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    This document provides information on various periodic trends including atomic radii, ionization energies, and oxidation states. It discusses how atomic radii increase down groups and decrease across periods. Ionization energies generally increase across periods due to the increased nuclear charge, but can vary due to electron shielding effects. Oxidation states also tend to increase across periods to the maximum number of electrons in the outer shell. Examples are given of reactions of group 3 elements with oxygen, chlorine, water, and their uses in ceramics.

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    Chem 4 Word

    Uploaded by

    sdjk
    108 views8 pages
    This document provides information on various periodic trends including atomic radii, ionization energies, and oxidation states. It discusses how atomic radii increase down groups and decrease across periods. Ionization energies generally increase across periods due to the increased nuclear charge, but can vary due to electron shielding effects. Oxidation states also tend to increase across periods to the maximum number of electrons in the outer shell. Examples are given of reactions of group 3 elements with oxygen, chlorine, water, and their uses in ceramics.

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    This document provides information on various periodic trends including atomic radii, ionization energies, and oxidation states. It discusses how atomic radii increase down groups and decrease across periods. Ionization energies generally increase across periods due to the increased nuclear charge, but can vary due to electron shielding effects. Oxidation states also tend to increase across periods to the maximum number of electrons in the outer shell. Examples are given of reactions of group 3 elements with oxygen, chlorine, water, and their uses in ceramics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    108 views8 pages

    Chem 4 Word

    Uploaded by

    sdjk
    This document provides information on various periodic trends including atomic radii, ionization energies, and oxidation states. It discusses how atomic radii increase down groups and decrease across periods. Ionization energies generally increase across periods due to the increased nuclear charge, but can vary due to electron shielding effects. Oxidation states also tend to increase across periods to the maximum number of electrons in the outer shell. Examples are given of reactions of group 3 elements with oxygen, chlorine, water, and their uses in ceramics.

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    of 8

    Wednesday, 1 June y

    Chemistry Topic 4
    Periodic Patterns of Atomic Radii
    - The measure of an atom is its atomic radii.
    - It can be either the covalent radius or the metallic radius
    Covalent Radius- is half the distance between the nuclei of neighbouring atoms in
    molecules.
    Metallic Radius- is half the distance between the nuclei of neighbouring atoms in the
    metallic crystals

    - Covalent radius can be measured for most elements- commonly referred to as the
    atomic radius

    - Noble gases do not have atomic/covalent radii.


    Trends of atomic radii: increase down a group
    : decrease across a period
    : after some decrease, it is relatively constant across the transition
    metals (Titanium to Copper)
    *Trends of atomic radii are generally opposite the trends of the first ionisation energies
    : As atomic radii become larger- the 1st Ionisation energies become smaller.
    But in any one atom both trends have the same effects of:
    - the size of nuclear charge

    - the distance of the outer electron shell from the nucleus


    - the shielding effect of filled inner electron shells upon the outer shell
    Down any one group
    - the nuclear charge increases, but the distance and shielding effects increase even
    more, as extra electrons are added.

    - the overall result is an increase in atomic radii


    Across periods 2 & 3
    - the nuclear charges increase from element to element.
    1

    Wednesday, 1 June y

    - the distance and shielding effects remain fairly constant, because electrons are added
    to the same outer shell.

    - As the increasing attraction pulls the electrons


    closer to the nuclei, the radii of the atoms
    decrease.

    Periodic Patterns of Ionic Radii


    - The radii of Ions also decrease across a period
    *Remember elements on left form cations, elements on the right form anions
    - The radii of cations, Na(+) to Si(4+) are smaller than their atoms

    - The radii of anions, P(2-) to Cl(-) are larger than their atoms
    - Both decrease from left to right

    Periodic Patterns of Melting Points for Elements 1-36


    Solids
    - In any melting solid there is a large number of particles entering the liquid phase.

    - If the forces in between the particles is


    strong the melting point is high

    - If the forces in between the particles is


    weak the melting point is low

    - The peaks on the graph are Carbon and


    Silicon, both from group IV, their high m.p
    are due to the strong covalent bonds
    between atoms of these elements. These
    bonds exist in the giant molecular lattice
    structure, these bonds break when melting
    occurs.

    - The troughs (0K) are elements that have diatomic molecules or those in Group 18.
    Due to weak forces of attraction that are easily broken. The diatomic molecules are
    easily separated from each other as temperature rises.

    Wednesday, 1 June y

    - Elements Groups I, II, III, have similar positions on the rising parts of the curve. Most
    of the elements in these groups are metals. The metallic bonding is stronger on
    moving from Group 1-2-3, due to more outer shell electrons available to be mobile
    and take part in bonding.

    Periodic Patterns of Electrical Conductivity


    - Measured in Siemens per meter (Sm-1)
    - Conductivity values show how easily electrons move through the element
    - Metallic elements
    have higher
    electrical
    conductivities then
    molecular elements

    Periodic
    Patterns of 1st
    Ionisation
    Energies
    - peaks- Noble
    gases
    troughs- group 1 Alkali metals

    - general increase across a period but has variations.


    - Elements 21-29 have a smaller increase than other series of elements.

    Wednesday, 1 June y

    Variations of the first Ionisation energies


    - The number of protons in their nuclei and so their positive nuclear charges are
    different.

    - An increase in positive nuclear charge will tend to cause an increase in first Ionisation
    energies.

    - Forces of attraction between the positive nuclear charge and the negatively charged
    electrons decreases as the quantum number of the shells increases, the further the
    shell is from the nucleus the lower the first Ionisation energies.

    - Filled Inner electron shells shield outer electrons. The outer electrons are repelled by
    the electrons in the filled inner shells so the first Ionisation energy falls.

    First Ionisation energies across a period/groups


    - The trend is a general increase, however this is an uneven trend.
    - variations in the trend are due to the repulsion of electrons caused by the pairing of
    electrons in orbitals decrease, it is smaller than orbitals with unpaired electrons.

    - Note how elements from the same groups have similar positions on the plot of the first
    ionisation energies.

    - First Ionisation Energies generally decrease down a vertical group with increasing
    atomic number

    - With increasing proton number in any group:


    the positive nuclear charge increases
    the atoms radius increases so the distance of the outer electrons from the nucleus also
    increases with each new shell.
    the shielding effect of the filled inner electron shells increases as the number of inner
    shells increase
    * The distance and shielding effects together reduce the effect of the increasing nuclear
    charges from element to element down any group.

    First Ionisation Energies and Reactivity of Elements


    4

    Wednesday, 1 June y

    - gives measure of energy required to remove electrons from atoms and form positive
    ions.

    - the lower the first Ionisation energy of an element the more easily the element forms
    positive ions during reactions.

    - In elements with low first ionisation energy, one or more electrons are relatively free to
    move from atom to atom in the metallic bonding of the structure

    - The characteristic chemical properties of metallic elements include the formation of


    positive ions

    - Elements with low Ionisation energies react more quickly vigorously

    Successive Ionisation energies and the periodic table


    -

    The position of an element in the periodic table


    It provides evidence for the general pattern of electron shells.
    Predicts simple electron configuration of an element
    confirms the position of an element in the periodic table.
    For all elements successive Ionisation energies steadily increase as electrons are
    removed

    - A large increase occurs between two successive energies when the next electron is
    removed from a lower electron shell.

    Period 3 Oxides and Chlorides


    Sodium
    - O2 = 4Na(s) + O2(g)> 2Na2O(s)
    -

    Burns with yellow/orange flame, forms white products


    Cl = 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) > 2NaCl(s)
    Burns with bright orange flame, forms white products

    Magnesium
    - O2 = 2Mg(s) + O2(g) > 2MgO(s)
    Burns easily with bright white flame, forms white products
    5

    Wednesday, 1 June y

    - Cl = Mg(s) + Cl2(g) > MgCl2(s)


    Burns with bright white flame, forms white products

    Aluminium
    - O2 = 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) > 2Al2O3(s)
    -

    Only powdered form burns, forms white products


    Cl = 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) > 2AlCl3(s)
    Burns with bright yellow flame, forms pale yellow/ white volatile product

    Phosphorus (V)
    - O2 = P4(s) + 5O2(g) > P4O10(s)
    -

    Burns with yellow flame, forms clouds of white smoke and white product
    Cl = P4(s) + 6Cl2(g) > 4PCl3(l)
    PCl3(l) + Cl2(g) > PCl5(s)
    Burns with bright yellow flame, forms a liquid,
    then in excess gas for a pale yellow solid.

    Sulphur
    - O2 = S(s) + O2(g) > SO2(g)
    Burns with blue flame, forms colourless gas
    = 2SO2(g) + O2(g) > 2SO3(g)
    heated in excess gas with vanadium oxide catalyst, forms colourless gas

    Silicon (IV)
    - O2 = Si(s) + O2(g) > SiO2(s)
    -

    Burns if heated strongly


    Cl = Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) > SiCl4(l)
    Reacts when Cl is passed over it, creates colourless liquid.
    Or heated Si in Cl gas, forms volatile liquid.

    Period 3 with Water


    Sodium
    - 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) > 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
    when placed in water, floats and fizzes. If stuck in one place it can become hot enough
    to catch fire burning with an orange flame.

    Wednesday, 1 June y

    Magnesium
    - Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) > Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) [ reaction with water ]
    -

    the reaction is slow with water, but the product is Magnesium hydroxide
    Mg(s) + H2O(l) > MgO(s) + H2(g)
    [ reaction with steam ]
    the reaction is vigorous with steam, but the product is Magnesium oxide

    *Both give Alkaline solutions


    But Na is more reactive with H2O than Mg
    Aqueous NaOH is a stronger alkali than Mg(OH) 2 because NaOH is more soluble in
    water

    Variations of oxidation states of oxides and chlorides


    - Across period 3 oxidation states of oxides and chlorides increase
    - In the highest oxidation state the elements usually have oxidation states that
    corresponds to the number of electrons in their outer shells.

    Oxidation States
    - Oxidation states are usually the amount of electrons the atom has to gain or lose or
    share to bond ionically or covalently to form a bond

    - The oxidation state of uncombined elements (so not compounds) is always zero. Such
    as each atom in H2(g) or O2(g) or Na(s) or S8(s) has an oxidation state of zero.

    - The oxidation states of hydrogen in a compound is +1, except in metal hydrides (e.g
    NaH), when it is -1

    - The oxidation state of oxygen in compounds is -2, except in peroxides (e.g H2O2)
    when it is -1

    Wednesday, 1 June y

    Acids and Bases


    Ceramics
    - Ceramics are generally known as containing compounds that have giant structures.
    - They are non-metallic, non-polymeric solids that have been hardened by heating to
    high temperatures.

    - They are used in furnace linings, electrical insulators, glass and crockery.
    - Furnace linings need to withstand high temperatures so compounds such as
    Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and Magnesium oxide (MgO) are used.

    - Silicates are based on Silica (SiO2) they are strong, hard and have great rigidity
    - They are also electrical and thermal insulators, and in overhead power lines, in glass
    and in crockery. A con to silicates is they're brittle.

    - High-grade Silicon (IV) oxide is used in tiles used in U.S. Space shuttles as heat
    shields during re-entry to Earths atmosphere.

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