Fr

ee

Great design is one of the key drivers in the adoption

of new applications. This book is focused entirely on
the development of UI features, and you'll be able to
practically implement the design practices that we extol
throughout this book.
Starting by briefly outlining some of the factors you
need to keep in mind when building a UI, you'll learn the
concepts of Android UI from scratch. We then move on
to formulate a plan of how to implement these concepts
in various applications. We will take a deep dive into how UI
features are implemented in real-world applications where
UIs are complex and dynamic. This book offers near
complete coverage of UI-specific content, including views,
fragments, the wireframing processeverything you need
to make professional standard UIs for modern applications.
It will then cover Material Design and show you how to
implement Google's design aesthetic in a practical manner.
Finally, it ensures the best possible user experience by
analyzing the UI using various tools, and then addressing
any problems they uncover.

Who this book is written for

Develop a user interface that adheres to all

the core Material Design principles
Transform your initial app idea into a
concrete and detailed plan
Add views, viewgroups, layouts,
and common UI components to your
own Android projects

P U B L I S H I N G

C o m m u n i t y

Create a new Android Studio project

and develop it into a prototype
Identify and solve problems with your app's
UI to deliver a better user experience
Start getting to grips with the new UI
features coming up in Android N, including
multi-window mode and direct reply
notifications

$ 39.99 US
25.99 UK

community experience distilled

pl

Use fragments and various strategies

to gather user input

Jessica Thornsby

If you are a Java developer with a keen interest in

building stunning UIs for your applications in order to retain
customers and create great experiences for them, then this
book is for you. A good knowledge level of HTML, CSS, and
some grounding in Android development is assumed.

What you will learn from this book

Android UI Design

Android UI Design

Sa
m

D i s t i l l e d

Android UI Design
Plan, design, and build engaging user interfaces for your
Android applications

Prices do not include

local sales tax or VAT
where applicable

Visit www.PacktPub.com for books, eBooks,

code, downloads, and PacktLib.

E x p e r i e n c e

Jessica Thornsby

In this package, you will find:

The author biography

A preview chapter from the book, Chapter 8 'Reaching a Wider Audience
Supporting Multiple Devices'
A synopsis of the books content
More information on Android UI Design

About the Author

Jessica Thornsby studied poetry, prose, and scriptwriting at Bolton University before
discovering the world of open source and technical writing, and has never looked back
since. Today, she is a technical writer and full-time Android enthusiast residing in sunny
Sheffield, England.
She enjoys writing about rooting and flashing mobile devices, Java, Eclipse, and all things
Android and Google. She is also the co-author of iWork: The Missing Manual.
When not wordsmithing about technology and obsessing over the latest Android
developments, she keeps a blog about her local food scene and writes about looking after
exotic pets. On the rare occasions that she's dragged away from her computer, she enjoys
beer gardens, curry houses, the great British seaside, scary movies, and spending lots of
time with her house rabbits and chinchillas.
I'd like to thank the entire team at Packt Publishing for their support and encouragement on this
project. I also have to thank all my friends and family for putting up with me during the writing
process (and in general!), with special thanks to my parents, Peter and Pauline, and my fianc, Toby.
Last, but not least, I'd like to thank my menagerie for keeping me company even when deadlines keep
me shackled to my keyboard: my chinchillas Taco, Buca, Churro, and house bunnies Peanut and
Stewart.

Preface
Your UI is your most direct communication with your users, but all too often in app
development, design is an afterthought, or something that "just happens" along the way.
In order to develop a great app, you need to take your UI design seriously. Even if your app
delivers great functionality, if its user interface is clunky, laggy, difficult to navigate, or just
an all-around eyesore, then no one is going to want to use it.
Android isn't the easiest platform to design for. Creating an app that looks great across
countless different devices, all with different combinations of hardware, software, and
screens, is no mean feat. But if you put some thought into the design process, you can create
a UI that delivers a great experience across the entire Android ecosystem.
This book will help you become a design-minded developer. Over the course of 10 chapters,
you'll learn how to design, refine, test, and develop an effective, engaging UI that people
will love using and that delivers the best possible experience regardless of device specifics.
From the fundamentals of layouts and views right through to creating responsive, multipane layouts, and from sketching your screens, through to using Android Studio's tools to
scrutinise your view hierarchy and hunt out memory leaks, this book covers everything you
need to create the perfect Android UI.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Introducing the Android UI, explains why designing and developing an effective UI
is essential to the success of your app.
Chapter 2 , What Goes into an Effective UI?, teaches you how to master the building blocks of
every Android UI: layouts and views. Learn how to create and style common UI
components including text, images, and buttons.
Chapter 3 , Expanding your UI Fragments, Resources, and Gathering User Input, helps you take
your UI to the next level using arrays, dimensions, state lists, and 9-patch images. Using
fragments, you'll learn how to create a flexible UI that reacts to the user's specific screen
size.
Chapter 4 , Getting Started with Material Design, teaches you how to master Google's new
design principles and delight your users with a UI that feels like a seamless extension of the
Android operating system.

Preface

Chapter 5 , Turning Your Bright Idea into a Detailed Sketch, helps you become a design-minded
developer by introducing roadmaps, flowcharts, screen lists, and screen maps to your
Android app "To Do" list.
Chapter 6 , Turning Your Sketches into Wireframes, shows you how to transform the high-level
plans from the previous chapter into detailed screen designs using paper prototypes and
wireframes.
Chapter 7 , Building a Prototype, put your plan to the test! By the end of this chapter, you'll
have created a complete digital prototype.
Chapter 8 , Reaching a Wider Audience Supporting Multiple Devices, teaches you how to attract a
wider audience with an app that supports a wide range of hardware, software, screen sizes,
screen densities, orientations, versions of the Android platform, and even different
languages.
Chapter 9 , Optimizing Your UI, shows you how to create a smooth and responsive UI that
people will love using. If your app is laggy, prone to crashing, gobbles up data and
memory, or drains the user's battery, then no one is going to want to use it!
Chapter 10, Best Practices and Securing Your Application, guides you through putting the
finishing touches to your UI, including using notifications from the upcoming Android N
release.

Reaching a Wider Audience

Supporting Multiple Devices
Android is a mobile operating system that places very few restrictions on hardware.
Manufacturers are free to create Android devices that are packed with high-end hardware
such as DSLR-worthy cameras, huge internal memories, and lightning-fast CPUs; or they
can create more budget-friendly devices that take a no-frills approach to hardware. Android
screens can also come in all sorts of sizes, shapes, and screen densities.
The only thing these devices have in common is that they all run the Android operating
systemand even in this, Android smartphones and tablets are inconsistent. The current
Android smartphone and tablet market is made up of lots of different versions of the
Android operating systemfrom legacy versions, right through to the very latest release of
Android. And even if two devices are running exactly the same version of Android, there's
no guarantee that they'll be exactly the same, as manufacturers have a nasty habit of
tweaking the Android operating system to come up with their own original equipment
manufacturer (OEM) versions. A Samsung smartphone running Android 7.0 may not
necessarily be the same as a Sony smartphone running Android 7.0.
This flexibility is great for manufacturers who can make their devices stand out from the
competition by coming up with new and innovative hardware, software, and screen
configurations. It's also good news for consumers who can shop around and find exactly the
Android device that's right for them.
But is this good for developers? Sort of.

Reaching a Wider Audience Supporting Multiple Devices

All these variations on hardware, software, and screen configuration mean lots of
opportunities to innovate and come up with a truly original app. However, it also poses a
massive challenge, as you'll need to create an app that provides a consistent experience
across all the different hardware, software, and screen configurations that your app might
encounter.
Unfortunately, there's no quick fix. Essentially, the key to creating a flexible UI is to provide
a wide range of alternate resources that are optimized for all the different hardware,
software, screen configurations, languages, and region settings that your app may
encounter, which is arguably the most time-consuming part of Android app development.
In this chapter, I'm going to cover all the major aspects you need to bear in mind, if you're
going to create a flexible app that's compatible with as many different Android devices as
possible.

Supporting different versions of Android

While most new versions of the Android platform introduce exciting new features that
you'll be desperate to use in your app, if you're going to reach the widest possible audience
then you'll also need to support as many older versions of the Android platform as possible.
This is a delicate balancing act. Supporting older versions of the Android platform takes
time and effort, and the further you go, the harder you'll have to work to get your app
playing nicely with older versions of Android.
If you continue striving to support older and older versions of Android, at some point you'll
inevitably find yourself compromising your app's UI, functionality, and general user
experience as you encounter versions of Android that simply aren't powerful enough to
support the kind of app you originally wanted to create. In our recipe app example, we're
relying on the device being powerful enough to load multiple high-res images whenever
the user performs a search. If the user is running an older version of the Android operating
system, processing these images may cause the search results to load more slowly.
Although the problem lies with the user's device, your typical Android user is far more
likely to blame your app than their outdated smartphone or tablet.
We could shrink the images or even remove them completely, but would you want to try a
recipe when you hadn't even seen a photo of the finished product? At this point, you should
take a step back and ask yourself whether all this time, effort, and compromise is really
worth it.

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Chapter 8

To identify the point at which supporting older versions of Android becomes more trouble
than it's worth, you'll need to look at the current Android marketespecially how many
devices are running each version of the Android operating system. Once you have this
information in front of you, you can make an informed decision about the point at which it
no longer makes sense to keep supporting the older versions of Android.
One source of this information is Google's Dashboard (http://developer.android.com
/about/dashboards/index.html), which gives you a percentage of the relative number
of devices running each version of Android. Just be aware that this information is gathered
in a very specific way. It's essentially a snapshot of all the devices that visited the Google
Play store in the previous 7 days. This data is collected from the Google Play app, and is not
necessarily representative of the current state of the entire Android market. It's also worth
noting that the Google Play app is only compatible with Android 2.2 and higher, so any
device running versions of Android lower than 2.2 aren't included in this data; although
according to Google way back in August 2013, devices running versions lower than
Android 2.2 only accounted for about 1% of devices, so we're talking about a very small
percentage here.
Spend some time exploring the Dashboard data, and come to a decision about which
versions of Android you're going to support and which versions you aren't.

Specifying minimum and target API levels

Once you've decided what versions of Android you're going to support, you need to
include this information in your project. How you add this information will vary depending
on the IDE you're using, so you'll need to open one of the following files:
Manifest file (Eclipse)
Module-level build.gradle file (Android Studio)
We will discuss the components of this file in the next section.

minSdkVersion
This attribute identifies the lowest API level that your app is compatible with, for example,
minSdkVersion 16. Google Play will use your app's minSdkVersion attribute to
determine whether a user can install it on device.

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When debating your app's minSdkVersion value, make sure you consult the Dashboard
stats as this provides a snapshot of your potential audience. Ultimately, you'll need to
decide whether supporting each additional slice of this audience is worth additional time
and effort.

targetSdkVersion
This attribute identifies the highest API level that you've tested your app against.
The targetSdkVersion value is particularly important for forward compatibility, as the
system won't apply any behavior changes introduced in new Android releases until you
update your app's targetSdkVersion value. To ensure your app benefits from the latest
Android features, you should aim to set your app's targetSdkVersion value to the very
latest version of Android. Updating your app to target a new SDK should always be a high
priority whenever Google release a new version of Android, but you should only do this
after thoroughly testing your app against the latest SDK release. Never blindly update
your targetSdkVersion value without testing it first.
Ideally your targetSdkVersion and compileSdkVersion value should always
correspond to the very latest version of the Android SDK.

compileSdkVersion
This attribute tells Gradle what version of Android SDK it should compile your app with.
Your compileSdkVersion value is not included in your published APK; it's purely used at
compile time. Changing your compileSdkVersion value does not change the runtime
behavior, so it's recommended you always compile with the latest SDK.

Check version at runtime

Sometimes, you'll have a clear cut-off point where it makes sense for your app to stop
supporting earlier versions of Android, but this line may not always be so clear cut.
Imagine your app includes a non-essential feature that isn't supported on Android 5.0 and
earlier versions, but apart from this feature, your app is compatible with earlier versions of
Android. Since this Marshmallow-and-higher feature isn't essential, it doesn't make sense to
prevent everyone running Android 5.0 or earlier versions from installing your app. In this
scenario, you can disable this feature by ensuring any code that depends on higher API
levels is only executed when these APIs are available. Basically, this feature won't be
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Chapter 8

available to users who are running Android 5.0 or a lower version, but these users will still
be able to install and use your app.
You achieve this using the Build constants class to specify when the related code should
run; for example, the following code verifies whether your app is running on Lollipop or a
higher version:
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)

Android provides a unique code for each platform version, which you should use alongside
the Build constants class (in this example, the code is LOLLIPOP). You'll find a complete list
of these codes at the official Android docs (http://developer.android.com/referenc
e/android/os/Build.VERSION_CODES.html).

Supporting different screens

Android devices come in many different shapes and sizes. Your task, as a developer, is to
create a UI that looks just as good on the small space available to a budget-friendly
smartphone, as it does on the large space available to a top-of-the-line Android tablet and
everything in between.
So let's break it down. Android categorizes screens in two ways:
Screen sizes: Traditionally, Android supported four generalized screen
sizes: small, normal, large, and xlarge. However, Android 3.2 (API level 13)
introduced some new configuration qualifiers that allow you to be more specific
about screen sizes.
Screen densities: A device's screen density is a combination of its resolution and
display size, and is measured in dots per inch (dpi). The higher a device's dpi,
the smaller each individual pixel, which means greater clarity and more detail
per inch. Android supports six generalized densities: low (ldpi), medium
(mdpi), high (hdpi), extra high (xhdpi), extra-extra-high (xxhdpi), and extraextra-extra-high (xxxhdpi).
You can anticipate that your app will be installed on devices spanning a wide range of
screen sizes and densities. And you should aim high; it's not good enough for your app to
be compatible with these different screen configurations, you should give users the
impression that your app was designed specifically for their particular screen, whatever
size and density that screen happens to be.

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Reaching a Wider Audience Supporting Multiple Devices

In this section, I'll show you how to create an app that can handle a wide range of different
sizes and densities. The underlying theme you'll encounter time and time again is that your
app's layout and drawables must render at a size that's appropriate for the current screen.
The Android system is clever enough to handle most of this rendering work automatically,
and it will scale your layouts and resources to fit the current size and density, but you
shouldn't rely on the Android system to do all the hard work for you.
Android's automatic rendering alone won't provide the best possible user experience. You'll
need to give it a hand by providing multiple versions of your app's resources that are
optimized for different screen sizes and densities. These resources could be strings, layouts,
graphics, or any other static resources that your app requires.
To add these resources to your project, you'll need to create alternate versions of your
project's directories, and then tag them with the correct configuration qualifiers; for
example, if you have a layout that's optimized for landscape orientation, you'll need to
create a res/layout-land directory, and then place your landscape layout file inside this
directory. Then, when a user runs your app, the Android system will automatically load the
resource that best matches the current screen configuration, whether that's the default
layout or your landscape-optimized res/layout-land layout.

Configuration qualifiers
Android supports a wide range of configuration qualifiers that you can append to your
project's resource directories. These configuration qualifiers are the key to controlling which
version of a resource the system displays.
Configuration qualifiers specify the characteristics that a resource was designed for, such as
an image that was designed for a particular screen size or screen density. You'll find a
complete list of valid configuration qualifiers in the official Android docs, specifically Table
2 of the Providing Resources page (http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/r
esources/providing-resources.html#AlternativeResources).
The configuration qualifiers you'll need to use will vary depending on your app and the
kind of devices you're targeting, but as a minimum, you'll typically use size, density, and
screen orientation qualifiers to provide drawable resources and layouts that are optimized
for different screen configurations.
To use a configuration qualifier, create a new directory in your project's res/ directory and
name it using the following format:
<resources_name>-<config_qualifier>

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Chapter 8

So, if you were creating a directory to hold layouts that were optimized for devices held in
landscape mode, you'd use the land qualifier and create a res/layout-land directory,
then place your layout-optimized layouts inside this directory.
Never place any resources directly inside your project's res/ directory as
this will cause a compiler error. You also cannot nest alternative resources,
so you cannot create a res/drawable/drawable-xxhdpi/ directory.
You can use more than one qualifier at a time by separating each qualifier with a dash; for
example, a res/drawable-en-hdpi directory would contain drawable resources that are
designed for devices set to the English language (en) with a screen density that falls into the
high-density bucket. If you do use multiple qualifiers, the order they appear in your
directory name is crucial. They must appear in the same order as in the Providing
Resources page (http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/resources/provid
ing-resources.html#AlternativeResources). If you use qualifiers in the wrong
order, the Android system won't recognize the directory, and will subsequently ignore all
the resources that it contains.
Don't worry about the case you use for your directory names, as the resource compiler
converts directory names into lowercase before processing anyway. If your project includes
directories with long-winded names consisting of multiple configuration qualifiers, then
you may want to take advantage of this automatic conversion, and use capitalization to
make your directory names easier to read.
Naming is also important for the resources that you place inside your directories. When you
create multiple versions of the same resource, they must all have exactly the same name as
the default resource. Any variation and the Android system won't recognize them as
alternate versions of the same resource.
If your project contains resources that the system should never scale to suit
the current screen configuration, place these resources in a directory with
the nodpi configuration qualifier, for example, res/drawable-nodpi.

How Android selects the perfect resource

When your app features multiple versions of the same resource, the Android system
follows a strict set of rules when deciding which version it should display at runtime.

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Reaching a Wider Audience Supporting Multiple Devices

When the Android system is looking for a resource based on the screen size or density, it
starts by searching for an exact match that it can display without scaling. If it can't find a
suitable size or the density-specific version, then Android switches to plan B and searches
for a version that's designed for screens smaller than the current screen.
If the only available resources are larger than the current screen, the system will use the
default version of the resource instead. The Android system assumes that your project's
default resources are designed for the baseline screen size and density, which is a normal
size and medium-density. Therefore, the system scales default resources up for high-density
or larger screens, and down for low-density screens.
If the system can't find a suitable density-specific resource, or even a default version of the
required resource, then your app will crashwhich is why it's essential that you provide a
default version of every resource.
Even if you're confident that you've provided all the alternative resources your project
could ever need, it's possible that your app may wind up on a device that has hardware,
software, screen size, screen density, or language settings that you hadn't anticipated and
therefore didn't provide specific resources for. In this scenario, the system may fall back on
your project's default resources, and if your app doesn't include these default resources,
then your app will crash.
Default resources are all the resources that are stored in a directory
without a configuration qualifier, such as res/drawable.

Creating alias resources

Sometimes, you'll have a resource that's suitable for more than one configuration qualifier;
for example, you might have a drawable that you want to add to both your project's
res/drawable-hdpi and res/drawable-xhdpi directories.
You can't create a directory that uses multiple configuration qualifiers of
the same type, so it's not possible to create a res/drawable-hdpi-xhdpi
directory.
You could copy/paste the resource so that it appears in both directories; but this isn't very
efficient, plus duplicating resources increases the size of your project, which is bad news for
your end users. The best solution is to use an alias.

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Imagine you have a scene.png drawable that you want to use for both hdpi and xhdpi
screens; this is the perfect opportunity to use an alias. In this scenario, you need to place the
default version inside your project's res/drawable folder as normal. Then, save the
version of the image you want to use for hdpi and xhdpi screens inside
the res/drawable folder, but give it a different name to the default resource, for
example, scenery_alias.png.
At this point, you have two drawables:
res/drawable/scenery.png
res/drawable/scenery_alias.png

Next, create an XML file inside both of the density-specific directories. Inside these XML
files, add some code that points toward your project's
res/drawable/scenery_alias.png resource:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<bitmap xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:src="@drawable/scenery_alias" />

When the Android system tries to load the scenery resource from res/drawable-hdpi
or res/drawable-xhdpi, it'll recognize the alias and
display res/drawable/scenery_alias.png instead. In this way, you can replace
memory-hogging and inefficient duplicate resources with small XML files.
You can also use the alias function to reuse the same layout resource files in multiple
directories, as follows:
1. Create a default layout (main.xml), and place it in your project's res/layout
directory.
2. Create the layout you want to use across multiple directories. Give this layout a
different name to the default layout (I'm going to use main_alias.xml), and
place it inside your project's res/layout directory.
3. Create XML files in all the directories where you want to use
the layout_alias.xml file.
4. Add some XML code that references layout_alias.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<merge>
<include layout="@layout/main_alias"/>
</merge>

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Reaching a Wider Audience Supporting Multiple Devices

Although less commonly used, you can also create aliases for strings and other simple
values, as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<color name="yellow"> #ffff00
</color>
<color name="highlightColor">@color/yellow</color>
</resources>

In this example, highlightColor is now an alias for yellow. You can also create aliases
for strings:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="title">Student Recipe</string>
<string name="appTitle">@string/title</string>
</resources>

In this example, appTitle is now an alias for title.

Screen density
When designing your UI, you should aim to achieve density independence. This is where
the Android system preserves the physical size of your UI elements across screens with
different densities.
Density independence is crucial to providing a good user experience. A high-density screen
has more pixels per inch, which means the same amount of pixels fits into a smaller area.
Low-density screens have less pixels, so the same amount of pixels fits into a much larger
area. If you use absolute units of measure, such as specifying UI elements in pixels, then
your UI elements are going to appear larger on low-density screens and smaller on highdensity screens.
It's a common misconception that devices with the same screen resolution
automatically have the same screen density. Even if two devices have the
same screen resolution, these screens may be different sizes. This means
the screens are displaying their content in a different amount of space,
which equates to a different number of dpi.
If your UI elements change sizes on different devices, then this is going to lead to problems
in your layout and usability issues, and this will make for a generally poor user experience.

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In most cases, you can ensure density independence by specifying your layout dimensions
in density-independent pixels, and by replacing static, hardcoded sizes with more flexible
elements such as "wrap_content" and "match_parent".
When it comes to drawables, Android automatically scales each drawable based on the
current screen's density, so your drawables render at the appropriate physical size for the
current device. However, this automatic scaling can result in blurry or pixelated images. To
make sure your drawables look their very best, you need to create alternate versions of each
drawable, which are optimized for different screen densities.
The problem is that the Android marketplace includes more screen densities than you could
ever hope to support; and even if you could, providing so many alternate drawables would
cause the size of your project to balloon out of control, to the point where it's unlikely it'd
even fit onto your average Android smartphone or tablet.
This is why Android groups screen densities into the following generalized density
buckets:
ldpi (low-density): 120dpi
mdpi (medium-density): 160dpi
hdpi (high-density): 240dpi
xhdpi (extra-high-density): 320dpi
xxhdpi (extra-extra-high-density): 480dpi
xxxhdpi (extra-extra-extra-high-density): 640dpi

The first step to a flexible layout is to create a directory for each of these density buckets, for
example, res/drawable-ldpi, res/drawable-mdpi, and so on. Then, just create a
version of each resource that targets these different density buckets, and the Android
system will handle the rest.
To create optimized drawables for each density bucket, you need to apply the 3:4:6:8:12:16
scaling ratio across the six generalized densities. For the best results, start by creating a
version of the image at the largest supported density, and then scale this graphic down
proportionally for each subsequent density bucket.
Most of the time, creating a graphic at the largest supported density means
creating an image for the xxhdpi density bucket and not the xxxhdpi
bucket. This is because the xxxhdpi directory is reserved for launcher
icons.

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Converting dpi into pixels and vice versa

Since different screens have different pixel densities, the same number of pixels will
translate into different physical sizes on different devices. Pixels aren't a densityindependent unit of measurement, so 40 pixels isn't the same size on every device.
For this reason, you should never use absolute pixels to define distances or sizes.
Occasionally, you may need to convert dpi values into pixel values and vice versa. You do
this using the following formula: dpi = (width in pixels * 160) / screen density.
Android uses mdpi (160dpi) as its baseline density where one pixel neatly
equates to one density-independent pixel. This is where the 160 value in
the formula comes from.
Let's try this with some numbers:
(180 px x 160) / 120 = 240 dpi

You may also want to use an online converter (http://jennift.com/dpical.html) to

play around with dpi values.
If you want to convert a dpi value into pixels, then use the following formula:
dp * (dpi / 160) = px

For example, take a look at the following:

120 x (240 / 160) = 180

Providing different layouts for different screen

sizes
Android supports a wide range of screen sizes, and it automatically resizes your UI to fit
the current screen. As I've already mentioned, you shouldn't rely on the Android system to
do all the hard work for you, as this autoscaling often doesn't make the best use of the space
available on larger screens, particularly tablet-sized devices.

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If you thoroughly test your app across a range of different screen sizes using the emulator
and multiple Android Virtual Devices (AVDs), you may encounter your app struggling to
display or function correctly on certain screens. For example, you may discover that
Android's automatic scaling makes your UI look cramped once the device's screen dips
below a certain dpi value; or at the other end of the scale, you may find that your UI has
large areas of empty space on larger, tablet-sized screens.
If your UI is having problems with certain screen sizes, you should create layouts that are
optimized for these screens.
The process for providing alternate layouts is the same as providing any alternate resource:
create directories that have the appropriate configuration qualifiers. Then, create layout
resource files that are optimized for specific screen sizes, and make sure these layouts have
the same name as the corresponding default layout. The Android system will then select the
appropriate layout based on the current screen configuration.
However, the screen size configuration qualifiers aren't as straightforward as the density
configuration qualifiers, as Android 3.2 introduced some new configuration qualifiers that
allow you to define the specific width and/or height required by each of your layouts, in dpi
units. These new configuration qualifiers give you greater control over your resources, but
they are a bit more difficult to get your head around.
Prior to version 3.2, Android supported screen-size groups:
small, normal, large, and xlarge. In order to accommodate a greater
variety of screen sizes, the Android team replaced these groups with new
configuration qualifiers. This chapter focuses on the new configuration
qualifiers, but if you want to find out more about the now-deprecated
screen size groups, you can find more information at the official Android
docs at (http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/screen
s_support.html).
These powerful new qualifiers are discussed in the next sections.

smallestWidth sw<N>dp
As the name suggests, you use the smallestWidth qualifier to define the minimum width
in dpi that must be available before the Android system can use a particular layout. For
example, if your layout requires a minimum of 700dpi, the smallestWidth configuration
qualifier would be sw700dp. In this scenario, you'd create a res/layout-sw700dp
directory and place your layout inside. The system will only use this layout when the
current device has at least 700dpi of available width.
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This qualifier is particularly useful as width is often a major factor when designing your
layouts. Many apps scroll vertically, but it's pretty rare to encounter a UI that scrolls
horizontally. Most apps have strict constraints about the minimum space they need
horizontally, and this configuration qualifier gives you a way of specifying that minimum
as a dpi value.
A device's width is a fixed characteristic that doesn't change when the user switches
between portrait and landscape mode. The user's perception of their screen's width and
height may change, but the system's perception of a device's smallestWidth never does,
even when users switch their device from portrait to landscape mode and vice versa.

Available screen width w<N>dp

Sometimes, your app may need to react to how much width or height is currently available,
which means taking the device's current orientation into consideration. For example,
imagine your UI has the option to display two fragments side by side in a multi-pane
layout. If the user is viewing your app in landscape mode, it makes sense to display the
multi-pane layout, but as soon as the user switches the device into portrait mode, there may
no longer be enough width available to display these fragments side by side.
This is where the sw<N>dp configuration qualifier comes in. You can use this qualifier to set
the minimum width a resource requires, for example, res/layout-w700dp. However,
unlike the smallestWidth qualifier, w<N>dp represents the width that's currently available
to your UI, taking into account the current screen orientation. This allows your app to react
to the width currently available to it and not just the device's fixed smallestWidth value.

Available screen height h<number>dp

As already mentioned, your typical Android app is pretty flexible about the minimum
height it needs. However, if you do need to specify the minimum screen height a layout or
resource needs, you can use the h<number>dp qualifier, for example, res/layout-h720dp.
The value the system assigns to the screen height changes when the screen's orientation
changes, so similar to w<N>dp, you can use this qualifier to detect whether your app is
currently being viewed in portrait or landscape mode.
While using these new configuration qualifiers may appear more complicated than using
the traditional screen size groups, they do give you more control over how your UI
translates across different screens, and they allow you to specify the exact point at which
your app switches from a layout that's optimized for Android smartphones, to a layout
that's optimized for tablets.
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Not all versions of Android support all qualifiers, for example sw<N>dp
was introduced in API level 13. However, when you use a qualifier in
your project, the system automatically and implicitly adds the platform
version qualifier, so older versions of Android can at least recognize
unsupported qualifiers and subsequently ignore them.

Designing for different screen orientations

You may also want to create versions of your layouts that are optimized for landscape and
portrait orientations. You can provide layouts that are optimized for alternate orientations
in the same way you provide layouts for different screen sizes and densities: you create an
extra directory with the correct orientation qualifier and place your orientation-specific
layouts inside that directory.
Even though Android supports two orientationsportrait and landscapeyou only ever
need to create one additional directory, since you'll use your project's default res/layout
directory for one of these orientations.
Choose which orientation you want to use as your app's default, and then create a directory
for the other orientation, so your project may consist of a res/layout directory that
contains your default/portrait layouts and a res/layout-land directory which contains
your project's landscape layouts.
Alternatively, if you want to use landscape orientation as your project's default, create a
res/layout-port directory and use res/layout for your project's landscape layouts:

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When it's time to test your app, make sure you test it in both landscape
and portrait mode across a range of screen configurations.

Reacting to orientation changes

Sometimes, your app will need to register configuration changes and then modify its
behavior accordingly.
One of the most common scenarios is reacting to whether the screen is in landscape or
portrait mode. For example, imagine your app consists of two fragments: one fragment
displays a list and the other fragment displays information about the currently-selected
item. The app displays each fragment separately on smaller screens in a single-pane layout
and side by side on larger screens in a multi-pane layout. When the user selects an item in
the multi-pane layout, the information is displayed in the same activity. However, when the
user selects an item in the single-pane layout, your app will need to display this information
in a new activity. In this scenario, your app needs to know what layout the user is currently
viewing (single or multi-pane), so it can react accordingly.
One method is to identify a view that's only visible in the multi-pane layout, and then query
whether this view is currently visible:
public class MyActivity extends FragmentActivity {
boolean mIsDualPane;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main_layout);
//Check whether detailsView is currently visible//
View detailsView = findViewById(R.id.article);
mIsDualPane = detailsView != null &&
detailsView.getVisibility() ==
View.VISIBLE;
//If this view is visible, and we're in multi-pane mode....//
if (mDualPane) {
...
...

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//This is where you'd define your app's multi-pane behavior//
} else {
//If this view isn't visible, then we're in single-pane mode//
...
...
//This is where you'd define your app's single-pane behavior//

You can retrieve the device's current configuration using getConfiguration():

Configuration config = getResources().getConfiguration();

To retrieve the device's current screen orientation and act on the results, run the following
code:
if (getResources().getConfiguration().orientation
//If the screen is currently in landscape mode...//
== Configuration.ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE) {
...
...
//This is where you'd define your app's landscape behavior//
} else
//If not, then the device is in portrait orientation//
...
...
//This is where you'd define your app's portrait behavior//

Testing across multiple screens

Before publishing your app, you should thoroughly test it across all supported screen sizes
and screen densities, in both landscape and portrait mode. Unless you happen to have
access to a bunch of different Android smartphones and tablets, the most practical way is to
use the emulator that comes as part of the Android SDK.

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When you launch the AVD Manager and select Create Virtual Device, you can choose
from a wide range of ready-made Android Virtual Devices (AVDs) that are based on reallife devices, or you can create your own by selecting New Hardware Profile. When creating
a new AVD, you can then choose whether your AVD supports landscape and/or portrait
mode, but you should typically test your app in both landscape and portrait orientation
on every AVD you create.
You can also enter the screen size and resolution of your choice. As you enter these settings,
you'll see the Density of this particular device displayed in the window's right-hand pane:

To test your app's screen support, you'll need to create multiple AVDs that represent all the
most common Android screen configurations. There's no shortcut here, and generally
speaking, the more time you spend testing your app, the better the user experience will be,
regardless of the device it winds up on.
I'll be using the emulator that comes as a part of the Android SDK
throughout this book, but if you're not a fan of this default emulator, there
are alternatives available. One popular alternative is Genymotion (https:
//www.genymotion.com).

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Showing off your screen support

When it's finally time to prepare your app's Google Play listing, you should use screenshots
that show your app in the best possible light. Ideally, you should take all your screenshots
on a large, high-density screen that's running the very latest version of Android, so
potential users can see the most impressive version of your UI.
If you need to create promotional images for your website, blog, social media accounts, or
anywhere else, then you should place your screenshots in context by wrapping them in
device artwork. The easiest way to do this is using Android's drag-and-drop Device Art
Generator (http://developer.android.com/distribute/tools/promote/device-a
rt.html).

Attracting an international audience

Your Android app has the potential to reach a worldwide audience, but only if you invest
time and effort into localizing your app.
Your biggest task when localizing a project is translating its text into your target language,
but you'll also need to translate any drawables that contain text, any video that features text
or dialogue, and audio that contains dialogue. You'll also need to ensure that any numbers,
currency, times, or dates are formatted correctly for your target audience, as formatting can
vary between languages and countries.
You provide these alternate resources in the same way you provide any other resources:
create new directories and use an appropriate configuration qualifier.
When it comes to localization, you'll need to use locale configuration qualifiers, which
consist of the following:
A language code: These are two-letter lowercase ISO codes, as defined by ISO
639-1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1).
Country or regional code (optional): Two-letter uppercase ISO codes as defined
by ISO 3166-1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3)
and proceeded by a lowercase r. You can use country/region codes in
combination with the language code to provide resources that target devices set
to a particular language and located in a specific country or region. For example,
you could provide resources for French speakers located in Canada by combining
the language code (fr) with the regional code (CA) plus a lowercase r, so your
directory would be res/values/fr-rCA. You can't use a country or regional
code on its own; it must always be preceded by a language code.
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Although it's tempting to think of a locale as being synonymous with a

country, this isn't always the case. While you may create a directory that
uses the French language and country code, you can also create a directory
that combines the French language code with the Canadian country code.

Identifying the target languages and regions

The first step to localizing your app is to identify the languages, regions, and countries you
want to support.
Put your business head on and look for locales where there's a potential market for your
app. In particular, you should look for languages, regions, or countries where:
There's a large or growing number of Android users
International languages, such as English, aren't widely used
There's a gap in the market for an app of your genre or subject
All the preceding factors mean that localizing your app for this locale could be particularly
lucrative.
Decide what countries or regions you want to target first, and then determine what
language(s) your app needs to support in order to appeal to people in this part of the world.
Once you have a list of all the locales you're going to support, grab their language codes
from ISO 639-1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1), plus any necessary
region or country codes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3).

Providing alternate text

Since translating your app's text is usually the biggest localization task, we're going to
tackle this first.
Open your project's res folder and create all the alternate values directories your app
needs to support your target locales. So, if you wanted your app to support the Spanish
language, you'd create a directory called res/values-es. If you wanted to provide
Spanish text that targets Spanish-speakers in Mexico, you'd create a res/values-es-Rmex
directory.

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Create the strings.xml files inside each of these directories:

Place all your translated string resources inside the corresponding strings.xml file (we'll
look at some options for getting your text translated in a moment).
Continuing with our Spanish theme, our res/values-es/strings.xml file may look
something like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="hello_world">Hola Mundo</string>
</resources>

At runtime, the Android system logs the device's locale settings, checks your project for any
suitable locale-specific resources, and then loads either the resources from the
corresponding locale-specific directory or falls back on your project's default resources.
Keep your text separate from your application code
It's good practice to keep the localized aspects of your app separate from
your application code and to never hardcode any text into your app, as this
will make your text far more difficult to localize. Instead, declare all your
text as string resources, as it's easy to extract strings from your project,
send them to a translator, and then integrate them back into your app
without making any changes to your compiled code.
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What other resources might you need localizing?

A large part of the localization process is translating your project's text, specifically its sting
resources, but you may also want to provide locale-specific versions of other resources. For
example, you may want to provide translated versions of the following:
Drawables that feature text
Video that contains text or dialogue
Audio that features dialogue
You may also want to provide alternate versions of resources that aren't appropriate for the
locale you're targeting. For example, you may want to provide alternatives to scenes that
feature a particular city or scenery if this image isn't representative of the locale you're
targeting. Sun-drenched beaches and crystal-clear seas aren't your typical scenery in every
country (unfortunately).
You should also be aware that some images maybe considered inappropriate or offensive in
certain cultures.
You provide locale-specific versions of any resource in exactly the same way you provide
alternate string resources; create a new directory and use the same combination of the
language and country/region code. For example, if you wanted to provide multiple versions
of a typical_highshcool.jpg drawable, you'd create multiple drawable folders, such
as res/drawable-ja-rJPN, res/drawable-en-rUSA, and res/drawable-sv.

Why default resources are important

The key to ensuring that your app runs correctly on devices with any language, country, or
region settings is to provide a complete set of default resources.
One of the most important default resources you need to provide is
res/values/strings.xml. This is where you'll define every string resource used
throughout your project in your app's default language.
The default language is the language that's spoken by the majority of your
target audience. This may not necessarily be your audience's first
language.

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If you don't provide a default version of every string resource, then your app will crash
whenever it winds up on a device with locale settings that you haven't provided a specific
string resource for. Even if the user doesn't understand your app's default language, this is
still preferable to your app crashing or refusing to open.
You'll also need to provide a default version of every other locale-specific resources you use
in your app, because if your project is missing one default resource, then it may not run on
devices with unsupported locale settings.
Default string resources are also crucial when there's some text you want to keep consistent
across your app, regardless of the device's locale settings. One common example is your
app's title, which you may want to keep consistent across all versions of your app.
To use text consistently across locales, you just need to define the string once in your
project's default strings.xml file, and then omit it from all your localespecific strings.xml files. Then, when the system tries to load your app's title from a
locale-specific strings file, it'll realize that this string is missing and fall back on the default
version. The end result is that the same string resource will be used in every version of your
app.
Should I translate my app's title?
There's no straightforward answer to this tricky question. Having multiple
titles makes an app more difficult to maintain, and it can make usually
straightforward decisions more complex; if your app goes by multiple
names, then what should your app's Twitter handle be? Do you need to
create multiple versions of your app's logo and app icon? Do you need to
create multiple support e-mail addresses?
You'll also have to work much harder to promote a product that goes by
several different names, particularly when it comes to things such as
Search Engine Optimisation (SEO).
Despite all these drawbacks, there are a few good reasons why you might
want to publish your app under multiple names. The most common
reason is that your app's title may not make much sense to people who
aren't fluent in your app's default language. If we decided to call our
recipe app Best Student Recipes, English-speaking users would instantly
know what to expect, but for users who speak different languages, best
student recipes could be completely meaningless. A nonsensical title isn't
particularly appealing to potential users who stumble across your app in
the Google Play store, so you may want to consider releasing your app
under multiple names.
There's no real right or wrong answer here. All that matters is that you
make the best decision based on the app you're developing and your
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target locales.
Whatever decision you do make, make sure you stick to it! Changing your
app's name after you've launched it is only going to confuse your users.

Which configuration qualifiers are the most important?

At this point, we've covered quite a few different configuration qualifiers: locale-specific
qualifiers, screen orientation, screen density, and screen size qualifiers.
If you use a mixture of these in your projects, there's a strong possibility that more than one
version of a resource is going to be suitable for the current device. Imagine your app winds
up on a device with a high-density screen and Spanish language settings, and that's
currently being held in landscape mode. The system needs to display a drawable, but
multiple versions of this drawable are suitable for the current device:
res/drawable
res/drawable-es
res/drawable-land
res/drawable-hdpi

Which drawable will the system use? When Android is spoilt for choice, it follows a strict
set of rules. Of all the qualifiers you can use, locale almost always gets preferential
treatment. In this example, the device is configured to use Spanish, so Android would load
the graphic from the res/drawable-es directory even though the device in question also
has a high-density screen and is currently in landscape mode.
The only qualifiers that take precedence over locale qualifiers are mobile
country codes (MCC) and mobile network codes (MNC). If you use any
of these codes in your project's directories, they'll always take precedence
over your locale qualifiers.

Getting your app translated

Translating your app's resources is a crucial part of the localization process, and unless
you're fluent in the language that you're targeting, at some point you'll need to enlist the
help of a translator, whether that's a paid professional or a kind volunteer.

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Although you may be tempted to go down the quick and easy route of a machine translator,
services such as Google Translate can never compare to a human translator, and relying on
machine translators will almost always result in a bad experience for your international
users.
If you do decide to hire a professional translator, you should start contacting translators as
early as possible, so you can get an idea of turnaround time and incorporate this
information into your development plan. It also gives you time to shop around and find the
best possible translator for your budget.
You can find translators online, or you may want to explore the Google Play app
Translation service, which is offered through Developer Console.
To access these services, perform the following steps:
1. Log in to the Developer Console (https://play.google.com/apps/publish).
2. If you haven't already done so, upload your APK by selecting Add new
application.
3. Once you've uploaded your app, it'll appear in your All Applications dashboard.
Select the app you want to purchase translation services for.
4. Make sure APK is selected in the left-hand menu.
5. Under APK Translation Service, select Start.
6. Select the source language used in your original text.
7. Under Translate API, add the XML source file that contains the strings that you
want to translate.
8. Select your target languages.
9. Choose a translation vendor.
Just be aware that even though you're making a purchase through the Developer Console,
this is a direct business agreement between you and your chosen vendor, so you'll need to
work with the translator directly. After purchasing a translation through the Developer
Console, you will receive an e-mail from your vendor, and it's your responsibility to
manage the project from there.

Getting the most out of your translations

The quality of your translations depends on the skill of the translator, but it also depends on
the quality of your input. If you provide your chosen translator with a higher quality input,
then it stands to reason that you're going to get a higher quality output.

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In this section, I'll show you how to increase your chances of receiving a high quality,
accurate translation.

Putting your strings in context

When you're declaring your string resources, you should provide as much information
about each string as possible, as this will help your translator to better understand your
string resources.
At the very least, you should give each string a descriptive name, but ideally you should
also supply a comment that explains what this string is for, along with the information
about when and where the string will appear in your app, plus any restrictions such as the
maximum amount of characters this part of your UI can display. For example, take a look at
the following:
<string name="search_submit_button">Search</string>
//Text that appears on a button that can fit 9 characters. Must be one
word. The user taps this button to submit a search query//

If your app features any specialist language or technical terms, then you should thoroughly
explain what each term means. If this turns out to be too much text to fit into a comment, or
you find yourself explaining multiple strings, then you may want to create a separate
glossary document that explains the meaning and use of all the specialist terms used
throughout your strings.xml file. You can then send this additional document to the
translator along with your strings.

Using terms consistently

You can greatly increase your chances of a successful and accurate translation by using
terms consistently throughout your app. For example, if the main method of navigating
your app is via a series of buttons that allow the user to progress to the next screen, you
should label these buttons consistently, instead of using a mix of terms that all mean the
same thing, such as Forward, Next, OK, and Submit. This will make the translator's job
much easier.
Using terms consistently will improve your app's general user experience
too.

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Getting your strings in order

To help the translator make sense of your project's string resources, you should take a few
moments to perform some admin on your strings.xml file. Remove any unused strings
that you might have added early on and then never actually used in your project, and
remove the strings that have disappeared from your project over time. You should also
remove any duplicate strings, and be on the lookout for any spelling mistakes or typos.
Finally, make sure your strings are formatted correctly and consistently. This housekeeping
may seem simple, but it can make your translator's job much easier, particularly if they're
not an Android developer themselves.

Not creating unnecessary strings

More strings mean more work! Even if you're supporting several languages, you probably
won't need to create a locale-specific version of every string in every language your app
supports.
There may be pieces of text that you want to use consistently across all locales, such as your
app's title, which means there's no need to add this string to every locale-specific
strings.xml file. Remember, if you don't include a particular string in a locale-specific
directory, your app will use the default string instead.
Your app may also support languages that are variations of the same parent language. For
example, imagine your app's default language is British English, but it also supports
American English. Chances are that most of the resources you define in your project's
res/values/strings.xml file will be suitable for your American English audience. You
should still create a res/values-en-rUSA/strings.xml file, but this file should only
contain the strings where American English spelling differs from British English spelling.

Always marking non-translatable text

Your project may include some string resources that you don't want translating, such as
your app's title, URLs, promotional codes, social media links, and e-mail addresses. You
should clearly mark all the text you don't want translating before handing your project over
to the translator.
Wrap the <xliff:g> tags around the text that you don't want translating, and use an id
attribute to explain why this text shouldn't be translated:
<string name="name"> This text will be translated<xliff:g id="This is my
explanation">this text won't be translated</xliff:g> this text will be
translated.</string>

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Imagine you want to display a welcome message that includes your app's title. You want
the actual welcome text to be translated, but you want the app's title to remain consistent
across all locales. In this scenario, you'd use the following XML:
<string name="welcomeMessage"> Welcome to the<xliff:g id="appTitle">Student
Recipes</xliff:g>app.</string>

Finally, to prevent your project from throwing an error, you need to update the resources
tag in your strings.xml file:
<resources xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">

Marking dynamic values as non-translatable

Sometimes, you'll want to combine some predetermined and dynamic text
in a single string. For example, your app could ask the student for their
name, take their input, combine it with some of the predetermined text,
and then display the Welcome to the Student Recipe app, Nicole!
message.
So, what does this have to do with translation? When you create strings
that feature dynamic text, you represent the dynamic text with a
placeholder, such as follows:
<string name="name">Welcome to the app %1$s</string>
You should make it clear to your translator that this placeholder isn't an
error or typo, and therefore, they shouldn't try to translate it. This becomes
particularly important when you're working with a translator who isn't
familiar with Android development.
To make it clear that a placeholder shouldn't be translated, you can use the
regular <xliff:g> tags and the id attribute. However, for the sake of
clarity, you should also provide an example of the kind of content this
placeholder text might eventually display. In our welcome message
example, this looks something like the following:
<string name="welcomeMessage">Welcome to the Recipe
App<xliff:g id="userName"
example="Nicole">%1$s</xliff:g>!</string>

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Other things to consider

Although language may be the most obvious factor, there are several less obvious things
you need to take into consideration if your app is really going to make a splash on the
international market.

Right to left support

Don't automatically assume that your audience will read left to right (LTR). In some
countries, reading right to left (RTL) is the norm. Depending on the locales you're targeting,
you may want to consider implementing support for RTL and LTR.
The good news is that in Android 4.2 and higher, the system automatically mirrors your
app's UI when the user switches the system language to a right-to-left script.
To take advantage of this automatic mirroring, open your project's Manifest file and add
the following line:
android:supportsRtl="true"

Then, change all your app's left/right layout properties to the start/end equivalents:
If you're targeting Android 4.2 and higher, use start and end instead of left
and right, for example, android:paddingRight
becomes android:paddingEnd
If you're targeting versions of Android lower than 4.2, you should use start and
end in addition to left and right; for example, you should use
both android:paddingRight and android:paddingEnd

Formatting values
Keep in mind that not every locale formats values, such as dates and numbers, in the same
way. You should never hardcode formats based on assumptions about the user's locale as
this can cause problems when the user switches to another locale.
Instead, always use the system-provided formats and utilities such as follows:
DateUtils (http://developer.android.com/reference/android/text/fo
rmat/DateUtils.html) and DateFormat (http://developer.android.com/
reference/java/text/DateFormat.html) for dates

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String.format (http://developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/St
ring.html#format(java.lang.String,%20java.lang.Object) or
DecimalFormat (http://developer.android.com/reference/java/text/D
ecimalFormat.html) for numbers and currency
PhoneNumberUtils (http://developer.android.com/reference/android/
telephony/PhoneNumberUtils.html) for phone numbers

Localizing your app best practices

Localizing your app is a powerful way of attracting potentially millions more users. Why
limit yourself to just one market? Implementing the following best practices will increase
your app's chances of connecting with a worldwide audience.

Design a single set of flexible layouts

Depending on the languages that you choose to support, some of your alternative string
resources may expand or shrink dramatically during the translation process to the point
where they no longer fit your layout.
To minimize the chances of this happening in your app, you should create flexible layouts
that can accommodate alternate string resources of all sizes. One useful trick is to give your
app's default text more space than it requires, so your UI already has some wiggle room
when it comes to accommodating slight variations in size.
You should design UI elements that contain text to be able to expand horizontally and
vertically in order to accommodate minor changes in text height and width, for example,
buttons that can grow and shrink depending on the size of their button labels. However,
you should also consider how these expanding and shrinking UI elements might impact the
rest of your UI. Could an expanding button make your UI look cramped or lopsided? Or
worse, could it push the neighboring buttons off the screen, rendering them unreachable?
Pay particular attention to UI elements that the user can interact with, such as buttons; if
these elements change size, it can quickly impact your user experience. Two touchable
objects that inch closer to one another as they expand can result in frustrated users who
keep catching the wrong button by accident.
If you design your layouts with flexibility in mind, then typically you'll be able to use the
same layout across all locales. However, if you're struggling to design a layout that's flexible
enough to accommodate all your alternate strings, you may want to make some changes to
your text.
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Simple, straight-to-the-point text typically means less variation during the translation
process, so if you're struggling with text that shrinks or expands dramatically, start at the
root of the problemyour app's default text. Look for any opportunities to simplify this
text, any unnecessary text you can remove from your UI, plus any words that you can
replace with a universally understood picture or symbol, such as replacing the OK text with
a checkmark or Cancel with a cross.
Simplifying your app's text and removing any words that aren't strictly
necessary will provide a better user experience all round, regardless of
whether the user is viewing a localized version of your app or accessing
your app in its default language.
Depending on the amount of text you need to display and the locales your app supports, it
may be impossible to create a single layout that can accommodate text across all your target
languages. Layouts can only flex so far after all!
As a final resort, you can create alternate layouts specifically for the language (or languages)
that are causing your app so many problems, which leads onto the next point.

Create alternate languages only when needed

You can create a layout that targets a specific language by creating a new layout directory
with the relevant configuration qualifier. For example, if you wanted to create a version of
your project's main.xml layout that's optimized to display your tricky German translations,
you'd create a res/layout-de/main.xml directory, and then place your German layout
resource file inside this directory.
However, alternate layouts do make your app harder to maintain, so only use them as a last
resort.

Testing your app across different locales

Once you've created all your locale-specific layouts and resources, you need to make sure
that your app really is ready for an international audience. This means testing the localized
versions of your app across a wide range of AVDs with localization settings that correspond
to your different target locales, plus at least one AVD that's set to a language and locale that
your app doesn't explicitly support.

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When testing your app across different locales, be sure to check for the following:
Your project is displaying the correct string resources, layouts, and any other
locale-specific resources for the device it's currently installed on. Placing
a strings.xml file in the wrong directory and missing a configuration qualifier
or even a simple typo is all it takes for your app to display Korean text
(res/values-ko/strings.xml) when it should really be displaying Kurdish
text (res/values-ku/strings.xml).
Your locale-specific resources are displaying correctly in the current layout and
aren't causing any usability problems.
You should also be aware that some screen configurations, hardware, and software may be
more common in certain locales. Make sure you research the most popular devices in all
your target locales to see whether you need to incorporate support for specific hardware,
software, or screen configurations into the localized versions of your app.

Testing for different locales

You can test your app's language settings on a physical device by opening that device's
Settings app, selecting Language, and then choosing a new language from the menu. This
is useful for getting an idea of how the localized version of your app functions across
devices with different language settings. However, you should also test how your app
functions with different country and region settings, something you can't easily change on a
physical Android device, which is where AVDs come in.
Although you can't create an AVD with specific language, locale, or region settings, you can
change these settings once you have an AVD up and running in the emulator.
Start by creating an AVD with the screen configuration, hardware, and software settings
you want to test your app against, and launch your project in this AVD.
Open your Mac terminal or Windows command prompt and change directory (cd) so it's
pointing at the directory where theAndroid Debug Bridge (adb) is located. For example,
the command I'm using is:
cd /Users/jessica/Downloads/adt-bundle-mac/sdk/platform-tools

Once your AVD is up and running, you can change its locale by issuing adb commands. To
do this, you'll need the ISO code of the language you're targeting (ISO 639-1), and any
country or region code (ISO 3166-1) you're using.

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In your adb window, enter the following command:

adb shell

After a few moments, you will see a # prompt. At this point, you can enter the following
command:
setprop persist.sys.locale [ISO language code, with optional country/region
code] ;stop;sleep 5;start

For example, if you wanted to test your app on a device that's set to Spanish (es), you'd run
the following:
setprop persist.sys.locale es;stop;sleep 5;start

If you wanted to check your app on a device that's set to use the Spanish language in the
Mexican locale, you'd run the following:
setprop persist.sys.locale es-Rmex;stop;sleep 5;start

At this point, the emulator will restart with the new locale settings. Relaunch your app and
that's ityou're ready to test your app against your new locale settings.

Look for common localization issues

So, once you've set up your test environment, what specific issues should you be looking
for?
Firstly, you should check every screen in your app to make sure there's no instances of
clipped text, poor line wrapping, strange-looking word or line breaks, or incorrect
alphabetical sorting. You should also be aware of any locales where the text should run RTL
and check that this is actually what's happening in your layouts.
You should also be on the lookout for any unintentionally untranslated text; unintentional
because there may be instances where you want to use the same text consistently across
your app, such as your app's title and your contact details. If you spot any unintentionally
untranslated text, then you should dig into your app's code to see exactly what's going
wrong.
Also, be on the lookout for any wrongly translated text. This kind of error can be difficult to
spot, as chances are that you're not fluent in all the languages your app supports. This is
one of the few occasions where it's acceptable to use an online translator, such as Google
Translate, as it's often the quickest and easiest way of double-checking that your app's
Spanish text really is Spanish.
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You should also look for any instances where text or other locale-specific resources don't fit
with your current layout. This could be the following:
Resources that are smaller than the default version, such as the text that shrinks
dramatically during the translation process. Shrinking resources can leave gaping
holes in your layout, or they can throw other UI elements off balance and create a
layout that, while not completely broken, does look pretty odd.
Resources that are present in some versions of your UI and missing in others.
Again, this can cause awkward gaps and aesthetic problems in your layout. If
you're intentionally omitting certain resources, you might want to look for
something to fill the gap this resource leaves behind, or as a last resort, supply an
alternative layout that's designed specifically for this locale.
Resources that are much larger than the default version, which can result in a
cluttered, cramped-looking UI or usability problems, such as touchable areas that
are pushed too close to one another.
Resources that aren't appropriate for the current screen configuration. As already
mentioned, different locales may also mean different hardware, software, and
screen configurations. If you're targeting multiple countries and regions, make
sure you research the most popular Android devices within these specific
demographics, and then test your app across AVDs that reflect the hardware,
software, and screen configurations that are most commonly used within these
different areas.

Testing for default resources

After you've tested your app across all the languages, countries, and regions that you want
to support, you should install your app on an AVD with locale settings that it doesn't
explicitly support. This may sound strange, but it's the most effective way of checking that
you've included a default version of every resource your app requires.
As I've mentioned several times throughout this chapter, including default resources means
that if your app gets into difficulties, it has something to gracefully fall back on rather than
crashing. Providing default versions of all your project's strings, drawables, and other
resources guarantees that your app will run even if it winds up on a device with locale
settings that it doesn't explicitly support.
To test your app, open your Terminal or Command Prompt window and tell your emulator
to switch to a locale that your app doesn't explicitly support. If you've provided the
necessary default resources, your app should load these resources, including the contents of
your project's res/values/strings.xml file. If your app crashes, then this is an
indication that your project is missing at least one default resource.
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Plan a beta release in key countries

Once you've finished testing your app across different locales, and you're confident that it'll
functions correctly regardless of the user's language, country, or region settings, then you
may want to consider opening your app up to feedback from your potential target
audience, in particular the native speakers of all the languages your app supports. This
usually takes the form of beta testing.
Users who install beta versions of your app cannot leave reviews on your
Google Play page, so don't worry about these early versions of your app
negatively (and unfairly!) impacting your Google Play rating.
Getting real-world feedback is always valuable, but this feedback becomes even more
valuable when you're planning an international launch. Native speakers will be able to
easily pinpoint any grammar or spelling mistakes in your text, or even something that just
sounds a bit off. They can also quickly flag up anything about your app's content that's
inappropriate, confusing, or difficult for them to relate to.
This is all invaluable feedback that can help you perfect the localized versions of your app
and create something that feels like it was created specifically for this section of your target
audience, rather than a translation that was knocked together in a last-minute bid to rack up
some extra downloads.
If you're looking to launch a beta testing program, then Google Play can help. After you
sign into Developer Console and upload your APK, you can set up groups of users for beta
testing.
You may want to start small with a closed beta test, where you specify a group of testers by
entering their Gmail addresses. If you happen to have a list of testers to hand, you can
launch a closed beta program by doing the following:
1. Log in to the Developer Console and selecting APK from the left-hand side menu.
2. Select the Upload your first APK to beta button and following the onscreen
instructions to upload your APK.
3. Once your APK is uploaded, select Beta testing.
4. If you see a Choose a testing method option, open the accompanying drop-down
menu and select Set Up Closed Beta Listing, followed by Create list.
5. Enter the e-mail addresses of all the people who you want to participate in the
beta test. Click on Save.

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6. Copy Beta opt-in URL. You can then share this link with your testers. When a
potential tester clicks this link, they'll see an explanation about what being a beta
tester entails. They can then decide whether to participate in the test or not.
7. After copying Beta opt-in URL, you'll need to enter an e-mail address or URL
that you'll use to collect feedback from your testers. Enter this information in
the Feedback channel field, then click on Save.
Gathering tester feedback
Since testers can't leave reviews on your app's Google Play page, you'll
need to provide them with an alternative way of sending you their
feedback. Whenever you launch a testing program through Developer
Console, it's crucial you complete the Feedback channel field as this is
your testers' primary way of communicating with you.
This feedback channel could take the form of an address or URL, but you
may also want to consider setting up a Google+ page or Google Group for
your testers. Whatever your preferred method of gathering feedback, it's
important to recognize that anyone who tests your app is doing you a
favor, so you should make it as easy as possible for them to send you their
feedback.
If providing feedback feels like hard work, then your testers simply won't
botherthey'll keep their thoughts to themselves, and your project will
suffer as a result.
After a round of closed beta testing, you may want to move on to open beta testing, where
you specify a maximum number of testers but don't specify their e-mail addresses.
To launch an open beta testing program, make sure you're logged into Developer Console,
and then select APK from the left-hand side menu. Select Beta testing, open the drop-down
menu, select Set up Open Beta Testing, and then specify the maximum number of users
who'll be able to beta test your app.
Copy Beta opt-in URL and share it with your testers. Again, make sure you enter an e-mail
address or URL in Feedback channel, and then click on Save.

Get ready for lift off!

If you want your app to make a splash in the international market, supporting multiple
languages and locales is just the beginning. You'll also need to devise some form of
international marketing campaign.

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This may sound like the kind of thing that requires a massive budget and a dedicated
marketing team, but you can tailor the scope of your campaign to suit your budget and how
much free time you have to promote your app. Even if your app is a one-person project,
there's no end to budget-friendly (and in some cases, free) ways of promoting your app to
an international audience, especially when you're promoting your app online.
A marketing campaign could be as simple as writing a press release announcing the release
of your app, and then arranging for this text to be translated into the various languages
your app supports. You could then spread your press release across the World Wide Web
via social networks, free news and press release websites, your own blog, or any other
places where you can post content for free.
Don't get carried away and post your marketing materials absolutely
everywhere just for the sake of it. Spamming is only going to hurt your
app's reputation in the long run.
You should also translate any other promotional materials you create, such as banners,
virtual badges, adverts, or memes.
Even if your promotional graphics don't feature any text, you should still look for
opportunities to tweak these graphics, so they're more likely to resonate with each of your
target locales. For example, could you include any geographical or cultural references that
would make your graphics more appealing to users in specific regions? In our recipe app
example, this might mean identifying recipes that are more likely to appeal to sections of
our target audience and then featuring these recipes more prominently in the app's
promotional banners and adverts.
If you create any promotional videos, you should also create localized versions of these
videos for every language your app supports. This may mean recording entirely new audio
for every video or providing subtitles.
Remember, the key to attracting an international audience is to create the illusion that your
app was designed with each user's specific locale in mind.

Localize your Google Play store listing

Your app's Google Play listing is the first impression that international users will have of
your app. To make sure this first impression is a positive one, you'll need to localize your
store listing, which means translating its text for every locale your app supports.

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You can create multiple localized versions of your app's Google Play listing via Developer
Console. Then, when a user opens your app's listing, Google Play will automatically
determine that user's location, and it'll display the version of your listing that's the most
appropriate for their language, country, or region settings. If Google Play can't find a
suitable locale-specific version of your app's listing, it'll display your app's default Google
Play page instead.
To create localized Google Play listings, log into your Developer Console account, and
select App applications from the left-hand side menu. Select the app you want to work
with, followed by Store listing.
To create a new, localized version, click on the Manage translations button. At this point,
you can purchase a translation by clicking on Purchase translations and following the
onscreen instructions:

If you already have some translated text you want to add to your localized store listing,
select Add your own translation. Select all the languages you want to create a localized
listing for (don't worry, you can always add more later on), and click on Add.

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At this point, Developer Console will take you back to the store listing form, but now, if you
click on the Languages button, you'll see a drop-down list of all the languages you've just
added. Clicking on any of these languages will take you to a separate form where you can
craft an entirely new store listing, which will be displayed whenever someone views your
app in Google Play with these locale settings.
If you need to delete one of your localized pages at any point, simply click on the Manage
Translations button, followed by Remove translations, and then choose the language you
want to remove. If you want to change what version of your Google Play page is considered
the default, click on the Manage Translations button again, and select Change default
language.
Creating a localized store listing isn't just about translating your app's description; you
should also supply alternate graphics. Even when a user is viewing a localized version of
your Google Play page, they may still be unsure whether your app actually supports their
language. Don't leave any room for doubt; take screenshots of your UI in all the languages it
supports, and then upload these screenshots to the corresponding version of your app's
Google Play page.
As you're building your app's Google Play page, Developer Console will
offer hints about how your app can reach the widest possible audience.
These tips contain some useful information, so make sure you check them
out by selecting Optimization Tips from the left-hand side menu.

After launching your project

The hard work doesn't end when you successfully launch your app. Once you hit the
Publish button and send your app out into the big wild world, there's a whole new bunch
of things you can do to help that app reach the widest possible audience.

Following a successful launch supporting

international users
Once you've attracted an international audience, you need to hang on to that
audiencewhich means offering support in a variety of languages.
Exactly how much support you can offer will vary depending on whether you have created
your app as part of a team, or whether you're a solo developer creating Android apps in
your spare time. But offering some level of support is crucial if you're going to hang on to
the users that you worked so hard to gain in the first place.
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At the very least, you should monitor your app's Google Play reviews. The Google Play
store helpfully translates all reviews for you, and you should try and respond to any
question or suggestions that come in via Google Play, regardless of the language they're
written in.
Wherever possible, you should respond to Google Play reviews in the poster's language,
even if it means resorting to an online translation tool. Just be aware that translation tools
tend to generate responses that are a little off, so it's a good idea to let users know that
you're using a translation tool, just so they know to overlook any clunky phrasing or
grammatical errors.
Create a Google Play badge
Once you app is live, your goal is to drive as many people to its Google
Play page as possible. One way of doing this is to create a Google Play
badge. Whenever someone clicks on this badge, it'll take them direct to
your app's Google Play listing.
You can post this badge anywhere you wanton your website, blog,
social media accounts, or you can incorporate it into your e-mail signature.
Just don't get carried away; no-one likes a spammer, and spamming your
app's Play badge isn't going to earn your app a loyal following in the long
run.
You can create a badge using the Google Play Badges generator (https:/
/play.google.com/intl/en_us/badges).

Monitor your app's international performance

When you support multiple locales, your app is inevitability going to be more popular in
one part of the world than it is in others. There's a whole host of reasons why this might be
the case, ranging from things you can control (such as the quality of your translations), to
thing you can't control (such as a rival app that's already dominating the market in one of
your target locales).
Having a clear picture of your app's popularity across all supported locales is essential for
identifying areas where you need to focus more time and effort, and areas where it might
make more sense to scale back your efforts or even stop supporting them completely.
If your app is proving massively popular in one locale, you may decide to put increased
effort into meeting the needs of this part of your demographic, such as performing more
market research in this area, creating localized content specifically for these users, or even
creating language-specific user groups, such as a Google+ community, LinkedIn group, or
Facebook page.

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So, how do you identify locales where users love your app? Developer Console provides
stats about the number of downloads, installs, and uninstalls that your app is racking up
across all the different locales it supports. To access this information, log in to
your Developer Console account, select the app you want to investigate, and then
select Statistics from the left-hand side menu.
But, let's be realistic, these stats aren't always going to be good news, and sometimes they
may reveal that your app is struggling to attract users in certain locales. If this is the case,
then you should try and figure out what might be hindering your app's success.
It might be something that you can fix, such as a less-than-perfect translation, or the fact
that your app has hardware, software, or screen configuration requirements that aren't
representative of the Android devices commonly used in this locale. However, the problem
may be something that isn't quite so easy to fix, such as a lack of interest in your app's genre
or subject matter, or a rival app that's already dominating the marketplace.
Depending on the reasons behind your app's poor performance, you may decide to try and
address the issue, or you may decide that it makes more sense to drop support for this
particular locale and redirect the time and effort into areas where your app has already
found an enthusiastic audience.
Just remember that launching your app internationally is only phase one. If your app is
going to find global success, then you'll have to make an ongoing effort to support users
from all over the world, as well as continuously monitor how your app is faring in all the
different locales.

Summary
In this chapter, we looked at how to reach the widest possible audience, from supporting
different versions of the Android operating system, to optimizing your app for different
hardware, software, screen sizes, screen densities, and orientations. We even covered
translating our app into different languages. We also touched on how to promote your app
via advertising and marketing campaigns.
Now that you know how to attract an audience, in the next chapter, we'll look at how to
wow this audience by optimizing our app's UI.

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Get more information Android UI Design

Where to buy this book

You can buy Android UI Design from the Packt Publishing website.
Alternatively, you can buy the book from Amazon, BN.com, Computer Manuals and most internet
book retailers.
Click here for ordering and shipping details.

www.PacktPub.com

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