STANISLAVSKI EXERCISES

Stanislavski's acting technique has inspired all the major acting methods developed in America in the
twentieth century, yet a lot of beginning actors still find it difficult to understand. For a quick look at the
basics of the "Stanislavski system", below are four of Stanislavski's acting principles, each illustrated by a
simple acting exercise.
1) Using your imagination to create real emotions on stage
Stanislavski encouraged his students to use the magic if to believe in the circumstances of the play. Actors
use their imagination to answer questions like: "What if what happens in the scene was really happening
to me?" "Where do I come from?" "What do I want?" "Where am I going?" "What will I do when I get
there?"
A simple exercise you can do anywhere to develop your imagination is to simply observe people
surrounding you as you go about your daily life (for example, in the subway or at the coffee shop). Then,
invent details about their lives and use your observations to make up a biography for each person. The
next step is to write the biography of a character you're playing.
2) Action versus Emotion
Stanislavski encouraged his students to concentrate on actions rather than emotions. In every scene, the
actor has an objective (a goal of what he wants to accomplish) and faces a series of obstacles. To reach
his goal, the actor breaks the scene down into beats, with each beat being an active verb, something the
character does to try to reach his objective. Here are a few examples of active verbs that can be actions in
scenes: To help To hurt To praise To demean To leave To keep To convince
A simple exercise to get used to this way of working is to get a piece of paper and continue this list,
adding as many active verbs as you can think of.
3) Relaxation and Concentration
Actors who study Stanislavski's acting method learn to relax their muscles. The goal is to not use any
extra muscles than the ones needed to perform a particular action on stage. They also work on
concentration so they can reach a state of solitude in public and not feel tense when performing on stage.
In this acting technique, relaxation and concentration go hand in hand.
Here's a simple Stanislavski concentration exercise to get started Close your eyes and concentrate on
every sound you hear, from the loudest to the most quiet: a door slamming in the distance, a ruffle of the
leaves in the trees outside, the hum of the air conditioner, etc. Try to focus solely on sounds, excluding
everything else from your mind. The next step is to open your eyes and try to retain the same amount of
focus.
4) Using the senses
Stanislavsky students practiced using their senses to create a sense of reality on stage. For example, if
their character just walked indoors and it was snowing outside, they may work on an exercise to
remember what being outdoors in the snow feels like so they can have a strong sense of where they're
coming from.
Here's a quick example of how you would approach that type of exercise Close your eyes and imagine
you are outdoors in the snow, then ask yourself the following five questions:

What do you
What do you
What do you
What do you
toes cold?
What do you
the cold?

see? Is the snow pristine? Muddy? Is it sparkling in the sun? Is it more of a dark cloudy day?
smell? How cold is the air as it enters your nostrils and goes down to your lungs?)
hear? Is it more quiet than usual?
feel? How does the snow feel as it falls on your face? Is it sticky? Powdery? Wet? Are your
taste? Imagine that a snowflake falls on your lips. How does it taste? Is your throat dry from

Stanislavski Through Practice

Stanislavski is rightly called the 'father of modern theatre', his System of acting became
the backbone of twentieth century theatre craft. Nearly all other practitioners use him as a
starting point, either to build from or to react against. He cannot be ignored.
So much has already been written about Stanislavski, the brief of the book is not to go
over that ground again. Rather it covers the salient points Stanislavski made in his many
books and studio experiments, to order them into a logical form so that they can be easily
followed and understood by students and to translate them into purely practical terms so
that each theory can be tested through practice. Students may thus pick up the points
made and turn them easily into essays backed up with practical knowledge.
Jeni roughly divides her practical teaching of Stanislavski into two areas:
1. the general training of the actor which prepares the student in the main principles
of the System
2. the preparation of a role showing how the System is useful in building towards a
characterisation. This study programme follows the same format.
Every effort has been made to demystify the theory and to show the interdependency of
all the different elements of the system.
Whether you are studying Stanislavski per se or have chosen the topic of 'naturalism'
from your syllabus you will find this study programme useful and easy to follow.

Contents:
General Introduction; First Lessons;
Part One: The General training of an Actor:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Imagination
Belief
Concentration
Relaxation
Physical Control

6.
7.
8.
9.

Speech Versatility & Control

Communication
Vocal Communication - Subtext
Tempo-Rhythm

Part Two: The Actor's approach to a Role:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Research
Subtext - Units and Objectives
Subtext - Emotion Memory
Tempo-Rhythm - Another Useful Tool
Fine Tuning - Speech
Fine-Tuning - Group Sensitivity, Teamwork
The Actor in Performance

Conclusion
Sample Pages from Stanislavski Through Practice:
Belief
1. The teacher could begin the work on belief with an exercise in which the students do
not even realise they are participating! Come into the studio in a real flap and tell the
students you've lost your wallet, car keys, glasses, register, notes on Stanislavski,
whatever you like! Make sure it is something really important - without the lost item,
you, or they, will be in real trouble - so that they are really looking everywhere. You think
it may have fallen behind something, have been picked up by mistake and be in
someone's bag, etc. It's up to you to keep the urgency going in any way you can. Keep it
going as long as you can, constantly whipping up their concern and commitment to the
task. Eventually you disclose that this is all an exercise and that you want them to repeat
their search from the beginning, trying to remember how they felt, behaved, etc. Observe
them carefully. How convincing are they? Do they believe in what they are doing? How
can you tell? Comment on their 'performance' as fully as you can. [ Another way of doing
this is to let one or two students in on the secret at the beginning, giving them instructions
to observe closely the differences in feeling, commitment and sincerity between the two
searches.] Either way of approaching the exercise is a useful starting point and will fuel
an animated discussion, which should be fully explored, explained and written up by the
students. The realisation they should come to, hopefully of their own accord, is that doing
something for real is one thing, imitating that activity in such a way as to convince an
audience that it is real is an altogether different thing and infinitely harder to pull off.
Central to Stanislavski's System is believing in what you are doing. Only if the actor
believes will the audience believe. They are drawn in by the sincerity of what the actor is
doing. Basically the whole System is the set of aids by which the actor is helped to
believe he is the role he is creating.
Despite the fact the whole System is working towards belief, I find it helpful to do some

'belief exercises with students early on, which can prove a number of important things,
starting with the realisation that belief 'in limbo' is well-nigh impossible.

Practical Work
2. Sit in a circle. Teacher leads by passing a scrumpled up piece of paper around the circle
and telling them it is a bird that has fallen out of its nest, fully feathered but not yet able
to fly. The students must be very gentle. Keep talking about the bird, its colour, size, the
brightness of its eyes, ' Look at its beak opening, perhaps it's hungry'; 'How its claws grip,
don't they?' - you are trying to build up belief by building up visual facts to hang onto.
When the bird returns to you, you can do a number of things.
You can mash it in your hands - this cruelly tests belief - those who have begun to believe
will be horrified. You could gently place it in a box, or take it outside. It is up to you. The
seriousness with which you, the teacher, approach this gives the students a clue as to how
seriously these actors' exercises should be taken.
3. Still in the circle, pass round an envelope containing a blank piece of paper.
It must be used as:

a love letter
a coded message containing escape plans
exam results
a letter calling off the engagement
news of the death of a rich old aunt from whom you are due to inherit
the offer of a job
news that your son has been killed in the war
the letter has been given to you by mistake - it should really have gone to another
member of your family

4. Pass an object around and each person must use it in a different way convincingly. The
object could just be a stick, or the biro you have in your pocket. It could be used as a
comb, a dagger, a mobile phone, etc.
Variation: scatter and use any object in the room as something it is not; retain the same
object and change what you use it as at least twice more.
After this series of exercises discuss the difficulties. Some will have the quality of
'naivety' that allows them to lose themselves in the imagination quickly and easily.
Whether they could sustain that quality with a number of distractions is another matter.
Others will have found it difficult to do these exercises. These students may well be those
who are most honest about 'feeling' and 'believing' themselves. Encourage this honesty.
Encourage them to see the difference between 'pretending' and 'believing'. How many,
when challenged, honestly believed in what they were doing?

Belief is helped by facts. Remind them how many found it easier to believe in the bird the
more detail about the bird was added.
This is the same relationship that 'magic if and 'given circumstances' have to one another.
'If is the plunge that the imagination is taking - 'if this piece of paper were a bird that had
fallen from its nest ' - the imagination then asks questions - what? why? how? etc., it
needs more detail, more facts, more 'given circumstances' - beak, bright eyes, colour, etc.
Each new fact acts as an aid, a kind of fixative, to the imagination.
5. Use a stick, a strip of stiff cardboard or similar. The stick is a knife. It is used in an
exercise that in some way involves life and death: you are contemplating killing a rival,
or freeing a condemned captive, or performing an operation under difficult circumstances
in which the patient may die.
You will need to build up a whole scenario answering the questions who? why? when?
where? how? etc. Each one of these invented facts, or circumstances, will help the
process of belief and make it easier.
It will be helpful to build up belief in the 'knife' by starting with a kind of meditation on
the object. Concentrate totally on it till you see its shape, size, feel its weight, test its
sharpness and so on. Only when you really believe in the knife should you complete the
exercise and perform the scene.
After the exercise is finished, jot down how many elements of the System are used and
interrelated here. Magic if, given circumstances, concentration, imagination. All the
elements feed into one another.
6. Test the inter-relationship of imagination/magic if with given circumstances to aid
belief in another series of exercises:
Find your own space. You are cooking. There is your stove in front of you, saucepans and
so on. Now begin.
For a moment they will look flummoxed; this is because they have so little to go on. Then
they'll begin. Let them all carry on in their own space for a little, then stop them and ask a
few questions: who are they? where? etc. By the readiness of their answers you will know
if they have already felt the need to do this process for themselves. Hopefully, some of
them will have found it impossible to proceed without inventing circumstances.
Now start the exercise again, but this time give them more specific scenarios with more
detail:

You are an older sister/ brother having to prepare supper for awkward younger
siblings. They are fussy; neither eat the same things; Mum, however, has specified
they must have a balanced meal...
You are a busy chef in a popular restaurant at half past ten on a Saturday night.
Orders are coming from all directions, it is hot, the noise level is terrific...

You are preparing a supper for a boy/ girl friend, wanting very much to impress
with your capability; your parents are out for the evening, your special visitor is
due to arrive in half an hour...

They should see at the end of this:

a] how important detail is to aid belief- The fuller the circumstances, the easier it
is to believe.
b] how different circumstances will change the basic action and prevent the actor
from acting 'in general'. The first instruction, simply 'to cook' will lead to acting
'in general'. The different given circumstances will dictate how the actor cooks, in
quite a unique fashion according to each set of circumstances.

Explain how this exercise needs to be used when studying a playtext for such directions
as 'Enter George'. The details of: from where? to where? what time of day? what state of
mind is George in? and so on, will all affect the way George enters.
7. Try some enter/exit exercises. Treat it as a game with volunteers performing from the
following categories in turn. Others must guess, for instance, where they are coming
from.
a] a series of entrances showing

where you are coming from

what has happened offstage to affect mood [argument with boss, for instance]
when - what time of day it is
a letter calling off the engagement
news of the death of a rich old aunt from whom you are due to inherit
why you are entering [to look for lost purse, for instance]

b] a series of exits showing

where you are going off to

when - time of day
why - the reason for going
what you are feeling [ e.g. you are psyching himself up to face a dreaded
interview with the headmaster]

Finish this section by setting a number of tasks for which the individual students must
invent their own 'if and 'circumstances'. Remember that the 'if is 'magic' because it gives
the imagination that stimulatory nudge which will excite the actor into action. The
'circumstances' which he will 'give' or invent for himself are the facts needed to give
substance to that imagined person and situation. Take them through the process first by
sending one student up on the stage. Tell him to sit and wait. Then tell him to invent a
reason for sitting there. Next he must add as many details as he needs - who is he? where
is he? why is he there? what is he feeling about it? [How does this feeling make him sit?]

This latter question is verging on the over-analytical at this stage. Analysis is useful but
after the event. At this analytical stage discuss, too, a] how much of the feeling was
stimulated by the invention of detailed information and b] how much the expression of
that feeling, i.e. body language, facial expression, came naturally out of the inner state.
Were any of these physical signs consciously imposed?
8. Try inventing an 'if' and 'given circumstances' for the following:

writing a letter
tidying a room
digging a hole
An Outline of the Stanislavski System

1. Relaxation. Learning to relax the muscles and eliminate physical tension while
performing.
2. Concentration. Learning to think like an actor and to respond to ones own
imagination.
3. Work with the senses. Discovering the sensory base of the work: learning to
memorize and recall sensations, often called sense memory and /or affective
memory; learning to work from a small sensation and expand it, a technique
Stanislavski called spheres of attention.
4. Sense of truth. Learning to tell the difference between the organic and the artificial.
Stanislavski believed that there were natural laws of acting, which were to be
obeyed.
5. Given Circumstances. Developing the ability to use previous four skills to create the
world of the play (the circumstances given in the text) through true and organic
means.
6. Contact and communication. Developing the ability to interact with other performers
spontaneously, and with an audience, without violating the world of the play.
7. Units and objectives. Learning to divide the role into sensible units that can be
worked on individually, and developing the ability to define each unit of the role by
an active goal desired by the character rather than as an entirely literary idea.
8. Logic and believability. Discovering how to be certain that the sum of the combined
objectives are consistent and coherent and that they are in line with the play as a
whole.
9. Work with the text. Developing the ability to uncover the social, political, and artistic
meaning of the text, and seeing that these ideas are contained within the
performance.
10. The creative state of mind. An automatic culmination of all the previous steps.
RELAXATION & CONCENTRATION
Exercises should begin with a short period of relaxation followed by the following
concentration exercises.

1. The three dominant senses are sight, sound, and touch. Have students select an
object that appeals to the senses or you may supply one. Have them concentrate
on that object by examining the object millimeter by millimeter. Ask them which
of the senses is the most dominant. Have them touch the object to their face and
feel its temperature, feel the sensation. Repeat and note what is physically
memorable about this experience. Discuss as a group when finished. (10 min)
2. Get comfortable in a sitting position. Focus your attention on one stimulus only
(example: search the room for anything that is colored red; tune into every sound
you can hear no matter how faint, etc.) Discuss afterward. (5 min)
3. Get comfortable in a sitting position. In your mind reconstruct every detail of your
day so far. Think of what you ate, every word you spoke, every movement you
made. Discuss afterward. (5 min)
4. Divide class into groups of 7 (can vary). Assign them letters of the alphabet. Each
student will be responsible for 3 or 4 letters. Create a rhythm, such as slap leg,
clap hands, snap fingers, snap fingers. After establishing a rhythm have the group
spell words, then expand to sentences. (Movie or play titles are fun to do with
this.) The students must say the letters they are responsible for when they come up
in the spelling. Have them say the letters on a certain part of the rhythm, such as
on the clap. Concentration is a must for this exercise. (15-20 min)
5. You may need to take another 10-15 minutes to discuss what they have learned
during the class period and how they can apply it to acting.
Exercises and Suggestions for each Basic Step
These are only suggestions and examples. You are welcome to incorporate your own
improvisations and ideas to meet the purpose of each step. I suggest that you hold a
discussion after students finish each step to be sure they understand the concept.
1. Relaxation: Most theatre textbooks will give you a good set of relaxation
exercises. Choose what works for you and your students.
2. Concentration: One of my favorite concentration exercises is as follows: 1) Pair
students 2) have each pair select a fairy tale or other story that they are familiar
with 3) have one student be the storyteller and the other student, the mirror 4)
have the storyteller begin telling the story. The mirror must concentrate on the
mouth of the storyteller so they can say words with the storyteller. 5)have them
continue this for several minutes, then reverse roles 6) extend the time and speed
up the procedure as students become more accustomed to working together.
3. Work with senses: This is an exercise I use with my students. The idea comes
from the book Hi-Concept Lo-Tech by Barbara Carlisle and Don Drapeau.
Begin with relaxation. When thoroughly relaxed, instruct the students to close
their eyes, let their minds be free so they can focus. Now have them think or a place
where they, as a child, spent a lot of time. It could be their room, a playhouse, a place
in the woods, etc. Ask them to try to see it in their mind. Guide them with questions,
such as: What is there? What do you feel beneath your feet? What do you see to your

right, left, over your head? Is it hot? Warm? Cool? Etc. What do you smell? How
much light is there? What is the air like around you? What objects do you see?
Now remember a particular moment in that space. Be very specific. Why did
you go to this place? What was said? How do you feel?
Once all this is in your mind and in your sense memory, move to a spot in this
room where you can be in that place. Go there silently without interacting with
anyone. Do not disturb your concentration. Stay there until you are told to break.
Have each student, after they break, condense this experience into two or three
sentences. If the experience is too personal, respect their desire not to share. Have a
good discussion about their experience.
4. Sense of Truth: A sense of truth refers to finding the truth of your physical
actions and perceptual reactions. Commitment to the moment. You can begin
discovering this sense of truth with the following exercise on patience. Giving
the time needed to wait for a whole picture to develop in the minds eye, so that it
can be responded to honestly.
Have students imagine that they are eating an apple. They must be able to see
the apple in their hand, feel their teeth as they bite into it, feel it dissolving as they
chew and swallow it. Perhaps a bit of the skin is caught in their teeth. How do they
get it out? Does the juice run down their chin?
Discuss the exercise.
5. Given Circumstances. The technical theatre term used to describe all the details
that make up the situation is the given circumstances. Use exercises dealing with
who, what and where. Viola Spolins book, Improvisation for the Theatre, has
many exercises to choose from.
6. Contact and Communication. Use exercises from Viola Spolins Improvisation
for the Theatre. All these exercises should help develop an awareness of self,
space and environment.
7. Units and Objectives. This step begins the analytical process. Begin work with
chosen monologues. Work exercises that present work with obstacles, conflict
and goals. (see suggested websites for examples of improvisations).
8. Logic and believability. Continue work with monologues. Work on continuity of
the piece. This is a good place to reinforce commitment to the moment.
9. Work with the text. What does the text mean? Work on vocal expression and
delivery.
10. The Creative State of Mind. An automatic culmination of all the previous steps.
Practice monologues and present to class.