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Assignment Statistics Behaviour of Sikkim Manipal University Semester 1

This document provides an answer to a statistical survey assignment question. It begins by defining a statistical survey and outlining the two main stages: planning and execution. For the planning stage, it describes the important steps such as determining objectives and sampling. For execution, it emphasizes accurate data collection, editing, and analysis. The document then focuses on methods for primary and secondary data collection, providing examples. It concludes by answering two additional questions on analyzing wage data from two organizations and the addition and multiplication rules of probability.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
134 views9 pages

Assignment Statistics Behaviour of Sikkim Manipal University Semester 1

This document provides an answer to a statistical survey assignment question. It begins by defining a statistical survey and outlining the two main stages: planning and execution. For the planning stage, it describes the important steps such as determining objectives and sampling. For execution, it emphasizes accurate data collection, editing, and analysis. The document then focuses on methods for primary and secondary data collection, providing examples. It concludes by answering two additional questions on analyzing wage data from two organizations and the addition and multiplication rules of probability.

Uploaded by

LavaKumarK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5/30/2016

24thFebruary2014

AssignmentStatisticsbehaviourofsikkimmanipalUniversitysemester1

AssignmentStatisticsbehaviourofsikkimmanipal
Universitysemester1

Question:Astatisticalsurveyisascientificprocessofcollectionandanalysisof
numericaldata.Explainthestagesofstatisticalsurvey.Describethevarious
methodsforcollectingdatainastatisticalsurvey.

Answer:Definition of Statistical Survey:A Statistical Survey is a scientific process of collection and


analysisofnumericaldata.Statisticalsurveysareusedtocollectinformationaboutunitsinapopulation
anditinvolvesaskingquestionstoindividuals.Surveysofhumanpopulationsarecommoningovernment,
health,socialscienceandmarketingsectors.
StagesofStatisticalSurvey:Statistical surveys involve two stages namely Planning and Execution.
Figure2.1showsthetwobroadstagesofStatisticalSurvey
PlanningaStatisticalSurvey:Therelevanceandaccuracyofdataobtainedinasurveydependsupon
the care taken in planning.A properly planned investigation can lead to the best results with least cost
andtime.Figure2.2givestheexplanationofstepsinvolvedintheplanningstage.
Executionofstatisticalsurvey:Controlled methods should be adopted at every stage of carrying out
theinvestigationtochecktheaccuracy,coverage,methodsofmeasurements,analysisandinterpretation.
The collected data should be edited, classified, tabulated and presented in the form of diagrams and
graphs.Thedatashouldbecarefullyandsystematicallyanalysedandinterpreted.
CollectionofData:Collectionofdataisthefirstandmostimportantstageinanystatisticalsurvey.The
method for collection of data depends upon various factors such as objective, scope, nature of
investigation and availability of resources. Direct personal interviews, third party agencies, and
questionnairesaresomewaysthroughwhichdataiscollected.
Primarydata:Primarydataistheone,whichiscollectedbytheinvestigatorforthepurposeofaspecific
inquiryorstudy.Suchdataisoriginalincharacterandisgeneratedbyasurveyconductedbyindividuals
oraresearchinstitutionoranyorganisation.
ForExample:Ifaresearcherisinterestedtoknowtheimpactofanonmealschemeforschoolchildren,
he/she has to undertake a survey and collect data on the opinion of parents and children by asking
relevantquestions.Suchadatacollectediscalledprimarydata.
Collectionofprimarydataisdonebyasuitablemethodasperthefollowing:
1.Directpersonalobservation
2.Indirectoralinterview
3.Informationthroughagencies
4.Informationthroughmailedquestionnaires
5.Informationthroughaschedulefilledbyinvestigators.
Secondary data: Any information, that is used for the current investigation but is obtained from some
data,whichhasbeencollectedandusedbysomeotheragencyorpersoninaseparateinvestigation,or
survey,isknownassecondarydata.Theyareavailableinapublishedorunpublishedform.
Inpublishedform,secondarydataisavailableinresearchpapers,newspapers,magazines,government
publication, international publication, and websites. Secondary data is collected for different purposes.
Therefore, care should be exercised while using it. The accuracy, reliability, objectives and scope of
secondarydatashouldbeexaminedthoroughlybeforeuse.Secondarydatamaybecollectedeitherby
censusorbysamplingmethods.
PublishedsourcesThevarioussourcesofpublisheddataare:
Reportsandofficialpublicationsofinternationalandnationalorganisationsaswellascentraland
stategovernments
Publicationsofseverallocalbodiessuchasmunicipalcorporationsanddistrictboards
Financialandeconomicjournals
Annualreportsofvariouscompanies
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Publicationsbroughtoutbyresearchagenciesandresearchscholars [http://smumbaassignment.com/1a
statisticalsurveyisascientificprocessofcollectionandanalysisofnumericaldataexplainthestagesofstatisticalsurvey
describethevariousmethodsforcollectingdatainastatistical/]

Question2.AnalysisofdailywagesofworkersintwoorganisationsAandB
yieldedthefollowingresults:Organisation
A
No.ofworkers
10
Averagedailywages(Rs)
30
Variance
25

B
20
15
100

Obtaintheaveragedailywagesandthestandarddeviationofwagesofall
workersinthetwoorganizationstakentogether.Whichorganizationis
moreequitableinregardtowages?
Answer:LetX1&X2,n1,n2,1and2respectivelydenotemeannumberofworkerandstandard
deviationoforganizationsAandBthen
X1=30,x2=15,n1=10,n2=201=25=5,2=100=10
Combinedmeanx12=n1x1+n2x2
n1+n2
=10*30+20*15
30
=600=30
30
CombinedStandarddeviation=
Whend1=x12x1=2030=10
D2=x12x2=2015=5
12=10*25+20*100+10*100+20*25
10*20
=55Anorganisationmoreequitableinregardawageswheneverthevariabilityinwagesis
lesserthereforewehavetocomparethecoefficientofvariationhere.
CoefficientofvariationfororganisationA
=5/30*100=16.7%
CoefficientofvariationfororganisationB

=10/15*100=66.7%
SincecoefficientofvariationfororganizationAislessitmoreequitableinRegardstowages.
Question3.a.Statetheadditionandmultiplicationrulesofprobabilitygivinganexampleofeach
case.
b.InaboltfactorymachinesA,B,Cmanufacture25,35and40percentofthetotaloutput.Oftheir
totaloutput5,4and2percentaredefectiverespectively.Aboltisdrawnatrandomandisfound
tobedefective.WhataretheprobabilitiesthatitwasmanufacturedbymachinesA,BandC?
Answer:TheAdditionLawofProbability
IftwoeventsAandBaremutuallyexclusivethen
P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)
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ThisisthesimplifiedversionoftheAdditionLaw.However,whenAandBarenotmutually
exclusive,AB_=,itcanbeshownthatamoregenerallawapplies:
P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)P(AB)
OfcourseifAB=then,sinceP()=0thisgeneralexpressionreducestothesimpler
version.
Example:Abagcontains20marbles,3arecolouredred,6arecolouredgreen,4arecolouredblue,
2arecolouredwhiteand5arecolouredyellow.Oneballisselectedatrandom.Findthe
probabilitiesofthefollowingevents.
(a)theballiseitherredorgreen
(b)theballisnotblue
(c)theballiseitherredorwhiteorblue.(Hint:considerthecomplementary
event.)
Answer
Inthelastexample(part(c))wecouldalternativelyhaveusedanobviousextensionofthelaw
ofadditionformutuallyexclusiveevents:
P(RWB)=P(R)+P(W)+P(B)=3/20+2/20/+4/20=9/20.
TheMultiplicationLaw
IfAandBareindependenteventsthen
P(AB)=P(A)P(B)
InwordsTheprobabilityofindependenteventsAandBoccurringistheproductoftheprobabilitiesofthe
eventsoccurringseparately.
Example:Aistheeventcomponentaisoperating
Bistheeventcomponentbisoperating
PrevioustestinghasindicatedthatP(A)=0.99,andP(B)=0.98.Thecircuitfunctionsonly
ifaandbarebothoperatingsimultaneously.Thecomponentsareassumedtobeindependent.
Thentheprobabilitythatthecircuitisoperatingisgivenby
P(AB)=P(A)P(B)=0.990.98=0.9702
NotethatthisprobabilityissmallertheneitherP(A)orP(B).
B.LetE1,E2,E3betheeventsthataboltselectedatrandomismanufacturedby
themachinesA,B,CrespectivelyandletEdenotetheeventofitsbeingdefective.Now
P(E1)=0.25,P(E2)=0.35,P(E3)=0.40
TheprobabilityofdrawingadefectiveboltmanufacturedbymachineAisP(E/E1)
=0.05.Similarlywehave
P(E/E2)=0.04,P(E/E3)=0.02
Hencetheprobabilitythatadefectiveboltselectedatrandomismanufacturedby
machineAisgivenby

Question4.a.WhatisaChisquaretest?Pointoutitsapplications.Underwhatconditionsisthistest
applicable?

b.Discussthetypesofmeasurementscaleswithexamples.
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Answer:ChiSquaretest
TheChisquaretestisoneofthemostcommonlyusednonparametrictests
instatisticalwork.TheGreekLetter 2isusedtodenotethistest. 2
describethemagnitudeofdiscrepancybetweentheobservedandthe
expectedfrequencies.Thevalueof 2iscalculatedas:

Where,O1,O2,O3.OnaretheobservedfrequenciesandE1,E2,E3En
arethecorrespondingexpectedortheoreticalfrequencies.
ApplicationsofChiSquaretest
1Testsforindependenceofattributes
Inthetestforindependence,thenullhypothesisisthattherowandcolumn
variablesareindependentofeachother.Wehavestudiedearlier,thatthe
hypothesistestingisdoneundertheassumptionthatthenullhypothesisis
true.
Thefollowingarethepropertiesofthetestforindependence:
Thedataaretheobservedfrequencies
Thedataisarrangedintheformofacontingencytable
Thedegreesoffreedom canbecalculatedas:
Numberofrows 1
Numberofcolumns 1
where, isthedegreesoffreedom
ThetestforindependencehasaChiSquaredistributionandisalwaysa
righttailtest.
Theexpectedvalueiscomputedbytakingtherowtotal,multiplyingit
withthecolumntotalanddividingbythegrandtotal.Thatisgivenby:

Theteststatisticvaluedoesnotchange,iftheorderoftherowsor
columnsisinterchanged.Alsothevaluedoesnotchangeevenifthe
rowsandcolumnsareinterchanged.
2Testofgoodnessoffit
Thetestofgoodnessoffitofastatisticalmodelmeasureshowaccurately
thetestfitsasetofobservations.Thistestmeasuresandsummarisesthe
differencesifany,betweentheobservedandexpectedvaluesofthe
consideredstatisticalmodel.Thesetestresultsarehelpfultoknowwhether
thesamplesaredrawnfromidenticaldistributionsornot.Thedegreesof
freedomaren1andtheexpectedvalueisequaltotheaverageofthe
observedvalues.
10.3.3Testforcomparingvariance
Whenwehavetouse2 asatestofpopulationvariance,then,

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(n1)=degreesoffreedom,nbeingthenumberofitemsinthe
sample.
Thenbycomparingthecalculatedvaluewiththetablevalueof2 for(n1)
degreesoffreedomatagivenlevelofsignificance,wemayeitheracceptor
rejectthenullhypothesis.Ifthecalculatedof2 islessthanthetablevalue,
thenullhypothesisisaccepted,butifthecalculatedvalueisequalorgreater
thanthetablevaluethehypothesisisrejected.
ConditionsforapplyingtheChiSquaretest
ThefollowingaretheconditionsforusingtheChiSquaretest:
1.ThefrequenciesusedinChiSquaretestmustbeabsoluteandnotin
relativeterms.
2.Thetotalnumberofobservationscollectedforthistestmustbelarge.
3.Eachoftheobservationswhichmakeupthesampleofthistestmustbe
independentofeachother.
4.As 2testisbasedwhollyonsampledata,noassumptionismade
concerningthepopulationdistribution.Inotherwords,itisanon
parametrictest.
5. 2testiswhollydependentondegreesoffreedom.Asthedegreesof
freedomincrease,theChiSquaredistributioncurvebecomes
symmetrical.
6.Theexpectedfrequencyofanyitemorcellmustnotbelessthan5,the
frequenciesofadjacentitemsorcellsshouldbepolledtogetherinorder
tomakeitmorethan5.
7.Thedatashouldbeexpressedinoriginalunitsforconvenienceof
comparisonandthegivendistributionshouldnotbereplacedbyrelative
frequenciesorproportions.
8.Thistestisusedonlyfordrawinginferencesthroughtestofthe
hypothesis,soitcannotbeusedforestimationofparametervalue.
AnswerB.Therearefourmeasurementscales(ortypesofdata):nominal,ordinal,intervalandratio.
Thesearesimplywaystocategorizedifferenttypesofvariables.
Nominal
Letsstartwiththeeasiestonetounderstand.Nominalscalesareusedforlabelingvariables,without
anyquantitative[http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/quantitativevsqualitativeresearchwhatsthedifference/] value.
Nominalscalescouldsimplybecalledlabels.Herearesomeexamples,below.Noticethatallof
thesescalesaremutuallyexclusive(nooverlap)andnoneofthemhaveanynumericalsignificance.A
goodwaytorememberallofthisisthatnominalsoundsalotlikenameandnominalscalesarekindof
likenamesorlabels.

[http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/exampleofnominalscales.png]

Ordinal
Withordinalscales,itistheorderofthevaluesiswhatsimportantandsignificant,butthedifferences
betweeneachoneisnotreallyknown.Takealookattheexamplebelow.Ineachcase,weknowthata
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#4isbetterthana#3or#2,butwedontknowandcannotquantifyhowmuchbetteritis.Forexample,
isthedifferencebetweenOKandUnhappythesameasthedifferencebetweenVeryHappyand
Happy?Wecantsay.
Ordinalscalesaretypicallymeasuresofnonnumericconceptslikesatisfaction,happiness,discomfort,
etc.
Ordinaliseasytorememberbecauseissoundslikeorderandthatsthekeytorememberwithordinal
scalesitistheorderthatmatters,butthatsallyoureallygetfromthese.
Advancednote:Thebestwaytodeterminecentraltendencyonasetofordinaldataistousethemodeor
medianthemeancannotbedefinedfromanordinalset.

[http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/ordinalscales.png]

ExampleofOrdinalScales
Interval
Intervalscalesarenumericscalesinwhichweknownotonlytheorder,butalsotheexactdifferences
betweenthevalues.TheclassicexampleofanintervalscaleisCelsiustemperaturebecausethe
differencebetweeneachvalueisthesame.Forexample,thedifferencebetween60and50degreesisa
measurable10degrees,asisthedifferencebetween80and70degrees.Timeisanothergoodexample
ofanintervalscaleinwhichtheincrementsareknown,consistent,andmeasurable.
Intervalscalesarenicebecausetherealmofstatisticalanalysisonthesedatasetsopensup.For
example,centraltendencycanbemeasuredbymode,median,ormeanstandarddeviationcanalsobe
calculated.
Ratio
Ratioscalesaretheultimatenirvanawhenitcomestomeasurementscalesbecausetheytellusabout
theorder,theytellustheexactvaluebetweenunits,ANDtheyalsohaveanabsolutezerowhichallows
forawiderangeofbothdescriptiveandinferentialstatistics[http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/descriptive
inferentialstatisticsdifference/] tobeapplied.Attheriskofrepeatingmyself,everythingaboveaboutinterval
dataappliestoratioscales+ratioscaleshaveacleardefinitionofzero.Goodexamplesofratiovariables
includeheightandweight.
Question:5.ExplaintheComponentsofTimeseries.
Answer:TimeSeries[https://www.blogger.com/null]:Atimeseriesisasequenceofobservationswhich
areorderedintime(orspace).Ifobservationsaremadeonsomephenomenonthroughouttime,itismost
sensibletodisplaythedataintheorderinwhichtheyarose,particularlysincesuccessiveobservations
willprobablybedependent.Timeseriesarebestdisplayedinascatterplot.TheseriesvalueXisplotted
ontheverticalaxisandtimetonthehorizontalaxis.Timeiscalledtheindependentvariable(inthiscase
however,somethingoverwhichyouhavelittlecontrol).Therearetwokindsoftimeseriesdata:
1. Continuous,wherewehaveanobservationateveryinstantoftime,e.g.liedetectors,

electrocardiograms.WedenotethisusingobservationXattimet,X(t).Discrete,wherewehavean
observationat(usuallyregularly)spacedintervals.WedenotethisasXt.
ComponentsofTimeSeries
Thebehaviourofatimeseriesoverperiodsoftimeiscalledthemovement
ofthetimeseries.Thetimeseriesisclassifiedintothefollowingfour
components:
i)Longtermtrendorseculartrend
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ii)Seasonalvariations
iii)Cyclicvariations
iv)Randomvariations
i)Longtermtrendorseculartrend
Thisreferstothesmoothorregularlongtermgrowthordeclineoftheseries.Thismovementcanbe
characterisedbyatrendcurve.Ifthiscurveisastraightline,thenitiscalledatrendline.Ifthevariable
increasesoveralongperiodoftime,thenitiscalledanupwardtrend.Ifthevariabledecreasesoveralong
periodoftime,thenitiscalledadownwardtrend.Ifthevariablemovesupwardordownwardalonga
straightlinethenthetrendiscalledalineartrend,otherwiseitiscalledanonlineartrend.
ii)Seasonalvariations
Variationsinatimeseriesthatareperiodicinnatureandoccurregularlyovershortperiodsoftimeduring
ayeararecalledseasonalvariations.Thesevariationsarepreciseandcanbeforecasted.Thefollowing
areexamplesofseasonalvariationsinatimeseries.
i.Thepricesofvegetablesdropdownafterrainyseasonorinwinter
monthsandtheygoupduringsummer,everyyear.
ii.Thepricesofcookingoilsreduceaftertheharvestingofoilseedsand
goupaftersometime.
iii)Cyclicvariations
Thelongtermoscillationsthatrepresentconsistentriseanddeclineinthe
valuesofthevariablearecalledcyclicvariations.Sincethesearelongterm
oscillationsinthetimeseries,theperiodofoscillationisusuallygreaterthan
oneyear.Theoscillationsareeitheratrendcurveoratrendline.Theperiod
ofonecycleisthetimedistancebetweentwosuccessivepeaksortwo
successivetroughs.
iv)Randomvariations
Randomvariationsarecalledirregularmovements.Movementsthatoccur
usuallyinbriefperiodsoftime,withoutanypatternandwhichare
unpredictableinnaturearecalledirregularmovements.Thesemovements
donothaveanyregularperiodortimeofoccurrences.Forexample,the
effectofnationalstrikes,floods,earthquakes,etc.Itisverydifficulttostudy
thebehaviourofsuchatimeseries.
Question:6a.Whatisanalysisofvariance?Whataretheassumptionsofthetechnique?
b.Threesamplesbelowhavebeenobtainedfromnormalpopulationswithequalvariances.Testthehypothesis
at5%levelthatthepopulationmeansareequal.
Answer:AnalysisofVariance(ANOVA)
AnalysisofVariance(ANOVA)isusefulinsuchsituationsascomparingthemileageachievedbyfivedifferentbrandsof
gasoline,testingwhichoffourdifferenttrainingmethodsproducethefastestlearningrecord,orcomparingthefirstyear
earningsofthegraduatesofhalfadozendifferentbusinessschools.Ineachofthesecases,wewouldcomparethe
meansofmorethan
twosamples.Hence,inmostofthefields,suchasagriculture,medical,finance,banking,insurance,education,etc.,
theconceptofANOVAisused.Instatisticalterms,thedifferencebetweentwostatisticaldataisknownasvariance.
Whentwodataarecomparedforanypracticalpurpose,theirdifferenceisstudiedthroughthetechniquesofANOVA.
Withtheanalysisofvariancetechnique,wecantestthenullhypothesisandthealternative
hypothesis.Nullhypothesis,H0:Allsamplemeansareequal.AlternateHypothesis,H1:Allsamplemeansarenot
equaloratleastoneofthesamplesmeansdiffer.
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AssumptionsforstudyofANOVA
TheunderlyingassumptionsforthestudyofANOVAare:
i)Eachofthesamplesisasimplerandomsample
ii)Populationfromwhichthesamplesareselectedarenormally
distributed
iii)Eachofthesamplesisindependentoftheothersamples
iv)Eachofthepopulationhasthesamevariationandidenticalmeans
v)Theeffectofvariouscomponentsareadditive
LetH0:Thereisnosignificantdifferenceinthemeansofthreesamples

T=Sumofallobservations=150

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