CHAPTER 2

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COURSE CONTENTS
1. Angle properties
2. Circle and its properties
3. Triangle properties
4. Pythagoras theorem
5. Similar triangles
6. Areas of plane figures
7. Areas and volumes of regular solids,
and frusta of pyramids, cones and
spheres

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LESSON OBJECTIVES
You should be able to
1.

Convert angles into degree and radians.

2.

Add and subtract angles in degrees, minutes

and seconds.

3.

Identify types of angles, and use its

properties to calculate unknown angles.

4.

Name the major parts of a circle, and apply

formula to calculate the parts.

5.

Use the properties of angles in a circle to

calculate unknown angles.

6.

Use the properties of similar and congruent

triangles to calculate unknown sides.

7.

Apply Pythagoras theorem to calculate

unknown sides in a right-angled triangle.

8.

Find the areas of plane figures.

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9.

Apply formula to find areas and volumes of

regular solids, and frusta of pyramids, cones
and spheres.

10.

Solve practical problems involving

mensuration.
ANGLE PROPERTIES

An angle is formed by the intersection of two straight lines. It can be measured in

degrees or radians.

If the line OB lies along OA, then it is rotated until it lies along OA again, it is said to
make one revolution, or rotated at 360 .
1 revolution 360
1 60
1 60

Types of angles
i)

Acute angle:
An angle between 0 to 90

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ii)

Right angle:
An angle at 90

iii)

Obtuse angle:
An angle between 90 to 180

iv)

Reflex angle:
An angle between 180 to 360

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A straight line which crosses two parallel lines is called a transversal. The
properties of angles are shown in figures below:
i)

Corresponding angle:

a b

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Alternate angle:

a b
iii)

Opposite angle:

a b
iv)

Interior angle:

a b 180

When two straight lines intersect, the opposite angles are equal:

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a c
b d
When 2 angles make up 90 , they are called complementary angles:

When 2 angles make up 180 , they are called supplementary angles:

Radian measure

Consider an arc of length 1 unit, and radius 1 unit. The angle subtended at the
centre of the circle by the arc is 1 rad. The circumference of a circle is given by
C 2r . Substituting r 1 gives us C 2 1 2 .Therefore, there are 2 radians
at the centre of the circle. In short, 2 radians is equivalent to 360 .

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Convert angles into degrees and radians

To convert degrees into radians, we multiply by

To convert radians into degrees, we multiply by

180
180

Example:
1.

Express 270 in radians.

We know that

360 2 rad
1

2
rad
360

270

2
rad 270

360

270

3
rad
2

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2.

Express

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4
radians in degrees.
3

We know that

2 rad 360
360
1 rad
2
4
360 4
rad
rad
3
2
3
4
rad 240
3

Add and subtract angles in degrees, minutes

and seconds
Example:
1.

Add the following angles 26 4611 and 36 3851

26 46 11
36 3851

62 84 62
62 60 2
84 1 60 25
62 1 63
63 252

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Subtract 151118 from 24 3327

24 3318
151127
09 22 09
Since 18 cannot minus 27 , we borrow 1 from the minutes on the left.
18 60 27 51
33 1 11 21
24 15 9
9 2151

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EXERCISE 2.1

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CIRCLE PROPERTIES

Circle properties summarised in the figure below:

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Formula regarding circle

1.

Circumference (Perimeter) = 2r

2.

Area r 2

3.

Arc

2r ,

360

is measured in degrees.

Arc r , is measured in radians.

4.

Sector

Sector

r ,
2

360

is measured in degrees.

1 2
r , is measured in radians.
2

Example:
1.

Calculate the length of the circumference of a circle of a radius 6.50 cm.

Circumference 2r

2 6.50
40.84 cm
2.

Find the length of arc of a circle of radius 4.23 cm when the angle subtended
at the centre is 1.46 radians.
Arc r , is measured in radians.

4.231.46 rad

6.176 cm

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Angles in a circle
Angles subtended from the same arc, on
different vertices on the circumference
are equal to each other.

An angle subtended from an arc to the

centre is twice the angle subtended from
the same arc to a point on the
circumference.

Angles formed by drawing lines from the

ends of the diameter of a circle to its
circumference form a right angle.

EXERCISE 2.2
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TRIANGLE PROPERTIES
A triangle is a 3-sided polygon, with 3 angles that sum up to 180 .

a b c 180

Types of triangle
i)

Equilateral

AB AC BC
ii)

Isosceles

AC BC

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Scalene

a b c

AB AC BC
Congruent:
Two triangles are said to be congruent if they are equal in every aspects, the angles
and the sides.

AB AC BC DE DF EF
Similar:
Two triangles are said to be similar if they have the same angles respectively but
differ in the length of sides, respectively.

AC BC DE DF

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Outer angle:
In the figure below, the exterior angle
angles.

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is equal to the sum of the opposite interior

a b

Example:
1.

Find the angles x and y .

y 80 (alternate angle), and

x 180 40 130 10
( 40 is the angle subtended from the same arc as the angle 80 . 130 is the
angle 50 y . The triangle at centre O is an isosceles triangle, since the
sides are the circles radius. So 180 80 2 50 )

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These two triangles are similar. Find the value t .

SU ST

PR PQ
8 t

10 6

8
6
10

t 4.8 cm

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EXERCISE 2.3

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The Theorem of Pythagoras

In any right-angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
squares on the other two sides.

In the right-angled triangle ABC above, b is the hypotenuse. (Hypotenuse is always

on the opposite side of the right angle).
Therefore, b 2 a 2 c 2
It is good to know some of the basic arrangement of Pythagoras theorem, i.e:

Example:
In the following figure, AB is tangent to the circle at B. If the circle has a radius 40
mm, and AB = 150 mm, find the length of AO.

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Solution:
The tangent that touches point B on the circle makes ABO 90 . Hence, we can
use Pythagoras theorem to calculate AO.

AO 2 402 1502
AO 2 1600 22500
AO 24100
AO 155.24 mm

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EXERCISE 2.4

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EXERCISE 2.5

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AREAS OF PLANE FIGURES

i)

Square

Area, A x 2
ii)

Rectangle

Area, A l w
iii)

Parallelogram

Area, A b h

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iv)

Trapezium

Area, A

v)

1
a bh
2

Triangle

Area, A

vi)

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1
b h
2

Circle

Area, A r 2

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EXERCISE 2.6

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VOLUMES OF REGULAR SOLIDS

i)

Rectangular solid

V l w h
ii)

Prism

V Bh
*B is the area of the base surface
iii)

Cylinder

A 2r 2 2rh
V r 2 h

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iv)

Pyramid

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1
B h
3

Cone

A r 2 rs , ( s r 2 h 2 )
1
V r 2 h
3

vi)

Sphere

A 4r 2
4
V r 3
3

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EXERCISE 2.7

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AREAS AND VOLUMES

OF FRUSTUMS
A frustum is a portion of a solid, normally a cone or a pyramid, which lies between
two parallel planes cutting it.

The easy way to calculate the volume of a frustum is by subtracting the volume of
the cut portion from the volume of the original portion.

The volume of frustum ABCD = [volume of cone AEB] [volume of cone CED]

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Frustum of a cone

r = radius of the upper base

R = radius of the lower base
h = height of the frustum
s = slant height of the frustum

Example:
The radii of the faces of a frustum of a cone are 3 cm and 4 cm, and its height is 5
cm. Find its volume.

Solution:
Always sketch your frustum first. Put the values right before you calculate.

To find x, we use the proportion of the similar shape:

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x 5

3 1
x 15 cm

The height of the original cone is 5 15 20 cm

1
Volume of original cone is V1 42 20 335.103 cm 3
3
1
Volume of the small cut cone is V2 32 15 141.372 cm 3
3

Volume of frustum is V V1 V2 193.7 cm3

Frustum of pyramid
* Similar to calculating volume of conical frustum.

Assignment:
A hole is to be dug in the form of a frustum of a pyramid. The top is to be a square
of side 6.40 m, and the bottom a square of 3.60 m. If the depth of the hole is to be
4.00 m, calculate the volume of the earth to be removed.
If the hole is now filled with concrete to a depth of 2.00 m, find the amount of
concrete required.
[Answer: 102.6 m3, and 43.1 m3]

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