Hymenoptera. Oxford University Press.

Greenberg B. (1971): Dipterous and disease ecology, classification and biotic

association. Princeton University Press.

Grissell E, Schauff ME. (1992): A handbook of the families of Nearctic Chalcidoidea

(Hymenoptera). The Entomological Society of Washington, 2: 2-23.

Hanson, PE, Gauld ID. (1995): The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica. Oxford University
Press.

Marchiori CH. (2013): Parasitoids of Diptera of importance to public health, medical,

veterinary and economic collected in two different types of traps in southern Gois,
Brazil. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, 62: 23- 28.

[SYLWAN., 158(6)]. ISI Indexed

491

Marchiori CH, Borges LMF, Ferreira LL. (2013): Dipterous parasitoids collected from
cattle dun in Goinia, central Gois, Brazil. Journal Pense, 75: 418-426.

Marchiori CH. (2014a): Species of Diptera of medical, sanitary and veterinary

importance collected from buffalo and cattle dung in south Gois, Brazil. International
Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4: 54-57.

Marchiori CH. (2014b): First occurrence of Neralsia splendens (Borgmeier)

(Hymenoptera: Figitidae) as parasitoids of Cyrtoneurina pararescita (Couri) (Diptera:
Muscidae) in a rural area in Brazil. Agricultural Science, 5: 84-86.

Marchiori CH. (2014c): Diptera of economic and sanitary importance collected on

different substrates in southern Gois, Brazil. International Journal of Advanced
Technology and science, 1: 4-9.

Marchiori CH, Borges LMF. (2014): Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead (Hymenoptera:

Pteromalidae) collected in the south and central regions of Gois, Brazil. European
Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2: 1-6.

Marchiori CH, Borges LMF, Ferreira LL. (2014): Parasitoids of dipterous collected in
cattle dung in the Regions Southern and Central of Gois, Brazil. Advance in
Entomology, 2: 2023.

Oliveira JTM, Oliveira BMA, Gonalves AS, Serra-Freire NM. (2004): Ocorrncia de
miases humenas na regio da Baixada Fluminense, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Entomologa y Vectores, 11: 85-102.
Renaud A.K, Savage J, Adamowicz SJ. (2012): DNA barcoding of northern Nearctic
Muscidae (Diptera) reveals high correspondence between morphological and
molecular species. BMC Ecology, 12: 24-24

[SYLWAN., 158(6)]. ISI Indexed

492

Rivers DB, Denlinger DL. (1995): Fecundity and development of the ectoparasitic
wasp Nasonia vitripennis are dependent on host quality. Entomologia Experimentalis
et Applicata, 76: 15-24.
Schurmanm D, Sommer C, Schinko APB, Smid MG, Hans S, Johannes LM. (2014):
Demonstration of long-term memory in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis.
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 143: 199206.

Velsquez Y, Ivorra T, Grzywacz A, Martnez-Snchez A, Magaa C, Garca-Rojo

A, Rojo S. (2013): Lachrval morphology, development and forensic importance of
Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera: Muscidae) in Europe: a rare species or just
overlooked?. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 103: 98-110.

[SYLWAN., 158(6)]. ISI Indexed

493