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SQL Cheat Sheet: Statement Syntax Quick Description

SELECT statements are used to query data from one or more tables. The basic syntax includes specifying columns, tables, and optional filters like WHERE clauses. WHERE clauses filter rows using comparison operators like =, <, > on column values. Results can be sorted using ORDER BY to order the output by one or more columns in ascending or descending order.

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98 views1 page

SQL Cheat Sheet: Statement Syntax Quick Description

SELECT statements are used to query data from one or more tables. The basic syntax includes specifying columns, tables, and optional filters like WHERE clauses. WHERE clauses filter rows using comparison operators like =, <, > on column values. Results can be sorted using ORDER BY to order the output by one or more columns in ascending or descending order.

Uploaded by

ZhiBoDeng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Cheat Sheet

Statement

Syntax

Quick Description

SELECT

SELECT [ DISTINCT ] * | LIST OF COLUMNS,


FUNCTIONS, CONSTANTS
FROM LIST OF TABLES OR VIEWS
[ WHERE CONDITION(S) [AND|OR|NOT] ]
[ ORDER BY ORDERING COLUMN(S) [ ASC | DESC ] ]
[ GROUP BY GROUPING COLUMN(S) ]
[ HAVING CONDITION(S) ]

Query a set of records.


Equivalent to A1, A2 An ( P (r 1 x r2 x rn ) ) and
returns a relation.
SELECT * FROM r1, r2 is Cartesian Product
Functions allowed: SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, COUNT
DISTINCT removes duplicates
NOTE: ALL QUOTES AROUND STRINGS ARE
SINGLE QUOTES!
To reference a column in a specific relation, use
TABLE.COLUMN_NAME

WHERE

WHERE COLUMN OPERATOR VALUE

Operators: =, <> (not equal), >, >=, <, <=,


BETWEEN..AND (inclusive range), LIKE (pattern
search use % for wildcards, _ for single
character), IN (find value in a set)
Value: string in single quotes, numerical value,
another attribute, or IS NULL

Set comparisons:
WHERE COLUMN OPERATOR ALL | SOME
WHERE [NOT] EXISTS RELATION
WHERE [NOT] UNIQUE RELATION
ORDER BY

ORDER BY COLUMN(S) [ASC | DESC]

Sorts results by given columns either ascending or


descending
Used with aggregate functions (like the first part
before the huge g) to group functions

GROUP BY

GROUP BY COLUMN(S)

HAVING

HAVING CONDITION(S)

UNION
INTERSECT
EXCEPT

QUERY UNION QUERY


QUERY INTERSECT QUERY
QUERY EXCEPT QUERY

Union two relations


Find the intersection of two relations
Perform set difference on two relations

DELETE

DELETE FROM TABLE NAME


[ WHERE CONDITION(S) ]

Delete all the records in a table (or those which


match the condition(s))

INSERT

INSERT INTO TABLE NAME


[ (COLUMN LIST) ]
VALUES (VALUE LIST)

Insert records into a table

UPDATE

UPDATE TABLE NAME


SET COLUMN NAME = VALUE
[ WHERE CONDITION ]

Modify a column/field value in a table, (or in records


in the table which match the condition(s)

CREATE TABL E

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME


( COLUMN_NAME DATA_TYPE [(SIZE)]
COLUMN_CONSTRAINT,
[, other column definitions,...]
[, primary key constraint]
)

Create a new table

CREATE VIEW

CREATE VIEW VIEW_NAME AS QUERY_NAME

Create a new view

WITH

WITH NEW_TABLE(NEW_COLUMNS) AS QUERY

Creates a local view only used in following queries

ALTER

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME ADD | DROP | MODIFY


( COLUMN_NAME DATA_TYPE [(SIZE)]
COLUMN_CONSTRAINT,
[, other column definitions,...]
)

Alter table columns, remove/modify/add columns


from (or to) a table.

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE TABLE_NAME

Delete an entire table

AS

COLUMN_NAME AS COLUMN_NAME

Renames; mainly used to create derived attributes

CONSTRAINT

CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT_NAME
{PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE | NOT NULL |
REFERENCES FOREIGN_TABLE [(FIELD_LIST)]}

Create a table constraint, (with references from


another table)

Data types in SQL: char(n), varchar(n), int, smallint, numeric(precision, after-decimal), real, float, not null, date,
time, timestamp
If something isnt working quite right remember: Some special characters are not allowed!
MySQL Reference Guide: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/SQL_Syntax.html

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