SMN 3043

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

ASSIGNMENT 3
BUNGEE JUMPING
NAME

MATRIC NO.

NOORUL ASMA BINTI ABDUL SAMAT

D20092036907

NUR HAFIZAH IZZATI BINTI MD RASIP

D20111048854

NORFAEZAH BINTI HAMZAH

D20111048860

NOR ATIQAH FATIHAH BINTI ABDULLAH

D20111048872

NORIZAN BINTI NORDIN

D20111048874

1.0 TWO METHODS TO SOLVE HIGHER

ORDER ODE
1) Variation of Parameters
2) Euler-Cauchy ODE

Variation of Parameters
Consider the differential equation,
Assume that y1(t) and y2(t) are a fundamental
set of solutions for
Then a particular solution to the
nonhomogeneous differential equation is,

Example 1
Find a general solution to the following
differential equation

2 y 18 y 6 tan(3t )
The differential equation the actually be
solving is
y 9 y 3tan(3t )

Cont
Complementary solution is:
yc (t ) c1 cos(3t ) c2 sin(3t )

So, we have

y1 (t ) cos(3t )
y2 sin(3t )

The Wronskian of these two function is

cos(3t )
sin(3t )
W
3cos 2 (3t ) 3sin 2 (3t ) 3
3sin(3t ) 3cos(3t )

Cont.
Particular solution:
y p (t ) cos(3t )

3sin(3t ) tan(3t )
3cos(3t ) tan(3t )
dt sin(3t )
dt
3
3

sin 2 (3t )
cos(3t )
dt sin(3t ) sin(3t )dt
cos(3t )
1 cos 2 (3t )
cos(3t )
dt sin(3t ) sin(3t ) dt
cos(3t )
cos(3t ) sec(3t ) cos(3t )dt sin(3t ) sin(3t ) dt
cos(3t )
sin(3t )

ln sec(3t ) tan(3t ) sin(3t )

cos(3t )

3
3
cos(3t )

ln sec(3t ) tan(3t )
3

Cont.
General solution
cos(3t )
y(t ) c1 cos(3t ) c2 sin(3t )
ln sec(3t ) tan(3t )
3

Example 2
Find the general solution to
2

ty (t 1) y y t

Given that:

y1 (t ) et
y2 (t ) t 1
Form a fundamental set of solutions for the
homogeneous differential equation

Solution
First, need to divide out by a t.
1
1

y 1 y y t
t
t

The Wronskian for the fundamental set of

solution is
W

t 1
1

e e (t 1) te
t

Cont
The particular solution is:
(t 1)t
e (t )
Yp (t ) e
dt (t 1)
dt
t
t
te
te
t

et (t 1)e t dt (t 1) dt
t

e (e (t 2)) (t 1)t
t

t 2t 2
2

General solution is:

y(t ) c1e c2 (t 1) t 2t 2
t

Cauchy-Euler
The Cauchy-Euler equation has the form
a0 xn y ( n) a1 xn1 y ( n1) ...... an1 xy an y b( x)

Where x et are constants.

k (k )
Each term contains x y
The transformation x et reduces the equation
to a linear ODE with constant coefficient in the
variable t. Notice that we assume x>0, and t=ln x.
Using chain rule, since y function of t through x.

Example
Find the general solution

x y 2 xy 2 y x , x 0
2

Solution:
Taking the transformation x et the equation
reduces to:
yt 3 yt 2 y e3t

Solution
Corresponding homogeneous equation:
yt 3 yt 2 y 0

Characteristic equation:
r 2 3r 2 (r 2)(r 1) 0
r1 2, r2 1

Fundamental set of solution:

F e , e
2t

Cont.
Complementary solution:
2t
t
yc (t ) c1e c2e
Non-homogeneous term is b(t ) e
3t
3t
S

The UC set of e is 1
The candidate for particular solution is:
3t
y p (t ) Ae
3t

Computing the derivatives yp( x) 3 Ae3t

3t

yp ( x) 9 Ae

Cont
Substituting into the equation
9 Ae3t 9 Ae3t 2 Ae3t e3t
1
A
2
1 3t
y p (t ) e
2
1 3t
2t
t
y (t ) c1e c2e e
2

General solution:

1 3
y( x) c1 x c2 x x
2
2

2.0 Application of Higher Order

Differential Equations
Electric Circuit
Q = Charge
Current, I =

L = Inductance
R = Resistance
1

= Elastance

= Electromotive Force
C = Capacitor

In the figure 1, it contains an electromotive force E (supplied by

battery or generator) a resister, an inductor, L , and a capacitor in
series C.
If the charge on the capacitor at time, t is = the current

is the root of change of Q with respect to : = .

Kirchhoffs voltage law says that the sum of these voltage drops is
equal to supplied voltage:

= ()

Since =

equation becomes

2
2

= ()

Equation 1

The charge, 0 and current, 0 are known at time 0, then we have

initial conditions,

0 = 0 therefore, 0 = =
Initial value problem can be solved by methods of Additional: Non
homogeneous linear equations.
A differential equation for the current can be obtained by
differentiating Equation 1 with respecting to and remembering

that =

2

2 + + = ()

Question:
Find the charge and current at time in the circuit of figure if
= 40, = 1, = 16 104 , = 100 cos 10 and the
initial charge and current are both 0.
From Equation 1 with given values of , , and (),
2
2

+ 40

+ 625 = 100 cos

Auxiliary question is 2 + 40 + 625 = 0 with root,

=

40 900
2

= 20 15

Solution of complementary equation is

= 20 (1 cos 15 + 2 sin 15)

For the method of undetermined coefficients we try particular

solution,
= cos 10 + sin 10

= 10 sin 10 + 10 cos 10
= 100 cos 10 100 sin 10

Substituting into Equation 2, we have

100 cos 10 100 sin 10 + 40(10 sin 10 +
10 cos 10) + 625( cos 10 + sin 10) = 100 cos 10
or
(525 + 400) cos 10 + 400 + 525 sin 10 = 100 cos 10
Equating coefficient, we have
525 + 400 = 100 and 4000 + 525 = 0
Or
21 + 16 = 4 and 16 + 21 = 0

Solution of this system is,

=

84
697

and =

64
.
697

So, particular solution is

=

1
(84 cos 10
697

+ 64 sin 10)

General solution is
= + = 20 1 cos 15 + 2 sin 15
4
+
(21 cos 10 + 16 sin 10)
697

Imposing the initial condition 0 = 0, we get

84
84
0 = 1 +
= 0, 1 =
697

697

To impose other initial condition, we differentiate to find the current

=
= 20 201 + 152 cos 15 + 151 202 sin 15

40
+
21 sin 10 + 16 cos 10
697
0 = 201 + 152 +

640
697

= 0, 2 =

464
2091

Formula of charge is
=

4 20
[
(63 cos 15
697
3

116 sin 15)

+(21 cos 10 + 16 sin 10)]

Expression for current is

1
[ 20 1920 cos 15 + 13060 sin 15
=
2091
+ 120 21 sin 10 + 16 cos 10 ]

PROBLEM 1
QUESTION:
Solve the equation + = for ,
given that you step off the bridge-that is no
jumping, no diving! Stepping off means that
the initial conditions are 0 = 100, 0 =
0. Use = 160, = 1, and = 32.

SOLUTION
We apply the theorem from subtopic 4.3
Homogenous Linear Equation With Constant
Coefficients (Second-Order) by let as any
particular solution on an interval I.
To solve a non-homogenous differential equation,
we need to find:
1) that is a fundamental set of solutions that
form when 1 and 2 are linearly independent.
2) then, we find the .

1)

Since it given the value of and , so the

value of are:
= 160 ,
= 32
160
=

160
=
32
=5

 + =
52 + = 160
52 + = 0
5 + 1 = 0
=0 ,

(a)

5 + 1 = 0
5 = 1
=

= 1 +

1

2 5

 = 160
=
= 0

= 0
When substitute into (a);
5 0 + 0 = 160
0 + 0 = 160

not supposed to get this

answer

 Let = , as variable,
=
= 0
5 0 + = 160
= 160
= 160
= 1 + 2

1

5

+ 160

(b)

2)
Let =
Given 0 = 100
1 + 2
1 +

1
(0)
2 5

+ 160 = 100

+ 160 = 100
1 + 2 = 100

Given 0 = 0
= 1 +

1
5
2

+ 160

1
1

= 2 5 + 160
5
1
1
5 0
2
+ 160 = 0

1
2
5
2

= 160
= 800

(1)

 After get the value of 2 , substitute the value

into (1)
1 + 2 = 100
1 + 800 = 100
1 = 900
Then substitute the value of 1 and 2 into (b)
() = 1 + 2

1
5

+ 160

() = 900 + 800
Let =
() = 900 + 800

1
5

1
5

+ 160

+ 160

PROBLEM 2
QUESTION:
Use the solution from Problem 1 to compute the
length of time you free-fall (that is, the time it
takes to go to the natural length of the cord:100
feet)

SOLUTION
From Problem 1,
= 100
= 900 +
1

800 5

800

1
5

1

800 5

+ 160 = 100

+ 160 = 100 + 900

+ 160 = 1000

1

5

160
+

800

1
5

1000
800

5
4

1

5

5 1
=
4 5

ln both side to eliminate exponent;

1

ln 5
1

5
1

5

5 1
= ln( )
4 5
=

25
ln( )
4

= ln 25 ln(4)

1
+ ln(4) = ln 25
5
1
( + ln 4) = ln 25
5

ln 25
1
+ln 4
5

= 2.71
= 2.71s

PROBLEM 3
QUESTION:
Compute the derivative of the solution you
found in Problem 1 and evaluate it at the time
you found in Problem 2. You have found your
downward speed when you pass the point
where the cords starts to pull.

SOLUTION
From the answer in Problem 1,
1

800 5

() = 900 +
We need to find it derivatives;

+ 160

() = 900 +

1

800 5

+ 160

1
1

(800 5 ) + 160
5

= 160

1

5

+ 160

= 160

1

5

+ 160

= 160(

1

5

+ 1)

 Substitute the value of found in Problem 2

into the derivatives that already calculate
before;
= 2.71s

1

= 160( 5 + 1)
1
(2.71)
= 160( 5
+ 1)

2.71
2.71 = 66.9465

2.71 = 66.9465 ft/s

PROBLEM 4
Solve the initial-value problem
+ + = , 1 = 0, 1 = 1

For now you may use the value = 14 but eventually

you will need to replace this number with the values
of for the cords you brought. The solution
represents your position below the natural
length of the cord after it starts to pull back.

SOLUTION
Let 1 = 2.71 and 1 = 66.95
Have, = 160, = 1 and = 32, = 14
+ + =
1
1
14
+
+
=1
32
160
160
160
+ + 14 = 160
32
5 + + 14 = 160

Solve for
Auxillary Equation: 52 + + 14 = 0
=

1 14(5)(14)

1 279
10

1 279
10

2(5)

Compare with =
We have, =
=

10

10

and =

1 cos

279

10

279
10

+ 2 sin

279

10

Solve for ,
=
= 0
= 0
5 0 + 0 + 14 = 160
=

160
14

80
7

80
7

The solution for is = +

So, =

10

1 cos

279

10

+ 2 sin

279

10

80
7

We know, 1 = 0 and 1 = 2.71

2.71 =

2.71
10

279(2.71)
279(2.71)
80
1 cos
+ 2 sin
+
=0
10
10
7

0.76262 0.184731 0.982792

80
0.140881 + 0.749502 =
7
1 = 81.12274 5.320132

80
+
=0
7

And we have, 1 = 1 , 1 = 2.71 and 1 =66.95

279
279
279
279
=

1 sin
+
2 cos
10
10
10
10
1
279
279
10 1 cos
+ 2 sin

10
10
10

10

2.71
279
279 2.71
279
279 2.71
=

1 sin
+
2 cos
10
10
10
10
1
279 2.71
279 2.71
10

1 cos
+ 2 sin
= 66.95
10
10
10
2.71
10

1.265991 0.160362 = 66.95

Substitute value 1 into the equation

1.26599(81.12274 5.320132 ) 0.160362 = 66.95
2 = 5.43746
And substitute back into 1 , we get,
1 = 52.19475
Hence,
=

10

279
279
80
52.19475 cos
+ 5.43746 sin
+
10
10
7

PROBLEM 5
Compute the derivative of the expression you
found in Problem 4 and solve for the value of t
where the derivative is zero. Denote this time as
t2. Be careful that the time you compute is
greater than 1 - there are several times when
your motion stops at the top and bottom of your
bounces ! After you find t2, substitute it back
into the solution you found in Problem 4 to find
your lowest position

SOLUTION

1

10

1
10

80
1 cos + 2 sin +
7

1 sin + 2 cos

1 1
10 1 cos + 2 sin
10

We have, 2 = 0

1
102

1
10

1 sin 2 + 2 cos 2

1 1 2
10 1 cos 2 + 2 sin 2 = 0
10

1 sin 2 + 2 cos 2

1 1 2
=
10 1 cos 2 + 2 sin 2
10

1 sin 2 + 2 cos 2

1
=
1 cos 2 + 2 sin 2
10

1
1
1 2 sin 2 + 2 1 cos 2 = 0
10
10
Substitute values 1 , 2 and

87.72617 sin + 3.86287 cos = 0

87.72617 sin 2 = 3.86287 cos 2

sin 2
= 0.04403
cos 2

tan 2 = 0.04403
2 = tan1 0.04403
2 = 0.04400
Substitute value of
2 = 0.02634

Find the lowest position,

=

1
10

80
1 cos + 2 sin +
7

Substitute value 2 = 0.02634

So, 0.02634 = 63.67417ft

PROBLEM 6 (CAS) :
You have brought a soft bungee cord with
k = 8.5, a stiffer cord with k = 10.7, and a climbing
rope for which k = 16.4. Which, if any, of these
cords can you use safely under the given
conditions?

Solution
Problem 6 has been marked as computer
problem. Therefore, we use the tool to plot
solutions for the given k values (k spring
constant).

# Note about the tool

The horizontal line at the top represents the
water.

Note that, the coordinate system is inverted

the positive direction is downwards.
And remember that the jumper is 6 feet tall.
The value of k only can be set in positive value
only.
Click the Play button to have the bungee jumper
step-off the bridge at x(0) = -100

 Given soft bungee cord, k = 8.5 (set k = 8.6) and from

the problem 1, we know that w = 160
Figure shows the position of the jumper.

 From the figure, we can see that the river

is 250 feet below and x (0) = -100.
When we click the Play button, it shows
that the jumper does not get wet.
Then, from the graph, it shows that value
of x is about 68

 Given stiffer cord, k = 10.7 (k = 10.8) and from the

problem 1, we know that w = 160.
Figure shows the position of the jumper.
The animation
of the tool shows
that the jumper
also does not get
wet.
Then, from the
graph, it shows
that value of x
is about 58

 Given climbing rope, k = 16.4 and from the problem 1,

we know that w = 160.
Figure shows the position of the jumper.
For this climbing
rope, it shows that
the jumper also
does not get wet.
And from the
graph, x is about
48.

 From above, the value of k for climbing rope is

the largest among the three cord that is k = 16.4.
Followed with stiffer cord that is k = 10.7, while
soft bungee jumping is the smallest that is k =
8.5.
But we also need to consider the type of cord to
avoid unpleasantness associated with an
unexpected water landing.
The weakness of using stiffer cord is the cord is
too stiff, then your body will no longer form a
connected set after you hit the end of the cord.
While, The weakness of using climbing rope for
the bungee jumping is the rope does not have
the spring so it might cause the rope to broke.

 Therefore, the soft bungee cord is the suitable

cord to use for the bungee jumping.
It is because, when the person jumps,
the cord stretches and the jumper flies
upwards again as the cord recoils, and
continues to oscillate up and down until all
the energy is dissipated.
Hence, we can conclude that, the position of
the jumper that indicate the relevant path as
the jumper approaches the water is the one
with k = 8.5 that is the soft bungee cord.

PROBLEM 7
You have a bungee cord for which you not
determined the spring constant k. To do so, you
suspend a weight of 10 pounds from the end of
the 100-foot cord, causing it to stretch 1.2 feet.
What is the value of k for this cord?

SOLUTION
Given weight, mg = 10 and x(t) = 1.2
We can use the equation of net force :
mx = mg + b(x) -

We know that,
b(x) = -kx for x> 0 mx = mg kx -
Since the question ask the value of k, then
rewrite the equation into :
kx = mg - - mx

Then,
x(t) = 1.2,
x(t) = 0,
x(t)= 0.
Substitute all the value in the equation,
mx = mg kx -
kx = mg - - mx
k(1.2) = 10 0 0
k=

k = 8.3 #

Therefore, the value of k for this cord is 8.3

Problem 8 (CAS)
What would happen if your 220-pound
friend uses the bungee cord whose
spring constant is k = 10.7

 By using the tool. Set the weight , mg= 220 and k =

10.7 (k = 10.8).
Click the Play button to step-off . We can see
that our friend is at least going to get wet.

 It is because, before the jumping, the

velocity, x = 0.
After the jumping, the velocity change
and the cord stretch into x = 68.
Remember that our friend is about 6 feet
tall.
Therefore, we can conclude that at x =
68 it will cause our friend to become wet.

Problem 9
If your heavy friend wants to jump anyway,
then how short should you make the cord
so that he does not get wet?

 By using the tool. Set the weight of our friend into

the highest weight in the too that is 250 and set
first we set k = 10.7 (k = 10.8)
Click the Play button to step-off . We can see that
our friend is going to
get wet.
It is because the
bigger the weight of
the jumper, the
bigger the stretch
of the cord.
Hence, when the end
of the cord scrapes the
water, our friend is
going to get wet.

 To overcome him to not become wet, we can

work backwords from the ending point to the
initial condition.
When the cord is shortened to about 96 feet
(means that the initial condition is changed to
x(0) = -96), then our friend seems to be able to
jump without getting wet.
Other than that, we can also change the value
of k.
Change the value of k become larger and the
value of k is about 14. (k = 14).
Hence, we can see that our friend does not get
wet.

Reference
Book
Curtis F. Gerald, Patrick O. Wheatley. (2004).
Applied Numerical Analysis (Seventh ed.).
USA: Greg Tobin.
Richard L. Burden, J. Douglas Faires. (2005).
Numerical Analysis (8th ed.). USA: Bob Pirtle.
Zill, D. G. (2009). A First Course in Differential
Equations With Modelling Applications (Ninth
ed ed.). USA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

Website
http://www.cengage.com/math/book_content
/0495108243_zill/zill_DE/project/final/publish
/tool/tool.html
http://www.idea.wsu.edu/Bungee/