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D R R K: Graphs of Elementary Functions

This document describes the graphs of various elementary functions including: 1) Constant, identity, quadratic, cubic and quartic functions and their key properties such as symmetry. 2) Rational functions such as 1/x, 1/x^2, and 1/x^3 and their symmetries. 3) Trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, tangent and their periodicities. 4) Exponential functions like a^x and how their graphs depend on the value of a. Key features like domains, ranges, and symmetries are discussed for understanding the shapes and behaviors of graphs of elementary functions.

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MukeshGupta
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10K views

D R R K: Graphs of Elementary Functions

This document describes the graphs of various elementary functions including: 1) Constant, identity, quadratic, cubic and quartic functions and their key properties such as symmetry. 2) Rational functions such as 1/x, 1/x^2, and 1/x^3 and their symmetries. 3) Trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, tangent and their periodicities. 4) Exponential functions like a^x and how their graphs depend on the value of a. Key features like domains, ranges, and symmetries are discussed for understanding the shapes and behaviors of graphs of elementary functions.

Uploaded by

MukeshGupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Graphs of Elementary Functions


y
1. Constant Function f : R R; f ( x) k
D f R & R f {k}

yk

y
yx

2. Identity Function: f : R R ; f ( x) x
Df R & Rf R
f ( x) f ( x)
Graph is symmetrical about origin.

y
3. f : R R;f(x) = x2
D f R & R f [0, ]
f ( x) f ( x)
Graph is symmetrical about y-axis

y x2

y
3. f : R R;f(x) = x3
Df R & Rf R

y x3

f ( x) f ( x)
Graph is symmetrical about origin.

y
4. f : R R;f(x) = x

y x4
D f R & R f [0, ]
f ( x) f ( x)
Graph is symmetrical about y-axis
x

Graphs of Elementary Functions

y axis if n is even
Graph of f ( x) x n , n N is symmetrical about
origin if n is odd
Comparison of Values of x, x2 , x3 , x4 , ........
For
The relative values are
x (1, )
x x 2 x3 x 4 ......
x (0,1)
x x 2 x3 x 4 ......
x (1, 0)
x x3 x5 ..............
x 2 x 4 x6 ............
x x3 x5 ..............
x 2 x 4 x6 ............

x (, 1)

Comparison of Graphs of x, x 2 , x3 , x 4 ,.......

x4
x2

-1
x3
x
Graphs of some rational functions:
1
1. f : R - {0} R ; f(x) =
x
D f R ~ {0}& R f R ~ {0}
f ( x) f ( x)
Graph is symmetrical about origin.

y
y

1
x

y
2. f : R - {0} R ; f(x) =

1
x2

D f R ~ {0}& R f R
f ( x) f ( x)
Graph is symmetrical about y-axis.

1
x2

Graphs of Elementary Functions

y
3. f : R - {0} R ; f(x) =

1
x3

f ( x) f ( x)
Graph is symmetrical about origin.

Graph of f ( x)

Comparison of Values of
For
x (1, )
x (0,1)
x (1, 0)

1
x3

y axis if n is even
1
,
n

N
is
symmetrical
about

xn
origin if n is odd

1 1 1 1
, , , , ........
x x 2 x 3 x4
The relative values are
1 1
1
1
2 3 4 ......
x x
x
x
1 1
1
1
2 3 4 ......
x x
x
x
1
1
1
1 1
1
4 6 .......& 3 5 .......
2
x x
x
x
x
x
(Positive Values)
(Negative Values)

x (, 1)

1
1
1
1 1
1
4 6 .......& 3 5 .......
2
x x
x
x
x
x
(Positive Values)
(Negative Values)
y
Comparison of Graphs of

1 1 1 1
, , , , ........
x x 2 x 3 x4

1
x2

1
x

x
1
x3

Graphs of Elementary Functions


Irrationa Functions:
1. f : R {0} R ; f ( x) x

D f R

{0}& R f D f R

y
y x

{0}

x
y
3

2. f : R R; f ( x) x
D f R; R f R
3

y x

y
3. f : R

{0} R ; f ( x) 4 x
D f R {0}& R f D f R

{0}
x

4. f : R R; f ( x) 3 x
D f R; R f R
Graph is very simialr to that of 3 x .
Comaprison of x , 3 x , 4 x , 4 x ........
For
The Relative Values are
x (1, )
x 3 x 4 x 5 x ......
x (0,1)
x 3 x 4 x 5 x ......
x (1, 0)

x 5 x 7 x 9 x ......

x (, 1)

x 5 x 7 x 9 x ......

Comaprison of Graphs of

x , 3 x , 4 x , 4 x ........

x
4

Graphs of Elementary Functions


y x

Modulus Function: f : R R such that


f ( x) | x |

x : if x 0 max( x, x)
x : if x 0

yx

D f R & R f [0, )
f ( x) f ( x) | x | is even function and
symmetrical about y-axis.

Piece Wise Defined Functions:


1. Signum Function (sgn(x)) f : R R

y 1

1 : if x 0
Such that f ( x) sgn( x) 1 : if x 0
0 : if x 0
x
| x |

: if x 0
x : if x 0 | x |
y 1
0 : if x 0 0 : if x 0
Here D f R & R f {1,0,1}
Indicate that the point (0,1) &(0,-1) are not on the graph
Indicates that the point (0,0) is on the graph.
2.Greatest Integer Function or Step Function:
f : R R such that
f ( x) [ x] n if n x n 1; n I
Df R & Rf I

sin x is odd function. Graph


is symmetrical about origin
sin( x 2 ) sin x therefore
sin x is periodic function with
period 2 .

-1

y
o
o

-3

-2

-1 0
o

o
o1

o
o

Trigonometric Functions:
1.sine function
f : R R such that f ( x) sin x
D f R & R f [1,1]

Note: Any number x can be written


x [ x] ( x) where [x] is known
as integral part of x & (x) is known
as fractional part of x. 0 ( x) 1

sin( x) sin x therefore

3
2

y 1

3
2

Graphs of Elementary Functions


2.cosine function
f : R R such that f ( x) cos x
D f R & R f [1,1]
cos( x) cos x therefore
cos x is even function. Graph
is symmetrical about y-axis.
cos( x 2 ) cos x therefore
cos x is periodic function with
period 2 .

y 1

3
2

3
2

x
2

y 1

y
sinx
cosx
f ( x) will be undefined at the points where

3. f(x) = tanx =

cos x 0 i.e. x (2n 1)

,n I

3
2

Thus D f R ~ (2n 1) , n I & R f R


2

tan( x) tan x , therefore tan x is


symmetrical about origin.
tan( x) tan x , therefore tan x is periodic with period .
1
4. f(x) = cosecx =
y
sinx
f ( x) will be undefined at the points
where sin x 0 i.e. x n , n I
y 1

3
2

Thus D f R ~ n , n I and

R f (, 1] [1, )
cos ec( x) cos ecx , therefore
cos ecx is symmetrical about origin.
As cos ec(2 x) cos ecx therefore
coe sec x is periodic with period 2 .


2
2

y 1

3
2

Graphs of Elementary Functions


1
cosx
y 1
Here f ( x) will be undefined
at the points where cos x 0 i.e.

x (2n 1) , n I
2
2

Here D f (2n 1) , n I and


2

R f (, 1] [1, )

5. f(x) = secx =

3
2

o
2

3
2

y 1

sec( x) sec x , therefore sec x is symmetrical about y-axis.


As sec(2 x) sec x therefore sec x is periodic with period 2
cosx
sinx
Here f ( x) will be undefined at the
points where sin x 0

6. f(x) = cotx =

i.e x n , n I
cot( x) cot x , therefore cot x is
symmetrical about origin.
As cot( x) cot x, therefore cot x
is periodic with period .

3
2

Graphs of Elementary Functions

Graph of Exponential Function:


Here D f R & R f R
f(x) = a x

y ax
y
y
a 1

cx

ax

x
bx

Here 1 a b c

bx

ax

y ax
cx

a 1

o
Here 0 a b c 1

Comparison of graphs of a x ,b x ,cx


For
1 a b c
(0, )
ax bx cx
(, 0)
ax bx cx

0 a b c 1
ax bx cx
ax bx cx

Another Important Feature of graph of a x

Nature of the function


lim a x
x

0 a 1
Decreasing
0

a 1
Increasing

Graphs of Elementary Functions

lim a x

y ex

An important case of exponential function is f ( x) e x


y

1
Here e lim 1
n
n
1
1

lim 1 nC1 nC2 2 .......


n
n
n

n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2)

lim 1 1

.......
n
2!.n.n
3!.n.n.n

1 1 1 1 2
lim 1 1 1 1 1 .....
n
2! n 3! n n

1 1 1
1 .............
1! 2! 3!
2.714.........

e 2.714..

D f R & R f R
O
x

Graph of Logarithmic Functions:


Here f ( x) log a x a (0,1) (1, ) . D f (0, ) & R f R
y

logb x

logc x

y log a x

log a x
x
O

a b c 1
a 1

log a x

logb x
log a x
x
0 a 1

10

Graphs of Elementary Functions


0 a b 1

Important Features of Graph of f(x) = loga x


0 a 1
log a x is decreasing

i.e log a log a

a 1
log a x is increasing

i.e log a log a

lim log a x

lim log a x

lim log a x

lim log a x

x 0

log a x 0 for 0 x 1 and


log a x 0 for x 1

x
x 0

log a x 0 for 0 x 1 and


log a x 0 for x 1

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