AS 29381993

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Australian Standard
GearsSpur and helicalGuide to
specification and rating

This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/11, Gears and Splines. It
was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 2 September 1993
and published on 13 December 1993.

The following interests are represented on Committee ME/11:

Australian Sugar Milling Council
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Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia

CSIRO, Division of Applied Physics
German-Australian Chamber of Industry and Commerce
Institution of Engineers, Australia
Metal Trades Industry Association
Sugar Industry Manufacturers and Services Group of Australia
University of Wollongong

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are
subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as
necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest
editi on, and any amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications wil l be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publi cations; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine The
Australian Standard, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications,
new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards
Australia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard
should be made wit hout delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

AS 29381993

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Australian Standard
GearsSpur and helicalGuide to
specification and rating

First published as AS B61 1941 (being BS 436 1940

endorsed without amendment).
Revised and redesignated AS B61.1 1974 (being
BS 436.1 1967 endorsed without amendment) and
AS B61.2 1975 (being BS 436.21970 endorsed
with amendment).
AS B61.1 1974 and AS B61.2 1975 revised,
amalgamated and redesignated AS 2938 1987.
AS B61 1941 withdrawn 1987.
Second edition AS 2938 1993.

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 8565 X

AS 2938 1993

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Gears and Splines to
supersede AS 29381987, Gear Spur and helical Guide to specification and rating.
When AS 2938 was first published in 1987 it was based on American Gear Manufacturers
Association (AGMA) Standard 218.011982, Rating and pitting resistance and bending
strength of spur and helical involute gear teeth. In 1988 ANSI/AGMA 2001-B88,
Fundamental rating factors and calculation methods for involute spur and helical gear
teeth, was published to supersede AGMA 218.01. The new Standard was examined by the
Committee and it was decided that ANSI/AGMA 2001-B88 should replace AGMA 218.01
as the base document for AS 2938.

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The changes introduced include an update of the list of referenced documents given in
Appendix A, updating the list of AGMA documents given in Appendix B, and editorial
modifications to align with Standards Australia style.
There are many changes in the new American Standard most of which are minor. The two
most significant changes which may affect users are a more rigorous assignment of the
material factors sac and s at and the introduction of a new factor K B for rim thickness below
the teeth. Brief descriptions of these changes are given in this edition. Users of AS 2938
should review ANSI/AGMA 2001-B88 to become familiar with other changes.
AGMA policy is moving towards metrication and most equations are being presented in
revised AGMA documents in Imperial units with the metric unit equivalent in parenthesis.
This presentation is not universal and some quantities will require conversion to Imperial
units when using some equations in ANSI/AGMA 2001-B88.
AGMA agreed to the use of their Standards as a basis for Australian Standards and
acknowledgment is made of this assistance.
Copies of AGMA Standards may be purchased from any office of Standards Australia.
The Committee acknowledges the contribution by the Coated Products Division and the
Slab and Plate Products Division of BHP International Steel of the original material on
geometry factors as well as the co-operation of the University of Wollongong, and wishes
to record its appreciation for their permission to include material relating to this subject.
A software program (SAA SP 001) is available to calculate the geometry factors for pitting
resistance and bending strength for external spur and helical involute gears in accordance
with this Standard. The listing of the program has not been included in this edition.
The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information and guidance.

Copyri ght

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Users of Standards are reminded that copyri ght subsists in all Standards Australi a publi cati ons and software. Except where the
Copyri ght Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Austr alia may be
reproduced, stored in a retri eval system in any form or transmitt ed by any means wit hout prior permission in wri ti ng from
Standards Australi a. Permission may be conditi onal on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and informati on
on commercial software royalt ies should be directed to the head offi ce of Standards Austr alia.
Standards Austr alia wil l permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use
exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Austr alia.
Standards Austr alia will also permit the inclusion of its copyri ght material in computer soft ware programs for no royalt y
payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current editi on of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the
Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identif ied.
The use of materi al in pri nt form or in computer soft ware programs to be used commercially, with or wit hout payment, or in
commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be vari ed by Standards Austr alia at any ti me.

AS 2938 1993

CONTENTS

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Page
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 BASIC RACK TOOTH PROFILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 NORMAL MODULES AND NORMAL DIAMETRAL PITCHES . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 GEAR QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 ADDENDUM MODIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 POWER RATING OF GEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 GEOMETRY FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 SERVICE, APPLICATION, LIFE AND RELIABILITY FACTORS . . . . . . . . . .
13 GEAR SUPPORT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 LUBRICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 NOISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 GEAR MEASURING METHODS AND PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17 GEAR DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES
A LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B LIST OF AGMA STAND ARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C NOTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D GRAPHS FOR GEOMETRY FACTORS I AND J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E CALCULATION FOR GEOMETRY FACTORS I AND J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F GRAPHS FOR PARABOLA WIDTH AND HEIGHT FOR TEETH CUT WITH
AN ISO 53 CUTTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G ACCURACY OF MESHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY, ORDER
AND TENDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
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AS 2938 1993

FOREWORD
This Standard provides a guide and an information source suitable for designers,
purchasers and users of power transmission gearing using spur and helical gears.
It is strongly emphasized that expert advice be sought and used at the design and
specification stage to achieve uniform application of Standards and to avoid restrictions
with consequent cost penalties.

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The Standard is specifically aimed at general industrial gearing used in either open or
enclosed situations, and one of its main purposes is to define the method of rating of spur
and helical gears for power transmission.

AS 2938 1993

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
GearsSpur and helicalGuide to specification and rating
1 SCOPE This Standard provides guidelines on the design of spur, helical and double
helical gears and gearboxes. It includes information on basic gear data, quality, measuring,
and calculations of power rating. It is intended for use in conjunction with the American
Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) Standards, on which it is based.
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The documents referred to in this Standard are listed
in Appendix A.

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NOTE: A complete list of AGMA Standards available in September 1992 is given in

Appendix B.

3 NOMENCLATURE The nomenclature for spur and helical gearing is given in

AS 2075 (which is based on ISO 1122-1) and ANSI/AGMA 1012. There are differences
between the AGMA and the Standards Australia nomenclature, so reference should be
made to these Standards when necessary.
4 NOTATION The quantity symbols used in this Standard are listed in Appendix C.
Wherever possible, the symbols given in AGMA Standards are used. The exceptions are
the additional symbols used in Clause 11 and Appendices D, E and F.
5 BASIC RACK TOOTH PROFILE
5.1 Standard basic rack tooth profile The standard rack tooth profile is the 20 degree
tooth profile given in ISO 53. The graphs and examples for the determination of the
geometry factors I and J given in Appendices D, E and F are based on the ISO 53 profile.
Although the ISO 53 profile is the standard profile, other tooth profiles may be used.
The ISO 53 profile with and without tip relief is shown in Figure 1 for a standard basic
rack with unity normal module or unity normal diametral pitch.
NOTE: Departure from the ISO 53 profile should only be made with caution and consultation
with the gear manufacturer, as it may result in substantial tooling cost.

LEGEND
rf = root radius

FIGURE 1 PROFILE FOR A STANDARD BASIC RACK WITH

UNITY NORMAL MODULE OR UNITY NORMAL DIAMETRAL PITCH
COPYRIGHT

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AS 2938-1993 Gears - Spur and helical - Guide to

specification and rating

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