Gear Guide1

Gear Technical Reference
The Role Gears are Playing

Gears are used in various types of machinery as a transmission
component. The reasons why gears are so widely used to this day can
best be described by these facts:
- Gears range in size from miniature instrument installations, such
as watches, to large, powerful gears used in turbine drives for ocean
liners.
- Gears offer positive transmission of power
- Transmission ratio can be freely controlled with high accuracy by
changing the number of gear teeth.
- By increasing or decreasing the number of paired gears, enables
you to adjust position transmission with very high angular or linear
accuracy.
- Gears can couple power and motion between shafts whose axis are
parallel, intersecting or skew.
This technical reference provides the fundamentals of both theoretical
and practical information. When you select KHK products for your
applications, please make use of the KHK 3010 catalog and this
technical reference.
Table of Contents
1 Gear Types and Terminology
499
1.1Type of Gears499
1.2Symbols and Terminology501
2 Gear Trains
503
2.1Single - Stage Gear Train 503
504
2.2Two - Stage Gear Train
3 Gear Tooth Profiles 505
3.1Module Sizes and Standards 505
3.2The Involute Curve506
3.3Meshing of Involute Gear 507
3.4The Generating of a Spur Gear507
508
3.5Undercutting
3.6Profile Shifting508
3.7Gear Tooth Modifications 509
4 Calculation of Gear Dimensions 510
510
4.1Spur Gears
4.2Internal Gears515
518
4.3Helical Gears
4.4Bevel Gears524
4.5Screw Gears530
4.6Cylindrical Worm Gear Pair532
5 Tooth Thickness537
5.1Chordal Tooth Thickness Measurement537
542
5.2Span Measurement of Teeth
5.3Measurement Over Rollers543
6 Backlash552
6.1Definition of Backlash552
6.2Backlash Relationship552
554
6.3Tooth Thickness and Backlash
6.4Gear Train and Backlash554
555
6.5Methods of Controlling Backlash
7 Gear Accuracy557
7.1Accuracy of Spur and Helical Gears557
559
7.2Accuracy of Bevel Gears
560
8 Mounting Accuracy
8.1Accuracy of Center Distance 560
8.2Axial Parallelism560
562
8.3Features of Tooth Contact
9 Gear Materials565
9.1Types of Gear Materials565
9.2Heat Treatments 565
567
10 Strength and Durability of Gears
10.1Bending Strength of Spur and Helical Gears 567
10.2Surface Durability of Spur and Helical Gears574
583
10.3Bending Strength of Bevel Gears
589
10.4Surface Durability of Bevel Gears
592
10.5Surface Durability of Cylindrical Worm Gearing
11 Design of Plastic Gears
597
597
11.1The Properties of Nylon MC901 and Duracon M90
11.2Strength of Plastic Gears 599
12 Gear Forces 603
603
12.1Forces in a Parallel Axes Gear Mesh
604
12.2Forces in an Intersecting Axes Gear Mesh
606
12.3Forces in a Nonparallel and Nonintersecting Axes Gear Mesh
13 Lubrication of Gears608
13.1Methods of Lubrication608
610
13.2Gear Lubricants
14 Damage to Gearss613
14.1Gear Wear and Tooth Surface Fatigue613
14.2Gear Breakage613
614
14.3Types of Damage and Breakage
15 Gear Noise615
16 Methods for Determining the Specifications of Gears616
16.1 A Method for Determining the Specifications of a Spur Gear616
16.2 A Method for Determining the Specifications of a Helical Gear616
17 Gear Systems617
17.1 Planetary Gear System 617
17.2 Hypocycloid Mechanism619
17.3 Constrained Gear System619
JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards for Gearing

Precision Standard for Spur and Helical Gears620
Precision Standard for Bevel Gears626
Backlash Standard for Spur and Helical Gears628
Backlash Standard for Bevel Gears 629
Common Deviations of Hole Dimensions630
Common Deviations of Shaft Dimensions 632
Centre Holes634
Metric Coarse Screw Threads Minor Diameter635
Dimensions of Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws636
Dimensions of Counterbores and Bolt Holes for
Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws637
11 Dimension for Hexagon Head Bolt with Nominal Diameter
637
Body - Coarse Threads (Grade A First choice)
12 Hexagon Nuts - Style1 - Coarse Threads (First Choice)
638
13 Dimensions of Hexagon Socket Set Screws Cup Point 638
14 Dimensions of Taper Pins 639
15 Spring-type Straight Pins Slotted 640
16 Keys and Keyways
641
17 Retaining Rings 642
17.1 C-type Retaining Ring (Shaft Use)642
17.2 C-type Retaining Ring (Hole Use)642
17.3 E-type Retaining Ring643
18 Straight-sided Splines644
19 Permissible Deviations in Dimensions without Tolerance
Indication for Injection Molded Products645
20 Surface Roughness 646
21 Geometrical Symbols for Gear Design646
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Numerical Expression, Unit and Other Data

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
648
Mathematical Formulas
International System of Units (SI)649
Dynamic Conversion Formulas650
651
Table for Weight of Steel Bar
List of Elements by Symbol and Specific Gravity652
Hardness Comparison Table653
654
Comparative Table of Gear Pitch
Charts Indicating Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Spur and Helical Gears 655
656
Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Standard Spur Gear 20
658
Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Standard Spur Gear 14.5
Inverse Involute Function 660
661
Involute Function Table
Technical Data
1 Gear Types and Terminology

Gears are identified by many types and there are many
specific technical words to describe their definition. This
section introduces those technical words along with
commonly used gears and their features.
1.1 Types of Gears
The most common way to classify gears is by category
type and by the orientation of axes.
Gears are classified into 3 categories; parallel axes
gears, intersecting axes gears, and nonparallel and
nonintersecting axes gears.
Supr and helical gears are parallel axes gears. Bevel
gears are intersecting axes gears. Screw or crossed
helical, worm and hypoid gears belong to the third
category. Table 1.1 lists the gear types by axes
orientation.
1 Parallel Axes Gears

Spur Gear
This is a cylindrical shaped
gear, in which the teeth
are parallel to the axis.
It is the most commonly
used gear with a wide
range of applications and is
the easiest to manufacture.
Spur Rack
This is a linear shaped
gear which can mesh
with a spur gear with
any number of teeth. The
spur rack is a portion of a
spur gear with an infinite
radius.
Fig.1.1 Spur Gear
Fig.1.2 Spur Rack
Table 1.1 Types of Gears and Their Categories

Categories of Gears
Parallel Axes
Gears
Intersecting
Axes Gears
Nonparallel and
Nonintersecting
Types of Gears
Spur gear
Spur rack
Internal gear
Helical gear
Helical rack
Double helical gear
Straight bevel gear
Spiral bevel gear
Zerol bevel gear
Screw gear
Worm gear
Efficiency(%)
98.0 99.5
98.0 99.0
70.0 95.0
30.0 90.0
Also, included in table 1.1 is the theoretical efficiency

range of various gear types. These figures do not
include bearing and lubricant losses.
Since meshing of paired parallel axis gears or
intersecting axis gears involves simple rolling
movements, they produce relatively minimal slippage
and their efficiency is high.
Nonparallel and nonintersecting gears, such as screw
gears or worm gears, rotate with relative slippage and
by power transmission, which tends to produce friction
and makes the efficiency lower when compared to other
types of gears.
Efficiency of gears is the value obtained when the
gears are installed and working accurately. Particulary
for bevel gears, it is assumed that the efficiency will
decrease if improperly mounted from off-position on the
cone-top.
Internal Gear
gear, but with the teeth
inside the circular ring. It
can mesh with a spur gear.
Internal gears are often
used in planetary gear
systems.
Helical Gear
gear with helicoid teeth.
Helical gears can bear
more load than spur gears,
and work more quietly.
They are widely used in
industry. A disadvantange
is the axial thrust force
caused by the helix form.
Helical Rack
This is a linear shaped
gear that meshes with
a helical gear. A Helical
Rack can be regarded as
a portion of a helical gear
with infinite radius.
Fig.1.3 Internal
Gear and Spur Gear
Fig.1.4 Helical Gear
Fig.1.5 Helical Rack
499
Technical Data
Double Helical Gear

A gear with both left-hand and
right-hand helical teeth. The
double helical form balances the
inherent thrust forces.
2Intersecting Axes
Fig1.6 Double Helical Gear
Straight Bevel Gear

This is a gear in which the
teeth have tapered conical
elements that have the same
direction as the pitch cone base
line (generatrix). The straight
bevel gear is both the simplest
to produce and the most widely
applied in the bevel gear family. Fig.1.7 Straight Bevel Gear
Spiral Bevel Gear
This is a bevel gear with a
helical angle of spiral teeth.
It is much more complex to
manufacture, but offers higher
strength and less noise.
Zerol Bevel Gear
This is a special type of spiral
bevel gear, where the spiral
angle is zero degree. It has
the characteristics of both the
straight and spiral bevel gears.
The forces acting upon the
tooth are the same as for a
straight bevel gear.
Fig.1.8 Spiral Bevel Gear
Fig.1.9 Zerol Bevel Gear
3Nonparallel and Nonintersecting

Axes Gears
Worm Gear pair
Worm gear pair is the name
for a meshed worm and worm
wheel. An outstanding feature
is that it offers a very large
gear ratio in a single mesh. It
also provides quiet and smooth
action. However, transmission
efficiency is poor.
500
Fig.1.10 Worm Gear pair
Screw Gear (Crossed

Helical Gear)
A pair of cylindrical gears
used to drive non-parallel and
nonintersecting shafts where the
teeth of one or both members of
the pair are of screw form. Screw
gears are used in the combination
of screw gear / screw gear, or
screw gear / spur gear. Screw
gears assure smooth, quiet
operation. However, they are not
suitable for transmission of high
horsepower.
Fig.1.11 Screw Gear
4Other Special Gears

Face Gear
A pseudo bevel gear that is
limited to 90intersecting axes.
The face gear is a circular disc
with a ring of teeth cut in its side
face; hence the name Face Gear
Fig.1.12 Face Gear
Enveloping Gear Pair
This worm set uses a special
worm shape that partially
envelops the worm gear as
viewed in the direction of
the worm gear axis. Its big
advantage over the standard
worm is much higher load
capacity. However, the worm Fig.1.13 Enveloping Gear Pair
gear is very complicated to
design and produce.
Hypoid Gear
Thia gear is a slight deviation
from a bevel gear that originated
as a special development for
the automobile industry. This
permitted the drive to the rear
axle to be nonintersecting, and
thus allowed the auto body to be
lowered. It looks very much like
the spiral bevel gear. However,
it is complicated to design and is
the most difficult to produce on a
bevel gear generator.
Fig.1.14 Hypoid Gear
Technical Data
1.2 Symbols and Terminology

Symbols and technical words used in this catalog are
listed in Table 1.2 to Table 1.4. The formerly used
JIS B 0121 and JIS B 0102 Standards were revised to
JIS B 0121:1999 and JIS B 102:1999 conforming to the
International Standard Organization (ISO) Standard. In

accordance with the revision, we have unified the use of
words and symbols conforming to the ISO standard.
Table 1.2 Linear and Circular Dimensions
Table 1.3 Angular Dimensions
Terms
Centre distance
Reference pitch
Transverse pitch
Normal pitch
Axial pitch
Base pitch
Transverse base pitch
Normal base pitch
Tooth depth
Addendum
Dedendum
Chordal height
Constant chord height
Working depth
Tooth thickness
Normal tooth thickness
Transverse tooth thickness
Crest width
Base thickness
Chordal tooth thickness
Constant chord
Span measurement over k teeth
Tooth space
Tip and root clearance
Circumferential backlash
Normal backlash
Radial backlash
Axial backlash
NOTE 1
Angular backlash
Facewidth
Effective facewidth
Lead
Length of path of contact
Length of approach path
Length of recess path
Overlap length
Reference diameter
Pitch diameter
Tip diameter
Base diameter
Root diameter
Center reference diameter
Inner tip diameter
Reference radius
Pitch radius
Tip radius
Base radius
Root radius
Radius of curvature of tooth profile
Cone distance
Back cone distance
Symbols
a
p
pt
pn
px
pb
pbt
pbn
h
ha
hf
ha
hc
hw
s
sn
st
sa
sb
s
sc
W
e
c
jt
jn
jr
j x

j

b

bw

pz

g

gf

ga

g

d

dw

da

db

df

dm

di

r

rw

ra

rb

rf

R

Rv
Terms
Reference pressure angle
Working pressure angle
Cutter pressure angle
Transverse pressure angle
Normal pressure angle
Axial pressure angle
Transverse working pressure angle
Tip pressure angle
Normal working pressure angle
Reference cylinder helix angle
Pitch cylinder helix angle
Mean spiral angle NOTE 2
Tip cylinder helix angle
Base cylinder helix angle
Reference cylinder lead angle
Pitch cylinder lead angle
Tip cylinder lead angle
Base cylinder lead angle
Shaft angle
Reference cone angle
Pitch angle NOTE 3
Tip angle NOTE 4
Root angle NOTE 5
Addendum angle
Dedendum angle
Transverse angle of transmission
Overlap angle
Total angle of transmission
Tooth thickness half angle
Tip tooth thickness half angle
Spacewidth half angle
Angular pitch of crown gear
Involute function (Involute )
NOTE

NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
Symbols
w
0
t
n
x
wt
a
n
'
m
a
b
w
a
b
w
a
f
a
f
inv
2. The spiral angle of spiral bevel gears was defined as

the helix angle by JIS B 0102
3. This must be Pitch Angle, according to JIS B 0102.
4. This must be Tip Angle, according to JIS B 0102.
5. This must be Root Angle, according to JIS B 0102.
*NOTE 1.
Axial backlashis not a word defined by JIS.
501
Technical Data
Table 1.4Others
Terms
Number of teeth
Equivalent number of teeth
Number of threads, or number of teeth in pinion
Gear ratio
Transmission ratio
Module
Transverse module
Normal module
Axial module
Diametral pitch
Transverse contact ratio
Overlap ratio
Total contact ratio
Angular speed
Tangential speed
Rotational speed
Profile shift coefficient
Normal profile shift coefficient
Transverse profile shift coefficient
Center distance modification coefficient
Tangential force(Circumference)
Axial force(Thrust)
Radial force
Pin diameter
Ideal pin diameter
Measurement over rollers (pin)
Pressure angle at pin center
Coefficient of friction
Circular thickness factor
Single pitch deviation
Pitch deviation
Total cumulative pitch deviation
Total profile deviation
Runout
Total helix deviation
Symbols
z
zv
z1
u
i
m
mt
mn
mx
P
v
n
x
xn
xt
y
Ft
Fx
Fr
dp
d'p
M
fpt
f or fpu
Fp
F
Fr
F
A numerical subscript is used to distinguishpinionfrom

gear(Example z1 and z2),wormfromworm wheel,
drive gearfromdriven gear, and so forth. (To find
an example, see page P503 Fig. 2.1).
502
T a b l e 1.5 i n d i c a t e s t h e G r e e k a l p h a b e t , t h e
intermatioal phonetic alphabet.
Table 1.5The Greek alphabet
Upper Case Lower Case
Spelling
Letters
Letters
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
lota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
Nu
Xi
Omicron
pi
Rho
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
phi
Chi
psi
Omega
Technical Data
2 Gear Trains
Gears cannot work singularly to transmit power. At
least two or more gears must be meshed to work. This
section introduces a simple gear trainSingle-Stage
Gear Trainand its use in pairs for aTwo-Stage Gear
Train.
2.1 Single-Stage Gear Train
A pair of meshed gears is the basic form of a singlestage gear train. Figure 2.1 shows forms of the singlestage gear train
Gear 2
( z 2, n 2)
In a single-stage gear train, which consists of z1 and z2

numbers of teeth on the driver and driven gears, and
their respective rotations, n1 & n2. The speed ratio is:
z2
n1
Speed Ratio i ==
2.1
z1
n2
Gear trains can be classified by three types, in

accordance with the value of the speed ratio i:
Speed ratio i < 1, Increasing : n1 < n2
Speed ratio i = 1, Equal speeds : n1 = n2
Speed ratio i > 1, Reducing : n1 > n2
For the very common cases of spur and bevel gear meshes,
see Figures 2.1 (A) and (B), the direction of rotation of driver
and driven gears are reversed. In the case of an internal gear
mesh, see Figure 2.1 (C), both gears have the same direction
of rotation. In the case of a worm mesh, see Figure 2.1 (D),
the rotation direction of z2 is determined by its helix hand.
Gear 2
Gear 1
( z 2, n 2)
( z 1, n 1)
(A)A Pair of Spur Gears
Gear 2
( z 2, n 2)
Gear 1
( z 1, n 1)
(B)Bevel Gears
Right-hand Worm Gear
Gear 1
( z 1, n 1)
Left-hand Worm Gear
( z 1, n 1)
(C) Spur Gear and Internal Gear
( z 1, n 1)
Right-hand Worm Wheel
Left-hand Worm Wheel
( z 2, n 2)
( z 2, n 2)
(D) Worm Gear Pair
Fig. 2.1 Single-Stage Gear Trains
503
Technical Data
In addition to these four basic forms, the combination

of a rack and pinion can be considered as a specific
type. The displacement of a rack, , for rotation of
the mating pinion is:
If gears 2 and 3 have the same number of teeth, then

the train is simplified as shown in Figure 2.4. In this
arrangement, gear 2 is known as an idler, which has no
effect on the speed ratio. The speed ratio is then:
z 1
= m
2.2
360
z2
z3
z3
Speed ratio i ==
2.4
z1
z2
z1
Where: m is the reference pitch
z1 is the number of teeth of the pinion

l
m
Gear3
Gear2
( z3,n3)
Gear1
( z2,n2)
( z1,n1)
Fig. 2.2 Rack and Pinion
2.2 Two-Stage Gear Train

A two-stage gear train uses two single-stages in series.
Figure 2.3 represents the basic form of an external gear
two-stage gear train. Let the first gear in the first stage
be the driver. Then the speed ratio of the two-stage
gear train is:
z2
z4
n1
n3
Speed ratio i =
z1 =
z3
n2
n4
2.3
In this arrangement, n2 = n3
In the two-stage gear train, Fig. 2.3, Gear 1 rotates in
the same direction as gear 4.
Fig. 2.4Single-stage gear train with an idler
Table 2.1 introduces calculation examples for twostage gear trains in Fig.2.3.
Table 2.1 Speed Ratio of Two-Stage Gear Trains
No.
Term
1 No. of Teeth(First Gear

2 No. of Teeth(Second Gear
3 RPM (Gear 1)
Gear 4
( z4,n4)
Gear 3
( z3,n3)
Gear 2
( z2,n2)
Gear 1
( z1,n1)
Symbols Formula
z1 , z2
z3 , z4
Set Value
n1
4 Speed ratio(First Stage
i1
5 Speed ratio(Second Stage
i2
6 Final speed ratio
7 RPM(Gear2 and 3
n2
8 RPM(Gear4
n4
z2
z1
z4
z3
i1i2
n1
i1
n1
i
Calculation Example
Pinion
Gear
10
24
12
30
1200
2.4
2.5
6
500
200
RPM: Revolution per Minute

Set value here stands for the values pre-designated by the
designer.
Fig. 2.3 Two-Stage Gear Train
504
Technical Data
3 Gear Tooth Profiles

For power transmission gears, the tooth form most
commonly used today is the involute profile. Involute
gears can be manufactured easily, and the gearing has
a feature that enables smooth meshing despite the
misalignment of center distance to some degree.
The data in table 3.2 is extracted from JIS B 1701-2:

1999 which defines the tooth profile and dimensions
of involute spur and helical gears. It is recommended
to use the values in the series I and not to use with
Module 6.5, if possible.
3.1 Module Sizes and Standards

Fig. 3.1 shows the tooth profile of a rack, which is the
standard involute gear profile.
Table 3.1 lists terms, symbols, formulas and definitions
related to gear tooth profiles.
The tooth profile shown in Fig 3.1, where the tooth
depth is 2.25 times the module, is called a full depth
tooth. This type of full depth tooth is most common, but
other types with shorter or longer tooth depths are also
used in some applications. Although the pressure angle
is usually set to 20 degrees, can be 14.5 or 17.5 degrees
in specific applications.
p = m
s
Reference tooth profile

of a standard rack
Top land
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.7
0.75
0.9
1.125
1.375
1.75
2.25
2.75
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
16
20
25
32
40
50
3.5
4.5
5.5
(6.5)
7
9
11
14
18
22
28
36
45
*Extracted from JIS B 1701-2: 1999, the second section of Gear Profile:
Modulein Cylindrical Gear Involute Gears Gear Profile Section 2
Module.
Reference tooth profile of a rack

standardized for the mating gear
Table 3.2Standard values of module Unit: mm
Figure 3.2 shows the comparative size of various

rack teeth.
hw
ha
hf
m1
c
Bottom land
Fig. 3.1Reference tooth profile of a rack
m2
Table.3.1Symbols related to Gear Tooth Profile

Terms
Symbols Formula
Definition
Module
Module is the unit size indicated in

millimeter (mm). The value is calculated
from dividing the reference pitch by Pi ().
Pitch
Reference Pitch is the distance between

corresponding points on adjacent teeth.
The value is calculated from multiplying
Module m by Pi().
Pressure
Angle
degree
The angle of a gear tooth leaning against a

normal reference line.
Addendum
ha
1.00m The distance between reference line and tooth tip.
Dedendum
hf
1.25m The distance between reference line and tooth root.
Tooth Depth
2.25m The distance between tooth tip and tooth root.
Working
Depth
hw
2.00m Depth of tooth meshed with the mating gear.
Tip and Root

Clearance
0.25m The distance (clearance) between tooth

root and the tooth tip of mating gear.
Dedendum
Fillet Radius
0.38m The radius of curvature between tooth

surface and the tooth root.
m4
m8
Fig. 3. Comparative size of various rack teeth
505
Technical Data
To indicate tooth size, there are two other units as

well as the Module; Circular Pitch (CP) and Diametral
Pitch P (D.P).
Circular Pitch denotes the reference pitch P. If the
reference pitch is set to an integer value, an integral
feed in a mechanism is easily obtained.
3.2 The Involute Curve

Figure 3.3 shows an element of involute curve. The
definition of involute curve is the curve traced by a
point on a straight line which rolls without slipping
on the circle. The circle is called the base circle of the
involutes.
y
Diametral Pitch P (D.P.), the unit to denote the size of

the gear tooth, is used in the USA, the UK, and other
countries. The transformation from Diametral Pitch
P (D.P.) to module m is accomplished by the following
equation:
rb
m = 25.4 3.1
P
b
x
O
inv
Table 3.3 shows the pitch comparisons
Fig. 3.3The Involute Curve
Table 3.3 Pitch comparisons
506
Module
m
Circular Pitch
CP
Diametral Pitch
DP
0.39688
0.50000
0.52917
0.6
0.79375
0.79577
0.8
1
1.05833
1.25
1.27000
1.5
1.59155
1.58750
2
2.11667
2.5
2.54000
3
3.17500
3.18310
4
4.23333
4.77465
5
5.08000
6
6.35000
6.36620
8
8.46667
10
01.24682
01.57080
01.66243
01.88496
02.49364
2.5000
02.51327
03.14159
03.32485
03.92699
03.98982
04.71239
05.00000
04.98728
06.28319
06.64970
07.85398
07.97965
09.42478
09.97456
10 00000
12.56637
13.29941
15.00000
15.70796
15.95929
18.84956
19.94911
20.00000
25.13274
26.59882
31.41593
64.00000
50.80000
48.00000
42.33333
32.00000
31.91858
31.75000
25.40000
24.00000
20.32000
20.00000
16.93333
15.95929
16.00000
12.70000
12.00000
10.16000
10.00000
08.46667
08.00000
07.97965
6.3500
6.0000
05.31976
5.0800
5.0000
04.23333
4.0000
03.98982
3.1750
3.0000
2.5400
In Fig.3.3, inv stands for Involute Angle (Involute ). The

units for inv is radians. is called involute rolling angle.
inv = tan
(rad)
3.2
With the center of the base circle O at the origin of a

coordinate system, the involute curve can be expressed
by values of x and y as follows:
r
= cos1 b
r
x = r cos ( inv )

3.3
y = r sin ( inv )
Table 3.4 Calculation Example: The coordinates of an Involute Curve

Gear Specifications
Module
Pressure
Angle
No. of Teeth
Set Value
5
20
30
Gear Specifications
Reference
diameter
Base
diameter
Tip diameter
Set Value
150.00000
140.95389
160.00000
rRadius (Pressure Angle) x -coordinate y -coordinate

70.47695
72.00000
74.00000
76.00000
78.00000
80.00000
0.00000
11.80586
17.75087
21.97791
25.37123
28.24139
70.4769
71.9997
73.9961
75.9848
77.9615
79.9218
0.0000
0.2136
0.7628
1.5192
2.4494
3.5365
The following method was used to create the above table:

Determine Radius ( r )
Calculate the coordinate of pressure angle , x

/ y using the formulas (3.3)
Technical Data
3.3 Meshing of Involute Gear

Thus, if the pressure angles are different, the base
pitches cannot be identical.
The contact length ab shown in Figure 3.4 is described
as the "Length of the path of contact". The contact ratio
can be expressed by the following equation:.
Figure 3.4 shows a pair of standard gears meshing

together. The contact point of the two involutes, as
Figure 3.4 shows, slides along the common tangent of the
two base circles as rotation occurs. The common tangent
is called the line of contact, or line of action.
A pair of gears can only mesh correctly if the pitches
and the pressure angle are the same. The requirement
that the pressure angles must be identical becomes
obvious from the following equation for base pitch pb:
pb = m cos
3.4
Length of path of contact ab

Transverse Contact Ratio =
3.5
Base pitch pb
It is good practice to maintain a transverse contact ratio

of 1 or greater. Module m and the pressure angle are
the key items in the meshing of gears.
db1 d
O1
O1
O1
Len
gth
of
pat
ho
f co
nta
ct
db2 d2
O2
O2
O2
Fig. 3.4 Meshing of Involute Gear
Rack Form Tool
Involute gears can be easily generated by rack type

cutters. The hob is in effect a rack cutter. Gear
generation is also produced with gear type cutters using
a shaper or planer machine. Figure 3.5 illustrates how
an involute gear tooth profile is generated. It shows how
the pitch line of a rack cutter rolling on a pitch circle
generates a spur gear. Gear shapers with pinion cutters
can also be used to generate involute gears. Gear
shapers can not only generate external gears but also
generate internal gear teeth.
d sin2
2
3.4 The Generating of a Spur Gear
db
O
Fig. 3.5 Generation of a Standard Spur Gear

( = 20, z = 10, x = 0 )
507
Technical Data
3.5 Undercutting
The number of teeth without undercut (z) will be:
The profile shift coefficient without undercut (x) is:

z
x = 1 sin2
3.10
2
Profile shift is not merely used to prevent undercut, it
can also be used to adjust the center distance between
two gears. If a positive correction is applied, such as to
prevent undercut in a pinion, the tooth tip is sharpened.
Table 3.5 presents the calculation of top land thickness

(Crest width).
xm
Rack Form Tool
d
sin2
2
When cutting a stock spur pinion like the gear shown

in Fig. 3.5, undercutting occurs if you cut deeper than
the interfering point. I. Undercutting is a phenomenon
that occurs when some part of tooth dedendum is
unexpectedly cut by the edge of the generating tool (hc).
The condition for no undercutting in a standard spur
gear is given by the expression:
Max addendum
mz
m sin2
3.6
2
and the minimum number of teeth (z) is:
2
z =
3.7
sin2
For pressure angle 20 degrees, the minimum number of

teeth free of undercutting is 17. However, gears with 16
teeth or less can be usable if their strength and contact
ratio pose any ill effect.
2 (1 x)
z =
3.9
sin2
3.6 Profile Shifting
As Figure 3.5 shows, a gear with 20 degrees of pressure

angle and 10 teeth will have a huge undercut volume.
To prevent undercut, a positive correction must be
introduced. A positive correction, as in Figure 3.6, can
prevent undercut. Undercutting will get worse if a
negative correction is applied. See Figure 3.7. The extra
feed of gear cutter (xm) in Figures 3.6 and 3.7 is the
amount of shift or correction. And x is the profile shift
coefficient.
The condition to prevent undercut in a spur gear is:
Fig. 3.6 Generation of Positive Shifted Spur Gear

( = 20, z = 10, x = + 0.5 )
Rack Form Tool
zm
sin2 3.8
2
Table 3.5 Calculations of Top Land Thickness (Crest Width )

No.
Item
Symbols Symbol
Formula
Example
1 Module
mm
2 Pressure angle
degree
20
3 No. of Teeth
Profile Shift
4
Coefficient
Reference
5
Diameter
6 Base Diameter
7 Tip Diameter
8
Tip Pressure
Angle
9 Involute
10 Involute a
Tip Tooth
11 Thickness Half
Angle
12 Crest Width
d
db
mm
da
Set Value
0.3
zm
32
dcos
30.07016
d + 2m (1+ x)
37.2
36.06616
inv
inva
tana a
0.098835
2x tan
+
+(inv inv a )
2z
z
0.027893
a da
1.03762
degree
radian
a
sa
mm
db
d
16
cos-1 db
da
tan
xm
m xm
db
0.014904
Fig. 3.7 Generation of Negative Shifted Spur Gear

( = 20, z = 10, x = 0.5 )
sa
a
Fig. 3.8 Top Land Thickness
508
Technical Data
3.7 Gear Tooth Modifications

There are many unique technical words related to gearing.
Also, there are various unique ways of modifying gears. This
section introduces some of most common methods.
1Tooth Profile Modification
Tooth Profile Modification generally means adjusting
the addendum. Tooth profile adjustment is done by
chamfering the tooth surface in order to make the
incorrect involute profile on purpose. This adjustment,
enables the tooth to vault when it gets the load, so it can
avoid interfering with
the mating gear. This
is effective for reducing
noise and longer surface
life. However, too much
adjustment may create
bad tooth contact as it is
functions the same as a
Fig. 3.9 Tooth Profile Modification
large tooth profile error.
2Crowning and End Relief
Crowning is the removal
of a slight amount of the tooth from the center on out to
the reach edge, making the tooth surface slightly convex.
This method allows the gear to maintain contact in the
central region of the tooth and permits avoidance of edge
contact. Crowning should not be larger than necessary as
it will reduce the tooth contact area, thus weakening the
gears strength.
3Topping and Semitopping

In topping, often referred to as top hobbing, the top
or tip diameter of the gear is cut simultaneously with
the generation of the teeth. Fig. 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 indicate
topping and generating of the gear by rack type cutters.
An advantage is that there will be no burrs on the tooth
top. Also, the tip diameter is highly concentric with the
pitch circle.
Semitopping is the chamfering of the tooth's top corner,
which is accomplished simultaneously with tooth
generation. Fig.3.11 shows a semitopping cutter and the
resultant generated semitopped gear. Such a tooth end
prevents corner damage and has no burrs.
Teeth Form of
Semitopping Cutter
Semitopped Teeth Form
Fig. 3.11 Semitopping Cutter and the Gear Profile
The magnitude of semitopping should not go beyond a

proper limit as otherwise it would significantly shorten
addendum and contact ratio. Fig. 3.12 shows a recommended
magnitude of semitopping.
Topping and semitopping are independent modifications
but, if desired, can be applied simultaneously.
End relief is the chamfering of both ends of tooth surface.
0.1m
Crowning
End Relief
Fig. 3.12 Magnitude of Semitopping
Fig. 3.10 Crowning and End Relief
509
Technical Data
4 Calculation of Gear Dimensions

Gear dimensions are determined in accordance with their specifications, such as Module (m), Number of teeth
(z), Pressure angle (a), and Profile shift coefficient (x). This section introduces the dimension calculations for spur
gears, helical gears, racks, bevel gears, screw gears, and worm gear pairs. Calculations of external dimensions
(eg. Tip diameter) are necessary for processing the gear blanks. Tooth dimensions such as root diameter or tooth
depth are considered when gear cutting.
4.1 Spur Gears
Spur Gears are the simplest type of gear. The

calculations for spur gears are also simple and they
are used as the basis for the calculations for other
types of gears. This section introduces calculation
methods of standard spur gears, profile shifted spur
gears, and linear racks. The standard spur gear is a
non-profile-shifted spur gear.
d f2
d b1
d2
d a2
O1
df
O2
d a1
1Standard Spur Gear

Figure 4.1 shows the meshing of standard spur gears.
The meshing of standard spur gears means the
reference circles of two gears contact and roll with each
other. The calculation formulas are in Table 4.1.
d1
d b2
Fig. 4.1The Meshing of Standard Spur Gears

( = 20, z1 = 12, z2 = 24, x1 = x2 = 0 )
Table 4.1Calculations for Standard Spur Gears

No.
Item
Symbol
Module
Reference Pressure Angle
Number of Teeth
Formula
510
Center Distance
Pinion1
Gear2
3
20
Set Value
NOTE 1
( z1 + z2 ) m
2
d
zm
5 Reference Diameter
db
d cos
6 Base Diameter
ha
1.00m
7 Addendum
h
2.25m
8 Tooth Depth
da
d + 2m
9 Tip Diameter
d 2.5m
df
10 Root Diameter
NOTE 1 : The subscripts 1 and 2 of z1 and z2 denote pinion and gear.
4
Example
12
24
54.000
36.000
33.829
3.000
6.750
42.000
28.500
72.000
67.658
3.000
6.750
78.000
64.500
Technical Data
All calculated values in Table 4.1 are based upon given

module m and number of teeth (z 1 and z 2). If instead, the
module m, center distance a and speed ratio i are given, then
the number of teeth, z1 and z2, would be calculated using the
formulas as shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2The Calculations for Number of Teeth
No.
Item
Module
Center Distance
Speed Ratio
Sum of No. of Teeth
Number of Teeth
Symbol
Formula
m
a
i
z1 + z2
z
Example
Pinion
Set Value
2a
m
z1 + z2
i+1
Gear
3
54.000
1.25
36
i (z1 + z2)
i+1
16
20
Note, that the number of teeth will probably not be

integer values when using the formulas in Table 4.2.
In this case, it will be necessary to resort to profile
shifting or to employ helical gears to obtain as near a
transmission ratio as possible.
511
Technical Data
2Profile Shifted Spur Gear

Figure 4.2 shows the meshing of a pair of profile
shifted gears. The key items in profile shifted gears are
the operating (working) pitch diameters (d w ) and the
working (operating) pressure angle ( w). These values
are obtainable from the modified center distance and the
following formulas:
z1
z1 + z2
z2
dw2 = 2a
z1 + z2
d b1 + d b2
w = cos1
2a
4.1
dw1 = 2a
In the meshing of profile shifted gears, it is the operating

pitch circle that is in contact and roll on each other that
portrays gear action. Table 4.3 presents the calculations
where the profile shift coefficient has been set at x1 and
x2 at the beginning. This calculation is based on the idea
d a2
dw2
d2
d b2
dw1
d1
d b1
d f2
w
O1
O2
d f1
Fig. 4.2The Meshing of Profile Shifted Gears

( = 20, z1 = 12, z2 = 24, x1 = + 0.6, x2 = + 0.36 )
that the amount of the tip and root clearance should be

0.25 m.
Table 4.3 The Calculations for Profile Shifted Spur Gears (1)
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
z
x
Module
Reference Pressure Angle
Number of Teeth
Profile Shift Coefficient
Involute w
Working Pressure Angle
Center Distance
Modification Coefficient
8
9
Set Value
Gear2
3
20
12
0.6
24.
0.36
x2 + inv
2 tan x1 +
z1 + z2
0.034316
Find from Involute Function Table
26.0886
z1 + z2 cos
2 cos w
0.83329
Center Distance
z1 + z2
+ ym
2
56.4999
Reference Diameter
10 Base Diameter
d
db
zm
d cos
36.000
33.8289
72.000
67.6579
Working Pitch
Diameter
dw
db
cos w
37.667
75.333
4.420
3.700
11
12 Addendum
13 Tooth Depth
14 Tip Diameter
15 Root Diameter
inv w
h a1
h a2
1 + y x2
m
1 + y x1 m
h
da
df
2.25 + y x1 + x2 m
d + 2ha
da 2h
A standard spur gear is, according to Table 4.3, a profile

shifted gear with 0 coefficient of shift; that is , x1 = x2 = 0.
512
Example
Pinion1
6.370
44.840
32.100
79.400
66.660
Technical Data
Table 4.4 is the inverse formula of items from 4 to 8 of

Table 4.3.
Table 4.4The Calculations for Profile Shifted Spur Gears (2)
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Set Value
Center Distance
Center Distance
Modification Coefficient
z1 + z2
2
Working Pressure
Angle
cos1
Sum of Profile Shift

Coefficient
x1 + x2
Profile Shift Coefficient
a
m
cos
2y
+
1
+
z
1
2
(z1 + z2) (inv w inv )

2tan
Example
Pinion
Gear2
56.4999
0.8333
26.0886
0.9600
0.6000
0.3600
There are several theories concerning how to distribute

the sum of profile shift coefficient (x1 + x2) into pinion (x1)
and gear (x2) separately. BSS (British) and DIN (German)
standards are the most often used. In the example above,
the 12 tooth pinion was given sufficient correction to
prevent undercut, and the residual profile shift was given
to the mating gear.
513
Technical Data
3Rack and Spur Gear

Table 4.5 presents the method for calculating the mesh
of a rack and spur gear.
Figure 4.3 (1) shows the the meshing of standard gear
and a rack. In this mesh, the reference circle of the
gear touches the pitch line of the rack.
Figure 4.3 (2) shows a profile shifted spur gear, with

positive correction xm, meshed with a rack. The spur
gear has a larger pitch radius than standard, by the
amount xm. Also, the pitch line of the rack has shifted
outward by the amount xm.
Table 4.5 presents the calculation of a meshed profile
shifted spur gear and rack. If the profile shift coefficient
x1 is 0, then it is the case of a standard gear meshed
with the rack.
Table 4.5 The calculations of dimensions of a profile shifted spur gear and a rack
Symbol
Formula
Example
Spur gear
Module
Number of teeth
Height of pitch line
z
x
H
w
Mounting distance
zm
+ H + xm
2
Reference diameter
Base diameter
d
db
zm
d cos
36.000
33.829
10 Working pitch diameter
dw
db
cos w
36.000
11 Addendum
ha
h
da
df
m( 1 + x )
2.25m
d + 2ha
da 2h
4.800
12 Tooth depth
13 Tip diameter
14 Root diameter
3
20
Set Value
12
0.6
32.000
20
51.800
3.000
6.750
45.600
32.100
One rotation of the spur gear will displace the rack l

one circumferential length of the gear's reference circle,
per the formula:
l = mz
4.2
The rack displacement, l, is not changed in any way by

the profile shifting. Equation (4.2) remains applicable for
any amount of profile shift.
d db
db
xm
d
2
Rack
Item
d
2
No.
Fig. 4.31The meshing of standard spur gear and rack

( = 20, z1 = 12, x1 = 0 )
514
Fig. 4.32The meshing of profile shifted spur gear and rack

( = 20, z1 = 12, x1 = + 0.6 )
Technical Data
4.2 Internal Gears

Internal Gears are composed of a cylindrical shaped
gear having teeth inside a circular ring. Gear teeth of
the internal gear mesh with the teeth space of a spur
gear. Spur gears have a convex shaped tooth profile and
internal gears have reentrant shaped tooth profile; this
characteristic is opposite of Internal gears. Here are the
calculations for the dimensions of internal gears and their
interference.
w
O1
d2
d f2
1Internal Gear Calculations

Figure 4.4 presents the mesh of an internal gear and
external gear. Of vital importance is the working pitch
diameters (dw) and working pressure angle (w). They can
be derived from center distance (a) and Equations (4.3).
z1
z2
z2
dw2 = 2a
z2
w = cos1 db2
dw1 = 2a

4.3
z1
d b1
2a
Table 4.6 shows the calculation steps. It will become a

standard gear calculation if x1 = x2 = 0.
z1
d b2
d a2
O2
Fig.4.4 The meshing of internal gear and external gear

( = 20, z1 = 16, z2 = 24, x1 = x2 = + 0.5 )
Table 4.6 The calculations of a profile shifted internal gear and external gear (1)
No.
Item
Symbol
z
x
Module
Number of teeth
Involute function w inv w
Center distance
modification coefficient
8
9
Example
Formula
External gear1Internal gear2
3
20
Set Value
16
0
24
+ 0.516
x2 x1 + inv
2tan
z2 z1
00.061857
Find from involute Function Table
31.321258
z2 z1 cos
00.4000
Center distance
z2 z1
+ y m
13.2
Reference diameter
10 Base diameter
d
db
zm
d cos
48.0000
45.1050
72.0000
67.6580
dw
db
cosw
52.7998
79.1997
12 Addendum
h a1
h a2
( 1 + x1 ) m
( 1 x2 ) m
03.0000
01.4520
13 Tooth depth
2.25m
14 Tip diameter
d a1
d a2
d1 + 2ha1
d2 2ha2
54.0000
69.0960
15 Root diameter
d f1
d f2
da1 2h
da2 + 2h
40.5000
82.5960
cos w
6.75
515
Technical Data
If the center distance (a) is given, x 1 and x 2 would be

obtained from the inverse calculation from item 4 to item 8
of Table 4.6. These inverse formulas are in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7 The calculations of profile shifted internal gear and external gear (2)
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Set Value
Center distance
Center distance
z2 z1
2
cos1
Difference of profile shift

coefficients
x2 x1
x
a
m
Example
External gear1Internal gear2
13.1683
000.38943
cos
2y
z2 z1 + 1
31.0937
(z2 z1) (inv w inv )

2tan
0.5
0
0.5
Pinion cutters are often used in cutting internal gears and

external gears. The actual value of tooth depth and root
diameter, after cutting, will be slightly different from the
calculation. That is because the cutter has a profile shift
coefficient. In order to get a correct tooth profile, the profile
shift coefficient of cutter should be taken into consideration.
2Interference In Internal Gears
Three different types of interference can occur with
internal gears: (a) Involute Interference, (b) Trochoid
Interference, and (c) Trimming Interference.
aInvolute Interference
This occurs between the dedendum of the external gear
and the addendum of the internal gear. It is prevalent when
the number of teeth of the external gear is small. Involute
interference can be avoided by the conditions cited below:
z1
tan a2
1
z2
tan w
4.4
where a2 is the pressure angle at a tip of the internal gear tooth.

d
a2 = cos1 b2
d a2
4.5
4.6
Equiation (4.5) is true only if the tip diameter of the

internal gear is bigger than the base circle:
da2 db2
4.7
For a standard internal gear, where = 20, Equation
(4.7) is valid only if the number of teeth is z2 > 34.
516
z1
1+
inv w inv a2 2
z2
4.8
Here
r 2 r a12 a 2
1 = cos1 a2
2ara1
wworking pressure angle

w = cos1 (z2 z1) m cos
2a
bTrochoid Interference
This refers to an interference occurring at the
addendum of the external gear and the dedendum of
the internal gear during recess tooth action. It tends to
happen when the difference between the numbers of
teeth of the two gears is small. Equation (4.8) presents
the condition for avoiding trochoidal interference.
+ inv a1 inv
a 2 + r a22 r a12
2 = cos1
2ara2
4.9
where a1 is the pressure angle of the spur gear tooth tip:

d
a1 = cos1 db1
a1
4.10
In the meshing of an external gear and a standard

internal gear = 20, trochoid interference is avoided
if the difference of the number of teeth, z2 z1, is larger
than 9.
Technical Data
cTrimming Interference
This occurs in the radial direction in that it prevents
pulling the gears apart. Thus, the mesh must be
assembled by sliding the gears together with an axial
motion. It tends to happen when the numbers of teeth
of the two gears are very close. Equation (4.11) indicates
how to prevent this type of interference.
1 + inv a1 inv w
z2
z1
Here
( 2 + inv a2 inv w)
4.11
1 (cos a1/cos a2) 2
1 (z1 / z2 ) 2
4.12
2
1
(cos a2/cos a1) 1
2 = sin
( z2 / z1 ) 2 1
This type of interference can occur in the process of

cutting an internal gear with a pinion cutter. Should that
happen, there is danger of breaking the tooling.
Table 4.8 (1) shows the limit for the pinion cutter to
prevent trimming interference when cutting a standard
internal gear, with pressure angle 0 = 20, and no
profile shift, i.e., x0 = 0.
1 = sin1
Table 4.8(1) The limit to prevent an internal gear

from trimming interference
z0
z2
z0
z2
z0
z2
0 = 20, x0 = x2 = 0
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
27
34
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
43
45
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
38
40
42
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
56
58
60
44
48
50
56
60
64
66
80
96
100
62
66
68
74
78
82
84
98
114 118
There will be an involute interference between the

internal gear and the pinion cutter if the number of teeth
of the pinion cutter ranges from 15 to 22 (z0 = 15 to 22).
Table 4.8(2) shows the limit for a profile shifted pinion
cutter to prevent trimming interference while cutting
a standard internal gear. The correction (x 0) is the
magnitude of shift which was assumed to be: x 0 =
0.0075z0 + 0.05.
Table 4.8(2) The limit to prevent an internal gear
from trimming interference
0 = 20,x2 = 0
z0 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 27
x0 0.1625 0.17 0.1775 0.185 0.1925 0.2 0.2075 0.215 0.23 0.2375 0.2525
z2 36 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 47 48 50
z0 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 40 42
x0 0.26 0.275 0.2825 0.29 0.2975 0.305 0.3125 0.335 0.35 0.365
z2 52 54 55 56 58 59 60 64 66 68
z0 44 48 50 56 60 64 66 80 96 100
x0 0.38 0.41 0.425 0.47 0.5 0.53 0.545 0.65 0.77 0.8
z2 71 76 78 86 90 95 98 115 136 141
There will be an involute interference between the

internal gear and the pinion cutter if the number of teeth
of the pinion cutter ranges from 15 to 19 (z0 = 15 to 19).
Interference
Interference
Involute interference
Interference
Trochoid interference
Fig.4.5 Involute interference and trochoid interference
Fig.4.6 Trimming interference
517
Technical Data
4.3 Helical Gears

A helical gear such as shown in Figure 4.7 is a
cylindrical gear in which the teeth flank are helicoid.
The helix angle in reference cylinder is , and the
displacement of one rotation is the lead, pz .
The tooth profile of a helical gear is an involute curve
from an axial view, or in the plane perpendicular to the
axis. The helical gear has two kinds of tooth profiles
one is based on a normal system, the other is based on
an transverse system.

Pitch measured perpendicular to teeth is called normal
pitch, pn. And pn divided by is then a normal module, mn.
pn
mn =
In the normal system, helical gears can be cut by the

same gear hob if module mn and pressure angle an are
constant, no matter what the value of helix angle .
It is not that simple in the transverse system. The gear
hob design must be altered in accordance with the
changing of helix angle , even when the module mt and
the pressure angle at are the same.
Obviously, the manufacturing of helical gears is easier
with the normal system than with the transverse
system in the plane perpendicular to the axis.
When meshing helical gears, they must have the same
helix angle but with opposite hands.
4.13
The tooth profile of a helical gear with applied normal

module, mn, and normal pressure angle n belongs to a
normal system.
In the axial view, the pitch on the reference is called
the transverse pitch, p t. And p t divided by is the
transverse module, mt.
mt =
pt
4.14
These transverse module m t and transverse pressure

angle t at are the basic configuration of transverse
system helical gear.
pt
pn
Reference diameter
Length of reference circle
px
Helix angle
pz = d / tan
Lead
Fig.4.7 Fundamental relationship of a helical gear (Right-hand)
518
Technical Data
1Normal System Helical Gear

In the normal system, the calculation of a profile
shifted helical gear, the working pitch diameter dw and
transverse working pressure angle wt is done per
Equations (4.15). That is because meshing of the helical
gears in the transverse plane is just like spur gears and
the calculation is similar.
z1
z1 + z2
z2
dw2 = 2a z + z
1
2
d
+
d b2
b
1
wt = cos1 2a
dw1 = 2a
4.15
Table 4.9 shows the calculation of profile shifted helical

gears in the normal system. If normal profile shift
coefficients xn1, xn2 are zero, they become standard gears.
Table 4.9 The calculations of a profile shifted helical gear in the normal system (1)
No.
Item
Symbol
Normal module
Number of teeth & helical hand
Normal coefficient of profile shift
mn
n
z
xn
Involute function wt
inv wt
Transverse woking pressure angle
wt
Center distance
Formula
Example
Pinion1
Gear2
3
20
30
Set Value
12L
+ 0.09809
tan n
tan1
cos
60R
0
22.79588
x + x n2
2 tan n n1
+ inv t
z1 + z2
0.023405
Find from involute Function Table
23.1126
z1 + z2 cos t
2cos cos wt 1
0.09744
10 Center distance
z1 + z2
n
2cos + ym
125.000
11 Reference diameter
zmn
cos
41.569
207.846
12 Base diameter
db
d cos t
38.322
191.611
dw
db
cos wt
41.667
208.333
14 Addendum
h a1
h a2
1 + y xn2 mn
1 + y xn1 mn
3.292
2.998
h
da
df
2.25 + y xn1 + xn2 mn

d + 2ha
da 2h
15 Tooth depth
16 Tip diameter
17 Root diameter
6.748
48.153
34.657
213.842
200.346
519
Technical Data
If center distance, , is given, the normal profile shift

coefficients xn1 and xn2 can be calculated from Table 4.10.
These are the inverse equations from items 5 to 10 of
Table 4.9.
Table 4.10 The calculations for a profile shifted helical gear in the normal system (2)
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Set Value
Center distance
Center distance
a
mn
z1 + z2
2cos
wt
cos1
2y cos
z + z + 1
4
5
Transverse working
pressure angle
Sum of profile shift
coefficient
x n1 + x n2
xn
(z1 + z2) (inv wt inv t)

2tan n
mt =
mn
cos
t = tan1 tan n
cos
520
Gear2
125
23.1126
The transformation from a normal system to a

transverse system is accomplished by the following
equations:
xt = xn cos
Pinion
0.097447
cos t
Example
4.16
0.09809
0.09809
Technical Data
(2) Transverse System Helical Gear

Table 4.11 shows the calculation of profile shifted helical
gears in a transverse system. They become standard if
xt1 = xt2 = 0.
Table 4.11 The calculations for a profile shifted helical gear in the transverse system (1)
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
mt
t
z
xt
Transverse module
Involute function wt
inv wt
wt
Center distance
Example
Pinion1
Gear2
3
20
30
Set Value
12L
0.34462
xt2 + inv
2 tan t xt1 +
t
z1 + z2
60R
0
0.0183886
Find from Involute Function Table
21.3975
z1 + z2 cos t
2 cos wt
0.33333
Center distance
z1 + z2
t
2 + ym
109.0000
11 Base diameter
d
db
zmt
d cos t
36.000
33.8289
180.000
169.1447
dw
db
cos wt
36.3333
181.6667
13 Addendum
h a1
h a2
1 + y x t2
mt
1 + y x t1
mt
4.000
2.966
h
da
df
2.25 + y xt1 + xt2 mt

d + 2ha
da 2h
14 Tooth depth
15 Tip diameter
16 Root diameter
6.716
44.000
30.568
185.932
172.500
Table 4.12 presents the inverse calculation of items 5 to 9 of

Table 4.11.
Table 4.12 The calculations for a profile shifted helical gear in the transverse system (2)
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Set Value
Center distance
Center distance
Transverse working
pressure angle
wt
Sum of profile shift

coefficient
x t1 + x t2
xt
a
z + z2
1
mt
2
cos1
cos t
2y
z 1 + z 2 + 1
(z1 + z2) (inv wt inv t)

2tan t
The transformation from a transverse to a normal

system is described by the following equations:
Example
Pinion1
Gear2
109
0.33333
21.39752
0.34462
0.34462
x
xn = cost
mn = mt cos
n = tan1 (tan t cos )
4.17
521
Technical Data
3Helical Rack
Viewed in the transverse plane, the meshing of a
helical rack and gear is the same as a spur gear and
rack. Table 4.13 presents the calculation examples
for a mated helical rack with normal module and
normal pressure angle. Similarily, Table 4.14 presents

examples for a helical rack in the transverse system (i.e.,
perpendicular to gear axis).
Table 4.13 The calculations for a helical rack in the normal system
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Normal module
Pitch line height
mn
n
z
xn
H
tan n
tan1
cos
Mounting distance
zmn
2cos + H + xnmn
Reference diameter
10 Base diameter
11 Addendum
12 Tooth depth
13 Tip diameter
14
Root diameter
db
ha
h
da
df
Set Value
zmn
cos
d cos t
mn 1 + xn
2.25mn
d + 2ha
da 2h
The displacement of the helical rack, l, for one rotation

of the mating gear is the product of the transverse pitch
and number of teeth.
4.18
According to the equations of Table 4.13, let transverse

pitch p t = 8 mm and displacement l = 160 mm. The
transverse pitch and the displacement could be resolved
into integers, if the helix angle were chosen properly.
522
Rack
2.5
20
1057'49"
20R
L
0
27.5
20.34160
52.965
50.92956
The formulas of a standard helical rack are similar to

those of Table 4.14 with only the normal profile shift
coefficient xn = 0.
To mesh a helical gear to a helical rack, they must have
the same helix angle but with opposite hands.
mn
l =
cos z
Example
Pinion
47.75343
2.500
2.500
5.625
55.929
44.679
Technical Data
Table 4.14 The calculations for a helical rack in the transverse system
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Transverse module
Pitch line height
mt
t
z
xt
H
Mounting distance
zm
t
2
Reference diameter
Base diameter
d
db
ha
h
da
df
zmt
d cos t
m t 1 + x t
2.25mt
d + 2ha
da 2h
10 Addendum
11 Tooth depth
12 Tip diameter
13 Root diameter
Set Value
+ H + xt mt
Example
Pinion
Rack
2.5
20
1057'49"
20R
L
0
27.5
52.500
50.000
46.98463
2.500
2.500
5.625
55.000
43.750
In the meshing of transverse system helical rack and

helical gear, the movement, l, for one turn of the helical
gear is the transverse pitch multiplied by the number of
teeth.
l = mt z
4.19
523
Technical Data
4.4 Bevel Gears
tan 1 =
Bevel gears, whose pitch surfaces are cones, are used

to drive intersecting axes. Bevel gears are classified
according to their type of the tooth forms into Straight
Bevel Gear, Spiral Bevel Gear, Zerol Bevel Gear, Skew
Bevel Gear etc. The meshing of bevel gears means the
pitch cone of two gears contact and roll with each other.
Let z1 and z2 be pinion and gear tooth numbers; shaft
angle ; and reference cone angles 1 and 2 ; then:
tan 2 =
z1
1 = tan1 z2
z2
2 = tan1 z
1
4.20
4.21
Miter gears are bevel gears with = 90 and z1 = z2.

Their transmission ratio z2 / z1 = 1.
Figure 4.9 depicts the meshing of bevel gears.
The meshing must be considered in pairs. It is because
the reference cone angles 1 and 2 are restricted by the
gear ratio
z2 / z1. In the facial view, which is normal to the contact
line of pitch cones, the meshing of bevel gears appears

to be similar to the meshing of spur gears.
z2 m
Fig. 4.8 The reference cone angle of bevel gear
R
b
Rv2
d2
d1
Rv1
Fig. 4.9 The meshing of bevel gears
524
Generally, a shaft angle = 90is most used. Other

angles (Figure 4.8) are sometimes used. Then, it is called
bevel gear in nonright angle drive. The 90 case is
calledbevel gear in right angle drive.
When = 90 , Equation (4.20) becomes:
z 1m
sin
z2
z1 + cos
sin
z1 + cos
z2
Technical Data
d
da
di
90
X
Xb
h
hf
The tip and root clearance is designed to be parallel:

The face cone of the blank is turned parallel to
the root cone of the mate in order to eliminate
possible fillet interference at the small end of the
teeth.
Table 4.15 shows the minimum number of teeth to
prevent undercut in the Gleason system at the shaft
angle = 90.
ha
1Gleason Straight Bevel Gears

A straight bevel gear is a simple form of bevel gear
having straight teeth which, if extended inward, would
come together at the intersection of the shaft axes.
Straight bevel gears can be grouped into the Gleason
type and the standard type.
In this section, we discuss the Gleason straight bevel
gear. The Gleason Company defines the tooth profile
as: tooth depth h = 2.188m; tip and root clearance c =
0.188m; and working depth hw = 2.000m.
The characteristics are:
Design specified profile shifted gears:
In the Gleason system, the pinion is positive
shifted and the gear is negative shifted. The
reason is to distribute the proper strength
between the two gears. Miter gears, thus, do not
need any shift.
a
a
f
Fig. 4.10 Dimensions and angles of bevel gears
Table 4.15 The minimum numbers of teeth to prevent undercut

Combination of number of teethz1/z2
Pressure angle
14.5 29/29 and higher 28/29 and higher 27/31 and higher 26/35 and higher 25/40 and higher 24/57 and higher
20
16/16 and higher 15/17 and higher 14/20 and higher 13/30 and higher
25
13/13 and higher
Table 4.16 presents equations for designing straight

bevel gears in the Gleason system. The meanings of the
dimensions and angles are shown in Figure 4.10 above.
All the equations in Table 4.16 can also be applied to
bevel gears with any shaft angle.
The straight bevel gear with crowning in the Gleason
system is called a Coniflex gear. It is manufactured
by a special GleasonConiflexmachine. It can
successfully eliminate poor tooth contact due to
improper mounting and assembly.
525
Technical Data
Tale 4.16 The calculations of straight bevel gears of the gleason system
No.
Item
Shaft angle
Module
Number of teeth
Reference diameter
Symbol
z
d
zm
tan1
1
d2
2 sin 2
Cone distance
Facewidth
b
h a1
Addendum
h a2
Example
Formula
Pinion1
90
3
20
Set Value
sin
z2
z1 + cos
20
60
40
120
26.56505
63.43495
67.08204
It should not exceed R / 3
22
2.000m ha2
0.540m +
0.460m
z2 cos 1
z1 cos 2
4.035
1.965
hf
f
2.188m ha
tan1 ( hf / R )
2.529
2.15903
4.599
3.92194
a1
a2
f 2
f 1
3.92194
2.15903
16 Pitch apex to crown
a
f
da
X
+ a
f
d + 2ha cos
R cos ha sin
30.48699
24.40602
67.2180
58.1955
65.59398
59.51301
121.7575
28.2425
17 Axial facewidth
Xb
19.0029
9.0969
18 Inner tip diameter
di
44.8425
81.6609
10 Dedendum
11 Dedendum angle
12 Addendum angle
13 Tip angle
14 Root angle
15 Tip diameter
b cos a
cos a
da
2b sin a
cos a
The first characteristic of a Gleason Straight Bevel Gear

that it is a profile shifted tooth. From Figure 4.11, we
can see the tooth profile of Gleason Straight Bevel Gear
and the same of Standard Straight Bevel Gear.
Fig. 4.11 The tooth profile of straight bevel gears
Gleason straight bevel gear
526
Gear2
Standard straight bevel gear
Technical Data
2Standard Straight Bevel Gears

A bevel gear with no profile shifted tooth is a standard
straight bevel gear. The are also referred to as
Klingelnberg bevel gears. The applicable equations are
in Table 4.17.
Table 4.17 The calculations for a standard straight bevel gears
No.
Item
Shaft angle
Module
Number of teeth
Reference diameter
Symbole
z
d
zm
tan1
1
d2
2 sin 2
Cone distance
Facewidth
Addendum
b
ha
hf
f
a
a
f
da
X
17 Axial facewidth
Xb
di
10 Dedendum
11 Deddendum angle
12 Addendum angle
13 Tip angle
14 Root angle
15 Tip ciameter
Formula
Example
Pinion1
90
3
20
Set Value
sin
z2
z1 + cos
It should not exceed R / 3
1.00m
1.25m
tan1 ( hf / R )
tan1 ( ha / R )
+ a
f
d + 2ha cos
R cos ha sin
b cos a
cos a
da
2b sin a
cos a
Gear2
20
60
40
120
26.56505
63.43495
67.08204
22
3.00
3.75
3.19960
2.56064
29.12569
65.99559
23.36545
60.23535
65.3666
122.6833
58.6584
027.31670c
19.2374
8.9587
43.9292
82.4485
These equations can also be applied to bevel gear sets

with other than 90shaft angles
527
Technical Data
3Gleason Spiral Bevel Gears

A spiral bevel gear is one with a spiral tooth flank as in
Figure 4.12. The spiral is generally consistent with the
curve of a cutter with the diameter dc. The spiral angle
is the angle between a generatrix element of the
dc
pitch cone and the tooth flank. The spiral angle just at
the tooth flank center is called the mean spiral angle m.
In practice, the term spiral angle refers to the mean
spiral angle.
All equations in Table 4.20 are specific to the

manufacturing method of Spread Blade or of Single
Side from Gleason. If a gear is not cut per the Gleason
system, the equations will be different from these.
R
b
b/2
The tooth profile of a Gleason spiral bevel gear shown

here has the tooth depth h = 1.888m; tip and root
clearance c = 0.188m; and working depth hw = 1.700m.
These Gleason spiral bevel gears belong to a stub gear
system. This is applicable to gears with modules m >
2.1.
Table 4.18 shows the minimum number of teeth to
avoid undercut in the Gleason system with shaft angle
= 90and pressure angle n = 20
.
Table 4.18
Rv
Fig.4.12 spiral bevel gear (Left-hand)
The minimum numbers of teeth to prevent undercut

Combination of numbers of teethz1 / z2
20
17/17 and higher 16/18 and higher 15/19 and higher 14/20 and higher 13/22 and higher 12/26 and higher
If the number of teeth is less than 12, Table 4.19 is used

to determine the gear sizes.
Dimentions for pinions with number of teeth less than 12
Number of teeth in pinion

Number of teeth in gear
Working depth
Tooth depth
Gear addendum
Pinion addendum
Tooth thickness
of gear s2
Spiral angle
Shaft angle
z1
6
7
8
9
10
11
z2 34 and higher 33 and higher 32 and higher 31 and higher 30 and higher 29 and higher
hw 1.500 1.560 1.610 1.650 1.680 1.695
h 1.666 1.733 1.788 1.832 1.865 1.882
ha2 0.215 0.270 0.325 0.380 0.435 0.490
ha1 1.285 1.290 1.285 1.270 1.245 1.205
30 0.911 0.957 0.975 0.997 1.023 1.053
40 0.803 0.818 0.837 0.860 0.888 0.948
50
0.757 0.777 0.828 0.884 0.946

60
0.777 0.828 0.883 0.945

n
20
35 40
90
NOTE: All values in the table are based on m = 1.
528
= 35
Pressure angle
Table 4.19
b/2
Technical Data
Table 4.20 shows the calculations for spiral bevel gears in the Gleason system
Table 4.20 The calculations for spiral bevel gears in the Gleason system
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Shaft angle
Module
Mean spiral angle
Number of teeth and spiral hand
m
n
m
z
tan
tan1 cos n
Reference diameter
zm
sin
tan1 z2
z1 + cos
Cone distance
10 Facewidth
11 Addendum
R
b
h a1
h a2
Example
Pinion1
Set Value
20L
d2
2 sin 2
Gear2
90
3
20
35
40R
23.95680
60
120
26.56505
63.43495
67.08204
20
It should be less than 0.3R or 10m
1.700m ha2
0.460m +
0.390m
z2 cos 1
z1 cos 2
03.4275
1.6725
hf
f
1.888m ha
tan1 ( hf / R )
2.2365
1.90952
3.9915
3.40519
a1
a2
f 2
f 1
3.40519
1.90952
a
f
da
X
+ a
f
d + 2ha cos
R cos ha sin
29.97024
24.65553
66.1313
58.4672
65.34447
60.02976
121.4959
28.5041
19 Axial facewidth
Xb
17.3563
8.3479
di
46.11400c
85.1224
12 Dedendum
13 Dedendum angle
14 Addendum angle
15 Tip angle
16 Root angle
17 Tip diameter
b cos a
cos a
da
2b sin a
cos a
All equations in Table 4.20 are also applicable to

Gleason bevel gears with any shaft angle. A spiral bevel
gear set requires matching of hands; left-hand and righthand as a pair.
4Gleason Zerol Bevel Gears
When the spiral angle bm = 0, the bevel gear is called a
Zerol bevel gear. The calculation equations of Table 4.16
for Gleason straight bevel gears are applicable. They
also should take care again of the rule of hands; left and
right of a pair must be matched. Figure 4.13 is a lefthand Zerol bevel gear.
Fig. 4.13 Left-hand zerol bevel gear
529
Technical Data
4.5 Screw Gears

Screw gearing includes various types of gears used to
drive nonparallel and nonintersecting shafts where the
teeth of one or both members of the pair are of screw
form. Figure 4.14 shows the meshing of screw gears.
Two screw gears can only mesh together under the
conditions that normal modules (mn1) and (mn2) and normal
pressure angles (n1, n2) are the same.
Let a pair of screw gears have the shaft angle and
helix angles 1 and 2:
If they have the same hands, then:
= 1 + 2
If they have the opposite hands, then:
= 1 2 or = 2 1

4.22
4.23
Table 4.21 presents equations for a profile shifted screw

gear pair. When the normal profile shift coefficients xn1 =
xn2 = 0, the equations and calculations are the same as for
standard gears.
530
1
2
1
Gear 2
Right-hand
If the screw gears were profile shifted, the meshing

would become a little more complex. Let w 1 , w 2
represent the working pitch cylinder;
If they have the same hands, then:
= w1 + w2
If they have the opposite hands, then:
= w1 w2 or = w2 w1

Gear1
Right-hand Left-hand
Fig.4.14 Screw gears of nonparallel and

nonintersecting axes
Technical Data
Table 4.21 The equations for a screw gear pair on nonparallel and
Nonintersecting axes in the normal system
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
mn
n
z
xn
Normal module
Number of teeth of an
Equivalent spur gear
zv
Involute function wn
invwn
Normal working pressure angle
wn
Find from involute function table
wt
tan1 tan wn
cos
10
Transverse working
pressure angle
Center distance
Set Value
z
cos3
tan1 tan n
cos
xn2 + inv
2 tan n xn1 +
n
z v1 + z v2
Example
Pinion1
Gear2
3
20
20
15R
0.4
30
24R
0.2
18.0773
36.9504
21.1728
22.7959
0.0228415
22.9338
24.2404
26.0386
1
cos n 1
( zv1 + zv2 )
cos wn
0.55977
12 Center distance
z1
z2
+
+ y mn
2 cos 1 2 cos 2
67.1925
14 Base diameter
db
11
d w1
zmn
cos
d cos t
d1
2a d + d
1
2
d w2
d2
2a
d1 + d2
16 Working helix angle
dw tan
tan1
d
17 Shaft angle
w1 + w2 or w1 w2
18 Addendum
h a1
h a2
1 + y xn2 mn
1 + y xn1 mn
h
da
df
2.25 + y xn1 + xn2 mn

d + 2ha
da 2h
19 Tooth depth
20 Tip diameter
21 Root diameter
47.8880
83.1384
44.6553
76.6445
49.1155
85.2695
20.4706
30.6319
51.1025
4.0793
3.4793
6.6293
56.0466c
90.0970c
42.7880
76.8384
Standard screw gears have relations as follows:
dw1 = d1dw2 = d2
4.24
w1 = 1w2 = 2
531
Technical Data
4.6 Cylindrical Worm Gear Pair
Table 4.22 presents the relationships among worm and

worm wheel with regard to axial plane, transverse
plane, normal plane, module, pressure angle, pitch and
lead.
There are four worm tooth profiles in JIS B 1723-1977, as

defined on the right.
Type I The tooth profile is trapezoidal on the axial plane.
Type IIThe tooth profile is trapezoid on the plane normal
to the space.
Type III The tooth profile which is obtained by
inclining the axis of the milling or grinding,
of which cutter shape is trapezoidal on the
cutter axis, by the lead angle to the worm
axis.
Type IVThe tooth profile is of involute curve on the plane
plane of worm wheel. The transverse plane of worm

corresponds with the axial plane of worm wheel. The
common plane of the worm and worm wheel is the
normal plane. Using the normal module, m n, is most
popular. Then, an ordinary hob can be used to cut the
worm wheel.
x px
pn
n
pt
Cylindrical worms may be considered cylindrical type

gears with screw threads. Generally, the mesh has a
90shaft angle. The number of threads in the worm is
equivalent to the number of teeth in a gear of a screw
type gear mesh. Thus, a one-thread worm is equivalent
to a one-tooth gear; and two-threads equivalent to twoteeth, etc. Referring to Figure 4.15, for a reference
cylinder lead angle g, measured on the pitch cylinder,
each rotation of the worm makes the thread advance
one lead pz
of rotation.
KHK stock worm gear products are all Type III. Worm
profiles (Fig 4.15). The cutting tool used to process
worm gears is called a single-cutter that has a singleedged blade. The cutting of worm gears is done with
pz = d tan
Fig. 4.16 Cylindrical worm (Right-hand)
Table 4.22 The relations of cross sections of worm gear pairs

Worm
Axial plane
mx =
Fig. 4.15Cutting / Grinding for Type III Worm
worm cutting machine.

Because the worm mesh couples nonparallel and
nonintersecting axes, the axial plane of worm does not
correspond with the axial plane of worm wheel. The
axial plane of worm corresponds with the trsnsverse
532
mn
cos
Normal plane
Transverse plane
mn
sin
mn
mt =
tan
x = tan1 cos n
tan
t = tan1 sin n
px = mx
pn = mn
pt = mt
pz = mx z
pz = mn z
cos
pz = mt z tan
Transverse plane
Normal plane
Worm wheel
Axial plane
Technical Data
d f2
d2
dt
d a2
1Axial Module Worm Gear Pair

Table 4.23 presents the equations, for dimensions shown
in Figure 4.16, for worm gears with axial module, mx,
and normal pressure angle n = 20.
d f1
d1
d a1
Reference to Figure 4.16 can help the understanding of

the relationships in Table 4.22. They are similar to the
relations in Formulas (4.16) and (4.17) in that the helix
angle be substituted by 90 . We can consider
that a worm with lead angle is almost the same as a
helical gear with helix angle 90 .
Fig. 4.17 Dimentions of cylindrical worm gear pair
Table 4.23 The calculations for an axial module system worm gear pair
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
mx
2 Normal pressure angle n
z
3 No. of threads, no. of teeth
x t2
4 Coefficient of Profile shift
1
5
6
Axial module
Reference diameter
Reference cylinder
lead angle
Center distance
Addendum
Tooth depth
Set Value
Example
Worm1 Wheel2
3
20
30R
Double Thread (R)
0
d1
d2
(Qmx)NOTE 1
z2 mx
tan1 mx z1
d1
7.76517
d1 + d2
+ x t2 m x
2
67.000
h a1
h a2
1.00 mx
1.00 + xt2mx
2.25 mx
10 Tip diameter
d a1
d a2
d1 + 2ha1
d2 + 2ha2 + mxNOTE 2
11 Throat diameter
dt
12 Throat surface radius

13 Root diameter
44.000
90.000
3.000
3.000
6.750
50.000
99.000
d2 + 2ha2
96.000
ri
d
1 ha1
2
19.000
d f1
d f2
da1 2h
dt 2h
36.500
82.500
NOTE Diameter factor, Q, means reference diameter of worm, d 1,

over axial module, mx.
d
Q = m1
x
NOTE There are several calculation methods of worm wheel tip

diameter da2 besides those in Table 4.25.
NOTE The facewidth of worm, b1, would be sufficient if: b1 = mx4.5
+ 0.02z2
NOTE Effective facewidth of worm wheel bw = 2mxQ + 1. So the
actual facewidth of b2 >
= bw + 1.5mx would be enough.
533
Technical Data
2Normal Module System Worm Gear Pair

The equations for normal module system worm gears
are based on a normal module, mn, and normal pressure
angle, n = 20. See Table 4.24.
Table 4.24 The calculations for a normal module system worm gear pair
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
mn
n
z
d1
x n2
Normal module
No. of threads, No. of teeth
Reference diameter of worm
Reference cylinder
lead angle
sin1 mn z1
d1
Reference diameter of
worm wheel
d2
z2 mn
cos
Center distance
d1 + d2
+ x n2 m n
2
Addendum
h a1
h a2
1.00 mn
1.00 + xn2mn
Set Value
10 Tooth depth
2.25 mn
11 Tip diameter
d a1
d a2
d1 + 2ha1
d2 + 2ha2 + mn
12 Throat diameter
dt
13 Throat surface radius

14 Root diameter
Example
Worm1 Wheel2
3
20
DoubleR 30R
44.000
0.1414
7.83748
90.8486
67.000
3.000
2.5758
6.75
50.000
99.000
d2 + 2ha2
96.000
ri
d
1 ha1
2
19.000
d f1
d f2
da1 2h
dt 2h
36.500
82.500
NOTE: All notes are the same as those of Table 4.23.
3Crowning of the Tooth

Crowning is critically important to worm gears. Not
only can it eliminate abnormal tooth contact due to
incorrect assembly, but it also provides for the forming
of an oil film, which enhances the lubrication effect of
the mesh. This can favorably impact endurance and
transmission efficiency of the worm mesh. There are
four methods of crowning worm gear pair:
aCut Worm Wheel with a Hob Cutter of
Greater Reference Diameter than the Worm.
A crownless worm wheel results when it is made by
using a hob that has an identical pitch diameter as
that of the worm. This crownless worm wheel is very
difficult to assemble correctly. Proper tooth contact and
a complete oil film are usually not possible.
534
However, it is relatively
easy to obtain a crowned
worm wheel by cutting
it with a hob whose
reference diameter is
slightly larger than that
of the worm.
Hob
Worm
This is shown in Figure

4.18. This creates teeth
contact in the center
Fig.4.18 The method of
region with space for oil
using a greater
diameter hob
film formation.
Technical Data
bRecut With Hob Center Position Adjustment.

The first step is to cut the worm wheel at standard
center distance. This results in no crowning. Then the
worm wheel is finished with the same hob by recutting
with the hob axis shifted parallel to the worm wheel
axis by h. This results in a crowning effect, shown
in Figure 4.19.
dUse a Worm with a Larger Pressure Angle

than the Worm Wheel.
This is a very complex method, both theoretically and
practically. Usually, the crowning is done to the worm
wheel, but in this method the modification is on the
worm. That is, to change the pressure angle and pitch
of the worm without changing base pitch, in accordance
with the relationships shown in Equations 4.25:
px cos x = pwx cos wx
4.25
In order to raise the pressure angle from before change,

wx, to after change, x , it is necessary to increase
the axial pitch, pwx, to a new value, p x , per Equation
(4.25). The amount of crowning is represented as the
space between the worm and worm wheel at the
meshing point A in Figure 4.22. This amount may be
approximated by the following equation:
Fig.4.19 Offsetting up or down
cHob Axis Inclining From Standard Position.

In standard cutting, the hob axis is oriented at the
proper angle to the worm wheel axis. After that, the
hob axis is shifted slightly left and then right, , in a
plane parallel to the worm wheel axis, to cut a crown
effect on the worm wheel tooth.
Amount of crowning
px pwx d1
pwx
2
4.26
where d1 Reference diameter of worm

k Factor from Table 4.25 and Figure 4.21
Table 4.25 The value of factor k
This is shown in Figure 4.20. Only method (a) is popular.

Methods (b) and (c) are seldom used.
14.5 17.5 20 22.5

0.55
0.46
0.41
0.375
x
k
k
Fig. 4.20 Inclining right or left
Axial pressure angle
Fig. 4.21 The value of factor (k)
535
Technical Data
Table 4.26 shows an example of calculating worm crowning.

Table 4.26 The calculations for worm crowning
Symbol
Formula
mwx
1 Axial module
2 Normal pressure angle wn NOTE:This is the
data before
3 Number of threads of worm z1
crowning.
Example
3
20
2
Reference
diameter of worm
d1
Reference cylinder
lead angle
tan1 mwxz1
d1
7.765166
Axial pressure
angle
wx
tan wn
tan1
cos w
20.170236
Axial pitch
Lead
pwx
pwz
mwx
mwx z1
9.424778
18.849556
Amount of
crowning
CR
It should be determined
by considering the size
of tooth contact .
0.04
From Table 4.26
0.41
10 Factor
12
Axial pressure
angle
13 Axial module
14
Reference cylinder
lead angle
15 Normal pressure angle

16 Lead
px
pwx 2CR + 1
kd1
p
cos1 pwx cos wx
x
mx
px
3.013304
tan1 mxz1
d1
7.799179
n
pz
tan1tanx cos
mx z1
20.671494
18.933146
9.466573
20.847973
4Self-Locking Of Worm Gear Pairs

Self-locking is a unique characteristic of worm meshes
that can be put to advantage. It is the feature that a
worm cannot be driven by the worm wheel. It is very
useful in the design of some equipment, such as lifting,
in that the drive can stop at any position without
concern that it can slip in reverse. However, in some
situations it can be detrimental if the system requires
reverse sensitivity, such as a servomechanism.
Self-locking does not occur in all worm meshes, since
it requires special conditions as outlined here. In this
analysis, only the driving force acting upon the tooth
surfaces is considered without any regard to losses
due to bearing friction, lubricant agitation, etc. The
governing conditions are as follows:
Let Ft1 = tangential driving force of worm
536
30
44.000
After crowning
11 Axial pitch
d1
Fig.4.22 Position A is the point of determining

crowning amount
0.20
Self-Locking Effective Area
Item
No.
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
6
Lead angle
12
Fig. 4.23 The critical limit of self-locking of lead

angle g and coefficient of friction m
Then,
Ft1 = Fn cos n sin cos

4.27
If F t 1 > 0 then there is no self-locking effect at all.

Therefore,
Ft1 0 is the critical limit of self-locking.
Let n in Equation (4.27) be 20 , then the condition:

Ft1 0 will become:

(cos 20 sing mcosg) 0
Figure 4.22 shows the critical limit of self-locking for
lead angle g and coefficient of friction m. Practically, it
is very hard to assess the exact value of coefficient of
friction . Further, the bearing loss, lubricant agitation
loss, etc. can add many side effects. Therefore, it is not
easy to establish precise self-locking conditions.
However, it is true that the smaller the lead angle , the
more likely the self-locking condition will occur.
Technical Data
5 Tooth Thickness
ha
There are direct and indirect methods for measuring

tooth thickness. In general, there are three methods:

Chordal tooth thickness measurement

Span measurement

Over pin or ball measurement
5.1 Chordal Tooth Thickness Measurement

This method employs a tooth caliper that is referenced
from the gear's tip diameter. Thickness is measured at
the reference circle. See Figure 5.1.
Fig.5.1 Chordal tooth thickness method
1Spur Gears
Table 5.1 presents equations for each chordal tooth
thickness measurement.
Table 5.1 Equations for spur gear chordal tooth thickness
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Tooth thickness
+ 2x tan m
zm sin
Chordal height
ha
1 cos + ha
90
z
360x tan
z
zm
2
Example
z
x
ha
s
s
ha
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
10
20
12
+ 0.3
13.000
17.8918
08.54270
17.8256
13.6657
s
ha
=
=
=
=
3
20
4.7124
3.0000
2Spur Racks and Helical Racks

The governing equations become simple since the rack
tooth profile is trapezoid, as shown in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Chordal tooth thickness of racks
No.
Item
Symbol
Chordal height
ha
Formula
m
2
or
mn
2
ha
Example
NOTE: These equations are also applicable to helical racks.
537
Technical Data
3Helical Gears
The chordal tooth thickness of helical gears should be
measured on the normal plane basis as shown in Table
5.3. Table 5.4 presents the equations for chordal tooth
thickness of helical gears in the transverse system.
Table 5.3 Equations for chordal tooth thickness of helical gears in the normal system
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
sn
+ 2xn tan n mn
equivalent spur gear
zv
z
cos3
zvmn sin v
Chordal height
ha
1 cos v + ha
90
zv
360 xn tan n
zv
z vm n
2
Example
mn
n
z
xn
ha
sn
zv
v
s
ha
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5
20
25 00' 00''
16
+ 0.2
06.0000
08.5819
21.4928
04.57556
08.5728
06.1712
Table 5.4 Equations for chordal tooth thickness of helical gears in the transverse system
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
sn
+ 2x tan m cos
t
t
2
t
Numer of teeth in an
zv
z
cos3
zv mt cos sin v
Chordal height
ha
1 cos v + ha
90
zv
360 xt tan t
zv
zv mt cos
2
Example
mt
t
z
xt
ha
sn
zv
v
s
ha
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2.5
20
21 30' 00''
20
0
02.5
03.6537
24.8311
03.62448
03.6513
02.5578
4Bevel Gears
Table 5.5 shows the the equations for chordal tooth
thickness of a Gleason straight bevel gear. Table 5.6
shows the same of a standard straight bevel gear. Table
5.7 the same of a Gleason spiral bevel gear.
Table 5.5 Equations for chordal tooth thickness of gleason straight bevel gears
No.
538
Item
Symbol
Tooth thickness factor

(Coefficient of horizontal profile shift)
Tooth thickness
Chordal height
ha
Formula
Obtain from Figure 5.2
s1
m s2
s2
m h h tan Km
a1
a2
2
3
s s2
6d
ha +
s2 cos
4d
Example
m = 4
= 20
= 90
z1 = 16
z1 / z2 = 0.4
K = 00.0259
ha1 = 05.5456
1 = 21.8014
s1 = 07.5119
s1 = 07.4946
ha1 = 05.7502
z2 = 40
h a2
2
s2
s2
h a2
=
=
=
=
=
02.4544
68.1986
05.0545
05.0536
02.4692
Tooth thickness factor K
Number of teeth of pinion z1
Technical Data
Speed ratioz1 / z2
Fig.5.2 Chart to determine the tooth thickness factor k for gleason straight bevel gear
Table 5.6 Equations for chordal tooth thickness of standard straight bevel gears
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Tooth thickness
m
2
zv
z
cos
Back cone distance
Rv
d
2 cos
90
zv
zv m sin v
Chordal height
ha
ha + Rv 1 cos v
Example
z1
d1
ha
1
s
z v1
R v1
v1
s1
h a1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4
20
90
16
64
04.0000
21.8014
06.2832
17.2325
34.4650
25.2227
06.2745
04.1431
z2 = 40
d2 = 160
2 = 68.1986
z v2
R v2
v2
s2
h a2
=
=
=
=
=
107.7033
215.4066
0 0.83563
0 6.2830
0 4.0229
If a straight bevel gear is cut by a Gleason straight

bevel cutter, the tooth angle should be adjusted
according to:
Tooth angle
=
180 s
+
hf tan
R 2
5.1
This angle is used as a reference in determining the

tooth thickness, s, when setting up the gear cutting
machine.
539
Technical Data
Tooth thickness factor K
Number of teeth of pinion
z 15
z 16
z 17
z 20
z 25
over 30
Speed ratioz1 / z2
Fig.5.3 Chart to determine the tooth thickness factor k for gleason spiral bevel gears
Table 5.7 Equations for chordal tooth thickness of gleason spiral bevel gears
No.
Item
Tooth thickness factor
Tooth thickness
Symbol
K
s1
s2
Formula
Obtain from Figure 5.3
p s2
p
tan n
ha1 ha2
Km
cos m
2
The calculations of chordal tooth thickness of a Gleason

spiral bevel gear are so complicated that we do not
intend to go further in this presentation.
540
Example
=
z1 =
h a1 =
K =
p =
s1 =
90
20
3.4275
0.060
9.4248
5.6722
m = 3
z2 = 40
n = 20
m = 35
ha2 = 1.6725
s2 = 3.7526
Technical Data
5Worm Gear Pair

Table 5.8 presents equations for chordal tooth thickness
of axial module worm gear pairs. Table 5.9 presents the
same of normal module worm gear pairs.
Table 5.8 Equations for chordal tooth thickness of an axial module worm gear pair
No.
Item
Symbol
Axial tooth thickness of worm
s x1
mx
2
Transverse tooth thickness of worm wheel
s t2
+ 2x tan m
t2
t
t
2
z v2
z2
cos3
v2
90
360 xt2 tan t
+
z v2
zv2
s1
s2
sx1 cos
zv2 mt cos sin v2
h a1
h a1 +
h a2
zv2 mt cos
ha2 +
1 cos v2
2
No. of teeth in an equivalent spur gear

(Worm wheel)

(Worm wheel)
Chordal height
Formula
sx1 sin cos 2

4d 1
Example
mt = 3
mx =
n =
z1 =
d1 =
a =
3
20
2
38
65
h a1 =
=
t =
s x1 =
03.0000
08.97263
20.22780
04.71239
z2 = 30
d2 = 90
s1 = 04.6547
ha1 = 03.0035
xt2 = +0.33333
ha2 = 04.0000
s t2 =
z v2 =
v2 =
s2 =
h a2 =
05.44934
31.12885
03.34335
05.3796
04.0785
Table 5.9 Equations for chordal tooth thickness of a normal module worm gear pair
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Normal tooth thickness of worm
s n1
mn
2
Transverse tooth thickness of worm wheel
s n2
+ 2xn2 tan n mn
No. of teeth in an equivalent spur gear

(Worm wheel)
z v2
z2
cos3

(Worm wheel)
v2
90
z v2
360 xn2 tan n

zv2
s1
s2
s n1
zv2 mn sin v2
h a1
sin 2
ha1 +sn 4d
h a2
zv2 mn1 cos

ha2 +
v2
2
Chordal height
Example
mn =
n =
z1 =
d1 =
a =
3
20
2
38
65
ha1 = 03.0000
= 09.08472
sn1 = 04.71239
s1 = 04.7124
ha1 = 03.0036
z2 = 30
d2 = 91.1433
xn2 = 00.14278
ha2 = 03.42835
s n2 =
z v2 =
v2 =
s2 =
h a2 =
05.02419
31.15789
03.07964
05.0218
03.4958
541
Technical Data
5.2 Span Measurement of Teeth

Span measurement of teeth, W, is a measure over a
number of teeth, k, made by means of a special tooth
thickness micrometer. The value measured is the sum
of normal tooth thickness on the base circle, s bn, and
normal pitch, pbnk 1. See Figure 5.4.
1Spur and Internal Gears
The applicable equations are presented in Table 5.10.
Table 5.10 Span measurement calculations for spur and internal gear teeth
No.
Item
Symbol
Span number of teeth
Span measurement over k

teeth
Formula
Example
kth = zK f + 0.5
NOTE 1
Select the nearest natural number of kth as k
m cos {k 0.5+ z inv }

+ 2 xm sin
z
x
kth
k
W
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
3
20
24
+ 0.4
03.78787
04
32.8266
NOTE :
1 {sec 1 + 2f 2 cos2 inv 2f tan }
K f =
x
z
Figure 5.4 shows the span measurement of a spur gear.

This measurement is on the outside of the teeth.
For internal gears the tooth profile is opposite to that of
the external spur gear. Therefore, the measurement is
between the inside of the tooth profiles.
2Helical Gears
Tables 5.11 and 5.12 present equations for span
measurement of the normal and the transverse systems,
respectively, of helical gears.
wheref =
5.2
Fig.5.4 Span measurement over k teeth (spur gear)
Table 5.11 Equations for the span measurement of normal system helical gears
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
kth = zK f ,+ 0.5
NOTE 1
mn cos n {k 0.5+ z inv t }

+ 2 xnmn sin n
Example
mn
xn
t
kth
k
W
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
3 , n = 20, z = 24
2500' 00''
+ 0.4
21.88023
04.63009
05
42.0085
NOTE :
1
sin2
cos2 + tan2 n
K f ,=
sec + 2f 2 1 inv t 2f tan n
2
1 +
cos + tan2 n
wheref =
5.3
xn
z
See page 655 to find the figures showing how to determine the number of span number of teeth of a profile shifted
spur and helical gears.
542
Technical Data
Table 5.12 Equations for span measurement of transverse system helical gears
No.
Item
Symbol
Span mesurement over k teeth
Formula
Example
kth = zK f ,+ 0.5
NOTE 1
mt cos cos n {k 0.5+

z inv t} + 2 xtmt sin n
mt
xt
n
kth
k
W
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
3 , t = 20, z = 24
2230' 00''
+0.4
18.58597
04.31728
04
30.5910
NOTE :
1
sin2
cos2 + tan2 n
K f ,=
sec + 2 f 2 1 inv t 2f tan n
1 +
cos2 + tan2 n
wheref =
xt
z cos
5.3 Measurement Over Rollers(or generally

called over pin/ball measurement)
As shown in Figure 5.6, measurement is made over the
outside of two pins that are inserted in diametrically
opposite tooth spaces, for even tooth number gears, and
as close as possible for odd tooth number gears. The
procedure for measuring a rack with a pin or a ball
There is a requirement of a minimum facewidth to

make a helical gear span measurement. Let b min be the
minimum value for facewidth. See Fig. 5.5.
Then b min = W sin b + b
5.5
where b is the helix angle at the base cylinder,
b = tan1tan cos t

5.6
= sin1sin cos n
From the above, we can determine b > 3 mm to

make a stable measurement of W.
Refer to page 656 to 659 to review the data sheet
Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Standard Spur
Gears(Pressure Angle: 20 , 14.5 ).
5.4
Fig.5.5 Facewidth of helical gear
is as shown in Figure 5.8 by putting pin or ball in the

tooth space and using a micrometer between it and a
reference surface.
Internal gears are similarly measured, except that
the measurement is between the pins. See Figure 3.9.
Helical gears can only be measured with balls. In the
case of a worm,
three pins are used, as shown in Figure 5.10. This is
similar to the procedure of measuring a screw thread.
dp
dp
Even number of teeth
Odd number of teeth
Fig. 5.6 Over pin (ball) measurement
543
Technical Data
1Spur Gears
In measuring a standard gear, the size of the pin must meet the condition that its surface
should have a tangent point at the standard pitch circle. When measuring a shifted gear,
the surface of the pin should have a tangent point at the d + 2xm circle. Under the condition
mentioned above, Table 5.13 indicates formulas to determine the diameter of the pin (ball) for
the spur gear in Figure 5.7.
Table 5.13 Equations for calculating ideal pin diameters
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
2 x tan
inv
z
2z
Pressure angle at the point

pin is tangent to tooth surface
'
zm cos
cos1
m
z + 2 x
tan ' +
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
zm cos inv +
Example
z
x
'
d'p
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
20
20
0
0.0636354
20
0.4276057
1.7245
NOTE: The units of angles and are radians.
dp
inv
2x
'
db
tan
'
inv
The ideal diameters of pins when calculated from the

equations of Table 5.13 may not be practical. So, in
practice, we select a standard pin diameter close to
the ideal value. After the actual diameter of pin dp
is determined, the over pin measurement M can be
calculated from Table 5.14.
Fig.5.7 Over pins measurement of spur gear

Table 5.14 Equations for over pins measurement of spur gears
No.
Item
Pin diameter
Involute function
Measurement over pin

(ball)
Symbol
Formula
dp
NOTE 1
inv
Example
dp
+ inv + 2 x tan

zm cos
2z
z
zm cos + d
Even teeth
p
M
cos
zm cos
cos
dp
inv
=
=
=
=
1.7
0.0268197
24.1350
22.2941
90 + dp
Odd teeth cos
z
NOTE: The value of the ideal pin diameter from Table 5.13, or its approximate value, is applied as the actual diameter of pin dp here.
544
Technical Data
Table 5.15 is a dimensional table under the condition

of module m = 1 and pressure angle = 20with
which the pin has the tangent point at d + 2xm circle.
Table 5.15 The size of pin which has the tangent point at
d + 2xm circle for spur gears
0.8
3.0248
2.2389
2.0324
1.9365
1.8810
1.0
3.5315
2.4329
2.1542
2.0257
1.9515
0.4
010
020
030
040
050
1.6231
1.6418
1.6500
1.6547
0.2
1.6347
1.6599
1.6649
1.6669
1.6680
060
070
080
090
100
1.6577
1.6598
1.6613
1.6625
1.6635
1.6687
1.6692
1.6695
1.6698
1.6700
1.6881
1.6857
1.6839
1.6825
1.6814
1.7155
1.7090
1.7042
1.7005
1.6975
1.7509
1.7391
1.7304
1.7237
1.7184
1.7940
1.7759
1.7625
1.7521
1.7439
1.8448
1.8193
1.8003
1.7857
1.7740
1.9032
1.8691
1.8438
1.8242
1.8087
110
120
130
140
150
1.6642
1.6649
1.6654
1.6659
1.6663
1.6701
1.6703
1.6704
1.6705
1.6706
1.6805
1.6797
1.6791
1.6785
1.6781
1.6951
1.6931
1.6914
1.6900
1.6887
1.7140
1.7104
1.7074
1.7048
1.7025
1.7372
1.7316
1.7269
1.7229
1.7194
1.7645
1.7567
1.7500
1.7443
1.7394
1.7960
1.7855
1.7766
1.7690
1.7625
160
170
180
190
200
1.6666
1.6669
1.6672
1.6674
1.6676
1.6706
1.6707
1.6707
1.6708
1.6708
1.6777
1.6773
1.6770
1.6767
1.6764
1.6876
1.6867
1.6858
1.6851
1.6844
1.7006
1.6988
1.6973
1.6959
1.6947
1.7164
1.7137
1.7114
1.7093
1.7074
1.7351
1.7314
1.7280
1.7250
1.7223
1.7567
1.7517
1.7472
1.7432
1.7396
m
dp
m s
2 tan
2Spur Racks and Helical Racks

In measuring a rack, the pin is ideally tangent with the
tooth flank at the pitch line. The equations in Table
5.16A can, thus, be derived. In the case of a helical rack,
module m, and pressure angle , in Table 5.16A, can be
substituted by normal module mn , and normal pressure
angle n , resulting in Table 5.16B.
No. of teeth
m = 1 = 20
Profile shift coefficientx

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.7886
1.9979
2.2687
2.6079
1.7244
1.8149
1.9306
2.0718
1.7057
1.7632
1.8369
1.9267
1.6967
1.7389
1.7930
1.8589
1.6915
1.7247
1.7675
1.8196
Fig. 5.8 Over pins measurement for

a rack using a pin or a ball
Table 5.16A Equations for over pins measurement of spur racks
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
m s
cos
Measurement over pin (ball)
dp
m s
1
H + 1 +
2 tan
2
sin
Examlpe
s
d'p
dp
H
M
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
20
01.5708
01.6716
01.7
14.0000
15.1774
545
Technical Data
Table 5.16B Equations for Over Pins Measurement of Helical Racks

Formula
Example
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
mn s
cos n
dp
mn s
1
H
+
1 +
2
sin n
2 tan n
3Internal Gears
As shown in Figure 5.9, measuring an internal gear
needs a proper pin which has its tangent point at d +
2xm circle. The equations are in Table 5.17 for obtaining
the ideal pin diameter. The equations for calculating the
between pin measurement, M, are given in Table 5.18.
mn
n
s
d'p
dp
H
M
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
20 = 15
01.5708
01.6716
01.7
14.0000
15.1774
'
inv
'
db
tan '
inv
Symbol
2x
Item
No.
Fig. 5.9 Between pin dimension of internal gears

Table 5.17 Equations for calculating pin diameter for internal gears
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
2 x tan
+ inv +
z
2z

'
zm cos
cos1 z + 2 xm
tan '
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
zm cos inv
Example
z
x
'
d'p
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
20
40
0
0.054174
20
0.309796
1.6489
NOTE: The units of angles , are radians.
Tabl 5.18 Equations for between pins measurement of internal gears

No.
Item
Symbol
Pin (ball) diameter
dp
Involute function
inv
Formula
Example
see NOTE 1
dp
2 x tan

+ inv
+
z
2z
zm cos
zm cos
cos
Even teeth dp
4
Between pins measurement
zm cos
cos
90
z
Odd teeth cos dp

NOTE: First, calculate the ideal pin diameter. Then, choose the nearest practical actual pin size.
546
dp
inv
=
=
=
=
1.7
0.0089467
16.9521
37.5951
Technical Data
Table 5.19 lists ideal pin diameters for standard and

profile shifted gears under the condition of module m
= 1 and pressure angle = 20, which makes the pin
tangent to the reference circle d + 2xm.
Table 5.19 The size of pin that is tangent at reference circle
d + 2xm for internal gears
m = 1 = 20
1.4687
1.5309
1.5640
1.5845
0.2
1.4789
1.5604
1.5942
1.6123
1.6236
Profile shift coefficientx

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.5936
1.6758
1.7283
1.7519
1.6284
1.6759
1.7047
1.7154
1.6418
1.6751
1.6949
1.7016
1.6489
1.6745
1.6895
1.6944
1.6532
1.6740
1.6862
1.6900
0.8
1.7460
1.7084
1.6956
1.6893
1.6856
1.0
1.7092
1.6837
1.6771
1.6744
1.6732
060
070
080
090
100
1.5985
1.6086
1.6162
1.6222
1.6270
1.6312
1.6368
1.6410
1.6443
1.6470
1.6562
1.6583
1.6600
1.6612
1.6622
1.6737
1.6734
1.6732
1.6731
1.6729
1.6839
1.6822
1.6810
1.6800
1.6792
1.6870
1.6849
1.6833
1.6820
1.6810
1.6832
1.6815
1.6802
1.6792
1.6784
1.6725
1.6721
1.6718
1.6717
1.6715
110
120
130
140
150
1.6310
1.6343
1.6371
1.6395
1.6416
1.6492
1.6510
1.6525
1.6539
1.6550
1.6631
1.6638
1.6644
1.6649
1.6653
1.6728
1.6727
1.6727
1.6726
1.6725
1.6785
1.6779
1.6775
1.6771
1.6767
1.6801
1.6794
1.6788
1.6783
1.6779
1.6778
1.6772
1.6768
1.6764
1.6761
1.6715
1.6714
1.6714
1.6714
1.6713
160
170
180
190
200
1.6435
1.6451
1.6466
1.6479
1.6490
1.6561
1.6570
1.6578
1.6585
1.6591
1.6657
1.6661
1.6664
1.6666
1.6669
1.6725
1.6724
1.6724
1.6723
1.6723
1.6764
1.6761
1.6759
1.6757
1.6755
1.6775
1.6771
1.6768
1.6766
1.6763
1.6758
1.6755
1.6753
1.6751
1.6749
1.6713
1.6713
1.6713
1.6713
1.6713
No. of teeth
010
020
030
040
050
0.4
4Helical Gears
The ideal pin that makes contact at the d + 2xnmn
reference circle of a helical gear can be obtained from
the same above equations, but with the teeth number z
substituted by the equivalent (virtual) teeth number zv.

Table 5.20 presents equations for deriving over pin
diameters. Table 5.21 presents equations for calculating over
pin measurements for helical gears in the normal system.
Table 5.20 Equations for calculating pin diameter for helical gears in the normal system
No.
1
Item
Symbol
Formula
zv
z
cos3
2 xn tan n
inv n
2 zv
zv

'v
cos1 zv cos n
zv + 2 xn
Pressure angle at pin

center
tan 'v + v
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
zvmn cos ninv v + v
NOTE: The units of angles
Example
mn
n
z
xn
zv
v
'v
v
d'p
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
20
20
1500' 00''
+ 0.4
22.19211
00.0427566
24.90647
00.507078
01.9020
v and v are radians.
547
Technical Data
Table 5.21 Equations for calculating over pins measurement for helical gears in the normal system
No.
Item
Symbol
Pin (ball) diameter
dp
Involute function
inv
Formula
Example
See NOTE 1
dp
2 xn tan n
+ inv t +
mn z cos n
2z
z
zmn cos t
Even Teeth+ dp
cos cos
zmn cos t
90
Odd Teethcos + dp
cos cos
z
dp
t
inv
NOTE 1: The ideal pin diameter of Table 5.20, or its approximate value, is entered as the actual diameter of
=
=
=
=
=
2
20.646896
00.058890
30.8534
24.5696
d p.
Table 5.22 and Table 5.23 present equations for

calculating pin measurements for helical gers in the
transverse (perpendicular to axis) system.
Table 5.22 Equations for calculating pin diameter for helical gears in the transverse system
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Example
z
cos3
zv
inv n

pin is tangent to tooth
surface
'v
cos1
Pressure angle at pin

center
tan 'v + v
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
zv mt cos cos ninv v + v
2 zv
2 xt tan t
zv
zv cos n
xt
zv + 2 cos
mt
=
t
=
z
=
=
n
=
xt
=
zv
=
v
=
'v
=
v
=
inv v =
=
d'p
3
20
36
3333' 26.3''
16.87300
+ 0.2
62.20800
00.014091
18.26390
00.34411
00.014258
04.2190
Table 5.23 Equations for calculating over pins measurement for helical gears in the transverse system
No.
Item
Symbol
Pin (ball) diameter
dp
Involute function
inv
Formula
Example
See NOTE 1
dp
2xt tan t
+ inv t +
z
mtz cos cos n 2z
=
dp
inv =
=
zmt cos t
Even teeth + dp
cos
M =
zm cos
cos
004.5
000.027564
024.3453
115.892
90 + d
t
t
Odd teeth
cos
p
z
NOTE: The ideal pin diameter of Table 5.22, or its approximate value is applied as the actual diameter of pin dp here.
548
Technical Data
5Three Wire Method of Worm Measurement

The tooth profile of type III worms which are most
popular are cut by standard cutters with a pressure
angle 0 = 20. This results in the normal pressure angle
of the worm being a bit smaller than 20. The equation
below shows how to calculate a type III worm in an
AGMA system.
5.7
where

r Worm reference radius

r0 Cutter radius
z1 Number of threads
Lead angle of worm
The exact equation for a three wire method of type III

worm is not only difficult to comprehend, but also hard
to calculate precisely. We will introduce two approximate
calculation methods here:
aRegard the tooth profile of the worm as a
straight tooth profile of a rack and apply its
equations.
Using this system, the three wire method of a worm
can be calculated by Table 5.24.
r
90
3
n = 0 sin

z1 r0 cos2 + r
dp
Fig. 5.10 Three wire method of a worm
Table 5.24 Equations for three wire method of worm measurement, (a)-1
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
mx
2 cos x
Three wire measuremnt
mx
1
d1
2 tan x + dp 1 + sin x
Example
mx
z1
x
d'p
dp
M
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2
1
03.691386
20.03827
03.3440
03.3
35.3173
n = 20
d1 = 31
These equations presume the worm lead angle to

be very small and can be neglected. Of course, as
the lead angle gets larger, the equations' error gets
correspondingly larger. If the lead angle is considered as
a factor, the equations are as in Table 5.25.
Table 5.25 Equations for three wire method of worm measurement, (a)-2
No.
Item
Symbol
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
Three wire measurement
Formula
mn
2 cos n
mx
z1
mn
1
mn
+ dp1 +
d1
d'p
sin n
2 tan n
dp
dp cos n sin 2
M
2 d1
Example
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2
1
03.691386
01.99585
03.3363
03.3
35.3344
n = 20
d1 = 31
549
Technical Data
bConsider a worm to be a helical gear.

This means applying the equations for calculating over
pins measurement of helical gears to the case of three
wire method of a worm. Because the tooth profile of
Type III worm is not an involute curve, the method
yields an approximation. However, the accuracy is
adequate in practice.
Tables 5.26 and 5.27 contain equations based on the
axial system. Tables 5.28 and 5.29 are based on the
normal system.
Table 5.26 Equations for calculating pin diameter for worms in the axial system
No.
1
Item
Symbol
zv
Formula
z1
cos390
2zv
inv n

'v
cos1
tan 'v + v
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
zvmx cos cos ninv v + v
zv cos n
zv
Example
mx
n
z1
d1
zv
v
'v
v
inv v
d'p
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2
20
1
31
3.691386
3747.1491
0.014485
20
0.349485
0.014960
3.3382
Table 5.27 Equations for three wire method for worms in the axial system
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Pin (ball) diameter
dp
Involute function
inv
Prssure angle at pin center
1
x
t
+ dp
See NOTE 1
dp
+ inv

t
mx z1 cos cos n 2 z1
z m cos
tan cos
Example
=
dp
=
t
inv t =
inv =
=
=
M
3.3
76.96878
04.257549
04.446297
80.2959
35.3345
NOTE 1. The value of ideal pin diameter from Table 5.26, or its approximate value, is to be used as the actual pin diameter, dp.
tan n
NOTE 2.t = tan1
sin
550
Technical Data
Tables 5.28 and 5.29 show the calculation of a worm in

the normal module system. Basically, the normal module
system and the axial module system have the same form
of equations. Only the notations of module make them
different.
Table 5.28 Equations for calculating pin diameter for worms in the normal system
No.
1
Item
Symbol
Formula
zv
z1
cos390
2zv
inv n

'v
cos1 zv cos n
zv
tan 'v + v
Ideal pin diameter
d'p
zv mn cos ninv v + v
Example
mn
n
z1
d1
zv
v
'v
v
inv v
d'p
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2.5
20
1
37
3.874288
3241.792
0.014420
20
0.349550
0.0149687
4.1785
Table 5.29 Equations for three wire method for worms in the normal system
No.
Item
Symbol
Formula
Pin (ball) diameter
dp
Involute function
inv
Prssure angle at pin center
See NOTE 1
dp
mn z1 cos n
2z1 + inv t
z1 mn cos t
sin cos + dp
Example
dp
t
inv t
inv
=
=
=
=
=
=
4.2
79.48331
03.999514
04.216536
79.8947
42.6897
NOTE 1. The value of ideal pin diameter from Table 5.28, or its approximate value, is to be used as the actual pin diameter, dp.
tan n
NOTE 2.t = tan1 sin
551
Technical Data
6 Backlash
jt
Circumferential Backlash
For smooth rotation of meshed gears, backlash is

necessary. Backlash is the amount by which a tooth
space exceeds the thickness of a gear tooth engaged in
mesh. Backlashes are classified in the following ways.
Meshing Flank
Meshed Flank
jn
Nor
ma
l Ba
c
klas
jr
1Circumferential Backlash ( j t )
Circumferential Backlash is the length of arc on the
pitch circle. The length is the distance the gear is
rotated until the meshed tooth flank makes contacts
while the other mating gear is held stationary.
2Normal Backlash ( j n )
The minimum distance between each meshed tooth
flank in a pair of gears, when it is set so the tooth
surfaces are in contact.
3Angular Backlash ( j )
The maximum angle that allows the gear to move
when the other mating gear is held stationary.
4Radial backlash ( j r )
The radial Backlash is the shrinkage (displacement)
in the stated center distance when it is set so the
meshed tooth flanks of the paired gears get contact
each other.
5Axial Backlash ( j x )
The axial backlash is the shrinkage (displacement) in
the stated center distance when a pair of bevel gears
is set so the meshed tooth flanks of the paired gears
contact each other.
Radial backlash
6.1 Types of Backlashes
Fig. 6.1 Circumferential Backlash / Normal Backlash

and Radial Backlash
Mounting Distance
jx Axial Backlash
Fig. 6.2 Axial Backlash of a Bevel Gear
6.2 Backlash Relationships

Table 6.1 reveals relationships among backlashes and
the fundamental equations. While bevel gears are of
cone shaped gears, axial backlash is considered instead
of radial backlash.
Table 6.1 Relationships among backlashes
Gear
Mesh
Parallel
Axes Gears
Intersecting
Axes Gears
Type of Gear
Meshes
Spur gear
Helical gear
Straight bevel gear
Spiral bevel gear
Screw Gear
Nonparallel &
Nonintersecting
Axis Gears
Worm
Worm wheel
552
Circumferential Backlash
jt
jn
cos n cos
jn
cos n cos m
jn
cos n cos
jn
cos n sin
jn
cos n cos
Normal Backlash
jn
Angular Backlash Radial Backlash
jr
2sin n
jn
2sin n sin
jt cos n cos m
jt cos n sin
jt cos n cos
jx
jn
jt cos n cos
jt cos n cos
Axial
Backlash
360 jt
jn
2sin n
Technical Data
3Backlash of Nonparallel and Nonintersecting Axes Mesh

Table 6.4 shows calculation examples for backlashes and
the mounting distance of worm gear meshes.
A Worm gear pair has a different circumferential
backlash for each drive and driven gear (worm and
wheel) and it is a feature of a worm gear pair.
1Backlash of Parallel Axes Gear Mesh

Table 6.2 shows calculation examples for backlashes
and the center distance of spur and helical gear.
meshes. By adjusting the center distance (radial
backlash), backlash can be controlled.
Table 6.2 Spur and Helical Gear Mesh
Specifications Symbol
Formula
Spur gear
1 Transverse module
2 Normal
pressure angle
3 Transverse
pressure angle
4 No. of teeth
5 Spiral angle
7 Normal backlash
6 Reference
diameter
mt
20
Circumferential
backlash
jt
Angular backlash
10 Radial backlash
t
z
20
40
0
0.150
jn
d
jr
20
Set value
zmt
40
80
Helical
Table 6.4 Worm Gear Pair Meshes
gear
Normal Specifications Symbol
Formula
2
1 Shaft angle
1843'
Axial / Transverse
2
mxmt
module
20
Normal pressure
3
n
angle
20
40
Set value
4 No. of teeth
z
2130'
Reference diameter
0.150
6
d1
Worm
40
80
Normal backlash
jn
Reference diameter
7
d2
z2mt
Wheel
0.170
jn
0.160
cos n cos
360 jt
0.457 0.229 0.488 0.244
d
jn
0.219
0.234
2sin n
2Backlash of Intersecting Axes Gear Mesh

Table 6.3 shows calculation examples for backlashes
and the mounting distance of bevel gear meshes. The
common way to control backlash of bevel gear meshes
is to adjust the mounting distance (axial backlash)
by adding shims. When adjusting the mounting
distance, it is important to keep proper tooth contact in
consideration of the gears and pinions in balance.
Table 6.3 Bevel Gear Mesh
Specifications Symbol
Formula
Straight
Spiral
bevel gear bevel gear
Pinion Gear Pinion Gear
1 Shaft angle
2 Module
Normal
3 pressure
angle
4 No. of teeth
Mean spiral
5 angle
Normal
backlash
Reference
7
diameter
90
90
20
20
Set value
20
20
20
40
35
jn
0.150
0.150
zm
z1
8 Pitch angle 12 tan-1 z2 1

jn
Circumferential
jt
9
cos n cos m
backlash
10
Angular
backlash
11
Axial
backlash
jx
360 jt
d
jn
2sin n sin
40
40
45
45 2634' 6326'
0.160
40
Circumferential
9
backlash
80
jt1
jt2
10 Angular backlash
11 Radial backlash
jr
Worm
Wheel
90
2
20
1
20
31
0.150
40
mx z1
tan-1 d1
341'
jn
cos n sin 2.480
jn
0.160
cos n cos
360 jt
9.165 0.458
d
jn
0.219
2sin n
Table 6.5 Calculation examples for backlash screw gear

meshes.
Table 6.5 Screw Gear Mesh
Specifications
1 Shaft angle
2 Normal module
3 Normal pressure
angle
4 No. of teeth
5 Spiral angle
8 Lead angle
Worm gear pair
Symbol
Screw gear
Pinion
mn
n
z
jn
8 Circumferential
backlash
jt
9 Angular backlash j
jr
Gear
90
2
Set value
7 Normal backlash
10 Radial backlash
Formula
zmn
cos
jn
cos n cos
360 jt
d
jn
2sin n
20
10
20
45
45
0.150
28.284 56.569
0.226
0.226
0.915 0.457
0.219
0.195
0.457 0.457 0.558 0.279

0.310 0.310 0.490 0.245
553
Technical Data
6.3 Tooth Thickness and Backlash

There are two ways to produce backlash. One is to
enlarge the center distance. The other is to reduce the
tooth thickness. The latter is much more popular than
the former. We are going to discuss more about the
way of reducing the tooth thickness.
In SECTION 5, we have discussed the standard tooth

thickness s1 and s2. In the meshing of a pair of gears,
if the tooth thickness of pinion and gear were reduced
by s1 and s2, they would produce a backlash of s1
and s 2 in the direction of the pitch circle. Let the
magnitude of s1 and s2 be 0.1., We know that = 20,
then:
jt = s1 + s2
= 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
We can convert it into the backlash on normal
direction jn:
jn = jt cos
= 0.2 cos 20 = 0.1879
Let the backlash on the center distance direction
be jr, then:
jt
jr = 2 tan
0.2
= = 0.2747
2 tan 20
These express the relationship among several kinds of
backlashes. In application, one should consult the JIS
standard.
There are two JIS standards for backlash one is JIS
B 1703-76Suspended standard) for spur gears and
helical gears, and the other is JIS B 1705-73 for bevel
gears. All these standards regulate the standard
backlashes in the direction of the pitch circle jt or
jtt. These standards can be applied directly, but the
backlash beyond the standards may also be used for
special purposes. When writing tooth thicknesses on
a drawing, it is necessary to specify, in addition, the
tolerances on the thicknesses as well as the backlash.
For example:
Tooth thickness 3.141 0.050
0.100
Backlash
0.100 0.200
Since the tooth thickness directly relates to backlash,
the tolerances on the thickness will become a very
important factor.
554
6.4 Gear Train and Backlash
The discussions so far involved a single pair of gears.

Now, we are going to discuss two stage gear trains and
their backlash. In a two stage gear train, as Figure 6.3
shows, jt1 and jt4 represent the backlashes of first stage
gear train and second stage gear train respectively.
Gear 4
( z4,d4)
Gear 3
(z3, d3)
Gear 2
(z2,d2)
Gear 1
(z1,d1)
Fig.6.3 Overall accumulated backlash of two stage gear train
If number one gear were fixed, then the accumulated

backlash on number four gear jtT4 would be as follows:
d3
jtT4 = jt1
+ j t4
d2
6.1
This accumulated backlash can be converted into

rotation in degrees:
360
j = jtT4
degrees

d4
6.2
The reverse case is to fix number four gear and to examine

the accumulated backlash on number one gear jtT1.
d2
jtT1 = jt4 + jt1
d3
6.3
This accumulated backlash can be converted into

rotation in degrees:
360
j = jtT1
degrees

d1
6.4
Technical Data
6.5 Method of Reducing Backlash

(Zero Backlash Gears)
Low backlash or zero-backlash is the performance
required for high-precision gear applications. In order
to meet special needs, precision gears are used more
frequently than ever before. This section introduces
methods of reducing or eliminating backlash.
1Use of Gears with less tooth thinning (Common Method)
By processing gears which have less amount of tooth
thinning than common gears, and by using them with
the center distance or mounting distance fixed at normal
values, it enables to reduces backlash. This method
cannot be used to make the backlash zero, but it is the
most simple way and applicable to many types of gears.
If you use the gear with low runout, you can reduce the
backlash variation. Zero-backlash is concerned. It should
be considered carefully that the gear may not rotated
smoothly if the generated backlash value is zero.
2Use of gears adjustable for small backlash
A method to use gears to adjust for low backlash. Zerobacklash can not be generated with this method.
aControl backlash by adjustment of the center distance
This method can be applied to spur, helical, screw and
worm gears. By shortening the center distance of the
gear, this enables adjustment of the radial plays and
reduce the backlash. The adjustment of the center
distance is complicated.
bControl backlash by adjustment of mounting distance

For bevel gears, shortening of the mounting distance
of the gear, enables to control axial plays and reduce
the backlash. The adjustment of the center distance
is rather complicated, if the mounting distance of only
one of the paired bevel gears is adjusted, this creates
bad tooth contact. The mounting distance of each
meshed gear should be adjusted with equally., this
method is generally made by adjusting shims.
cControl backlash by separating the gear into two parts

This method is applicable for most types of gears.
By separating a gear in two parts, and by adjusting
and fixing the phase relationships between the tooth
position of each, generates low backlash. This is shown
in Fig. 6.4.
Fig. 6.4 Gear separated in two parts. (Fixed)

For helical gears or worm gears, there is a way to
adjust the phase relationships between the tooth
position of each meshed gear by moving one of the
paired gears (1) in an axial direction. Fig. 6.5 shows
the basis.
Fig. 6.5 Backlash Adjustment of Helical Gear
dTapered gears (Spur gear and tapered racks)

Tapered gears are also called conical gears. Since
tapered gears are a cone shaped gear having
continuously-shifted teeth, the tooth profile / tooth
thickness are continuously transformed. Fig. 6.6 shows
the tooth profile of a tapered spur gear. Since the
tooth thickness of the meshed tooth varies if the taper
gear is moved in axial direction, this enables you to
adjust backlash. The shim adjustment is a simple and
easy way to move the tapered gear in axial direction.
Unlike bevel gears, moving the tapered gear in axial
direction involves no change in tooth contact and this
is an advantage of tapered gears.
Zero Shift
Negative Shift
Positive Shift
Fig. 6.6 Tooth Profile of Tapered Spur Gear
555
Technical Data
eDuplex Lead Worm Gear Pair

A Duplex lead worm gear differs in module between the
right and left tooth surface. While the pitch of the right
and left tooth surface also differs, the tooth thickness
varies continuously. By shifting the worm axially, the
tooth thickness at the working point varies, and can be
used to adjust the backlash of the duplex lead worm
gears. There are some methods to adjust the worm
in the axial direction. The simple and secure way is
shim adjustment, in the same way as any other type
of gears. Zero-backlash is not favorable, as the worm
gear mesh requires a certain amount of backlash to
avoid the depletion of lubricant on the tooth surface.
Figure 6.7 presents the basic concept of a duplex lead

worm gear pair.. (For more detail, please see page 418)
PR
PR
PR
Left Flank
PL
PL
PR
Right Flank
PL
PL
Fig. 6.7 Basic Concept of the Duplex Lead Worm Gear
3Gears which have Zero-Backlash

A
This type of gear has a structure that can forcibly

remove backlash by external force. While this structure
involves double flank meshing, it should be carefully
maintained to avoid the depletion of lubricant. This
structure is not suitable for gears, which have a
large amount of slippage on the tooth surface when
transmitting power, such as worm gear or screw gears.
If the depletion of the lubricant occurs on the tooth
surface causing large slippage, there is danger of
abrasion.
A
Fig. 6.8 Scissors Gear (with Coil Springs)
Scissors Gear with Zero Circumferential Backlash

By applying spring force to the tightly held teeth
of the mating gear, with the gear separated in two
parts, the backlash is removed. Figure 6.8 shows
the structure.
556
Technical Data
7 Gear Accuracy
Gears are one of the basic elements used to transmit power and position. As designers,
we desire them to meet various demands:
Maximum power capability
Minimum size.
Minimum noise (silent operation).
Accurate rotation/position
To meet various levels of these demands requires
appropriate degrees of gear accuracy. This involves
several gear features.
Gear accuracy of spur and helical gears, is described in

accordance with the following JIS standards.
JIS B 170211998Cylindrical gears - gear accuracy Part 1:
Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant
to corresponding flanks of gear teeth. (This specification
describes 13 grades of gear accuracy grouped from 0
through 12, - 0, the highest grade and 12, the lowest
grade ).
JIS B 170221998Cylindrical gears - gear accuracy Part 2: Definitions and allowable values of deviations
relevant to radial composite deviations and runout
information. (This specification consists of 9 grades
of gear accuracy grouped from 4 through 12, - 4, the
highest grade and 12, the lowest grade ).
These new standards for gear accuracy differ from
the former standards of JIS B 1702-1976 in various ways.
For example, the gear accuracy used to be classified
into nine grades (0 to 8) in the former standards. To
distinguish new standards from old ones, each of the
grades under the new standards has the prefix "N".
1Single Pitch Deviation fpt
The deviation between actual measured pitch value
between any adjacent tooth surface and theoretical
circular pitch.
+ fpt
2Total Cumulative Pitch DeviationFp

Difference between theoretical summation over any number
of teeth interval, and summation of actual pitch measurement
over the same interval.
k pt
+F
pk
In the case of 3 teeth
theoretical
actual
Fig.7.2 Total cumulative pitch deviation

20
Indicator reding
Single pitch deviation
Total cumulative
pitch deviationerror
15
10
Deviationm
7.1 Accuracy of Spur and Helical Gears
Max. Accumulated
5
Max. Single
0
6
10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Tooth position number
Fig.7.3 Examples of pitch deviation for a 15 tooth gear
Total Profile DeviationF

Total profile deviation represents the distance (F )
shown in Figure 7.4. Actual profile chart is lying in
between upper design chart and lower design chart.
Addendum
Dedendum
pt
L :Evaluation range
LAE :Active length
LAF :Usable length
LAE
theoretical
actual
Fig.7.1 Single pitch deviation fpt
LAF
Designe profile
Actual profile
Fig.7.4 Total profile deviation F
557
Technical Data
L :Evaluation range
b :Facewidth
5Total Radial Composite DeviationFi''

Total radial composite deviation represents variation
in center distance when product gear is rotated one
revolution in tight mesh with a master gear.
fi'' Max.value
fi'' :Tooth-to-tooth radial composite deviation
Fi''
4Total Helix DeviationF

Total helix deviation represents the distance (F )
shown in Figure 7.5. The actual helix chart is lying
in between upper helix chart and lower helix chart.
Total helix deviation results in poor tooth contact,
particularly concentrating contact to the tip area.
Modifications, such as tooth crowning and end relief
can alleviate this deviation to some degree.
Shown in Figure 7.6 is an example of a chart
measuring total profile deviation and total helix
deviation using a Zeiss UMC 550 tester.
360/z
0
Fig.7.7 Chart of total radial composite deviation
360
L
b
Design helix
Actual helix
Eccentricity
Fr
Fig.7.5 Total helix deviation F
6Runout Error of Gear TeethFr

Most often runout error is mesured by indicating the
position of a pin or ball inserted in each tooth space
around the gear and taking the largest difference.
Runout causes a number of problems, one of which
is noise. The source of this error is most often
insufficient accuracy and ruggedness of the cutting
arbor and tooling system. And, therefore, it is very
importnt to pay attention to these cutting arbor and
tooling system to reduce runout error. Shown in
Fig. 7.8 is the chart of runout. The values of runout
includes eccentricity.
Fig.7.6 An example of a chart measuring total

profile deviation and total helix deviation
10
12
14
16
Number of tooth space
Fig. 7.8 Runout error of a 16-tooth gear
Please see page 620 to 625 in referring to the selected

standard values for each allowable error.
558
Technical Data
7.2 Accuracy of Bevel Gears

JIS B 17041978 regulates the specification of a bevel
gear's accuracy. It also groups bevel gears into 9 grades,
from 0 to 8.
There are 4 types of allowable errors:
Single pitch error.
Pitch variation error
Accumulated pitch error.
Runout error of teeth (pitch circle).

These are similar to the spur gear errors.
Single pitch error
The deviation between actual measured pitch value
between any adjacent teeth and the theoretical
circular pitch at the mean cone distance.
Pitch variation error
Absolute pitch variation between any two adjacent
teeth at the mean cone distance.
Accumulated pitch error

Difference between theoretical pitch sum of any
teeth interval, and the summation of actual measured
pitches for the same teeth interval at the mean cone
distance.
Runout error of teeth
This is the maximum amount of tooth runout in the
radial direction, measured by indicating a pin or ball
placed between two teeth at the central cone distance.
Table 7.1 presents equations for allowable values of
these various errors.
where WTolerance unit

W = 3d + 0.65mm
dReference Diametermm
The allowable pitch variation error value is defined as;
Single pitch error tolerance x k-value
Table 7.2 shows the k-value. The k-value varies
depending on the tolerance value of a single pitch
error.
Table 7.2 k-values
Single pitch errorm Pitch variation error k
1.3
Below 70
Over 70 Below 100
1.4
Over 100 Below 150
1.5
Over 150
1.6
Besides the above errors, there are seven specifications

for bevel gear blank dimensions and angles, plus an
eighth that concerns the cut gear set:
The tolerance of the blank tip diameter and the crown to back
surface distance.
The tolerance of the outer cone angle of the gear blank.
The tolerance of the cone surface runout of the gear blank.
The tolerance of the side surface runout of the gear blank.
The feeler gauze size to check the flatness of blank back surface.
The tolerance of the shaft runout of the gear blank.
The tolerance of the shaft bore dimension deviation of the gear blank.
The tooth contact.
Item relates to cutting of the two mating gears'
teeth. The tooth contact must be full and even across
the profiles. This is an important criterion that
supersedes all other blank requirements.
Please see page 626 to 627 in referring to selected
date of each allowable error.
Table 7.1 Equations for allowable single pitch error, accumulated

pitch error and pitch cone runout error,m
Grade Single pitch error
JIS
JIS
JIS
JIS
JIS
JIS
JIS
JIS
JIS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
00.4W +
0.63W +
01.0W +
01.6W +
02.5W +
04.0W +
06.3W +
2.650
5.000
9.500
18.00
33.50
63.00
118.0
Accumulated pitch error Runout error of pitch cone

01.6W +
02.5W +
04.0W +
06.4W +
10.0W +
10.60
20.00
38.00
72.00
134.0
02.36d
003.6d
005.3d
008.0d
012.0d
018.0d
027.0d
060.0d
130.0d
559
Technical Data
8 Mounting Accuracy
Even if the gear has high accuracy, if the gear is not
mounted properly it is not possible to avoid problems
regarding bad tooth contact noise, wear, and breakage.
8.1 Accuracy of Center Distance
Error in the center distance influences the backlash of
the gear mesh. If the center distance value increases,
the backlash value is increased. As the result, gear teeth
can not mesh deeply enough each other, and the contact
ratio decreases. If the center distance value decreases, the
backlash value also decreases. Gears may not rotate if the
backlash decreases too much.
Table 8.1 shows the center distance tolerance of
spur and helical gears. The tolerance values in this
table are quoted from JGMA1101-01(2000), and are
applicable for involute spur and helical gears, made of
iron and steel.
Table 8.1 Center Distance Tolerance of

Spur and Helical Gears fa
Center Distancemm
Accuracy Grade of Gears
More than Less than N3,N4
N5,N6
N7,N8 N9,N10
0005
0020
06
010
016
026
0020
0050
08
012
020
031
0050
0125
12
020
032
050
0125
0280
16
026
040
065
0280
0560
22
035
055
088
8.2 Axial Parallelism

The accuracy of two parallel axis is composed with
parallelism error and shaft offset error. These errors
influence the tooth contact in the tooth trace direction.
It may result in bad tooth contact occurring at the
tip of tooth width. Increase of the error involves
decreasing the backlash or causing of noise by tooth
breakage.
Table 8.2 and 8.33 shows Shaft parallelism error and
offset error tolerance of spur and helical gears, where
data was selected from JGMA1102-01(2000).
V
axis b
A
S
axis a
Measuring section
Out-of-plane (shaft offset) deviation
D
C
fx
fy
Tolerance zone
In-plane (shaft parallelism) deviation
Fig. 8.1 Shaft Parallelism Error and Shaft Offset Error
560
Unit: m
Technical Data
Table 8.2Allowable in-plane deviation with respect to parallelism of axes per facewidthfx
Reference diameter
dmm
0005 d 2000
0020 < d 5000
0050 < d 1250
0125 < d 2800
0280 < d 5600
Facewidth
bmm
004 b 010
010 < b 020
004 b 010
010 < b 020
020 < b 040
040 < b 080
004 b 010
010 < b 020
020 < b 040
040 < b 080
004 b 010
010 < b 020
020 < b 040
040 < b 080
080 < b 160
010 < b 020
020 < b 040
040 < b 080
Accuracy grades
N5
06.0
07.0
06.5
07.0
08.0
09.5
06.5
07.5
08.5
100.
07.0
08.0
09.0
100.
120.
08.5
09.5
110.
N6
08.5
09.5
09.0
100.
110.
130.
09.5
110.
120.
140.
100.
110.
130.
150.
170.
120.
130.
150.
N7
12
14
13
14
16
19
13
15
17
20
14
16
18
21
25
17
19
22
N8
17
19
18
20
23
27
19
21
24
28
20
22
25
29
35
24
27
31
N9
24
28
25
29
32
38
27
30
34
39
29
32
36
41
49
34
38
44
Table 8.3Allowable out-of-plane deviation with respect to parallelism of axes per facewidthfy
Reference diameter
dmm
0005
2000
0020 < d
5000
0050 < d
1250
0125 < d
2800
0280 < d
5600
Facewidth
bmm
004 b 0010
010 < b 0020
004 b 0010
010 < b 0020
020 < b 0040
040 < b 0080
004 b 0010
010 < b 0020
020 < b 0040
040 < b 0080
004 b 0010
010 < b 0020
020 < b 0040
040 < b 0080
080 < b 0160
010 < b 0020
020 < b 0040
040 < b 0080
Unit: m
N10
035
039
036
040
046
054
038
042
048
056
040
045
050
058
069
048
054
062
Unit: m
Accuracy grades
N5
03.1
03.4
03.2
03.6
04.1
04.8
03.3
03.7
04.2
04.9
03.5
04.0
04.5
05.0
06.0
04.3
04.8
05.5
N6
04.3
04.9
04.5
05.0
05.5
06.5
04.7
05.5
06.0
07.0
05.0
05.5
06.5
07.5
08.5
06.0
06.5
07.5
N7
06.0
07.0
06.5
07.0
08.0
09.5
06.5
07.5
08.5
100.
07.0
08.0
09.0
100.
120.
08.5
09.5
110.
N8
08.5
09.5
09.0
100.
110.
130.
09.5
110.
120.
140.
100.
110.
130.
150.
170.
120.
130.
150.
N9
12
14
13
14
16
19
13
15
17
20
14
16
18
21
25
17
19
22
N10
17
19
18
20
23
27
19
21
24
28
20
22
25
29
35
24
27
31
561
Technical Data
.3 Features of Tooth Contact
.3.1 Tooth Contact of a Bevel Gear
Tooth contact is critical to noise, vibration, efficiency,

strength, wear and life. To obtain good contact, the
designer must give proper consideration to the following
features:
Modifying the tooth shape
Improve tooth contact by crowning or end relief.
Using higher precision gear
Specify higher accuracy by design. Also, specify
that the manufacturing process is to include
grinding or lapping.
Controlling the accuracy of the gear assembly
Specify adequate shaft parallelism and
perpendicularity of the gear housing (box or
structure).
It is important to check the tooth contact of a bevel gear

both during manufacturing and again in final assembly.
The method is to apply a colored dye and observe the
contact area after running. Usually some load is applied,
either the actual or applied braking, to realize a realistic
contact condition. Ideal contact favors the toe end under
no or light load, as shown in Figure 8.2; and, as load is
increased to full load, contact shifts to the central part of
the tooth width.
The features above are all related to the production of

gears / gearboxes, or to the accuracy of modification.
In spite of efforts of prevention, tooth contact problems
still may occur at the final inspection before mounting,
in some cases. If this happens, tooth contact of spur and
helical gears can reasonably be controlled by shifting
the gear in axial direction.
Proper tooth contact is one of the elements in providing
gear accuracy and very important for bevel and worm
gear pairs. Compared to spur or helical gears, it is more
difficult to inspect gear accuracy of bevel gears and
worm gear pairs. Consequently, final inspection of bevel
and worm mesh tooth contact in assembly provides a
quality criteria for control.
JGMA1002-012003classifies tooth contact into three
levels, A, B, C, as presented in Table 8.4.
Table 8.4 Levels of tooth contact
Level Types of gear
A
Levels of tooth contact
Tooth width direction Tooth height direction

Cylindrical gears More than 70
More than 40
Bevel gears
More than 50
Worm wheels
More than
Bevel gears
30
More than 35
Worm wheels
More than
Bevel gears More than 25
20
More than 20
Worm wheels
The percentage in Table 8.4 considers only the effective

width and height of teeth.
562
100
60
Heel (Outer) end
Toe (Inner) end
Fig. 8.2 Central toe contact
Even when a gear is ideally manufactured, it may

reveal poor tooth contact due to lack of precision in
housing or improper mounting position, or both. Usual
major faults are:
Shafts are not intersecting, but are skew
(offset error)
Shaft angle error of gearbox.
Mounting distance error.
Errors and can be corrected only by reprocessing
the housing/mounting. Error can be corrected by
adjusting the gears in an axial direction. All three errors
may be the cause of improper backlash.
Technical Data
The Offset Error of Shaft Alignment

If a gearbox has an offset error, then it will produce
crossed contact, as shown in Figure 8.3. This
error often appears as if error is in the gear tooth
orientation.
The various contact patterns due to mounting distance

errors are shown in Figure 8.5.
(+) Error
(-) Error
Error
Error
Pinion
Gear
Pinion
Gear
Fig .8.5 Poor tooth contact due to error in mounting distance
Fig. 8.3 Poor tooth contact due to offset error of shafts
2The Shaft Angle Error of Gear Box

As Figure 8.4 shows, the tooth contact will move
toward the toe end if the shaft angle error is positive;
the tooth contact will move toward the heel end if the
shaft angle error is negative.
(+) Shaft angle error
(-) Shaft
angle
error
Mounting distance error will cause a change of

backlash; positive error will increase backlash; and
negative, decrease. Since the mounting distance error
of the pinion affects the tooth contact greatly, it is
customary to adjust the gear rather than the pinion in
its axial direction.
8.3.2 Tooth Contact of a Worm Gear Pair

There is no specific Japanese standard concerning
worm gearing, except for some specifications regarding
tooth contact in JGMA1002-012003).
Therefore, it is the general practice to test the tooth
contact and backlash with a tester. Figure 8.6 shows the
ideal contact for a worm mesh.
Rotating directionvv
Fig. 8.4 Poor tooth contact due to shaft angle error
3Mounting Distance Error

When the mounting distance of the pinion is a positive
error, the contact of the pinion will move towards the
tooth root, while the contact of the mating gear will
move toward the top of the tooth. This is the same
situation as if the pressure angle of the pinion is smaller
than that of the gear. On the other hand, if the mounting
distance of the pinion has a negative error, the contact
of the pinion will move toward the top and that of the
gear will move toward the root. This is similar to the
pressure angle of the pinion being larger than that of
the gear. These errors may be diminished by axial
adjustment with a backing shim.
Approaching side
Receding side
Fig. 8.6 Ideal tooth contact of worm gear pair
From Figure 8.6, we realize that the ideal portion of

contact inclines to the receding side.
563
Technical Data
Because the clearance in the approaching side is larger

than on the receding side, the oil film is established
much easier in the approaching side. However, an
excellent worm wheel in conjunction with a defective
gearbox will decrease the level of tooth contact and the
performance. There are three major factors, besides the
gear itself, which may influence the tooth contact:
Shaft Angle Error.
Center Distance Error.
Locating Distance Error of Worm Wheel.
Errors and can only be corrected by remaking
the housing. Error may be decreased by adjusting
the worm wheel along the axial direction. These three
errors introduce varying degrees of backlash.
1Shaft Angle Error
If the gear box has a shaft angle error, then it will
produce crossed contact as shown in Figure 8.7.
A helix angle error will also produce a similar crossed
contact.
Error
Error
(+) Error
RH helix
(-) Error
LH helix
RH helix
LH helix
Fig. 8.8 Poor tooth contact due to center distance error
3Locating Distance Error

Figure 8.9 shows the resulting poor contact from
locating distance error of the worm wheel. From
the figure, we can see the contact shifts toward the
worm wheel tooth's edge. The direction of shift in the
contact area matches the direction of worm wheel
locating error. This error affects backlash, which tends
to decrease as the error increases. The error can be
diminished by micro-adjustment of the worm wheel in
the axial direction.
Error
Error
Fig. 8.7 Poor tooth contact due to shaft angle error
2Center Distance Error

Even when exaggerated center distance errors exist,
as shown in Figure 8.8, the results are crossed contact.
Such errors not only cause bad contact but also greatly
influence backlash.
A positive center distance error causes increased
backlash. A negative error will decrease backlash and
may result in a tight mesh, or even make it impossible to
assemble.
564
Fig.8.9 Poor tooth contact due to mounting distance error
Technical Data
9 Gear Materials
In accordance to their usage, gears are made of various types of materials, such as iron-based materials,
nonferrous metals, or plastic materials. The strength of gears differs depending on the type of material, heat
treatment or quenching applied.
9.1 Types of Gear Materials
Table 9.1 lists mechanical properties and characteristics of gear materials most commonly used.
Table 9.1 Types of Gear Materials
Material
Tensile
Strength
N/mm2
JIS
Material No.
Elongation
(%)
More than
Drawability
(%)
More than
Hardness
HB
Characteristics, heat treatments applied
S15CK
More than 490
20
50
143 - 235
Low-carbon steel. High hardness obtained by Carburizing.
S45C
More than 690
17
45
201 - 269
Most commonly used medium-carbon steel. Thermal refined /

induction hardened
SCM435
More than 930
15
50
269 - 331
SCM440
More than 980
12
45
285 - 352
SNCM439
More than 980
16
45
293 - 352
Medium-carbon alloy steel (C content: 0.3 0.7%). Thermal refined

and induction hardened. High strength (High bending strength /
High surface durability). Used in gear manufacturing, except for
worm wheels.
SCr415
More than 780
15
40
217 - 302
SCM415
More than 830
16
40
235 - 321
SNC815
More than 980
12
45
285 - 388
SNCM220
More than 830
17
40
248 - 341
SNCM420
More than 980
15
40
293 - 375
Rolled Steel
for General
Structures
SS400
More than 400
Low strength. Low cost.
Gray Cast Iron
FC200
More than 200
Less than 223
Lower strength than steel. Suitable for bulk production.
More than 500
150 230
Ductile Cast Iron with high strength. Used in the manufacturing of

large casting gears.
SUS303
More than 520
40
50
Less than 187
Has more machinability than SUS304. Increases seizure resistant.
SUS304
More than 520
40
60
Less than 187
Most commonly used stainless Steel. Used for food processing

machines etc.
SUS316
More than 520
40
60
Less than 187
Has corrosion resistance against salty seawater, better than

SUS304.
SUS420J2
More than 540
12
40
More than 217
Martensitic stainless steel, quenching can be applied.
More than
58HRC
High hardness can be obtained by quenching. High surface

durability.
Carbon Steel
for Structural
Machine Usage
Alloy steel
for Machine
Structural Use
Nodular Graphite FCD500-7

Cast Iron
Stainless Steel
SUS440C
Nonferrous
Metals
Engineering
Plastics
Low-carbon Alloy Steel (C content below 0.3%). Surface-hardening

treatment applied (Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-nitriding, etc.) High
strength (Bending strength / Surface durability).
C3604
335
More than
80HV
Free-Cutting Brass. Used in manufacturing of small gears.
CAC502
295
10
More than 80
Phosphor bronze casting. Suitable for worm wheels.
CAC702
540
15
120 More than
Aluminum-bronze casting. Used for worm wheels etc.
MC901
96
120HRR
MC601ST
98
120HRR
M90
62
80 HRR
9.2 Heat Treatments

Heat treatment is a process that controls the heating
and cooling of a material, performed to obtain
required structural properties of metal materials.
Heating methods include normalizing, annealing
quenching, tempering, and surface hardening.
Heat treatment is performed to enhance the
properties of the steel. as the hardness increases
by applying successive heat treatments, the gear
strength increases along with it; the tooth surface
strength also increases drastically. As shown in Table
9.2, heat treatments differ depending on the quantity
of carbon (C) contained in the steel.
Used for machined gears. Lightweight. Anti-rust.

Used for injection-molded gears. Suitable for bulk production at low
cost. Applied for use with light load.
Table 9.2 Heat Treatments

Heat Treatment
Carbon
contained
00.10.20.30.40.5
Carburizing
Induction Hardening
Flame Hardening
NitridingNOTE 1
Total Quenching
NOTE 1. For nitriding, it is necessary that the material contains one or
more alloy elements, such as Al, Cr, Mo. or V.
565
Technical Data
1Normalizing
Normalizing is a heat treatment applied to the
microstructure of the small crystals of steel to unify the
overall structure. This treatment is performed to relieve
internal stress or to resolve inconsistent fiber structure
occurred by the forming processing such as rolling.
2Annealing
Annealing is a heat treatment applied to soften steel, to
adjust crystalline structure, to relieve internal stress, and to
modify for cold-working and cutting performance. There are
several types of annealing in accordance with the application,
such as Full Annealing, Softening, Stress Relieving,
Straightening Annealing and Intermediate Annealing.
Full Annealing
Annealing to relieve internal stress without changing the
structure.
Straightening Annealing
Annealing to fix deformation occurred in steel, or other
materials. The treatment is performed by applying load.
Intermediate Annealing
Annealing applied in the process of cold-working, applied
to soften the work-hardened material, so to make the
next process easier.
3Quenching
Quenching is a treatment on steel, applying rapid cooling
after heating at high temperature. There are several types
of quenching in accordance with cooling conditions; water
quenching, oil quenching, and vacuum quenching. It is
essential to apply tempering after quenching.
4Tempering
Tempering is a heat treatment, applying cooling at a proper
speed. After performing quench hardening, the material is
heated again, then, tempering is applied. Tempering must be
performed after quenching. Quenching is applied to adjust
hardness, to add toughness, and to relieve internal stress.
There are two types of tempering, one is high-temperature
tempering, and the other is low-temperature tempering.
Applying the tempering at higher temperature, the more
toughness is obtained, although the hardness decreases.
For thermal refining, high-temperature tempering is
performed.
For induction hardening or carburizing, the require
tempering performed after surface-hardening treatment is,
low-temperature tempering.
5Thermal Refining
Thermal Refining is a heat treatment applied to adjust
hardness / strength / toughness of steel. This treatment
involves quenching and low-temperature tempering, in
combination. After thermal refining is performed, the
hardness is adjusted by these treatments to increase the
metals machineable properties.
The target hardness for thermal refining are:
S45C (Carbon Steel for Machine Structural Use) 200 - 270 HB
SCM440 (Alloy Steel for Machine Structural Use) 230 - 270 HB
566
6Carburizing
Carburizing is a heat treatment performed especially to
harden the surface in which carbon is present and penetrates
the surface. The surface of low-carbon steel is carburized
(Carbon penetration) and in a state of high carbon, where
quenching is required. Low-temperature tempering is applied
after quenching to adjust the hardness.
Not only the surface, but the inner material structure is also
somewhat hardened by some level of carburizing, however,
it is not as hard as the surface.
If a masking agent is applied on a part of the surface, carbon
penetration is prevented and the hardness is not changed.
The target hardness on the surface and the hardened depth are:
Quench Hardness 55 - 63HRC (reference value
Effective Hardened Depth 0.3 - 1.2 mm (reference value
Gears are deformed by carburizing, and the precision is
decreased. To improve precision, gear grinding is necessary.
7Induction Hardening
Induction Hardening is a heat treatment performed to
harden the surface by induction-heating of the steel,
composed of 0.3% carbon. For gear products, induction
hardening is effective for hardening tooth areas including
tooth surface and the tip, however, the root may not be
hardened in some cases.
Generally, the precision of gears declines from deformation
caused by induction hardening.
For induction hardening of S45C products, please refer to
the values below.
Quench Hardness
45 - 55 HRC
Effective Hardened Depth 1 - 2 mm
8Flame Hardening
Flame Hardening is a surface-hardening treatment
performed by flame heating. This treatment is usually
performed on the surface for partial hardening of iron and
steel.
9Nitriding
Nitriding is a heat treatment performed to harden the
surface by introducing nitrogen into the surface of steel. If
the steel alloy includes aluminum, chrome, and molybdenum,
it improves nitriding and the hardness can be obtained.
A representative nitride steel is SACM645 (Aluminium
chromium molybdenum steel).
10Total Quenching
A heat treatment by heating the entire steel material to the
core, and then cooling rapidly afterworlds, where not only
the surface is hardened, the core part is also hardened.
Technical Data
10 Strength and Durability of Gears

The strength of gears are generally calculated by
considering the bending strength and surface durability.
In the case of using gears under severe conditions, the
scoring resistance is also considered.
This section introduces the formulas for strength
calculation, based on excerpts from JGMA (Japan Gear
Manufacturers Association's Standards). For detailed
information, please refer to the following JGMA
Standards:
JGMA Standards
JGMA 401011974Bending Strength Formulas for
Spur Gears and Helical Gears
JGMA 402011975Surface Durability Formulas for
Spur Gears and Helical Gears
JGMA 403011976Bending Strength Formulas for
Bevel Gears
JGMA 404011977Surface Durability Formulas for
Bevel Gears
JGMA 405011978The Strength Formulas for
Worm Gears
Japan Gear Manufacturers Association
Kikai Shinko Kaikan Room No. 208, 5-8, Shiba Koen
3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo Tel 03(3431)18711872
10.1Bending Strength of Spur and Helical Gears

JGMA 401011974
Generally, bending strength and durability specifications

are applied to spur and helical gears (including double
helical and internal gears) to beused in industrial
machines in the following range:
Module
m 1.5 - 25mm
Pitch diameter
d0 25 - 3200mm
Tangential speed
v
25m/s or slower
Rotational speed
n
3600rpm or slower
1Conversion Formulas
The equations that relate transmitted tangential force at
the pitch circle, Fkgf
, power PkW
, and torque, T
kgf
t
mare basic to the calculations.
The relations are as follows:
102P
1.95 106P
2000T
Ft =
=
=
v
d bn
db
10.1
Ft v
106
P =
102 = F
1.95 t dbn
10.2
Ft db
974P
T =
2000 = n
10.3
where vTangential speed of working pitch circlem/s

d bn

v 19100

db Working pitch diametermm

n Rotational speedrpm
2Bending Strength Formulas

In order to satisfy the bending strength, the transmitted
tangential force at the working pitch circle, Ft , is not
to exceed the allowable tangential force at the working
pitch circle, Ftlim, that is calculated taking into account
the allowable bending stress at the root.
Ft Ftlim
10.4
At the same time, the actual bending stress at the root,
F, that is calculated on the basis of the transmitted
tangential force at the working pitch circle, Ft, must be
less than the allowable bending stress at the root, Flim.
F Flim
10.5
Equation (10.6) presents the calculation of Ftlimkgf.
Ftlim = Flim
mnb KLKFX 1
Y FY Y K VK O S F
10.6
Equation (10.6) can be converted into stress by Equation

(10.7)kgf/mm2.
Y FY Y K VK O
F = FtS
F
mb
K K
n
FX
10.7
3Determination of Factors
3-1Facewidth bmm
If the gears in a pair have different facewidths, let the
wider one be bw and the narrower one be bs.
And if:
bw bs
mn bw and bs can be put directly into
Equation (10.6).
bw bs > mn the wider one would be changed to
b s + m n and the narrower one, b s,
would be unchanged.
NOTE: Regarding the facewidth of round racks, see 10.2
(3) - 1 on page 574.
3-2Tooth Profile Factor Y F The tooth profile
factor Y F is obtainable from Figure 10.1 based on
the equivalent number of teeth, z V , and profile shift
coefficient, x, if the gear has a standard tooth profile with
pressure angle n = 20, per JIS B 1701. Figure 10.1 also
indicates (a) theoretical undercut limit, and (b) narrow
tooth top limit. These will be helpful in determining gear
specifications. For internal gears, obtain the factor by
considering the equivalent racks.
3-3Load Sharing Factor, Y
Load sharing factor,Y , is the reciprocal of transverse
contact ratio, .
1
Y =
10.8
567
Technical Data
Fig.10.1Chart showing tooth profile factor

3.8
Normal pressure angle n = 20
3.7
Addendum hk = 1.00mn
Dedendum hf = 1.25mn
3.6
Corner radius of cutter r = 0.375mn
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
it
.4
0
2.8
.1
0
2.7
2.7
0
0.1
2.6
2.6
0.2
2.5
2.5
0.3
2.4
2.4
0.4
2.3
2.3
x=0
.5
2.2
2.2
0.6
2.1
rro
1.9
10
2.1
0.7
Na
2.0
1.8
2.9
.3
.2
0
2.8
ic
et
or
he
3.0
2.9
U
al
x=
Tooth profile factor YF
cu
er
nd
0.5
3.0
x=
i
tL
11
2.0
0.8
To
oth
To
12
pL
0.9
im
13
1.9
x = 1.0
it
14
15
16 17 18 19 20
25
30
35 40 45 50 60
80 100
200 400
1.8
Equivalent number of teethzV = z /cos3
Table 10.1 Transverse contact ratio of standard spur gears,

17
017 1.514
020 1.535
025 1.563
030 1.584
035 1.603
040 1.614
045 1.625
050 1.634
055 1.642
060 1.649
065 1.655
070 1.661
075 1.666
080 1.670
085 1.674
090 1.677
095 1.681
100 1.683
110 1.688
120 1.693
RACK 1.748
No. of teeth
568
20
25
30
35
1.557
1.584
1.605
1.622
1.635
1.646
1.656
1.664
1.671
1.677
1.682
1.687
1.691
1.695
1.699
1.702
1.705
1.710
1.714
1.769
1.612
1.633
1.649
1.663
1.674
1.683
1.691
1.698
1.704
1.710
1.714
1.719
1.723
1.726
1.729
1.732
1.737
1.742
1.797
1.654
1.670
1.684
1.695
1.704
1.712
1.719
1.725
1.731
1.735
1.740
1.743
1.747
1.750
1.753
1.758
1.762
1.817
1.687
1.700
1.711
1.721
1.729
1.736
1.742
1.747
1.752
1.756
1.760
1.764
1.767
1.770
1.775
1.779
1.834
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
0 = 20
75
80
1.714
1.725
1.734
1.742
1.749
1.755
1.761
1.765
1.770
1.773
1.777
1.780
1.783
1.788
1.792
1.847
1.736
1.745
1.753
1.760
1.766
1.772
1.777
1.781
1.785
1.788
1.791
1.794
1.799
1.804
1.859
1.755
1.763
1.770
1.776
1.781
1.786
1.790
1.794
1.798
1.801
1.804
1.809
1.813
1.868
1.771
1.778
1.784
1.789
1.794
1.798
1.802
1.806
1.809
1.812
1.817
1.821
1.876
1.785
1.791
1.796
1.801
1.805
1.809
1.813
1.816
1.819
1.824
1.828
1.883
1.797
1.802
1.807
1.811
1.815
1.819
1.822
1.825
1.830
1.834
1.889
1.808
1.812
1.817
1.821
1.824
1.827
1.830
1.835
1.840
1.894
90
95
100
110
120
rg1 +
rg2 a sin b
rk2
rk1
2
85
1.817
1.821
1.825
1.829
1.832
1.835
1.840
1.844
1.899
m cos o
1.826
1.830
1.833
1.836
1.839
1.844
1.849
1.903
1.833
1.837
1.840
1.843
1.848
1.852
1.907
1.840
1.844
1.846
1.852
1.856
1.911
1.847
1.850
1.855
1.859
1.914
1.853
1.858
1.862
1.917
1.863
1.867
1.922
1.871
1.926
Technical Data
Transverse Contact Ratio is calculated as follows.
Table 10.3 Dynamic load factor, KV
For Spur Gears
Precision grade of gears

from JIS B1702
rg1 +
rg2 a sin b
rk2
rk1
2
m cos 0
For Helical Gears

rg1 +
rg2 a sin bs
rk2
rk1
2
ms cos s
10.9

Where
Tipdiameter
diameter(mm)
rkk:
(mm) b:b:Working
Working pressure
pressure angledegree
angledegree
:Tip
Referenceradius
radius(mm)
rg:Reference
(mm) bs
:bs:
degree
Transverse
Transverseworking
workingpressure
pressureangle
angledegree
Centerdistance
distance(mm)
a ::Center
(mm) 0:0:Reference
Referencepressure
pressureangledegree
angledegree
transverse
degree
s :Reference
transversepressure
pressureangle
angldegree
s:Reference
Table 10.1 shows the transverse contact ratio of a
standard spur gear (0 = 20 )
Tangential speed at working pitch circlem/s
Tooth profile
Unmodified Modified
1 or
under
Over 1 to Over 3 to Over 5 to Over 8 to Over 12 to Over 18 to

3 incl.
5 incl.
8 incl.
12 incl.
18 incl.
25 incl.
1.00
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.05
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.30
1.4
1.5
1.0
1.3
1.40
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.50
1.2
1.5
3-8Overload Factor KO
Overload factor, KO, can be obtained from Equation
Actual tangential force
KO =
10.12
Nominal tangential force, Ft
If tangential force is unknown, Table 10.4 provides
guiding values. Load grades on affected machinery are
introduced on page 572, as reference.
3-4Helix Angle Factor, Y

Helix angle factor, Y , can be obtained from Equation
0 30 then Y = 1
120

10.10

30 then Y = 0.75
3-5Life Factor, KL
We can choose the proper life factor, K L, from Table
10.2. The number of cyclic repetitions means the total
loaded meshings during its lifetime.
Table 10.2 Life factor
Gears w.
No. of cyclic Hardness1 Hardness2
repetitions HB120 220 HB221 or over carburizing/nitriding
10000 or fewer
1.4
1.5
1.5
Approx. 100000
1.2
1.4
1.5
Approx.106
1.1
1.1
1.1
10 or greater
1.0
1.0
1.0
NOTES1Cast steel gears apply to this column.

2For induction hardened gears, use the core
hardness.
3-6Size Factor of Root Stress, KFX

Generally, this factor, KFX, is unity.
KFX = 1.00
10.11
3-7Dynamic Load Factor, KV
Dynamic load factor, K V, can be obtained from Table
10.3 based on the precision of the gear and the
tangential speed at working pitch circle.
Table 10.4 Overload Factor, KO

Impact from
Prime Mover
Impact from Load Side of Machine
Uniform Load
Medium Impact Load Heavy Impact Load
Uniform Load (Motor,

Turbine, Hydraulic Motor)
1.00
1.25
1.75
Light Impact Load

(Multicylinder Engine)
1.25
1.50
2.00
Medium Impact Load

(Single Cylinder Engine)
1.50
1.75
2.25
3-9Safety Factor for Bending Failure, SF

Safety factor, S F, is too complicated to be determined
precisely. Usually, it is set to at least 1.2.
3-10Allowable Bending Stress at Root, F lim
For a unidirectionally loaded gear, the allowable bending
stresses at the root, F lim, are shown in Tables 1.5 to
1.8. In these tables, the value of F lim is the quotient
of the fatigue limit under pulsating tension divided
by the stress concentration factor 1.4.If the load is
bidirectional, and both sides of the tooth are equally
loaded, the value of allowable bending stress, F lim ,
should be taken as 2/3 of the given value in the table.
The core hardness means the hardness at the center
region of the root.
569
Technical Data
Table 10.5 Gears without surface hardening

MaterialArrows indicate the ranges
HB
HV
SC373
SC423
SC463
SC493
SCC3I
Cast steel gear

Normalizing carbon steel gear
Quenched and tempered carbon steel gear
Quenched and tempered alloy steel gear
570
Hardness
S25C
S35C
S43C
S48C
S53C
S58C
S35C
S43C
S48C
S53C
S58C
SMn443
SNC836
SCM435
SCM440
SNCM439
Tensile strengthlower limit
kgf/mm2
Flim
Reference
kgf/mm2
037
10.4
042
12.0
046
13.2
049
14.2
055
15.8
060
17.2
120
126
039
13.8
130
136
042
14.8
140
147
045
15.8
150
157
048
16.8
160
167
051
17.6
170
178
055
18.4
180
189
058
19.0
190
200
061
19.5
200
210
064
20.0
210
221
068
20.5
220
231
071
21.0
230
242
074
21.5
240
252
077
22.0
250
263
081
22.5
160
167
051
18.2
170
178
055
19.4
180
189
058
20.2
190
200
061
21.0
200
210
064
22.0
210
221
068
23.0
220
231
071
23.5
230
242
074
24.0
240
252
077
24.5
250
263
081
25.0
260
273
084
25.5
270
284
087
26.0
280
295
090
26.0
290
305
093
26.5
220
231
071
25.0
230
242
074
26.0
240
252
077
27.5
250
263
081
28.5
260
273
084
29.5
270
284
087
31.0
280
295
090
32.0
290
305
093
33.0
300
316
097
34.0
310
327
100
35.0
320
337
103
36.5
330
347
106
37.5
340
358
110
39.0
350
369
113
40.0
360
380
117
41.0
Technical Data
Table 10.6 Induction hardened gears

Material
Heat treatment before Core hardness Surface1 Flim
Hardness
kgf/mm2
Arrows indicate the ranges induction hardening
HB
HV
HV
160
167
More than 550
21.0
180
189
21.0
220
231
21.5
240
252
22.0
200
210
More than 550
23.0
210
221
23.5
220
231
24.0
230
242
24.5
240
252
25.0
Hardened
250
263
25.0
throughout
230
242
More than 550
27.0
240
252
28.0
250
263
29.0
260
273
30.0
270
284
31.0
280
295
32.0
290
305
33.0
300
316
34.0
310
327
35.0
320
337
36.5
Structual alloy steel
Structual carbon steel
S43C
S48C
S43C
S48C
Thermal
refined
Quenched
and
tempered
SCM440
SMn443
SNCM439
Quenched
and
tempered
SCM435
SNC836
75%
of the
above
Hardened except
root area
Table 10.7 Carburized and quenched gears
Structural alloy steel
Structural carbon steel
Material
Arrows indicate the ranges
S15CK
S15CK
SCM415
SNC415
SCM420
SNCM420
SNC815
Core hardness
Flim
kgf/mm2
140
HV
147
18.2
150
157
19.6
160
167
21.0
170
178
22.0
180
189
23.0
190
200
24.0
220
231
34.0
230
242
36.0
240
252
38.0
250
263
39.0
260
273
41.0
270
284
42.5
280
295
44.0
290
305
45.0
300
316
46.0
310
327
47.0
320
337
48.0
330
347
49.0
340
358
50.0
350
369
51.0
360
380
51.5
370
390
52.0
HB
RemarksIf a gear is not quenched

completely, or not
evenly, or has quenching
cracks, the Flim will drop
dramatically.
N O T E1:I f t h e h a r d n e s s a f t e r
quenching is relatively low,
the value of Flim should
be that given in Table 10.5.
NOTE2
The table on the left only applies to those gears
which have adequate carburized depth and
surface hardness. If the carburized depth is
relatively thin, the value of Flim should be stated
for quenched/tempered gears, having no surface
hardened.
571
Technical Data
Table 10.8 Nitrided Gears Excerpted from JGMA403-01(1976)

Surface Hardness
Reference
Material
Structural alloy steel except

nitriding steel
Nitriding steelSACM645
HV 650 or more
HV 650 or more
Core Hardness
Flim
HB
HV
kgf/mm2
220
231
30
240
252
33
260
273
36
280
295
38
300
316
40
320
337
42
340
358
44
360
380
46
220
231
32
240
252
35
260
273
38
280
295
41
300
316
44
NOTE1
The table on the left only applies to
those gears which have adequate
nitrided depth. If the nitrided depth is
relatively thin, the value of Flim should
be stated for gears which have no
surface hardened.
Table 10. Stainless Steel and Free-Cutting Brass Gears Excerpted from JGMA6101-02 (2007)
Material
Hardness
Yield Point
Tensile
MPa
Strength MPa
Flim
MPa
Stainless Steel SUS304
Less than More than 206 More than

187HB Durability
520
103
Free-Cutting Brass
C3604
More than
80HV
More than
333
39.3
ReferenceLoad Grades on Affected Machinery(Quoted from JGMA402-01 (1975)

Load
Grade
Affected Machinery
Load
Grade
Stirring machine
Blower
Brewing and distilling machine
Automotive machinery
Clarifier
Sorting machine
Porcelain machine (Medium load)
Porcelain machine (Heavy load)
Compression Machine
Conveyer (Uniform load)
Conveyer (Non-uniform / heavy
load)
Crane
M
U
U
M
U
M
M
H
M
U
Food machinery
Hammermill
Hoist
Machine tool
Metal working machinery
Tumbling mill
Tumbler
Blender
Petroleum Refinery
Papermaking machine
M
H
M
H
H
M
H
M
M
M
Peeling machine
Crushing machine
Dredging boat (Medium load)
Dredging boat (Heavy load)
Elevator
Extruding machine
Fan (Household use)
Fan (Industrial use)
Supplying machine
Supplying machine (reciprocated)
U
U
M
M
H
Pump
Rubber machinery
(Medium load)
Rubber machinery
(Heavy load)
Water treatment machine
(Light load)
Water treatment machine
(Medium load)
Screen (Sifter)
Screen (Sand strainer)
Sugar refinery machinery
Textile machinery
Affected Machinery
572
M
H
U
M
U
M
M
M
NOTE1.This sheet was created in reference to AGMA

151.02
2.In this sheet, symbols are used to classify what
load grades are:
U: Uniform load, M: Medium load and
H: Heavy load
3.This sheet indicates general tendency of load
grades. For use in heavy load, one-higher-grade
should be adopted. For details, please refer to the
AGMA standard mentioned in NOTE 1.
Technical Data
4Example of Calculation
Spur gear design details

No.
Item
Normal module
Number of teeth
Center distance
Pitch diameter
Working pitch diameter
Facewidth
10
Precision grade
11
Manufacturing method
12
Surface roughness
13
Rotational speed
14
Tangential speed
15
Direction of load
16
Duty cycle
17
Material
18
Heat treatment
19
Surface hardness
20
Core hardness
21
Effective case depth
Symbol
Unit
mn
n
z
a
x
d0
db
b
mm
Pinion
Gear
2
20
0
degree
20
40
mm
mm
60
+ 0.15
40.000
40.000
20
0.15
80.000
80.000
20
JIS 5 (Without tooth modification JIS 5 (Without tooth modification

Hobbing
12.5S
n
v
rpm
m/s
750
1500
3.142
Unidirectional
cycles
107 cycles or over

SCM415
Carburizing and quenching
mm
HV 600 640
HB 260 280
0.3 0.5
Bending Strength Factors of Spur Gear

No.
Item
Symbol
Unit
Allowable bending stress at root
kgf/mm2
Normal module
Facewidth
Tooth profile factor
Load sharing factor
Helix angle factor
Life factor
Size factor of root stress
Dynamic load factor
Flim
mn
b
YF
Y
Y
KL
KFX
KV
KO
SF
Ftlim
10
11
12
Overload factor
Safety factor
Allowable tangential force on working pitch circle
Pinion
Gear
42.5
2
20
mm
2.568
2.535
0.619
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.2
kgf
594.1
601.9
573
Technical Data
102P
1.95106P
2000T
Ft =
=
= d
v
dn
0
Ft v0
10
P =
102 = F
1.95 t d0n
Ft d0
974P
T =
2000 = n
6
10.12
10.13
10.14
where
d0 n
v0Tangential speed of working pitch circle
m/s= 19100
d0Working pitch diameter mm
nRotational speed rpm
2Surface Durability Equations
In order to satisfy the surface durability, the
transmitted tangential force at the reference pitch
circle, Ft, is not to exceed the allowable tangential force
at the reference pitch circle, F t lim, that is calculated
taking into account the allowable Hertz stress.
Ft Ft lim
10.15
At the same time, the actual Hertz stress, H, that
is calculated on the basis of the tangential force at
the reference pitch circle, Ft, should not exceed the
allowable Hertz stress, Hlim.
H Hlim
10.16
The allowable tangential force, F t limkgf , at the
reference pitch circle, can be calculated from Equation
10.17
Ft lim = Hlim2d01bH
i
i1
1
1
KHLZLZRZVZWKHX
Z HZ MZ Z
KHKVKO SH 2
2

10.17
574
Equation (10.18)
Ft
H = d b
01 H
i1
i
Z HZ MZ Z
KHLZLZRZVZWKHX KHKVKO SH

10.18
The "+" symbol in Equations (10.17) and (10.18) applies

to two external gears in mesh, whereas the "-" symbol
is used for an internal gear and an external gear mesh.
For the case of a rack and a gear, the quantity
i
i1
becomes 1.
3-1Effective Facewidth in Calculating
Surface Strength bHmm
When gears with wider facewidths mate with gears
with thinner facewidths, take thinner the facewidth for
the calculation of surface strength bH.
When gears are end relieved, the effective facewidth
should not include the relieved portions.
Supplement Facewidth of round racks
In order to obtain the values of the allowable forces
shown in the dimentional table, the calculations
were made based on condition that the facewidth
was:
b1 - in the case of bending strength
b2 - in the case of surface durability:
b1
b1 = d sin 1
b2

1 = cos11
2h
d
b2 = d sin 2
2

2 = cos11
1
d
The following equations can be applied to both spur

and helical gears, including double helical and internal
gears, used in power transmission. The general range of
application is:
Module
m 1.5 - 25mm
Pitch diameter
d0 25 -3200mm
Tangential speed
v
25m/s or less
Rotational speed
n
3600rpm or less
The equations that relate tangential force at the pitch circle,
Ftkgf , power, PkW , and torque, Tkgfmare
basic to the calculations. The relations are:
The Hertz stress Hkgf/mm2is calculated from
JGMA 402011975
hk
10.2 Surface Durability of Spur and Helical Gears
where
hk = addendum
h = tooth depth
d outside diameter
2hk
d
Technical Data
The zone factors are presented in Figure 10.2 for tooth

profiles per JIS B 1701, pressure angle n = 20, profile
shift coefficient x1 and x2, numbers of teeth z1 and z2, and
helix angle 0.
3-2Zone Factor, ZH
The zone factor, ZH, is defined as:
2 cos g cos bs
1
2 cos g
ZH =
cos2 s sin bs = cos s tan bs

10.19
1
where g = tan tan cos s
g Base helix angle (degrees)
bsWorking transverse pressure angle (degrees)
s Transverse pressure angle (degrees)
Re: " " symbol in Figure 10.2
The "+" symbol applies to external gear meshes,

whereas the "-" is used for internal gear and external
gear meshes.
Fig.10.2Zone factor, ZH
3.0
z1
/
x2
x 1 0.02
0.0
15
2.9
=
z2
2.8
0.0
2.7
0.0
05
Zone factor ZH
2.6
2.5
2.4
+ 0.0
05
2.3
+ 0.01
5
2.2
+ 0.025
.002
+ 0.0
025
+ 0.0
1
+ 0.0
2
+ 0.03
2.1
+ 0.04
2.0
+ 0.05
+ 0.06
1.9
+ 0.08
+ 0.1
1.8
+ 0.07
+ 0.09
1.7
1.6
1.5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
575
Technical Data
3-3Material Factor, ZM
The material factor, ZM is determined from:
1
2
1
1 v 22
1
+
E2
E1
ZM =
10.20
where Poisson's ratio

EYoung's moduluskgf/mm2
Table 10.9 contains several combinations of material and
their material factor, ZM.
Table 10.9 Material factor, ZM
Gear
Material
Symbol
Meshing gear
Young's modulus Poisson's ratio
kgf/mm2
Material
Symbol
Structural steel
Structural steel
Cast steel
SC
20500
FCD
17600
Gray cast iron
FC
12000
kgf/mm2
ZM
kgf/mm20.5
21000
60.6
SC
20500
60.2
17600
57.9
Gray cast iron
FC
12000
51.7
Cast iron
SC
20500
FCD
17600
FC
12000
51.5
Ductile cast iron

Gray cast iron
Ductile cast iron
FCD
Ductile cast iron
0.3
Young's modulus Poisson's ratio
Cast steel
21000
Material factor
Ductile cast iron
0.3
59.9
57.6
FCD
17600
55.5
Gray cast iron
FC
12000
50.0
Gray cast
FC
12000
45.8
NOTE1 Structural steels are S CSNCSNCMSCrSCM etc.
3-4Contact Ratio Factor, Z

Contact ratio factor can be determined from:
Spur gearZ = 1.0
Helical gear 1
Z = 1 +
10.21
when > 1
Z =
where Transverse contact ratio

Overlap ratio
3-5Helix Angle Factor, Z
This is a difficult parameter to evaluate. Therefore, it is
assumed to be 1.0 unless better information is available.
Z = 1.0
10.22
576
3-6Life Factor, KHL

Table 10.10 indicates the life factor, KHL
Table10.10Life factor, KHL

Duty cycles
Life factor
10,000 or fewer
1.50
approx. 100,000
1.30
approx. 106
1.15
10 or greater
1.00
NOTE . The duty cycle is the number meshing cycles during a lifetime.
. Although an idler has two meshing points in one cycle, it is still
regarded as one repetition.
. For bidirectional gear drives, the larger loaded direction is
taken as the number of cyclic loads.
When the number of cycles is unknown, KHL is assumed

to be 1.0.
Technical Data
3-7Lubricant Factor, ZL
The lubricant factor, Z L is based upon the lubricant's
kinematic viscosity at 50 , cSt . See Figure 10.3.
Lubricant factor, ZL
Fig. 10.3Lubricant factor, ZL

1.2
1
Surface hardened gear
1.0
0.9
100
200
300
The kinetic viscosity at 50cSt
NOTE: Thermal refined gears include quenched and tempered gears.
3-8Surface Roughness Factor, ZR

The surface roughness factor, Z R is obtained from
Figure 10.4 on the basis of the average roughness Rmaxm
m. The average roughness, R maxm is calculated by
Equation (10.23) using the surface roughness values
of the pinion and gear, Rmax1 and Rmax2, and the center
distance, a, in mm.
Rmax1 + Rmax2
100
3
Rmaxm =
m
2
a
10.23
Fig.10.4 Surface roughness factor, ZR

Roughness factor, ZR
1.0
0.9
Thermal refined gear
0.8
10
Average roughnessRmax mm
11
12
13
14
3-9Lubrication speed factor, ZV

The lubrication speed factor, ZV, relates to the tangential
speed of the pitch circle, vm/s. See Figure 10.5.
Fig.10.5 Sliding speed factor, ZV
Sliding speed factor, ZV
10.24
where HB2Brinell hardness of gear range:
130 HB2 470

If a gear is out of this range, the ZW is assumed to be 1.0.
3-11Size Factor, KHX
Because the conditions affecting this parameter are
often unknown, the factor is usually set at 1.0.
KHX = 1.0
10.25
3
-12Longitudinal Load Distribution Factor, KH
The longitudinal load distribution factor, K H , is
obtainable from:
When tooth contact under load is not predictable:
This case relates to the method of gear shaft support,
and to the ratio, b/d01, of the gear facewidth b, to the
pitch diameter, d01. See Table 10.11.
Table10.11 Longitudinal load distribution facor, KH
Method of gear shaft support
b
d01
1.1
0.7
HB2 130
1700
1.1
0.8
ZW = 1.2
1.2
1.1
Thermal refined
gear
1.0
Surface
hardened gear
0.9
0.8
0.5
10
20
25
40
60
Tangential speed at pitch circle, vm/s
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Bearings on both ends

Gear equidistant
from bearings
Gear close
to one end
(Rugged shaft)
Gear close
to one end
(Weak shaft)
Bearing on
one end
1.00
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.80
2.10
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.45
1.60
1.80
2.05
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.85
2.00
2.10
2.20
1.2
1.45
1.65
1.85
2.00
2.15
NOTE:
1. The b means effective facewidth of spur and helical gears. For double
helical gears, b is facewidth including central groove.
2. Tooth contact must be good under no load.
3. The values in this table are not applicable to gears with two or more
mesh points, such as an idler.
When tooth contact under load is good.

When tooth contact under load is good, and in
addition, when a proper running-in is conducted, the
factor is in a narrower range, as specified belo:
KH = 1.0 1.2
10.26
3-10Hardness Ratio Factor, ZW

The hardness ratio factor, ZW, applies only to the gear
that is in mesh with a pinion which is quenched and
ground. The hardness ratio factor, ZW, is calculated by
Equation (10.24).
577
Technical Data

Dynamic load factor, KV, is obtainable from Table 10.3
according to the gear's precision grade and pitch circle
tangential speed, v0.
3-14Overload Factor, KO
The overload factor, K O , is obtained from either
Equation (10.12) or Table 10.4.
3-16Allowable Hertz Stress, Hlim

The values of allowable Hertz stress, Hlim, for various
gear materials are listed in Tables 10.12 through
10.16. Values for hardness not listed can be estimated
by interpolation. Surface hardness is defined as the
hardness in the pitch circle region.
3-15Safety Factor for Pitting, SH

The causes of pitting involves many environmental factors
and usually is difficult to precisely define. Therefore, it is
advised that a factor of at least 1.15 be used.
Table 10.12 Gears without suface hardening - allowable Hertz stress
HB
HV
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
126
136
147
157
167
178
189
200
210
221
231
242
253
263
167
178
189
200
210
221
231
242
252
263
273
284
295
305
316
327
337
347
358
369
SC373
SC423
SC463
SC493
SCC33
Cast steel
Normalizing structural steel
Quenched and tempered structural steel
578
Surface hardness Lower limit of tensile
S25C
S35C
S43C
S48C
S53C
S58C
S35C
S43C
S48C
S53C
S58C
Hlim
strength kgf/mm2
Reference
kgf/mm2
037
042
046
049
055
060
039
042
045
048
051
055
058
061
064
068
071
074
077
081
051
055
058
061
064
068
071
074
077
081
084
087
090
093
097
100
103
106
110
113
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
39.0
40.0
41.5
42.5
44.0
45.0
46.5
47.5
49.0
50.0
51.5
52.5
54.0
55.0
56.5
57.5
51.0
52.5
54.0
55.5
570
58.5
60.0
61.0
62.5
64.0
65.5
67.0
68.5
70.0
71.0
72.5
74.0
75.5
77.0
78.5
Technical Data
Table 10.12 Gears without suface hardening - allowable Hertz stress (Continued from page 578)
Quenched and tempered structural alloy steel
SMn443
SNC836
SCM435
SCM440
SNCM439
Surface hardness Lower limit of tensile
HB
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
HV
231
242
252
263
273
284
295
305
316
327
337
347
358
369
380
391
402
413
424
Hlim
strength kgf/mm2
Reference
kgf/mm2
071
074
077
081
084
087
090
093
097
100
103
106
110
113
117
121
126
130
135
70.0
71.5
73.0
74.5
76.0
77.5
79.0
81.0
82.5
84.0
85.5
87.0
88.5
90.0
92.0
93.5
95.0
96.5
98.0
Table 10.13 Gears with induction hardening - allowable Hertz stress

Material
Heat treatment before Surface hardness

induction hardening HVQuenched
Thermal refined
S43C
S48C
Quenched and
tempered
SMn443
SCM435
SCM440
SNC836
SNCM439
Quenched and
tempered
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600 and above
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680 and above
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680 and above
Hlim
kgf/mm2
077.0
080.0
082.0
085.0
087.0
090.0
092.0
093.5
095.0
096.0
096.0
099.0
101.0
103.0
105.0
106.5
107.5
108.5
109.0
109.5
109.0
112.0
115.0
117.0
119.0
121.0
123.0
124.0
125.0
126.0
579
Technical Data
Table 10.14 Carburized and quenched gears - allowable Hertz stress

Effective case Surface hardness
HV
depth1
Materal
S15C
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
Relatively shallow
See NOTE (1)A
S15CK
Relatively shallow
See NOTE (1)A
SCM415
Hlim
kgf/mm2
SCM420
SNC420
SNC815
SNCM420
Relatively thick
See NOTE (1)B
115
117
118
119
120
120
120
119
118
117
115
113
131
134
137
138
138
138
138
137
136
134
132
130
156
160
164
166
166
166
164
161
158
154
150
146
NOTE (1) Gears with thin effective case depth have "A" row values in the following Table. For thicker
depths, use "B" values. The effective case depth is defined as the depth which has the hardness
greater than HV 513
HRC50
. The effective case depth of ground gears is defined as the residual
layer depth after grinding to final dimensions.
Module
Depth
mm
1.5
10
15
20
25
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.4
2.0
2.5
3.4
REMARKSFor two gears with large numbers of teeth in mesh, the maximum shear stress point occurs
in the inner part of the tooth beyond the carburized depth. In such a case, a larger safety
factor, SH, should be used.
580
Technical Data
Table 10.15 Gears with nitriding - allowable Hertz stress1

Surface hardness
(Reference)
Material
Nitriding
steel
SACM645 etc.
HV 650 or over
Hlim kgf/mm2
Standard processing time
120
Extra long
processing time
130 140
NOTE: (1) In order to ensure the proper strength, this table applies only to those
gears which have adequate depth of nitriding. Gears with insufficient
nitriding or where the mximum shear stress point occurs much deeper
than the nitriding depth should have a larger safety factor, SH.
Table 10.16 Gears with soft nitriding1

Material
Hlim kgf/mm2
Nitriding time
Relative radius of curvaturemm
2
h
10 or less 10 20 20 or more
Structural steel
or alloy steel
100
090
080
110
100
090
120
110
100
NOTE Applicable to salt bath soft nitriding and gas soft nitriding gears.
2Relative radius of curvature is obtained from Figure 1.6.

REMARKSThe center area is assumed to be properly thermal refined.
1
Fig. 10.6 Relative radius of curvature

0
Gear ratio
Relative radius
of curvature (mm)
1
2
60
50
40
5
6
30
20
20
20
15
10
10
10
8
7
6
n = 25 22.5 20
80
100
150
200
300
400
500
600 700 800
Center distancea
482
Technical Data
Spur gear design details

No.
Item
Normal module
Number of teeth
Center distance
Pitch diameter
Working pitch diameter
Facewidth
10
Precision grade
11
12
Surface roughness
13
Rotational speed
14
Tangential speed
15
Kinematic viscosity of lubricant
16
Direction of load
17
Duty cycle
17
Material
18
Heat treatment
19
Surface hardness
20
Core hardness
21
Symbol
Unit
mn
n
z
a
x
d0
db
b
mm
Pinion
Gear
2
20
0
degree
20
40
60
mm
+ 0.15
40.000
40.000
20
mm
0.15
80.000
80.000
20
JIS 5(Without tooth modificationJIS 5(Without tooth modification

Hobbing
12.5S
n
v
1500
rpm
750
3.142
100
m/s
cSt
Gears are supported on one end (Tooth contact is unpredictable)
107 cycles or over
cycle
SCM415
Carburizing
HV 600 640
HB 260 280
0.3 0.5
mm
Surface durability factors calculation of spur gear

No.
483
Item
Allowable Hertz stress
Pitch diameter of pinion
Effective facewidth
Gear ratio z2/ z1
Zone factor
Material factor
Contact ratio factor
Helix angle factor
Life factor
10
Lubricant factor
11
Surface roughness factor
12
Lubrication speed factor
13
Hardness ratio factor
14
Size factor
15
Load distribution factor
16
Dynamic load factor
17
Overload factor
18
Safety factor for pitting
19
Allowable tangential force on

reference pitch circle
Symbol
Unit
Pinion
Hlim
d01
bH
i
ZH
ZM
Z
Z
KHL
ZL
ZR
ZV
ZW
KHX
KH
KV
KO
SH
Ftlim
kgf/mm
mm
kgf/mm20.5
kgf
Gear
164
40
20
2
02.495
60.600
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.90
0.97
1.00
1.00
01.025
1.50
1.00
1.15
233.8
233.8
Technical Data
JGMA 403011976
This information is valid for bevel gears which are used

for power transmission in general industrial machines.
The applicable ranges are:
Transverse module m 1.5 25mm
Pitch diameter
d0 1600mm or less
for straight bevel gears

1000mm or less
for spiral bevel gears
Tangential speed:
v 25m/s or less
Rotational speed:
n 3600rpm or less
In calculating strength, transmitted tangential force at the
pitch cirle, Ftmkgf, power, PkW, and torque, Tkgf
m, are the design criteria. Their basic relationships are
expressed in the following Equations.
102P
1.95 106P
2000T
Ftm =
=
= d
10.27
vm
d mn
m
Ftmvm
7
P = = 5.13 10 Ftmdmn
10.28
102
Ftmdm
974P
T =
=
10.29
2000
n
where vmTangential speed at the central pitch circlem/s
=
d mn
19100
dmCentral pitch diameter

mm
= d0 b sin 0
2Bending Strength Equations
The tangential force, Ftm, acting at the central pitch circle
should be less than the allowable tangential force, Ftmlim, which
is based upon the allowable bending stress at the root Flim.
That is:
Ftm Ftmlim
10.30
The bending stress at the root, F, which is derived from
Ftm should not exceed the allowable bending stress Flim.
F Flim
The tangential force at the central pitch
kgfis obtained from Equation (10.32).
Ftmlim = 0.85 cos mFlimmb Ra 0.5b
Ra
1
KLKFX 1
YFYYYC KMKVKO KR
10.31
circle, Ftmlim
10.32

where m Mean spiral angle (degrees)

m Transverse modulemm
Ra Cone distance (mm)
The bending strength at the root, Fkgf/mm2, is

calclated from Equation (10.33).
Y FY Y Y C
Ra
F = Ftm 0.85 cos mb R 0.5b
m
a
O
KMKVK
KR
KLKFX
10.33
3Determination of Various Coefficients

3-1Facewidth b
The term b is defined as the facewidth on the pitch cone. For the
meshed pair, the narrower one is used for strength calculations.
3-2Tooth Profile Factor, YF
The tooth profile factor, Y F , can be obtained in the
following manner: Using Figures 10.8 and 10.9, determine
the value of the radial tooth profile factor, YF0. And then,
from Figure 10.7 obtain the correction factor, C, for axial
shift. Finally, calculate YF by Equation 10.34.
YF = CYF0
10.34
Should the bevel gear pair not have any axial shift, the
tooth profile factor, YF, is simply YF0.
The equivalent number of teeth, z v , and the profile
shift coefficient, x, when using Figures 10.8 and 10.9 is
obtainable from Equation (10.35).
z
zv = cos cos3
0
m
h
10.35

k h k0
x =
where

hk Addendum at outer endmm

hk0 Addendum of standard formmm

m Transverse modulemm

s Outer transverse circular tooth thicknessmm
The axial shift factor, K, is computed from the formula:
1 s 0.5m
K =
m

2hk hk0tan n
cos m
10.36
Fig.10.7 Correction factor for axial shift, C

1.6
1.5
Correction factor C
10.3Bending Strength of Bevel Gears
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
Axial shift factor,K
484
Technical Data
Fig.10.8 Tooth profile factor, YF0Straight bevel gear

4.1
Reference pressure angle n = 20

4.0
Addendum hk0 = 1.000m

Dedendum hf0 = 1.188m
3.9
Corner radius of tool r = 0.12m

Spiral angle m = 0
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
x=
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
.4
3.1
3.1
0
3.0
3.0
.3
Tooth profile factorYF0
3.4
0.5
3.4
2.9
2.9
.2
2.8
2.8
2.7
.1
2.7
x=
2.6
2.5
0.1
2.5
2.4
0.2
2.4
2.3
0.3
2.3
2.6
0.4
2.2
2.2
x=0
.5
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 19 20
25
30
35
Equivalent number of teeth, Zv
485
40
45 50
60
80 100
200 400
Technical Data
Fig.10.9 Tooth profile factor, YF0Spiral bevel gear

4.1
Reference pressure angle n = 20

4.0
Addendum hk0 = 0.850m

Dedendum hf0 = 1.038m
3.9
Corner radius of tool r = 0.12m

Spiral angle m = 35
x =
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
0.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
0.
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
.2
Tooth profile factorYF0
0.5
3.7
2.9
.1
2.9
2.8
2.8
x=
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
0.1
2.5
2.5
0.2
2.4
2.4
0.3
2.3
2.3
0.4
x = 0.5
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 19 20
25
30
35
40
45 50
60
80 100
200 400
Equivalent number of teeth, Zv
486
Technical Data
3-3Load Sharing Factor, Y

Load sharing factor, Y, is the reciprocal of transverse
contact ratio, .
1
Y =
10.37
The transverse contact ratio, , for a straight bevel gear mesh is:
Rvk12 Rvg12 + Rvk22 Rvg22 Rv1 + Rv2sin 0
=
m cos 0
Where:
Rvk :Tip diameter on back cone for equivalent spur
gear (mm)
Rvk = Rv + hk = r0sec0 + hk
Rvg :Reference radius on back cone for equivalent
10.38
Rv
+ Rv2sin s
r0
And the transverse contact ratio for spiral bevel gear is:
=
Rvk12 Rvg12 + Rvk22 Rvg22 Rv1

m cos s
See Tables 10.17 - 10.19 for some calculating examples

of transverse contact ratio for various bevel gear pairs.
hk
0
s
spur gear(mm)
Helical gears Rv cos0 + r0sec0 cos0
Spiral bevel gears Rv coss + r0sec0 coss
:Back cone distance(mm) = r0sec0
:Pitch radius(mm) = 0.5zm
:Addendum at outer end(mm)
:Reference pressure angle (degree)
:Mean transverse pressure angle (degree)
tan1(tann/cosm)
n :Reference normal pressure angle (degree)
Table 10.17 The transverse contact ratio for Gleason's straight bevel gear, = 900 = 20
z2
z1
12
15
16
18
20
25
30
36
40
45
60
12
1.514
1.529
1.529
1.528
1.525
1.518
1.512
1.508
1.506
1.503
1.500
15
16
18
20
25
30
36
40
45
60
1.572
1.578
1.584
1.584
1.577
1.570
1.563
1.559
1.556
1.549
1.588
1.597
1.599
1.595
1.587
1.579
1.575
1.571
1.564
1.616
1.624
1.625
1.618
1.609
1.605
1.600
1.591
1.640
1.650
1.645
1.637
1.632
1.626
1.615
1.689
1.697
1.692
1.688
1.681
1.668
1.725
1.732
1.730
1.725
1.710
1.758
1.763
1.763
1.751
1.775
1.781
1.773
1.794
1.796
1.833
Table 10.18The transverse contact ratio for standard straight bevel gear, = 900 = 20
z2
z1
12
15
16
18
20
25
30
36
40
45
60
12
1.514
1.545
1.554
1.571
1.585
1.614
1.634
1.651
1.659
1.666
1.680
15
16
18
20
25
30
36
40
45
60
1.572
1.580
1.595
1.608
1.636
1.656
1.674
1.683
1.691
1.707
1.588
1.602
1.615
1.643
1.663
1.681
1.689
1.698
1.714
1.616
1.628
1.655
1.675
1.692
1.702
1.711
1.728
1.640
1.666
1.685
1.703
1.712
1.721
1.739
1.689
1.707
1.725
1.734
1.743
1.762
1.725
1.742
1.751
1.760
1.780
1.758
1.767
1.776
1.796
1.775
1.785
1.804
1.794
1.813
1.833
Table 10.19The transverse contact ratio for Gleason's spiral bevel gear, = 900 = 20m = 35
z2
z1
12
15
16
18
20
25
30
36
40
45
60
487
12
1.221
1.228
1.227
1.225
1.221
1.214
1.209
1.204
1.202
1.201
1.197
15
16
18
20
25
30
36
40
45
60
1.254
1.258
1.260
1.259
1.253
1.246
1.240
1.238
1.235
1.230
1.264
1.269
1.269
1.263
1.257
1.251
1.248
1.245
1.239
1.280
1.284
1.282
1.276
1.270
1.266
1.263
1.256
1.293
1.297
1.293
1.286
1.283
1.279
1.271
1.319
1.323
1.319
1.316
1.312
1.303
1.338
1.341
1.340
1.336
1.327
1.355
1.358
1.357
1.349
1.364
1.366
1.361
1.373
1.373
1.392
Technical Data
3-4Spiral Angle Factor, Y

The spiral angle factor, Y, is obtainable from Equation (10.39).
m
120
when 0
30
Y = 1
when
30
Y = 0.75

10.39
3-5Cutter Diameter Effect Factor, YC

The cutter diameter effect factor, YC, can be obtained
from Table 10.20 by the value of tooth flank length, b/
cos mmm,over cutter diameter.
Table 10.22 Longitudinal load distribution factor, KM

for spiral bevel gears, zerol bevel gears
and straight bevel gears with crowning
Both gears
One gear
Both gears
supported on supported on supported on
two sides
one end
one end
Stiffness
of shaft,
gearbox etc.
Very stiff
1.20
1.35
1.5
Average
1.40
1.60
1.8
Somewhat weak
1.55
1.75
2.0
Table 10.23Tooth Flank Load Distribution Factor KM for

Straight Bevel Gears without Crowing
Both gears
One gear
Both gears
supported on supported on supported on
two sides
one end
one end
If cutter diameter is not known, assume YC 1.0.

Table 10.20 Cutter diameter effect factor, YC
Relative size of cutter diameter
Types of bevel gears
6 times
5 times
4 times
facewidth facewidth facewidth
Straight bevel gears
1.15
Spiral and zerol bevel

gears
1.00
0.95
0.90
3-6Life Factor, KL
The life factor, KL, is obtainable from Table 10.2.
1.00
Over 5 to 7 incl.
0.99
0.98
Over 7 to 9 incl.
0.98
0.96
Over 9 to 11 incl.
0.97
0.94
Over 10 to 13 incl.
0.96
0.92
Over 13 to 15 incl.
0.94
0.90
Over 15 to 17 incl.
0.93
0.88
Over 17 to 19 incl.
0.92
0.86
Over 19 to 22 incl.
0.90
0.83
Over 22 to 25 incl.
0.88
0.90
3-8Longitudinal Load Distribution Factor, KM

The longitudinal load distribution factor, K M , is
obtained from Table 10.22 or Table 10.23.
1.80
2.10
2.20
2.50
2.80

Dynamic load factor, KV, is a function of the precision
grade of the gear and the tangential speed at the outer
pitch circle, as shown in Table 10.24.
Table 10.24 Dynamic load factor, KV
Precision grade
of gears from
JIS 1704
Tangential speedm/s
Over 18
to 25 incl.
1.00
1.60
Over 12
to 18 incl.
From 1.5 to 5 incl.
Average
Somewhat weak
Over 8
to 12 incl.
Gears with
hardened
surface
1.35
Over 5
to 8 incl.
Gears without
hardened
surface
1.15
Over 3
to 5 incl.
Transverse module at
outside diameter,
1.05
Over 1
to 3 incl.
Table 10.21 Size factor for bending strength, KFX
Very stiff
1 or less
3-7Size Factor of Bending Stress at Root, KFX

The size factor of bending stress at root, KFX, can be
obtained from Table 10.21 based on the transverse
module, m.
Stiffness
of shaft,
gearbox etc.
1.0
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.0
1.2
1.30
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.0
1.3
1.40
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.50
1.7
1.2
1.5
1.70
1.4
1.7
The overload factor, KO, can be computed from Equation
(10.12) or obtained from Table 10.4, identical to the case
of spur and helical gears.
3-11Reliability Factor, KR
The reliability factor, KR, should be assumed to be as follows:
General case
KR = 1.2
When all other factors can be determined
accurately:
KR = 1.0
When all or some of the factors cannot be known
with certainty:
KR = 1.4
3-12Allowable Bending Stress at Root, Flim
The allowable bending stress at the root is obtained by a
bending strength calculation for spur and helical gears as
shown at <(3)-10> on page 569.
488
Technical Data
Gleason straight bevel gear design details

No.
Item
Shaft angle
Module
Pressure angle
Mean spiral angle
Number of teeth
Pitch diameter
Pitch angle
Cone distance
Facewidth
10
11
Precision grade
12
13
Surface roughness
14
Rotational speed
15
Tangential speed
16
Direction of load
17
Duty cycle
18
Gear support
19
Stiffness of shaft and gear box
20
Material
21
Heat treatment
Symbol
Unit
m
0
m
z
d0
0
Ra
b
dm
degree
n
v
rpm
Pinion
90
2
20
0
mm
degree
mm
degree
mm
Gear
20
40
40.000
80.000
26.56505 63.43495
44.721
15
33.292
66.584
JIS 3
JIS 3
Gleason No.104
12.5S
12.5S
1500
750
m/s
3.142
cycle
More than107circles
Unidirectional
Gears are supported on one end
Normal stiffness
SCM415
22
Surface hardness
23
Core hardness
24
Carburized
HV 600 640
HB 260 280
0.3 0.5
mm
Bending strength factors for Gleason straight bevel gear

No.
489
Item
Mean spiral angle
Module
Facewidth
Cone distance
Load sharing factor
Spiral angle factor
Cutter diameter effect factor
10
Life factor
11
Size factor
12
Longitudinal load distribution factor
13
Dynamic load factor
14
Overload factor
15
Reliability factor
16
Allowable tangential force at central pitch circle
Symbol
m
Flim
m
b
Ra
YF
Y
Y
YC
KL
KFX
KM
KV
KO
KR
Ftlim
Unit
Pinion
degree
kgf/mm2
Gear
0
42.5
42.5
2
15
44.721
mm
2.369
2.387
00.613
1.00
1.15
1.00
1.00
1.8
1.8
1.40
1.00
1.20
kgf
178.6
177.3
Technical Data
1977
This information is valid for bevel gears which are used

for power transmission in general industrial machines.
The applicable ranges are:
Transverse module m 1.5 - 25mm
Pitch diameter
d0 1600mm or less

(Straight bevel gear)

1000mm or less

(Spiral bevel gear)
Tangential speed
v 25m/s or less
Rotational speed
n 3600rpm or less
1Basic Conversion Formulas

Equations (10.27), (10.28) and (10.29) in 1.3 "Bending
strength of bevel gears" shall apply.
2Surface Durability Equations
In order to obtain a proper surface durability, the
transmitted tangential force at the central pitch circle,
Ftm, should not exceed the allowable tangential force at
the central pitch circle, F tmlim, based on the allowable
Hertz stress Hlim.
Ftm Ftmlim
10.40
Alternately, the Hertz stress, H, which is derived from
the transmitted tangential force at the central pitch
circle should not exceed the allowable Hertz stress,
Hlim.
H Hlim
10.41
The allowable tangential force at the central pitch circle,
Ftmlim (kgf), can be calculated from Equation (10.42).
2
i2
Hlim d01 Ra 0.5b
Ftmlim =b
Ra
i2 + 1
ZM cos 01
1
1
KHLZLZRZVZWKHX
Z HZ Z
KHKVKO CR2
3-2Zone Factor, ZH
The zone factor, ZH, is defined as:
2 cos g
ZH = sin cos
s
s
10.44
where mMean spiral angle

n Normal reference pressure angle
tan
s Central transverse pressure angle tan1 cos n
g = tan1tan m cos s
If the normal reference pressure angle, n ,is 20, 22.5
or 25, the zone factor, ZH, can be obtained from Figure
10.10.
Fig. 10.10Zone factor, ZH
2.6
2.5
n = 20
2.4
Zone factor ZH
10.4Surface Durability of Bevel GearJGMA 40401
22.5
2.3
25
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mean spiral angle, m
3-3Material Factor, ZM
The material factor, ZM, can be obtainable from Table
10.9 in 1.2 "Surface durability of spur and helical gear".

10.42
The Hertz stress, H kgf/mm2, is calculated from
Equation (10.43).
cos 01 Ftm i2 + 1
Ra
d01b
i2
Ra 0.5b
Z HZ MZ Z
KHLZLZRZVZWKHX KHKVKO CR
H =

10.43
3Determinaion of Factors
3-4Contact Ratio Factor, Z

The contact ratio factor, Z , is calculated from the
equations below.
Straight bevel gearZ = 1.0
Spiral bevel gear

when 1Z = 1 +
10.45
when > 1Z =
where Transverse contact ratio

Overlap ratio
3-1Facewidth, b
This term is defined as the facewidth on the pitch cone.
For a meshed pair, the narrower gear's b is to be used.
490
Technical Data
3-5Spiral Angle Factor, Z

Since it is difficult to prescribe the spiral angle factor, Z,
because little is known about this factor, 1.0 is usually used.
Z = 1.0
10.46
3-11Size Factor, KHX

The size factor, KHX, is assumed to be unity because,
often, little is known about this factor.
KHX = 1.0
10.50
3-6Life Factor, KHL

The life factor for surface durability, KHL, is obtainable
from Table 10.10 in 1.2 "Surface durability of spur and
helical gear".
3-12Longitudinal Load Distribution Factor, KH

The longitudinal load distribution factors are listed
in Tables 10.25 and 10.26. If the gear and pinion are
unhardened, the factors are to be reduced to 90% of the
values in the table.
The lubricant factor, Z L, is found in Figure 10.3. See
page 577.
The surface roughness factor, Z R, is obtainable from
Figure 10.11 on the basis of average roughness,
R maxmm. The average surface roughness, R maxm, is
calculated by Equation (10.47) from surface roughness of
the pinion and gear ( Rmax1 and Rmax2), and amm.
Rmax1 + Rmax2 3 100 m
Rmaxm =
2
a
10.47
two sides
one end
one end
Very stiff
1.30
1.50
1.7
Average
1.60
1.85
2.1
Somewhat weak
1.75
2.10
2.5
Gear shaft support

Stiffness of shaft, Both gears
One gear
Both gears
gearbox etc.
supported on
supported on
supported on
Rm = Ra b/2
two sides
one end
one end
Very stiff
1.30
1.50
1.7
1.1
Average
1.85
2.10
2.6
1.0
Somewhat weak
2.80
3.30
3.8
Fig. 10.11 Surface roughness factor,ZR

Surface roughness factor ZR
Gear shaft support

Stiffness of shaft, Both gears
One gear
Both gears
gearbox etc.
supported on
supported on
supported on
Table 10.26 Longitudinal load distribution factor for

straight bevel gear without crowning ,KH
where a = Rmsin 01 + cos 01
0.9
0.8
0.7
1
10
15
20
Average surface roughnessRmaxmm
25

The dynamic load factor, K V , can be obtained from
Table 10.24. See page 587.
3-9 Lubrication speed factor, ZV

The lubrication speed factor, ZV, is obtained from Figure
10.5 . See page 577.
The overload factor, KO, can be computed by Equation
(10.12) or found in Table 10.4.
3-10Hardness ratio factor, ZW

The hardness ratio factor, ZW, applies only to the gear
that is in mesh with a pinion which is quenched and
ground, and can be obtained from Equation (10.48).
3-15 Reliability Factor, CR

The general practice is to assume CR to be at least 1.15.
ZW
HB2 130
= 1.2 1700
10.48
where HB2Brinell hardness of the tooth flank of the gear

should be130 HB2 470
If the gear's hardness is outside of this range, Z W is
assumed to be unity.
ZW = 1.0
10.49
491
Table 10.25 Longitudinal load distribution factor for spiral

bevel gears (zerol bevel gears included), and
straight bevel gears with crowning ,KH
3-16Allowable Hertz Stress,Hlim

The values of allowable Hertz stress, Hlim, are given in
Tables 10.12 through 10.16.
Technical Data
Gleason straight bevel gear design details
No.
Item
Shaft angle
Module
Pressure angle
Mean spiral angle
Number of teeth
Pitch diameter
Pitch angle
Cone distance
Facewidth
10
11
Precision grade
12
13
Surface roughness
14
Rotational speed
15
Tangential speed
16
Kinematic viscosity of lubricant
17
Gear support
18
Stiffness of shaft and gear box
19
Duty cycle
20
Material
21
Heat treatment
22
Surface hardness
23
Core hardness
24
Symbol
Unit
m
0
m
z
d0
0
Ra
b
dm
degree
n
v
rpm
Pinion
mm
degree
mm
degree
mm
Gear
90
2
20
0
20
40
40.000
80.000
26.56505 63.43495
44.721
15
33.292
66.584
JIS 3
JIS 3
Gleason No.104
12.5S
12.5S
1500
750
3.142
100
m/s
cSt
Gears are supported on one end

Normal stiffness
107 cycles or over
cycle
SCM415
Carburized
HV 600 640
HB 260 280
0.3 0.5
mm
Surface durablity factors of gleason straight bevel gear

No.
Item
Allowable Hertz stress
Pinion's pitch diameter
Pinion's pitch angle
Cone distance
Facewidth
Gear ratioz2/z1
Zone factor
Material factor
10
Spiral angle factor
11
Life factor
12
Lubrication factor
13
14
Lubrication speed factor
15
16
Size factor
17
Longitudinal load ditribution factor
18
Dynamic load factor
19
Overload factor
20
Reliability factor
21
Allowable tangential force on central pitch

circletangential force on central pitch circle
Symbol
Unit
Hlim
d01
01
Ra
b
i
ZH
ZM
Z
Z
KHL
ZL
ZR
ZV
ZW
KHX
KH
KV
KO
CR
Ftlim
kgf/mm2
mm
degree
mm
kgf/mm20.5
kgf
Pinion
Gear
164
40.000
26.56505
44.721
15
2
2.495
60.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.89
0.97
1.0
1.0
2.1
1.4
1.0
1.15
101.3
101.3
492
Technical Data
where

T2 Nominal torque of worm wheelkgfm

T1 Nominal torque of wormkgfm

Ft Nominal tangential force on worm wheel's
pitch circlekgf

d02 Pitch diameter of worm wheelmm

i Gear ratio = z2 / zw

R Transmission efficiency, worm driving (not
including bearing loss, lubricant agitation
loss, etc.)

10.5Surface Durability of Cylindrical Worm Gearing

JGMA 405011978
This information is applicable for worm gear pair drives

that are used to transmit power in general industrial
machines with the following parameters:
Axial module
ma 1 25mm
Pitch diameter of worm wheel

d02 900mm or less
Sliding speed
vs 30m/s or less
Rotational speed of worm wheel n2 600rpm or less
1Basic Formulas
1-1Sliding speedm/s
vs =
d01 n1
19100 cos 0
Worm wheel as driver (Speed increasing)

Ft d02
T2 = 2000
T2 I
Fd
T1 =
= t 02 I
i
2000i
10.51
1-2 Torque, tangential force and efficiency

Worm as driverSpeed reducing
T2 = Ft d02
2000
T2 = Ft d02
T1 =
iR
2000iR
+ tan 0
tan 01
cos n
where I Transmission efficiency, worm wheel

driving (not including bearing loss,
lubricant agitation loss, etc.)
10.52
tan 0
tan 01
cos n
R =
tan 0 + cos
n
Fig. 10.12
Coefficient of Friction
I =
tan 0 cos
n
10.53
0.150
0.120
0.100
0.090
For lack of data,

coefficient of friction,
, of materials is very
difficult to obtain.
However, Table 10.27
indicates H. E. Merritt's
offer as a reference.
0.080
0.070
0.060
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.015
0.012
0 0.001 0.01
0.05 0.1
0.2
0.4 0.6
1.5
8 9 10
12
14 16 18 20 22 24 26
30
Sliding speedvsm/s
Table 10.27 Combination of materials and their

coefficients of friction,
Combination of materials
Cast iron and phosphor bronze
Cast iron and cast iron
Quenched steel and aluminum alloy
Steel and steel
493
Values of
in
in
in
in
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
times
times
times
times
1.15
1.33
1.33
2.00
Coefficient of friction,
The coefficient of friction, , varies as sliding
speed, v S, changes. The combination of materials
is important. For the case of a worm that
is carburized and ground, and mated with a
phosphorous bronze worm wheel, see Figure 10.12.
Technical Data
2Calculation of Allowable Load to Surface Durability

2-1Calculation of Basic Load
Provided dimensions and materials of the worm gear
pair are known, the allowable load is as follows:
Allowable tangential force Ftlimkgf
Ftlim = 3.82Kv Kn Sclim Z d020.8 ma ZLZMZR
10.54
KC
Allowable worm wheel torque, T2limkgfm
T2lim = 0.00191Kv Kn Sclim Z d021.8 ma ZLZMZR 10.55
KC
2-2Calculation of Equivalent Load
The basic load Equations (10.54) and (10.55) are
applicable under the conditions of no impact and a
minimum operating life of 26,000 hours.
Please note that such cases, where the starting torque
is not more than 200% of the rated torque and the
frequency of starting is less than twice per hour,
are regarded as "no impact". In all other cases, the
equivalent load is to be calculated and compared to the
basic load.
Equivalent load is then converted to an equivalent
tangential force, Ftekgf
Fte = Ft Kh Ks
10.56
and equivalent worm wheel torque, T2ekgfm
T2e = T2 Kh Ks
10.57
2-3Determination of Load
Under no impact condition, to have life
expectancy of 26,000 hours, the following
relationships must be satisfied:
Ft Ftlim or T2 T2lim
10.58
For all other conditions:
Fte Ftlim or T2e T2lim
10.59
NOTEIf load is variable, the comprehensive load,
T2C, should be used as the criterion.
3-1Facewidth of Worm Wheel, b2mm
The facewidth of worm wheel, b2, is defined as in Figure
10.13.
b2
b2
Fig. 0.13Facewidth of worm wheel,b2
3-2Zone factor, Z
If b2 < 2.3ma Q + 1,then
Z =Basic zone factor
If b2
2.3ma Q + 1,then
b2
2ma Q + 1
Z =Basic zone factor 1.15

Table 10.28 Basic zone factors
Q
7
7.5
8
8.5
zw
10.60
9.5
10
11
12
13
14
17
20
1.052
1.065
1.084
1.107
1.128
1.137
1.143
1.160
1.202
1.260
1.318
1.402
1.508
1.055
1.099
1.144
1.183
1.214
1.223
1.231
1.250
1.280
1.320
1.360
1.447
1.575
0.989
1.109
1.209
1.260
1.305
1.333
1.350
1.365
1.393
1.422
1.442
1.532
1.674
0.981
1.098
1.204
1.301
1.380
1.428
1.460
1.490
1.515
1.545
1.570
1.666
1.798
where
QDiameter factor= d01

ma
zw Number of worm threads
494
Technical Data
3-3Sliding Speed Factor, Kv

Sliding speed factor, Kv, is obtainable from Figure 10.14,
where the abscissa is the sliding speed, vs.
Fig. 10.14Sliding speed factor, Kv
1.0
0.9
Kv
Sliding speed factor
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.1
0.2
0.4 0.6
1.5
Sliding speed vsm/s
3-4Rotational Speed Factor, Kn

The rotational speed factor, Kn, is presented in Figure
10.15 as a function of the worm wheel's rotational speed,
n2 (rpm).
Let ZL 1.0 if the lubricant is of proper viscosity and
has antiscoring additives.
Some bearings in worm gearboxes may need a low
viscosity lubricant. Then ZL is to be less than 1.0. The
recommended kinetic viscosity of lubrication is given in
Table 10.29.
8 9 10 11 12
14 16 18 20 22 24 26
30
Fig. 10.15 Rotational speed factor, Kn

1.0
Rotational speed factor, Kn
0 0.001 0.01
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0 0.1 0.5 1 2 4
10
20
40 60 80100
200
300 400 500 600
Rotational speed of worm wheelrpm
Table 10.29 Recommended kinetic viscosity of lubricant

Operating lubricant temperature
Highest operating temperature
Sliding speedm/s
Lubricant temperature at start of operation
less than 2.5
2.5 to 5
5 or more
10 to less 0
110 0130
110 130
110 130
more than 0
110 0150
110 150
110 150
10 to less than 30
more than 0
200 0245
150 200
150 200
30 to less than 55
more than 0
350 0510
245 350
200 245
55 to less than 80
more than 0
510 0780
350 510
245 350
80 to less than 100
more than 0
900 1100
510 780
350 510
0 to less than 10
495
UnitcSt/37.8
Technical Data
3-6Lubrication Factor, ZM
The lubrication factor, ZM, is obtained from Table 10.30.
Table 10.30 Lubrication factor, ZM
Sliding speed m/s
less than10
10 to 14
14 or more
Oil bath lubrication
1.0
0.85
Forced circulation
lubrication
1.0
1.00
1.0

The surface roughness factor, Z R, is concerned with
resistance to pitting of the working surfaces of the
teeth. Since there is insufficient knowledge about this
phenomenon, the factor is assumed to be 1.0.
ZR = 1.0
10.61
It should be noted that for Equation (10.61) to be
applicable, surface roughness of the worm and worm
wheel must be less than 3S and 12S respectively. If
either is rougher, the factor is to be adjusted to a
smaller value.
3-8Tooth Contact Factor, KC
Quality of tooth contact will affect load capacity
dramatically. Since it is difficult to prescribe the tooth
contact factor, it is usually regarded that KC for Class A of
JIS B 1741 is 1.0.
KC = 1.0
10.62
For Class B and C, KC should be more than 1.0.
Table 1.31 gives the general values of KC depending on
the JIS tooth contact class.
Table 10.31 Classes of tooth contact and general
values of tooth contact factor, KC
Proportion of tooth contact
Class
Axial direction
More than 50% of effective length of flank line
Radial direction
KC
1.0
More than 40% of working tooth depth
More than 30% of working tooth depth 1.3 1.4
More than 20% of working tooth depth 1.5 1.7
3-9Starting Factor, KS
When starting torque is less than 200% of rated torque,
KS factor is per Table 10.32.
Table 10.32 Starting factor, KS
Starting frequency
less than
per hour
KS
1.0
1.07
5 10 more than 10
1.13
1.18
3-10Time / Duty Factor, Kh

The time duty factor, K h, is a function of the desired
life and the impact environment. See Table 10.33. The
expected lives in between the numbers shown in Table
10.33 can be interpolated.
Table 10.33 Time/duty factor, Kh
Kh
Impact from prime mover Expected life

Uniform load
(Motor, turbine,
hydraulic motor)
Light impact
Multicylinder
engine
Medium impact
Single cylinder
engine
Impact from load

Uniform load Medium impact Strong impact
01500 hours
0.80
0.90
1.00
05000
0.90
1.00
1.25
(1)
26000
1.00
1.25
1.50
60000
1.25
1.50
1.75
01500 hours
0.90
1.00
1.25
05000
1.00
1.25
1.50
(1)
26000
1.25
1.50
1.75
60000
1.50
1.75
2.00
01500 hours
1.00
1.25
1.50
05000
1.25
1.50
1.75
(1)
26000
1.50
1.70
2.00
60000
1.75
2.00
2.25
NOTE1For a machine that operates 10 hours a day, 260

days a year, this number corresponds to ten years
of operating life.
3-11Allowable Stress Factor, Sclim

Table 10.34 presents the allowable stress factor, Sclim, for
various material combinations. Note that the table also
specifies governing limits of sliding speed, which must
be adhered to if scoring is to be avoided.
Table 10.34 Allowable stress factor for surface durability, Sclim
Material of worm wheel Material of worm Sclim
Alloy steel carburized & quenched
Phosphor bronze
Alloy steel HB400
centrifugal casting
Alloy steel HB250
Phosphor bronze
Alloy steel HB400
chilled casting
Alloy steel HB250
Phosphor bronze Alloy steel carburized & quenched
sand molding or
Alloy steel HB400
forging
Alloy steel HB250
Aluminum bronze Alloy steel HB400
Alloy steel HB250
Sliding speed limit before scoring

1
m/s
0.84
0.67
0.56
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
20
15
10
1.55
1.34
1.12
1.27
1.05
0.88
1.05
0.84
0.70
Brass
Alloy steel HB400

Alloy steel HB250
0.49
0.42
8
5
Flake graphite
ductile cast iron
Flake graphite ductile cast iron

but with a higher hardness
than the worm wheel
0.70
Phosphor bronze
casting and forging
0.63
2.5
Cast iron but with a

higher hardness than
the worm wheel
0.42
2.5
Cast ironPerlitic
NOTE1The value indicates the maximum sliding speed within

the limit of the allowable stress factor, Sclim. Even when
the allowable load is below the allowable stress level,
if the sliding speed exceeds the indicated limit, there is
danger of scoring gear surfaces.
496
Technical Data
4Examples of Calculation
Worm gear pair design details

No.
Item
Axial module
No. of threadsNo. of teeth
Pitch diameter
Reference cylinder lead angle
Diameter factor
Facewidth
Surface roughness
10
Rotational speed
11
Sliding speed
12
Material
13
Heat treatment
14
Surface hardness
Symbol
ma
n
zwz2
d0
0
Q
b
n
vs
Unit
Worm
Worm wheel
2
20
mm
degree
mm
1
28
4.08562
degree
mm
rpm
40
80
14
20
Grinding
Hobbing
3.2S
12.5S
1500
37.5
2.205
m/s
S45C
A BC2
Induction hardening
HS 63 68
Surface durability factors and allowable force

No.
497
Item
Axial module
Worm wheel pitch diameter
Zone factor
Rotational speed factor
Lubricant factor
Lubrication factor
Tooth contact factor
10
Allowable stress factor
11
Allowable tangential force
Symbol
ma
d02
Z
Kv
Kn
ZL
ZM
ZR
KC
Sclim
Ftlim
Unit
mm
kgf
Worm wheel
2
80
1.5157
0.49
00.66
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
00.67
83.50
Technical Data
11 Design of Plastic Gears

11.1The properties of Nylon MC901 and Duracon M90
MC is the abbreviation of 'MONO CAST'. MC is
essentially Polyamide 6 (Nylon).
Duracon is a crystalline thermoplastic otherwise called
an acetal copolymer. It is one of the most popular
engineering plastics.
The characteristics of these plastics are:
Ability to operate with minimum or no
lubrication, due to their inherent lubricity.
Quietness of operation.
Lightweight. Excellent resistance to organic
chemicals and alkalies.
On the other hand, these plastics are subject to greater
dimensional instabilities, due to their larger coefficient
of thermal expansion and moisture absorption. These
should be taken into consideration when plastic parts
are designed. Therefore the design engineer should be
familiar with the limitations of plastic gears. It is usual
that plastic gears are brought into use after a practical
test.
1Mechanical Properties
Indicated in Table 11.1 are the mechanical properties
under standardized test conditions.
Table11.1 Mechanical properties of nylon MC901 and Duracon M90
Testing method
Unit
Nylon
MC901
Duracon
M90
Tensile strength
D 638
kgf/cm2
800 980
620
Elongation
D 638
10 50
60
30 35
28.8
kgf/cm2
0940 1050
kgf/cm
940 970
33 36
Properties
ASTM
Modulus of elasticity (Tensile) D 638 103kgf/cm2

Yield point (Compression) D 695
5% deformation point
D 695
Modulus of elasticity
(Compression)
D 695 103kgf/cm2
Shearing strength
D 732
kgf/cm
735 805
540
Rockwell hardness
D 785
R scale
115 120
80
Bending strength
D 790
kgf/cm2
0980 1120
980
1.15 1.17
0.40
Specific gravity23 D 792

Poisson's ratio
Table11.2Thermal Properties of Plastic Materials

Properties
Testing
method
ASTM
Unit
MC
901
601ST
900NC
Continuous working
temperature
Deflection rate under
certain load
140kgf/cm250
C 177
120
D 621
0.65
Melting point
150
220 223 220 223
120
2.16
9
10
0.25
110
56
158
120
95
260
165
Calculation Example for the Dimensional Change in a MC Nylon

(MC901) Rack
Assumed Product Model No.PR2-1000Total Length: 1010
Assumed Condition Before Use:
Atmospheric Temperature: 20 Product Temperature: 20
Total Length 1010
Assumed Increase of Temperature
20 40Rise by 20
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion:
9 10-5/
Calculation Example:
Dimensional Change Coefficient of linear thermal
expansion Length Temperature difference
9 10-5/ 1010 20 (Temperature difference)
1.818
This calculation indicates that a NC Nylon-made PR2-1000
Rack (Total length: 1010mm) lengthens by 1.8 mm after a
20 temperature rise.
Table11.3Thermal deflection temperature under load of certain plastic (ASTM-D648
MC901
200215
160200
MC601ST
215
66 Nylon
1.41
Polyacetal
158
0.35
Teflon
120
2Thermal Properties
Compared to steel, plastic materials have larger
dimensional changes from temperature change.
Introduction of the thermal properties of plastic
materials (Table 11.2) and the thermal deformation
temperatures (Table 11.3)
Polyacetal Teflon
Nylon
10 1
Kcal/
2
2.11
mhr
10 5 /
Coeff. of linear thermal
D 696
9
6.5
10 15
expansion
cal/
Specific heat
0.4
0.4
g
18.5kgf/
D 648
160 200 more than 200 66
Thermal
cm2
deformation
temperature
4.6kgf/
D 648
200 215 more than 215 182
cm2
Thermal
conductivity
215
182
66
Tensile strength, shearing strength, and bending

strength apt to decrease when the temperature rises.
66
4.6kgf/cm2
18.6kgf/cm2
110
56
50
100 150 200
It is quite difficult to determine the temperature

at which no trouble occurs in long-time use of plastic
materials. Generally, it is set at a temperature under
20 to 30 of the thermal deformation temperature;
determined from experience in use of plastics. The
data for possible low temperatures is rarely mentioned
in any technical references, so it should be determined
by considering the brittle temperature (-30 to -50 );
complied from past experiences and achievements, as
well as testing.
597
Technical Data
3Water Absorption Property

Mechanical properties and thermal properties of plastics
deteriorate when plastics absorb moisture.
Table 11.3 indicates the water and moisture absorption
properties of Nylon MC901 and Duracon M90.
Table11.4Water and moisture absorption property of
Nylon MC901 and Duracon M90
Testing method
Unit
ASTM
Conditions
Rate of water absorption
(at room temp. in water, 24 hrs.)
Saturation absorption value
(in water)
D 570
Saturation absorption
value (in air, room temp.)
Nylon
MC901
Durcon
M90
0.5 1.0
0.22
5.5 7.0
0.80
2.5 3.5
0.16
Compared with Nylon MC901, Duracon M90 has less

water absorbing property.
Dimensions of MC nylon gears change with moisture
content. This may cause the sizes to vary from the
time of purchase to the time of usage. The following
table and the chart show the moisture content and its
effect on the dimensions of MC901 nylon.
Table11.5Moisture Content vs. Dimensional Variation of MC901
2.0
Dimensional variation
Hardly affected Possible to use under certain conditions Not suitable for use
1.0
0.5
Moisture content
Calculation Example for Dimensional Expansion in
MC Nylon (MC901) Rack
Assumed Product Model No.PR2-1000Total Length: 1010
Assumed Conditions After Swelling
Assumed Conditions Before Use
With Water Absorption Rate at 1% Assumed when the water absorption
rate increases to 3% at normal
Total Length: 1010 mm
temperature.
Calculation Example
From the data in Table 11.5;
It is determined that the dimensional expansion is 0.75%,
as the water absorption rate is 1% before use.
It is determined that the dimensional expansion is 0.2%,
as the water absorption rate is 3% after swelling.
The increment is calculated as follows:
0.75 0.2 0.55
As total length is 1010 mm, and the dimensional
expansion is determined as below;
1010mm 0.55 5.555
598
Table 11.6 lists antichemical corrosion properties

of Nylon resin. Please note that the data mentioned
might differ depending on usage conditions, so pretesting should be performed.
Table11.6Chemical Resistance Properties of MC Nylon
1.5
4Antichemical corrosion property

Nylon MC901
Nylon MC901 has almost the same level of
antichemical corrosion property as nylon resins. In
general, it has a better antiorganic solvent property,
but has a weaker antiacid property. The properties
are as follows:
For many nonorganic acids, even at low
concentration at normal temperature, it should
not be used without further tests.
For nonorganic alkali at room temperature, it can
be used to a certain level of concentration.
For the solutions of nonorganic salts, it will be
all right to apply them to a fairly high level of
temperature and concentration.
It has better antiacid ability and stability in
organic acids than in nonorganic acids, except for
formic acid.
It is stable at room temperature in organic
compounds of ester series and ketone series.
It is stable at room temperature in aromatics.
It is also stable in mineral oil, vegetable oil and animal
oil, at room temperature.
Diluted hydrochloric acid

Concentrated hydrochloric acid
Diluted sulfuric acid
Concentrated sulfuric acid
Diluted nitric acid
Concentrated nitric acid
Diluted phosphoric acid
Sodium hydroxide(50%)
Ammonia water(10%)
Ammonia gas
Saline solution(10%)
Potassium chloride
Calcium chloride
Ammonium chloride
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium sulfate
Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium bisulfate
Cupric sulfate
Potassium dichromate (5%)
Potassium permanganate
Sodium carbonate
Methyl acetate
Ethyl acetate
Sodium acetate
Aceton
Methyl acetate
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Ether family
Acetamide
Ethylenediamine
Acrylnitrile
Carbon tetrachloride
Ethylene chloride
Ethylene chlorohydrin
Trichlorethylene(Tri-clene)
Benzene
Toluene
Phenol
Aniline
Benzaldehyde
Benzonic acid
Chlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Salicylic acid
Diduthylphthalate
Synchrohexane
Synchrohexanol
Tetrahydrofuran
(Epsilon)-caprolactam
Petroleum ether
Gasoline
Diesel oil
Lubricant oil
Mineral oil
Castor oil
Linseed oil
Silicon oil
Edible fat
Tallow
Butter
Milk
Grape wine
Fruit juice
Carbonate drink
Technical Data
Duracon M90
One of the outstanding features of Duracon is excellent
resistance to organic chemicals and alkalies. However,
it has the disadvantage of having a limited number of
suitable adhesives. Its main properties are:
Excellent resistance against inorganic chemicals.
However, it will be corroded by strong acids such
as nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
Household chemicals, such as synthetic detergents,
have almost no effect on M90.
Does not deteriorate even under long term
operation in high temperature lubricating oil,
except for some additives in high grade lubricants.
With grease, it behaves the same as with oil
lubricants.
In order to acquire knowledge about the resistance
against other chemicals, plastic manufacturers' technical
information manuals should be consulted.
Table 11.4Tooth profile factor y

No. of teeth
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
34
38
40
50
60
75
100
150
300
Rack
b kgf/mm
Allowable bending stress
Lubrication
Lubricated
Unlubricated
b = b
Oil lubricated
Unlubricated
Tangential speed m/s

Less than 12
More than 12
Factor
1.00
0.85
Less than
More than
1.00
0.70
Duracon M90
The allowable tangential force Fkgfat the pitch
circle of a Duracon 90 spur gear can be obtained
from the Lewis formula.
F = mybb
11.2
where m Modulemm

y ooth profile factor at pitch point
(See Table 11.4

b Facewidthmm

b Allowable bending stresskgf/mm2
The allowable bending stress b can be obtained from:
Fig.11.1 Allowable bending stress b

20Full depth tooth 20Stub tooth
0.415
0.496
0.468
0.540
0.503
0.578
0.522
0.603
0.544
0.628
0.559
0.648
0.572
0.664
0.588
0.678
0.597
0.688
0.606
0.698
0.628
0.714
0.651
0.729
0.657
0.733
0.694
0.757
0.713
0.774
0.735
0.792
0.757
0.808
0.779
0.830
0.801
0.855
0.823
0.881
Table11.5Speed factor, f
11.2Strength of Plastic Gears

1Bending strength of spur gears
Nylon MC901
The allowable tangential force Fkgf) at the pitch circle
of a Nylon MC901 spur gear can be obtained from the
Lewis formula.
F = mybb fkgf

11.1
where m Modulemm
y Tooth profile factor at pitch
point (See Table 11.4

b Facewidthmm

b Allowable bending stresskgf/mm2
See Figure 11.1

f Speed factorSee Table 11.5
141/2
0.355
0.399
0.430
0.458
0.480
0.496
0.509
0.522
0.535
0.540
0.553
0.565
0.569
0.588
0.604
0.613
0.622
0.635
0.650
0.660
K VK TK LK M
CS
11.3
where bMaximum allowable bending

stress under standard condition
(kgf/mm2) See Figure 11.2
CS Working factor (See Table 11.6
KV Speed factor (See Figure 11.3
KT Temperature factor (See Figure 11.4
KL Lubrication factorSee Table 11.7
KM Material factorSee Table 11.8
20
40
60
80
100
Ambient temperature
120
599
Technical Data
Maximum allowable bending stress,
Fig.11.2 Maximum allowable bending stress under standard condutions, b
Table 11.6Working factor,CS
Types of load
Mod
ule
Mod
0.8
ule
Uniform load
Light impact
Medium impact
Heavy impact
Table 11.7Lubrication factor, KL
Mod
ule
Lubrication
Initial grease lubication
Continuous oil lubrication
0
104
105
106
107
Material combination
Duracon with metal
Duracon with duracon
108
Number of cycles
Fig.11.3Speed factor, KV
KM
1
0.75
Application Notes
In designing plastic gears, the effects of heat and
moisture must be given careful consideration. The
related problems are:
Backlash
Plastic gears have larger coefficients of thermal
expansion. Also, they have an affinity to absorb
moisture and swell. Good design requires
allowance for a greater amount of backlash than for
metal gears.
1.6
1.4
Speed factor
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
15
20
Lubrication
Most plastic gears do not require lubrication.
However, temperature rise due to meshing may
be controlled by the cooling effect of a lubricant
as well as to reduce the of friction. Often, in the
case of high-speed rotational speeds, lubrication is
critical.
25
Tangential speed at pitch circlem/sec
Fig. 11.4Temperature factor,KT

1.5
1,300
1.4
1,200
1.3
1,100
1.2
1,000
1.1
1.0
900
0.9
800
0.8
700
0.7
600
0.6
500
0.5
0.4
300
0.3
200
0.2
100
0.1
60 40 20
20
40
60
80
100 120 140 160
Temperature
KT = 1 at 20
Temperature factor,
Maximum bending strength
1,400
kgf/cm2 400
600
KL
1
1.5 3.0
Table 11.8Material factor, KM
b
kgf/mm2
KV
Daily operating hours

24 hrs./day 810 hrs./day 3 hrs./day 0.5 hr./day
1.25
1.00
0.80
0.50
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.80
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25
KT
Plastic gear with a metal mate

If one of the gears of a mated pair is metal,
there will be a heat sink that combats a high
temperature rise. The effectiveness depends upon
the particular metal, amount of metal mass, and
rotational speed.
Technical Data
2Surface Durability of Spur Gears

Duracon M90
Duracon gears have less friction and wear in an oil
lubrication condition. However, the calculation of
durability must take into consisderation a no-lubrication
condition. The surface durbility using Hertz stress, SC ,
(kgf/mm2) is calculated by Equation (11.4).
F
1.4
i +1
11.4
bd01
i 1/E1 + 1/E2sin 2
where

F Tangential force on toothkgf

b Facewidthmm
d01 Pitch diameter of pinionmm
i Gear ratio = z2/z1
E Modulus of elasticity of material
kgf/mm2See Figure 11.5
Pressure angledegree
Fig.11.5Modulus of elasticity in bending of duracon

500
Modulus of elasticity of Duracon

kgf
/
mm2
400
For comparison, the modulus

of elasticity of steel:
2.1 104 kgf/mm2
40 120
300
20
40
60
where y Tooth profile factor at pitch

point, which is obtained from
Table 11.4 by first computing
the number of teeth of
equivalent spur gear, z v, using
Equation (11.6).
z
zv = cos 0
80 100 120 140 160
Fig.11.6Maximum allowable surface stress - spur gears

5
Ra b
F = myb
b
Ra
Maximum allowable surface stress
105
106
Number of cycles
107
108
11.7
where
b = b
1
104
11.6
Duracon M90
The allowable tangential force, Fkgf, on pitch circle
of Duracon M90 bevel gears can be obtained from
Equation (11.7).
Temperature
kgf
/
mm2
Nylon MC901
The allowable tangential force, Fkgf, at the pitch
circle is calculated by Equation (11.5).
Ra b
F = myb
11.5
b f
Ra

Ra Outer cone distancemm

0 Pitch cone angledegree
Other variables may be calculated the same way as for
spur gears.
100
60 40 20
3Bending Strength of Plastic Bevel Gears
200
If the value of Hertz contact stress, SC, is calculated

by Equation (11.4) and the value falls below the curve
of Figure 11.6, then it is directly applicable as a safe
design. If the calculated value falls above the curve, the
Duracon gear is unsafe.
Figure 11.6 is based upon data for a pair of Duracon
gears: m 2, v 12 m/s, and operating at room
temperature. For working conditions that are similar or
better, the values in Figure 11.6 can be used.
K VK TK LK M
CS
y Tooth profile factor at pitch

point, which is obtained from
Table 11.4 by computing the
equivalent number of teeth via
Equation (11.6).
Other variables are obtained by using the equations for

Duracon spur gears.
601
Technical Data
4Bending Strength of Worm Wheel

Nylon MC901
Generally, the worm is much stronger than the worm
wheel. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the
strength of only the worm wheel.
The allowable tangential force Fkgfat the pitch
circle of the worm wheel is obtained from Equation
(11.8).
F = mn ybb fkgf

11.8
where mn Normal modulemm

y Tooth profile factor at pitch point,
which is obtained from Table 11.4 by first computing
the equivalent number of teeth, zv, using Equation (11.9).
z
zv = cos3 0
11.9
Worm meshes have relatively high sliding velocities,
which induces a high temperature rise. This causes a
sharp decrease in strength and abnormal friction wear.
Therefore, sliding speeds must be contained within
recommendations of Table 11.9.
Table 11.9Material combinations and limits of sliding speed
Material of Material of worm Lubrication
Sliding speed
wheel
worm
condition
MC
MC
No lubrication 0.125m/s or less
Steel
MC
No lubrication 125m/s or less
Steel
MC
Steel
MC
Initial lubrication
1.500m/s or less
Continuous lubrication 2.500m/s or less
Sliding speed, vs, can be obtained from:

d1 n1
vs =
60000 cos 0 m/s 11.10
Lubrication is vital in the case of plastic worm gear
pair, particularly under high load and continuous
operation.
602
5Strength of Plastic Keyway

Fastening of a plastic gear to the shaft is often done by
means of a key and keyway.
Then, the critical thing is the stress kgf/cm2
imposed upon the keyway sides. This is calculated by
Equation (11.10).
2T
2
=

dlh kgf/cm

T
d
l
h
11.11
Transmitted torquekgfcm
Diameter of shaftcm
Effective length of keywaycm
Depth of keywaycm
The maximum allowable surface pressure of MC901 is

200kgf/cm2, and this must not be exceeded. Also, the
keyway's corner must have a suitable radius to avoid
stress concentration.The distance from the root of the
gear to the bottom of the keyway should be at least
twice the tooth depth.
Keyways are not to be used when the following
conditions exist:
Excessive keyway stress
High ambient temperature
Large outside diameter gears
High impact
When above conditions prevail, it is expedient to use a
metallic hub in the gear. Then, a keyway may be cut in
the metal hub. A metallic hub can be fixed in the plastic
gear by several methods:
Press the metallic hub into the plastic gear,
ensuring fastening with a knurl or screw.
Screw fastened metal discs on each side of the
plastic gear.
Thermofuse the metal hub to the gear.
Technical Data
12
8 Gear Forces
When the gear mesh transmits power, forces act on the gear teeth. As
shown in Figure 12.1, if the Z-axis of the orthogonal 3-axes denotes the
gear shaft, forces are defined as follows:
The force that acts in the X-axis direction is defined as the tangential force Ft (N)
The force that acts in the Y-axis direction is defined as the radial force. Fr (N)
The force that acts in the Z-axis direction is defined as the axial force Fx
(N) or thrust.
Analyzing these forces is very important when designing gears. In
designing a gear, it is important to analyze these forces acting upon the
gear teeth, shafts, bearings, etc.
Y
Fx
Z
Fr
Ft
Fig. 12.1 Direction of Forces Acting on a Gear
Table 12.1 presents the equations for forces acting on

gears. The unit of torque T and T1 is Nm.
Table 12.1 Forces Acting upon a Gear
Types of gears
Spur gear
Helical gear
Straight bevel gear
FtTangential force
Ft =
FxAxial force
2000T
d
2000T
Ft =
dm
pair
Ft
Ft
tan n sin + sin m cos tan n cos sin m sin
cos
m
cos m
2000T1
d1
Ft1 cos n cos sin

cos n sin + cos
Ft1 =
Worm
Wheel
(Driven)
Ft2 = Ft1 cos n cos sin

cos n sin + cos
Driver
gear
Driven
gear
Ft tan cos
When concave surface is working :
diameter
Worm
(Driver)
Screw gear
90
45
Ft tan sin
Ft
Ft
tan n sin sin m cos tan n cos + sin m sin
cos
cos m
m
dm = d b sin
Worm
gear
Ft tan
Ft tan
Ft tan n
cos
When convex surface is working :
dm is the central reference
Spiral bevel gear
FrRadial force
Ft1
Ft1
2000T1
Ft1 cos n sin cos
d1
cos n cos + sin
cos n sin cos
Ft2 = Ft1
cos n cos + sin Ft1
Ft1 =
Ft1
sin n
cos n sin + cos
sin n
cos n cos + sin
12.1 Forces in a Parallel Axis Gear Mesh

Figure 12.2 shows forces that act on the teeth of a helical gear. Larger helix angle of the teeth, has larger thrust (axial
force). In case of spur gears, no axial force acts on teeth.
Left-hand gear as driven gear
Right-hand gear as driven gear
Right-hand pinion as drive gear
F r1
F t2
F x2
F r2
Left-hand pinion as drive gear
F t1
F x1
F t1
F r1
F x1
F r2
F r1
F t2
F x2
F t2
F x1
F r2
F r1
F t1
F x2
F t1
F x2
F r2
F x1
F t2
Fig.12.2 Direction of Forces acting on a Helical Gear Mesh
603
Technical Data
Table 12.2 Calculation ExamplesSpur Gear
Specifications Symbol Unit Formula
Module
No, of teeth
Spiral angle
Input torque
Reference diameter
Tangential force
Axial force
Radial force
10 Output torque
m mm
n degree
z
Set Value
degree
T1 Nm
d mm
zm
2000T
Ft
d
N
Fx
Fr
Ft tan
Ft d2
T2 Nm
2000
Table 12.3 Calculation ExamplesSpiral Gear
Spur Gear
Pinion Gear
20
2
20
0
2
40
1
2
40
80
4
6
7
100.0
0
36.4
10
12.2 Forces in an Intersecting Axis Gear Mesh

In the meshing of a pair of bevel gears with shaft angle
= 90o, the axial force acting on drive gear equals the
radial force acting on driven gear. Similarly, the radial
force acting on drive gear equals the axial force acting
on driven gear.
Fx1 = Fr2

12.1
Fr1 = Fx1
1Forces in a Straight Bevel Gear Mesh
Figure 12.3 shows how forces act on a straight bevel gear
mesh.
Pinion as drive gear
Gear as driven gear
11
Specifications Symbol Unit
F r1
F r2
F x2
F r1
F t2
F t2
F r2
Fx2
F x1
F t1
604
40
21.5
18.70838
40
80
100.0
39.4
36.4
Straight Bevel
Specifications
Symbol Unit
Formula
Gear
Pinion
Shaft angle
degree
Module
Pressure angle
mt
mm
4 No. of teeth
5 Spiral angle
6 Facewidth
7 Input torque
degree
Set Value
degree
b mm
T1 Nm
d mm
12 degree
10 Center reference diameter
dm mm
11 Tangential force
Ft
12 Axial force
13 Radial force
Fx
Fr
14 Output torque
T2 Nm
Fig 12.3 Directions of Forces acting on a Straight Bevel Gear Mesh
2Forces in a Spiral Bevel Gear Mesh

Spiral bevel gear teeth have convex and concave sides.
Depending on which surface the force is acting on, the
direction and magnitude changes. They differ depending
upon which is driver and which is the driven. Table 12.5
shows the meshing tooth face.
Figure 12.5 shows how the forces act on the teeth of
a spiral bevel gear mesh. Negative axial force is the
thrust, pushing the two gears together. The bearing
must be designed carefully so that it can receive this
negative thrust. If there is any axial play in the bearing,
it may lead to the undesirable condition of the mesh
having no backlash.
20
Gear
2
20
Table 12.4 Calculation ExamplesStraight Bevel Gear
Fx1
Pinion
mt mm
Transverse pressure angle t degree
z
No. of teeth
Set Value
degree
Spiral angle
T1 Nm
Input torque
n degree tan-1(tan t cos )
zmt
Reference diameter d mm
2000T
Tangential force Ft
d
Fx N
Ft tan
Axial force
Ft tan n
Fr
Radial force
cos
Ft d2
Output torque T2 Nm
2000
Transverse module
9 Reference cone angle

F t1
Spur Gear
Formula
20
Gear
90
2
20
1.6646
40
0
15
Right-hand spiral
Convex surface
Left-hand spiral
Gear tooth
Fig.12.4Convex surface and concave surface of a spiral bevel gear

Table 12.5 Meshing Tooth Face
Drive Gear
Rotational Mashing
Helix-hand
direction tooth face
CW
Concave
L
CCW Convex
CW
Convex
R
CCW Concave
80
zm
z1
tan z2 1 26.56505 63.43495

d b sin 33.292 66.584
2000T
100.0
dm
Ft tan sin 16.3
32.6
Ft tan cos 32.6
16.3
Ft dm2
3.329
2000
-1
Concave surface
Gear tooth
40
Driven Gear
Mashing Rotational
Helix-hand
tooth face direction
Convex CCW
R
Concave
CW
Concave
CCW
L
Convex
CW
Technical Data
= 90n = 20m = 35z2 /z1 < 1.57357
Concave
Convex
Driver CW
Fx1
Ft2
Fx1
Ft1
Concave
CCW
Concave
CW
= 90n = 20m = 35z2 /z1
F t1
Fr1
F r2
Convex
F x2
Convex
F r1
Convex
Fr1
Driver CCW
F t2
CW
F x1
F x2
Concave
Driver
Concave
CW
F t2
F t1
F r2
F t2
CCW
CCW
CW
F x1
Convex
Ft1

Driver
Fr1
1.57357

Concave
Fr2
Ft2
Fx1
Fx2
Fx2
Fx2
Convex
Ft2
Fr2
Fr2
Fr1
Fr2
Ft1
Ft2
Fx1
Fx2
Driver CCW
Fr1
Fr1
Ft1
Concave
Driver CW
Convex
Driver CCW
Fr1
F r2
F x1
F t1
CW
F x2
Concave
F t2
CCW
Convex
Driver CCW
F r2
F x1
F x2
F t1
CW
Fig.12.5 The Directions of Forces Carried by Spiral Bevel Gears

Table 12.6 Calculation Examples (Spiral Bevel Gears)
Specifications Symbol Unit
1 Shaft angle
Transverse
2
module
3 Pressure angle
4 No. of teeth
5 Spiral angle
6 Facewidth
7 Input torque
9
10
11
force
Pinion
Gear
degree
90
mt
mm
n
z
degree
T1
d
Set Value
mm
Nm
mm
z1
tan-1 z2
dm mm
Ft
1.6646
40
zm
1
d b sin
40
35
15
80
26.56505 63.43495
33.292
2000T
dm
20
20
degree
Reference cone
12 degree
angle
Center reference
diameter
Tangential
Spiral Bevel Gears
Formula
66.584
100.0
Contact Face
Convex Concave
Ft
Ft
tan n sin sin m cos cos
tan n sin + sin m cos 42.8
71.1
cos
m
m
12 Axial force
Fx
13 Radial force
Fr
Ft
Ft
tan n cos + sin m sin cos
tan n cos sin m sin
cos
m
m
Fx
Contact Face
Convex Concave
Ft
Ft
tan n sin + sin m cos cos
tan n sin sin m cos 82.5
8.4
cos
m
m
14 Axial force
N
15 Radial force
Fr
16 Output torque
T2 Nm
Ft
Ft
tan n cos sin m sin cos
tan n cos + sin m sin
cos
m
m
Ft dm2
2000
71.1
42.8
8.4
82.5
3.329
605
Technical Data
12.3 Forces in a Nonparallel and Nonintersecting Axes Gear Mesh

1Forces in a Worm Gear Pair Mesh
Figure 12.6 shows how the forces act on the teeth of a worm gear pair mesh
with a shaft angle = 90 . Since the power transmission of the worm gear
pair mesh has a sliding contact nature, the coefficient of friction on the tooth
surface has a great effect on the transmission efficiency R and the force acting
on the gear mesh.
R =
T2
tan Ft2
=
T 1i
Ft1
Right-hand worm
gear pair
F r2
F x1
F r1
Left-hand worm
gear pair
Worm as drive gear

Worm wheel as driven gear
F r2
F t2
F x2
F t1

12.2

F x2
F t2
F r1
Drive
F r2
F t2
F t1
F r1
F r2
F x1
F x2
F t1
F x1
Worm as drive gear

Worm wheel as driven gear
F t1
F x2
F x1
F r1
Drive
Fig. 12.6 Direction of Forces in a Worm Gear Pair Mesh

Table 12.7 Calculation ExamplesWorm Gear Pair
Specifications
Symbol Unit
1 Shaft angle
Axial /
2 transverse
mx mt
module
Normal
3
n
pressure angle
4 No. of teeth
z
Reference diameter
5
d1
(Worm)
Coefficient of
6
friction
7 Input torque
T1
Reference diameter
8
d2
(Wheel)
Reference cylinder
9
lead angle
Worm
Wheel
degree
90
mm
degree
20
Set Value
mm
20
31
0.05
Nm
mm
tan-1
degree
10 Tangential force Ft1Ft2
606
Worm Gear Pair
Formula
11 Axial force
Fx
12 Radial force
Fr
13 Efficiency
14 Output torque
T2
Nm
Ft1
mx z1
d1
z2 mt
cos n cos sin

2000T1
Ft1
cos n sin + cos
d1
cos n cos sin
Ft1
cos n sin + cos
sin n
Ft1
cos n sin + cos
tan Ft2
Ft1
Ft2 d2
2000
1.550
40
3.69139
100.0
846.5
846.5
100.0
309.8
0.546
16.930
F t2
Technical Data
2Forces in a Screw Gear Mesh

The forces in a screw gear mesh are similar to those
in a worm gear pair mesh.
Figure 12.7 shows the force acts on the teeth of a
screw gear mesh with a shaft angle = 90, a helix
angle = 45.
Worm as drive gear
Worm as drive gear
Right-hand worm gear pair Worm wheel as driven gear
Left-hand worm gear pair Worm wheel as driven gear
Driver
Driver
F r1
F t1
F x1
F r2
F r1
F x2
F t2
F t2
F x2
F r2
F r1
F t1
F x1
F t2
F t1
F x1
F r2
F x2
F r1
F x2
F x1
F t2
F r2
F t1
Fig 12.7 Direction of Forces in a Screw Gear Mesh
Table 12.8 Calculation ExamplesScrew Gear
Specifications
1 Shaft angle
2 Normal module
Normal pressure
3
angle
4 No. of teeth
5 Spiral angle
Coefficient of
6
friction
7 Input torque
Reference
8
diameter
9 Tangential force
Screw Gear
Symbol
Unit
mn
degree
mm
90
2
degree
20
degree
T1
Nm
Formula
Set Value
10 Axial force
Fx
11 Radial force
Fr
12 Efficiency
13 Output torque
T2
Nm
13
Gear
13
45
0.05
zmn
cos
mm
Ft1Ft2
Pinion
2000T1
d1
cos n sin cos
Ft1
cos n cos + sin
Ft1
Ft1
cos n sin cos

cos n cos + sin
Ft1
sin n
cos n cos + sin
T2 z1
T1 z2
Ft2 d2
2000
1.838
36.770
36.770
100.0
89.9
89.9
100.0
48.9
0.899
1.653
607
Technical Data
13 Lubrication of Gears
The purpose of lubricating gears is as follows:
1. Promote sliding between teeth to reduce the
coefficient of friction .
2. Limit the temperature rise caused by rolling and
sliding friction.
To avoid difficulties such as tooth wear and premature
failure, the correct lubricant must be chosen.
Table13.1 Ranges of tangential speed (m/s) for spur and bevel gears
No.
Lubrication
Range of tangential speed vm/s

0510152025
Grease lubrication
Splash lubrication
Forced oil circultion lubrication
Table13.1 Ranges of sliding speed (m/s) for worm wheels

No.
Lubrication
Grease lubrication
Splash lubrication
Forced oil circultion lubrication
Range of tangential speed vm/s

0510152025
13.1 Methods of Lubrication

There are three gear lubrication methods in general use:
1
Grease lubrication.
2
Splash lubrication (oil bath method).
3Forced oil circulation lubrication.

There is no single best lubricant and method. Choice
depends upon tangential speedm / sand rotating
speedrpm.
At low speed, grease lubrication is a good choice. For
medium and high speeds, splash lubrication and forced
oil circulation lubrication are more appropriate, but
there are exceptions. Sometimes, for maintenance
reasons, a grease lubricant is used even with high
speed.
Table 13.1 presents lubricants, methods and their
applicable ranges of speed.
Grease lubrication can be applied in low speed / low
load applications, however, it is important to apply
grease periodically, especially for gears of the opentype usage. Since lubricants diminish or become
depleted in the long term, periodic checks for oil change
or refilling is necessary. Usage of lubricants under
improper conditions cause damage to gear teeth. When
using gears at high speed / heavy load, or when using
easily worn gears such as worms or screw gears, care
should be taken in selecting the right type of lubricant;
quantity and methods. The proper selection of lubricant
is especially important.
608
The following is a brief discussion of the three

lubrication methods.
1Grease Lubrication
Grease lubrication is suitable for any gear system
that is open or enclosed, so long as it runs at low speed.
There are three major points regarding grease:
Choosing a lubricant with suitable cone
penetration.
A lubricant with good fluidity is especially
effective in an enclosed system.
Not suitable for use under high load and
continuous operation.
The cooling effect of grease is not as good as
lubricating oil. So it may become a problem with
temperature rise under high load and continuous
operating conditions.
Proper quantity of grease
There must be sufficient grease to do the job.
However, too much grease can be harmful,
particularly in an enclosed system. Excess
grease will cause agitation, viscous drag and
result in power loss.
Technical Data
2Splash Lubrication (Oil Bath Method)

Splash lubrication is used with an enclosed system. The
rotating gears splash lubricant onto the gear system
and bearings. It needs at least 3m/s tangential speed
to be effective. However, splash lubrication has several
problems, two of them being oil level and temperature
limitation.
Oil level
There will be excess agitation loss if the oil level
is too high. On the other hand, there will not be
effective lubrication or ability to cool the gears if
the level is too low. Table 13.2 shows guide lines
for proper oil level.
Also, the oil level during operation must be monitored,
as contrasted with the static level, in that the oil level
will drop when the gears are in motion. This problem
may be countered by raising the static level of lubricant
in an oil pan.
Temperature limitation
The temperature of a gear system may rise
because of friction loss due to gears, bearings and
lubricant agitation. Rising temperature may cause
one or more of the following problems:
Lower viscosity of lubricant
Accelerated degradation of lubricant.
Deformation of housing, gears and shafts
Decreased backlash.
New high-performance lubricants can withstand up to
80 - 90 .
This temperature can be regarded as the limit. If the
lubricant's temperature is expected to exceed this limit,
cooling fins should be added to the gear box, or a cooling
fan incorporated into the system.
Table13.2Adequate oil level

Type of gears
Spur gears and helical gears
Gear orientation Horizontal shaft
Bevel gears
Vertical shaft
(Horizontal shaft)
Worm gear pair

Worm - above
Worm -below
Oil level
3h
Level
1h
1h
1 h
3
1b
1 b
3
1 d
3 2
1
d
2 1
1
4 d1
h = Tooth depth, b = Facewidth, d2 = Reference diameter of worm wheel, d1 = Reference diameter of worm
3Forced Oil Circulation Lubrication

Forced oil circulation lubrication applies lubricant to
the contact portion of the teeth by means of an oil
pump. There are drop, spray and oil mist methods of
application.
Drop Method
An oil pump is used to suck-up the lubricant and
then directly drop it on the contact portion of the
gears via a delivery pipe.
Spray Method
An oil pump is used to spray the lubricant
directly on the contact area of the gears.
Oil Mist Method

Lubricant is mixed with compressed air to form
an oil mist that is sprayed against the contact
region of the gears. It is especially suitable for
high-speed gearing.
Oil tank, pump, filter, piping and other devices are
needed in the forced oil lubrication system. Therefore,
it is used only for special high-speed or large gear box
applications.
By filtering and cooling the circulating lubricant, the
right viscosity and cleanliness can be maintained. This is
considered to be the best way to lubricate gears.
609
Technical Data
13.2 Gear Lubricants

An oil film must be formed at the contact surface of the
teeth to minimize friction and to prevent dry metal-tometal contact. The lubricant should have the properties
listed in Table 13.3.
Table 13.3The properties that lubricant should possess
No. Properties
1
Description
2Selection of Lubricant
Gear oils are categorized by usage: 2 types for industrial
use, 3 types for automobile use, and also classified by
viscosity grade. (Table 13.5 created from the data in
JIS 2219 1993: Oil Standards.)
Table 13.5 Types of Gear Oils and the Usage
Type
Lubricant should maintain proper vicosity to form

Correct and
a stable oil film at the specified temperature and
proper viscosity
speed of operation.
ISO VG 032
ISO VG 046
Lubricant should have the property to prevent the

Antiscoring
2
scoring failure of tooth surface while under highproperty
pressure of load.
A good lubricant should not oxidize easily and
Oxidization and
must perform in moist and high-temperature
heat stability
environment for long duration.
Moisture tends to condense due to temperature

Water
change when the gears are stopped. The lubricant
antiaffinity
should have the property of isolating moisture and
property
water from lubricant
5
Antifoam
property
If the lubricant foams under agitation, it will not

provide a good oil film. Antifoam property is a
vital requirement.
ISO VG 068
1
For Industrial Usage
Table13.4 ISO viscosity grade of industrial lubricant( JIS K 2001 )

ISO
Viscosity grade
loaded enclosed-gears in
general type of machines.
ISO VG 320
ISO VG 460
ISO VG 068
ISO VG 100
Mostly used for middle or
ISO VG 150
heavily loaded enclosed-
ISO VG 220
gears in general types
ISO VG 320
of machines or rolling
ISO VG 460
machines.
It is practical to select a lubricant by following

the information in a catalog, a technical manual or
information from the web site of the oil manufacturer, as
well as following the JIS, JGMA and AGMA standards.
Table 13.6 shows the proper viscosity for enclosed-gears,
recommended by the oil manufacturer.
Table 13.6 Recommended Viscosity for Enclosed Gears
Rotation
of Pinion
(RPM)
rpm
Horsepower
PS
Less than 30
30 - 100
than 300
More than 100
Less than 20
300
20 - 75
1,000
More than 75
1,000 Less than 10
10 - 50
2,000
More than 50
2,000 Less than 5
5 - 20
5,000
More than 20
Less than1
More than
1 - 10
100
Less than10
More
610
ISO VG 150
Mostly used for lightly
ISO VG 680
ISO VG 1502
ISO VG 1503
ISO VG 1505
ISO VG 1507
ISO VG 1510
ISO VG 1515
ISO VG 1522
ISO VG 1532
ISO VG 1546
ISO VG 1568
ISO VG 1100
ISO VG 1150
ISO VG 1220
ISO VG 1320
ISO VG 1460
ISO VG 1680
ISO VG 1000
ISO VG 1500
ISO VG 2200
ISO VG 3200
Kinematic viscosity range

10 6m2/scSt
10 6m2/scSt
40
40
1502.2
More than 1.98 and less than 2.42
1503.2
1504.6
1506.8
1510.0
1515.0
1522.2
1532.2
1546.2
1568.2
1100.2
More than 90.0 and less than 110
1150.2
More than 135 and less than 165
1220.2
1320.2
1460.2
1680.2
1000.2
1500.2
2200.2
3200.2
Kinematic viscosity center value
ISO VG 100
ISO VG 220
Lubrication should be neutral and stable to

Anticorrosion
6
prevent corrosion from rust that may mix into the
property
oil.
1Viscosity of Lubricant
The correct viscosity is the most important
consideration in choosing a proper lubricant. The
viscosity grade of industrial lubricant is regulated in
JIS K 2001. Table 13.4 expresses ISO viscosity grade of
industrial lubricants.
Usage
Reduction Ratio below 10 Reduction Ratio over 10

cSt
(40 )
5 - 234
180 - 279
279 - 378
81 - 153
117 - 198
180 - 279
54 - 117
59 - 153
135 - 198
27 - 36
41 - 63
59 - 144
9 - 31
18 - 32
29 - 63
ISO
Viscosity
Grade
150, 220
220
320
100,150
150
220
68,100
68,100,150
150
32
46
68,100
10,15,22
22,32
32,46
cSt
(40 )
180 - 279
216 - 360
360 - 522
117 - 198
180 - 279
279 - 378
59 - 153
135 - 198
189 - 342
41 - 63
59 - 144
95 - 153
18 - 32
29 - 63
41 - 63
ISO
Viscosity
Grade
220
220,320
460
150
220
320
68,100,150
150
220,320
46
68,100
100,150
22,32
32,46
46
NOTE 1Applicable for spur, helical, bevel and spiral bevel gears
where the working temperature (oil temperature) conditions
should be between 10 and 50 .
NOTE Circulating lubrication or splash lubrication is applied.
Technical Data
After making a decision about which grade of viscosity to select, taking into consideration the usage (for spur gear,
worm gear pair etc.) and usage conditions (dimensions of mechanical equipment, ambient temperature etc.), then
choose the appropriate lubricant.
Table 13.7List of a few industrial oils from representative oil manufacturers.
IDEMITSU
COSMO OIL
JAPAN ENERGY
SHOWA SHELL
ENEOS
MOBIL
ISO VG
32
Daphne Super
Multi Oil 32
NEW Mighty Super 32

Cosmo Allpus 32
JOMO
Lathus 32
Shell Tellus Oil C

32
Super Mulpus
DX32
Mobil DTE Oil

Light
ISO VG
68
Daphne Super
Multi Oil 68
NEW Mighty Super 68

Cosmo Allpus 68
JOMO
Lathus 68
Shell Tellus Oil C

68
Super Mulpus
DX68
Mobil DTE Oil

Heavy Medium
ISO VG
100
Daphne Super
Multi Oil 100
NEW Mighty Super 100

Cosmo Allpus 100
JOMO
Lathus 100
Shell Tellus Oil C

100
Super Mulpus
DX100
Mobil DTE Oil

Heavy
ISO VG
150
Daphne Super
Multi Oil 150
NEW Mighty Super 150
JOMO
Lathus 150
Shell Tellus Oil C

150
Super Mulpus
DX150
Mobil Vacuoline
528
ISO VG
100
Daphne Super
Multi Oil 100
Cosmo Gear SE100

Cosmo ECO Gear EPS100
JOMO
Reductus 100
Shell Omala Oil 100
Bonnoc AX M100
Bonnoc AX AX100
Mobil gear 600

XP 100
ISO VG
150
Daphne Super
Multi Oil 150
Cosmo Gear SE150

JOMO
Reductus 150
Shell Omala Oil 150
Bonnoc AX M150
Bonnoc AX AX150
Mobil gear 600

XP 150
ISO VG
220
Daphne Super
Multi Oil 220
Cosmo Gear SE220

JOMO
Reductus 220
Shell Omala Oil 220
Bonnoc AX M220
Bonnoc AX AX220
Mobil gear 600

XP 220
ISO VG
320
Daphne Super
Gear Oil 320
Cosmo GearSE320
JOMO
Reductus 320
Shell Omala Oil 320
Bonnoc AX M320
Bonnoc AX AX320
Mobil gear 600

XP 320
ISO VG
460
Daphne Super
Gear Oil 460
Cosmo Gear SE460

JOMO
Reductus 460
Shell Omala Oil 460
Bonnoc AX M460
Bonnoc AX AX460
Mobil gear 600

XP 460
ISO VG
680
Daphne Super
Gear Oil 680
Cosmo Gear SE680
JOMO
Reductus 680
Shell Omala Oil 680
Bonnoc AX M680
Bonnoc AX AX680
Mobil gear 600

XP 680
JIS Gear Oils
For Industrial Usage

2
Table 13.8Reference Viscosity for Worm Gear Lubrication
3Selection of Lubricants for the Worm Gear Pair
Oil Temperature at Working
After selection of the proper viscosity in accordance

with usage (applications of spur gears, worm gears, etc.)
and the conditions (size of the device used in, ambient
temperature etc) check the brand of lubricants from
product information offered by oil manufacturers.
Table 13.8 indicates reference values for proper viscosity
recommended in accordance with strength calculations
(JGMA405-01(1976)). Table 13.9 lists some of the
representative lubricants used for worm gears.
UnitcSt(37.8
Slip Speedm/s
Max Oil Temperature at Working Start Oil Temperature less than 2.5 Over 2.5 less than 5
Over 5
Over 10
Lower 0
110 - 130
110 - 130
110 - 130
Over 0
110 - 150
110 - 150
110 - 150
Over 10
up to 30
Over 0
200 - 245
150 - 200
150 - 200
Over 30
up to 55
Over 0
350 - 510
245 - 350
200 - 245
Over 55
up to 80
Over 0
510 - 780
350 - 510
245 - 350
Over 80
up to 100
Over 0
900 - 1100
510 - 780
350 - 510
Over 0
up to 10
Table 13.9Example of Worm Gear Oils

Viscosity Classification
IDEMITSU
ISO VG 150
Daphne Super
Multi Oil 150
ISO VG 220
COSMO OIL
JAPAN ENERGY SHOWA SHELL
ENEOS
MOBIL
JOMO
Reductus 150
Shell Omala Oil 150 Bonnoc AX M150
Mobil Gear 629
Daphne Super
Multi Oil 220
Cosmo GearW220
JOMO
Reductus 220
Mobil Gear 630
ISO VG 320
Daphne Super
Gear Oil 320
Cosmo GearW320
JOMO
Reductus 320
Mobil Gear 632
ISO VG 460
Daphne Super
Gear Oil 460
Cosmo GearW460
JOMO
Reductus 460
Mobil Gear 634
ISO VG 680
Daphne Super
Gear Oil 680
JOMO
Reductus 680
Mobil Gear 636
611
Technical Data
4Grease Lubrication
Greases are sorted into 7 categories and also segmented by kinds (Components and Properties) and by consistency
numbers (Worked Penetration or Viscosity).
Table 13.10 indicates types of grease (4 categories). (Excerpt from JIS K 2220:2003 Greases).
Table 13.10 Grease Types
Type
Usage
Class Consistency Number
General use Grease

Grease in
Centralized
Lubrication
High Load Grease
Grease for Gear
Compound
Operating
Temperature
limit
Reference
Adequacy of Use
Load
Low
High Impact
With water
Application Examples
, , ,
-10 to 60
General usage in low loads
-10 to 100
General usage in medium loads
00, 0, 1
-10 to 60
0, 1, 2
-10 to 100
Centralized Lubricating System
0, 1, 2
-10 to 60
for medium loads
0, 1, 2
-10 to 100
0, 1, 2, 3
-10 to 100
Use in high/impact loads
(1), (1), (1)
-10 to 100
Use for open gears / wire
S: Suitable N: Not Suitable

NOTE (1)Consistency numbers with (1) are classified by viscosity.
REMARKS . General use grease in Class 1 consists of base oil and calcium-soap and water-resistance.
2 . General use grease in Class 2 consists of base oil and calcium-soap and heat-resistance.
Table 13.11 lists grease products from representative manufacturers.

Table 13.11 Greases
Consistency
IDEMITSU
COSMO OIL
JAPAN ENERGY
SHOWA SHELL
ENEOS
00
Alvania EP Grease
R00
Daphne Eponex Grease

SR 0
Cosmo Central
Lubrication Grease 0
JOMO
LISONIX GREASE
EP0
Alvania EP Grease
R0
EPNOC GREASE
AP(N)0

SR 1
Cosmo Central
JOMO
LISONIX GREASE
EP1
Alvania EP Grease
S1
EPNOC GREASE
AP(N)1

SR 2
Cosmo Central
JOMO
LISONIX GREASE
EP2
Alvania EP Grease
S2
EPNOC GREASE
AP(N)2

SR 3
Cosmo Central
JOMO
LISONIX GREASE
EP3
Alvania EP Grease
POWERNOC WB3
S3
Number
612
Technical Data
14 Damage to Gears
Damage to gears is basically categorized by two types;
one is the damage to the tooth surface, and the other is
breakage of the gear tooth. In addition, there are other
specific damages, such as the deterioration of plastic
material, the rim or web breakages. Damages occur in
various ways, for example, insufficient gear strength,
failure in lubrication or mounting and unexpected
overloading. Therefore, it is not easy to figure out
solutions to causes. Gear damage are defined by the
following standards:
JGMA 7001-01(1990) Terms of gear tooth failure modes
JIS B 0160: 1999 Gears - Wear and damage to gear teeth
Terminology
14.1 Gear Wear and Tooth Surface Fatigue
Wear occurs on tooth surfaces in various ways. Runin wear is a type of wear with slight asperity occurring
on start-up. This wear involves no trouble in operation.
Critical wear is the state of gears from which a small
quantity of the material is scraped away from the tooth
surface. If the wear expands until the tooth profile gets
out of the shape, the gear can not be properly meshed
anymore.
Tooth surface fatigue occurs when the load is applied on
the tooth surface repeatedly, or when the force is applied
on the tooth is larger than endurance limit of the material.
As the result of the surface fatigue, the material fails and
falls off the tooth surface. The surface fatigue includes
pitting, case crushing and spalling.
If a critical wear or progressive pitting occurs on the tooth
surface, the following phenomena occurs:
Increase of noise or vibration
Excessive increase in temperature at the gear device
Increase of smear by lubricant
Increase of backlash
By properly removing the causes of these troubles,
damage can be avoided.
The following introduces causes of tooth damage and
examples of the solution.
1When the tooth surface strength is insufficient
against the load
Solution : Increasing of the strength of the tooth surface
Change the material to a stronger material having
more hardness.
S45CSCM440 / SCM415 etc.
Refer to the section 9. Gear Material and Heat
Treatment (Page 565 566).
Enlarge the gear size
Enlarge module and number of teeth.
Enlarge the facewidth
Exchange the gear to the stronger gear with helical teeth.

Change from Spur gear to Spiral gear
Change from Straight Bevel gear to Spiral bevel gear
(Improvement of overlap ratio)
Solution :Decreasing the load
Reduce the load by changing driving conditions
2Improper tooth contact caused by bad mounting
SolutionAdjusting the tooth contact
Detailed methods for this solution differ with types of
gears. For adjustment of bevel and worm gears, refer
to the section 8.3 Features of Tooth Contact (Page 562
564).
3When partial contact occurs due to bad mounting
Solution : Change design of the gear, shaft and bearing to
make them stronger.
By increasing stiffness, tooth contact improves.
4When lubrication is in a poor condition.
Solution : Provide appropriate conditions for the lubricant;
proper type, viscosity, and quantity.
Refer to the section 13 Lubrication of Gears (Page 608 611).
14.2 Gear Breakage
There are also several types of gear breakage. Overload
breakage occurs if unexpected heavy loads are applied
to the tooth. Fatigue breakage occurs if the load is
repeatedly added on the tooth surface. The tooth
breakage caused by partial contact at the tooth end,
occurs on spur or bevel gears.
The following introduces causes of breakage and solution
examples.
1When the tooth is broken by the impact load
Solution Increase bending strength (Gear strength)
Changing the material or enlarging the module is one of
the most effective methods.
The method is the same as the method of increasing surface
strength.
Solution Decrease or eliminate the impact load.
For example, reducing rotating speed is effective.
2Fatigue breakage from cyclic Loading
Solution Increase gear strength
The detailed method is the same as the way of increasing
tooth surface strength.
Solution Reducing the load or the rotation
3Breakage occurs when the wear progresses
and the tooth gets thinner.
In the first place, preventing wear must be performed.
613
Technical Data
14.3 Types of Damage and Breakage

There are various types of damage and breakage that can occur to gears, this section introduces some of those as defined
by the JGMA 7001-01(1990) and the industrial standards set by the Japan Gear Manufacturers Association.
Table 13.12Damages to Gears
Term No.
1
11
111
1111
1112
112
113
114
115
116
1161
1162
1163
12
121
122
123
13
14
15
16
161
1611
1612
1613
162
163
164
17
171
1721
1721
1722
173
174
175
176
18
181
182
183
2
21
22
23
24
25
3
4
41
Damage
Description
Deterioration of tooth surface
Wear (Abrasion)
Gradual loss of material on the tooth surface from various causes.
Normal Wear
Not really identified as damage. After initial use, the irregularity of the tooth surfaces is kept in good balance.
Medium Wear
Wear on tooth surface identified by checking tooth contact.
Polishing
The state of the tooth surface becomes smooth like a mirror as the asperity of the surface is removed gradually.
Abrasive Wear
Linear scratches run irregularly on the tooth surface in the slipping direction.
Excessive Wear
Excessively worn over the lifetime of the product.
Interference Wear
Wear of the tooth root, occurred by interference between the corner of the gear and the tooth root of the mating gear.
Scratching
Type of abrasive wear. Linear scratches occur on the surface.
Scoring
Surface deterioration caused by alternate deposition and tearing of tooth surface.
Medium Scoring
Type of light damage on the tooth surface. Slightly scratched in slipping direction.
Destructive Scoring Visible scratching and tooth profile destroyed.
Local Scoring
Medium scoring occurred locally.
Corrosion
Chemical Corrosion Brownish-red rust or pitting corrosion occurred on surface.
Fretting Corrosion
Surface damage occurs on the part where two of the tooth surfaces are in contact and involve relative reciprocal motion with fine vibration.
Scaling
A prominent area of the tooth surface was oxidized when heat treatment was applied. The prominent area gets glossy.
Over Heating
Excessive heat temperature on tooth surface. Temper color appears.
Cavitation Erosion
Local erosion caused by forced oil-jet lubrication and its impact.
Electric Corrosion
Small pitting on tooth surface that occurs due to electric discharge between the meshed gear teeth.
Tooth Surface Fatigue
Damages on teeth, involving a fall-off of material.
Pitting
Pits occurred on the tooth surface. Pitting often occurs at the pitch line or under.
Initial Pitting
A wearing phenomenon occurs in initial usage. It stops its progression when the tooth surface is broken-in.
Progressive Pitting A wearing phenomenon occurs and does not stop its progression even when the tooth surface becomes engaged.
Frosting
Slight pitting occurs when only a thin oil film is generated and when heavy loading is applied.
Flake Pitting
A kind of spalling. Thin steel pieces fall off from the rather large area of the tooth.
Spalling
Material fatigue occurs under the surface, and quite large pieces of steel fall off.
Case Crushing
Abrasion occurs on the surface layer. The layer is damaged in broad areas.
Permanent Deformation
Indentation
Dent in the tooth occurs by involving an object enmeshed in the teeth while working.
Plastic Deformation A typical state of permanent deformation. The deformation is not recovered after removing the load.
Rolling
Indented streaks occur around the pitch line.
Deformation by Gear Rattle Deformation occurs when excessive vibration load is added and the meshed teeth engage with each other.
Rippling
Ripples periodically occur on the tooth surface in the rolling and normal direction.
Ridging
Ridges or crests occurs from plastic flow of the material right under the tooth surface.
Burr
A plastic deformation similar to rolling. The state of the material at the tooth tip or edge is evident.
Dent
A small plastic deformation occurs on the tooth surface or at the corner of the tip. This deformation involves concaving and prongs.
Crack
A type of fracture. There are two types of cracks, one occurs in the production process, and the other occurs from usage.
Quenching Crack
Cracks occurred by quenching.
Grinding Crack
Slight cracks occurred when grinding the teeth.
Fatigue Crack
Cracks at the tooth root or fillet, occur under reversed alternating stress and variable stress.
Tooth Breakage
Overload Breakage Breakage occurs on the tooth when unexpected heavy loads are applied to the tooth.
Breakage on Tooth Ends Often occurs on spur or spiral gears. This brakeage is caused from partial contacts of meshed teeth in the width-direction.
Tooth Shearing
The state of teeth sheared from the body, occurred by a one time excessive load.
Smear Breakage
Marked and deformed tooth profile, caused from intolerable heavy loads on the material of the tooth.
Fatigue Breakage
A breakage caused from running cracks occurring at the tooth root filet.
Rim and Web Breakage
Deterioration of Plastic Gears
Swelling
Volume expansion occurs when solid substance absorbs fluids without changing the structure.
Additional Explanation
1Pit:
Tiny holes like pockmarks occur on the tooth surface.
2Beach mark fractured surface
Patterns occurred from fatigue breakage, similar to the striping patterns on sandy beaches, which occur from the waves of the sea or ocean.
614
Technical Data
15 Gear Noise
When gears work, especially at high loads and speeds,
the noise and vibration caused by the rotation of the
gears is considered a big problem. However, since
noise problems tend to happen due to several causes
in combination, it is very difficult to identify the cause.
The following are ways to reduce noise and these points
should be considered in the design stage of gear systems.
1Use High-Precision Gears

Reduce the pitch error, tooth profile error, runout
error and lead error. Grind teeth to improve the
accuracy as well as the surface finish.
2Use a Better Surface Finish on Gears
Grinding, lapping and honing the tooth surface,
or running in gears in oil for a period of time can
also improve the smoothness of tooth surface and
reduce the noise.
3Ensure a Correct Tooth Contact
Crowning and end relief can prevent edge contact.
Proper tooth profile modification is also effective.
Eliminate impact on tooth surface.
4Have A Proper Amount of Backlash
A smaller backlash will help produce a pulsating
transmission. A bigger backlash, in general, causes
less problems.
5Increase the Transverse Contact Ratio
A bigger contact ratio lowers the noise.
Decreasing the pressure angle and/or increasing
the tooth depth can produce a larger contact ratio.
6Increase the Overlap Ratio
Enlarging the overlap ratio will reduce the noise.
Because of this relationship, a helical gear is
quieter than the spur gear and a spiral bevel gear
is quieter than the straight bevel
7Eliminate interference on the Tooth Profile
Chamfer the corner of the top land, or modify the
tooth profile for smooth meshing. Smooth meshing
without interfering makes low noise.
8Use Gears that have smaller teeth

Adopt gears with a smaller module and a larger
number of gear teeth.
9Use High-Rigidity Gears
Increasing facewidth can give a higher rigidity that
will help in reducing noise.
Reinforce housing and shafts to increase rigidity.
10Use Resin Materials
Plastic gears will be quiet in light load and low
speed operation. Care should be taken to decrease
backlash, caused from enlargement by absorption
at elevated temperatures.
11Use High Vibration Damping Material
Cast iron gears have lower noise than steel gears.
Use of gears with the hub made of cast iron is also
effective.
12Apply Suitable Lubrication
Lubricate gears sufficiently to keep the lubricant
film on the surface, under hydrodynamic
lubrication. High-viscosity lubricant will have the
tendency to reduce the noise.
13Lower Load and Speed
Lowering rotational speed and load as far as
possible will reduce gear noise.
14Use gears that have no dents
Gears which have dents on the tooth surface or the
tip make cyclic, abnormal sounds.
15Avoid too much thinning of the Web
Lightened gears with a thin web thickness make
high-frequency noises. Care should be taken.
615
Technical Data
16 Methods for Determining the Specifications of Gears

16.1 Method for Determining the Specifications of a Spur Gear
Illustrated below are procedural steps to determine
specifications of a spur gear.
Steps
Count how many teeth a sample spur gear hasz =
Measure its tip diameterda =
Estimate an approximation of its module, assuming that
it has an unshifted standard full depth tooth, using the
equation:
d
z + 2
a
m = m
Measure the span measurement of k and the span number

of teeth. Also, measure the k 1. Then calculate the
difference.
Span number of teeth k = Span measurement Wk =
k 1 =
Wk1 =

The difference =
This difference represents pb = m cos
Select module m and pressure angle from the table on the
right.
m =
=
Calculate the profile shift coefficient x based on the above m
and pressure angle and span measurement W.
x =
Table 16.1Base Pitch pb

Module
Pressure angle
20 14.5
Module
Pressure angle
20 14.5
1.00
02.952
03.042
08
23.619
24.332
1.25
03.690
03.802
09
26.569
27.373
1.50
04.428
04.562
10
29.521
30.415
2.00
05.904
06.083
11
32.473
33.456
2.50
07.380
07.604
12
35.425
36.498
3.00
08.856
09.125
14
41.329
42.581
3.50
10.332
10.645
16
47.234
48.664
4.00
11.808
12.166
18
53.138
54.747
5.00
14.760
15.208
20
59.042
60.830
6.00
17.712
18.249
22
64.946
66.913
7.00
20.664
21.291
25
73.802
76.037
NOTE.
This table deals with the pressure angle 20oand 14.5oonly. There maybe
cases where the degree of the pressure angle is different. Tooth profiles
come with deep tooth depth or shallow tooth depth, other than a full tooth
depth.
16.2 Method for Determining the Specifications of a Helical Gear

The Helix angle is what differs helical gears from spur
gears and it is necessary that the helix angle is measured
accurately. A gear measuring machine can serve this
purpose, however, when the machine is unavailable you
can use a protractor to obtain an approximation.
Lead p z of a helical gear can be presented with the
equation:
with ink on the outside edge of a helical gear, roll it on

the paper pressing it tightly. With a protractor measure
the angle of the mark left printed on the paper, a. Lead
pz can be obtained with the following equation.
da
pz = tan
a
zmn
pz = sin
a
Given the lead pz, number of teeth z normal module mn,

the helix angle can be found with the equation:
zmn
pz
= sin1
The number of teeth z and normal module m n can be

obtained using the method for spur gears explained
above. In order to obtain pz, determine da by measuring
the tip diameter. Then by using a piece of paper and
616
Fig. 16.1 The measurement of a helix angle on tooth tips
Technical Data
17 Gear Systems
This section introduces planetary gear systems,
hypocycloid mechanisms, and constrained gear systems,
which are special gear systems which offer features
such as compact size and high reduction ratio.
gear, the balance and vibration of the rotating carrier,

and the hazard of jamming, etc. are inherent problems
to be solved.
Figure 17.1 is a so called 2K-H type planetary gear
system. The sun gear, internal gear, and the carrier
have a common axis.
1Relationship Among the Gears in a Planetary Gear System

In order to determine the relationship among the
numbers of teeth of the sun gearza, the planet gears
Bzband the internal gear Czcand the number of
planet gears N in the system, these parameters must
satisfy the following three conditions:
17.1 Planetary Gear System

The basic form of a planetary gear system is shown in
Figure 17.1. It consists of a sun gear A, planet gears B,
internal gear C and carrier D.
Internal gear C
zc = 60
Carrier D
Condition No.1zc = za + 2 zb
17.1
This is the condition necessary for the center distances

of the gears to match. Since the equation is true only
for the standard gear system, it is possible to vary the
numbers of teeth by using profile shifted gear designs.
To use profile shifted gears, it is necessary to match the
center distance between the sun A and planet B gears,
a1, and the center distance between the planet B and
internal C gears, a2.
a1 = a2
Sun gear A
za = 16
Planet gear B
zb = 22
Condition No.2
Fig.17.1An example of a planetary gear system
17.2
za + zc = Integer
17.3
This is the condition necessary for placing planet

gears evenly spaced around the sun gear. If an uneven
placement of planet gears is desired, then Equation
17.4must be satisfied.
The input and output axes of a planetary gear system

are on a same line. Usually, it uses two or more planet
gears to balance the load evenly. It is compact in space,
but complex in structure. Planetary gear systems need
a high-quality manufacturing process. The load division
between planet gears, the interference of the internal
za + zc = Integer
180
17.4
Where half the angle between

adjacent planet gears
zb m
zb m
za m
dab
a1
a1
a2
zc m
Condition No.1 of
planetary gear system
Condition No.2 of
Condition No.3 of
Fig.17.2Conditions for selecting gears
617
Technical Data
Condition No.3zb + 2 < za + zb sin
180
N
17.5
Satisfying this condition insures that adjacent planet

gears can operate without interfering with each
other. This is the condition that must be met for
standard gear design with equal placement of planet
gears. For other conditions, the system must satisfy
the relationship:
dab < 2a1 sin
17.6
Where: dabTip diameter of the planet gears
a1Center distance between the sun and planet gears
Besides the above three basic conditions, there can be an
interference problem between the internal gear C and
the planet gears B. See Section 4.2 Internal Gears(Page
515 to 517).
2Transmission Radio of Planetary Gear System
In a planetary gear system, the transmission ratio
and the direction of rotation would be changed
according to which member is fixed. Figure 17.3
contain three typical types of planetary gear
mechanisms,
CFixed
B
D
aPlanetary type
B
D
AFixed
bSolar type
cStar type
Fig.17.3Planetary gear mechanism
aPlanetary Type
In this type, the internal gear is fixed. The input
is the sun gear and the output is carrier D. The
transmission ratio is calculated as in Table 17.1.
Table17.1Equations of transmission ratio for a planetary type
618
No.
Description
Sun gear A Planet gear B Internal gear C
Carrier D
za
zb
zc
Rotate sun gear once

while holding carrier
+1
za
zb
za
zc
System is fixed as a
whole while rotating
za
+
zc
za
+
zc
za
+
zc
za
+
zc
Sum of 1 and 2
za
1+
zc
za
za
0
zc zb fixed
17.7
Note that the direction of rotation of input and output

axes are the same. Example: za = 16, zb = 16, zc = 48, then
transmission ratio = 4.
bSolar Type
In this type, the sun gear is fixed. The internal gear C
is the input, and carrier D axis is the output. The speed
ratio is calculated as in Table 17.2.
Table 17.2Equations of transmission ratio for a solar type
No.
Description
Sun gear A Planet gearB Internal gearC
Carrier D
za
zb
zc
Rotate sun gear once

while holding carrier
+1
za
zb
za
zc
System is fixed as a
whole while rotating
Sum of 1 and 2
za
z
1
c
za
0
zb 1
fixed
z
a 1
zc
z
Transmission ratio = = a + 1 17.8
zc
1
Note that the directions of rotation of input and output

axes are the same.
DFixed Example: z a = 16, z b = 16, z c = 48, then the transmission
ratio = 1.33333
z
1+ a
zc
zc
Transmission ratio =
za = za + 1
zc
za
+
zc
cStar Type
This is the type in which Carrier D is fixed. The planet
gears B rotate only on fixed axes. In a strict definition,
this train loses the features of a planetray system and
it becomes an ordinary gear train. The sun gear is
an input axis and the internal gear is the output. The
transmission ratio is :
zc
Transmission Ratio = z
a
17.9
Referring to Figure 2.3(c), the planet gears are merely

idlers. Input and output axes have opposite rotations.
Example: za = 16, zb = 16, zc = 48,
then transmission ratio = -3 .
Technical Data
17.2 Hypocycloid Mechanism

In the meshing of an internal gear and an external
gear, if the difference in numbers of teeth of two gears
is quite small, a profile shifted gear could prevent the
interference. Table 17.3 is an example of how to prevent
interference under the conditions of z2 = 50 and the
difference of numbers of teeth of two gears ranges from
1 to 8.
Table17.3The meshing of internal and external gears
of small difference of numbers of teeth
m = 1 = 20
z1
49
48
47
x1
z2
x2 1.00 0.60 0.40
b 61.0605 46.0324 37.4155
a 0.971 1.354 1.775
1.105 1.512 1.726
46
45
44
43
42
0
50
0.30
0.20
0.11
0.06
0.01
17.3 Constrained Gear System

A planetary gear system which has four gears is an
example of a constrained gear system. It is a closed
loop system in which the power is transmitted from the
driving gear through other gears and eventually to the
driven gear. A closed loop gear system will not work if
the gears do not meet specific conditions.
Let z1, z2 and z 3 be the numbers of gear teeth, as in
Figure 17.5. Meshing cannot function if the length of
the heavy line (belt) does not divide evenly by pitch.
Equation17.11defines this condition.
z 1 1
z2180 + 1 + 2
z 3 2
+
180 +
180
180 = integer
17.11
32.4521 28.2019 24.5356 22.3755 20.3854

2.227
2.666
3.099
3.557
4.010
1.835
1.933
2.014
2.053
2.088
All combinations above will not cause involute

interference or trochoid interference, but trimming
interference is still present. In order to assemble
successfully, the external gear should be assembled
by inserting it in the axial direction. A profile shifted
internal gear and external gear, in which the difference
of numbers of teeth is small, belong to the field of
hypocyclic mechanisms, which can produce a large
reduction ratio in single step, such as 1/100.
z1
Transmission ratio = z z
2
1
17.10
In Figure 17.4 the gear train has a difference of

numbers of teeth of only 1; z 1 = 30 and z 2 = 31. This
results in a transmission ratio of 30.
1
z1
z2
z2
z3
2
Fig.17.5Constrained gear system
Figure 17.6 shows a constrained gear system in

which a rack is meshed. The heavy line in Figure 17.6
corresponds to the belt in Figure 17.5. If the length of
the belt cannot be evenly divided by pitch then the
system does not work. It is described by Equation
17.12.
z 1 1
z2180 + 1
a
+
180 +
180
m = integer 17.12
a
1
z1
z2
z2
Rack
Fig.17.6Constrained gear system

Fig.17.4The meshing of internal gear and external gear in
which the numbers of teeth difference is 1
containing a rack
619
Technical Data
JIS Japan Industrial Standards for Gearing

1 Precision Standard for Spur and Helical Gears
Excerpted from JIS B 1702-11998 JIS B 1702-21998
JIS B 1702-01: 1998 and JIS B1702-02: 1998 cancel and replace the former JIS B 1702: 1976 (Gear accuracy of spur gear
and helical gear). This revision was made to conform to International Standard Organization (ISO) standards.
New standards for gear accuracy are: JIS B 170211998Cylindrical gears Part 1Definitions and allowable values
of deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teethand JIS B 170221998Cylindrical gears Part 2
Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant radial composite deviations and runout information).
Shown here are tables, extracted from JIS B 1702-01 and 1702-02, concerning the gear accuracy.
To distinguish new standards from old ones, each of the grades under the new standards has the prefix "N".
< Discrepancies between new and old standards >
As some change in the classification has been made of module and reference diameter ( reference pitch diameter, in old
standards), there may be some difficulties to find out what old grade in question corresponds to new grade.
As a rough measure new accuracy grades are said to be equal to old accuracy grades plus 4. In certain cases, however,
this formula does not apply.
As the need arises, please refer to "JGMA/TR 0001 (2000): Comparison table between new and old accuracy grades".
Table 1 Single pitch deviation fpt
Reference
diameter
d
mm
005
620
Module
Accuracy grades
N4
N5
N6
N7
m
mm
200
020 < d
500
050 < d
125
125 < d
280
280 < d
560
0.5 m
0.2 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
06 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
0.6 < m
.10 < m
.16 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
0.6 < m
.10 < m
.16 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
0.6 < m
.10 < m
.16 < m
N8
N9
N10
N11
N12
19.0
21.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
28.0
21.0
23.0
26.0
30.0
35.0
44.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
32.0
38.0
47.0
27.0
29.0
31.0
35.0
41.0
50.0
26.0
29.0
28.0
31.0
34.0
40.0
30.0
33.0
36.0
42.0
50.0
63.0
34.0
36.0
40.0
45.0
53.0
66.0
38.0
41.0
44.0
49.0
58.0
70.0
37.0
41.0
40.0
44.0
48.0
56.0
43.0
47.0
52.0
59.0
71.0
89.0
48.0
51.0
56.0
64.0
75.0
93.0
54.0
57.0
62.0
70.0
81.0
99.0
053.0
059.0
056.0
062.0
068.0
079.0
061.0
066.0
073.0
084.0
100.0
125.0
067.0
073.0
079.0
090.0
107.0
132.0
076.0
081.0
088.0
099.0
115.0
140.0
fpt
m
20.
3.5
20.
3.5
60.
10.
20.
3.5
60.
10.
16.
25.
20.
3.5
60.
10.
16.
25.
20.
3.5
60.
10.
16.
25.
3.3
3.7
3.5
3.9
4.3
4.9
3.8
4.1
4.6
5.0
6.5
8.0
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.5
6.5
8.0
4.7
5.0
5.5
6.0
7.0
9.0
04.7
05.0
05.0
05.5
06.0
07.0
05.5
06.0
06.5
07.5
09.0
11.0
06.0
06.5
07.0
08.0
09.5
12.0
06.5
07.0
08.0
08.5
10.0
12.0
06.5
07.5
07.0
07.5
08.5
10.0
07.5
08.5
09.0
10.0
13.0
16.0
08.5
09.0
10.0
11.0
13.0
16.0
09.5
10.0
11.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
09.5
10.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
14.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
15.0
18.0
22.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
16.0
19.0
23.0
13.0
14.0
16.0
17.0
20.0
25.0
13.0
15.0
14.0
15.0
17.0
20.0
15.0
17.0
18.0
21.0
25.0
31.0
17.0
18.0
20.0
23.0
27.0
33.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
25.0
29.0
35.0
Technical Data
Table 2 Total cumulative pitch deviationFp
Reference
diameter
Module
d
mm
m
mm
005
200
020 < d
500
050 < d
125
125 < d
280
280 < d
560
0.5 m
0.2 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
06 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
0.6 < m
.10 < m
.16 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
0.6 < m
.10 < m
.16 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
0.6 < m
.10 < m
.16 < m
Accuracy grades
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
N10
N11
N12
045.0
047.0
057.0
059.0
062.0
065.0
074.0
076.0
078.0
082.0
088.0
096.0
098.0
100.0
102.0
106.0
112.0
120.0
129.0
131.0
133.0
137.0
143.0
151.0
064.0
066.0
081.0
084.0
087.0
093.0
104.0
107.0
110.0
116.0
124.0
136.0
138.0
141.0
144.0
149.0
158.0
170.0
182.0
185.0
188.0
193.0
202.0
214.0
090.0
094.0
115.0
119.0
123.0
131.0
147.0
151.0
156.0
164.0
175.0
193.0
195.0
199.0
204.0
211.0
223.0
241.0
257.0
261.0
266.0
274.0
285.0
303.0
127.0
133.0
162.0
168.0
174.0
185.0
208.0
214.0
220.0
231.0
248.0
273.0
276.0
282.0
288.0
299.0
316.0
341.0
364.0
370.0
376.0
387.0
404.0
428.0
Fp
m
20.
3.5
20.
3.5
60.
10.
20.
3.5
60.
10.
16.
25.
20.
3.5
60.
10.
16.
25.
20.
3.5
60.
10.
16.
25.
08.0
08.5
10.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
13.0
14.0
14.0
15.0
17.0
17.0
18.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
23.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
25.0
27.0
11.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
15.0
16.0
18.0
19.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
24.0
25.0
25.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
33.0
33.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
16.0
17.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
31.0
34.0
35.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
39.0
43.0
46.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
50.0
54.0
23.0
23.0
29.0
30.0
31.0
33.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
41.0
44.0
48.0
49.0
50.0
51.0
53.0
56.0
60.0
64.0
65.0
66.0
68.0
71.0
76.0
032.0
033.0
041.0
042.0
044.0
046.0
052.0
053.0
055.0
058.0
062.0
068.0
069.0
070.0
072.0
075.0
079.0
085.0
091.0
092.0
094.0
097.0
101.0
107.0
621
Technical Data
Table 3 Total profile deviationF
Reference
diameter
Module
d
mm
m
mm
005
622
200
020 < d
500
050 < d
125
125 < d
280
280 < d
560
0.5 m
0.2 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
06 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
0.6 < m
.10 < m
.16 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
0.6 < m
.10 < m
.16 < m
0.5 m
0.2 < m
3.5 < m
0.6 < m
.10 < m
.16 < m
Accuracy grades
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
N10
N11
N12
18.0
26.0
21.0
29.0
35.0
43.0
23.0
31.0
38.0
46.0
56.0
68.0
28.0
36.0
42.0
50.0
60.0
72.0
33.0
41.0
48.0
56.0
66.0
78.0
026.0
037.0
029.0
040.0
050.0
061.0
033.0
044.0
054.0
065.0
079.0
096.0
039.0
050.0
060.0
071.0
085.0
102.0
047.0
058.0
067.0
079.0
093.0
110.0
037.0
053.0
041.0
057.0
070.0
087.0
047.0
063.0
076.0
092.0
112.0
136.0
055.0
071.0
084.0
101.0
121.0
144.0
066.0
082.0
095.0
112.0
132.0
155.0
052.0
075.0
058.0
081.0
099.0
123.0
066.0
089.0
108.0
131.0
159.0
192.0
078.0
101.0
119.0
143.0
171.0
204.0
094.0
116.0
135.0
158.0
186.0
219.0
F
m
20.
3.5
20.
3.5
60.
10.
20.
3.5
60.
10.
16.
25.
20.
3.5
60.
10.
16.
25.
20.
3.5
60.
10.
16.
25.
03.2
04.7
03.6
05.0
06.0
07.5
04.1
05.5
06.5
08.0
10.0
12.0
04.9
06.5
07.5
09.0
11.0
13.0
06.0
07.5
08.5
10.0
12.0
14.0
04.6
06.5
05.0
07.0
09.0
11.0
06.0
08.0
09.5
12.0
14.0
17.0
07.0
09.0
11.0
13.0
15.0
18.0
08.5
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
19.0
06.5
09.5
07.5
10.0
12.0
15.0
08.5
11.0
13.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
10.0
13.0
15.0
18.0
21.0
25.0
12.0
15.0
17.0
20.0
23.0
27.0
09.0
13.0
10.0
14.0
18.0
22.0
12.0
16.0
19.0
23.0
28.0
34.0
14.0
18.0
21.0
25.0
30.0
36.0
17.0
21.0
24.0
28.0
33.0
39.0
13.0
19.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
31.0
17.0
22.0
27.0
33.0
40.0
48.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
36.0
43.0
51.0
23.0
29.0
34.0
40.0
47.0
55.0
Technical Data
Table 4 Total helix deviationF
Reference
diameter
Facewidth
d
mm
b
mm
005
200
020 < d
500
050 < d
125
125 < d
280
280 < d
560
004 b 100
010 < b 200
020 < b 400
040 < b 800
004 b 100.
010 < b 200.
020 < b 400
040 < b 800
080 < b 160.
004 b 100.
010 < b 200
020 < b 400
040 < b 800
080 < b 160
160 < b 250
.250 < b 400
004 b 100
010 < b 200
020 < b 400
040 < b 800
080 < b 160
160 < b 250
.250 < b 400
.010 b 200
020 < b 400
040 < b 800
080 < b 160
160 < b 250
250 < b 400
Accuracy grades
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
N10
N11
N12
24.0
28.0
31.0
37.0
25.0
29.0
32.0
38.0
46.0
27.0
30.0
34.0
39.0
47.0
56.0
65.0
29.0
32.0
36.0
41.0
49.0
58.0
67.0
34.0
38.0
44.0
52.0
60.0
70.0
35.0
39.0
45.0
52.0
36.0
40.0
46.0
54.0
65.0
38.0
42.0
48.0
56.0
67.0
79.0
92.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
58.0
69.0
82.0
95.0
48.0
54.0
62.0
73.0
85.0
98.0
049.0
055.0
063.0
074.0
051.0
057.0
065.0
076.0
092.0
053.0
060.0
068.0
079.0
094.0
112.0
130.0
057.0
063.0
071.0
082.0
098.0
116.0
134.0
068.0
076.0
087.0
103.0
121.0
139.0
069.0
078.0
089.0
105.0
072.0
081.0
092.0
107.0
130.0
076.0
084.0
095.0
111.0
133.0
158.0
184.0
081.0
090.0
101.0
117.0
139.0
164.0
190.0
097.0
108.0
124.0
146.0
171.0
197.0
F
m
04.3
04.9
05.5
06.5
04.5
05.0
05.5
06.5
08.0
04.7
05.5
06.0
07.0
08.5
10.0
12.0
05.0
05.5
06.5
07.5
08.5
10.0
12.0
06.0
06.5
07.5
09.0
11.0
12.0
06.0
07.0
08.0
09.5
06.5
07.0
08.0
09.5
11.0
06.5
07.5
08.5
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
07.0
08.0
09.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
17.0
08.5
09.5
11.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
08.5
09.5
11.0
13.0
09.0
10.0
11.0
13.0
16.0
09.5
11.0
12.0
14.0
17.0
20.0
23.0
10.0
11.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
20.0
24.0
12.0
13.0
15.0
18.0
21.0
25.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
19.0
13.0
14.0
16.0
19.0
23.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
33.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
21.0
25.0
29.0
34.0
17.0
19.0
22.0
26.0
30.0
35.0
17.0
19.0
22.0
26.0
18.0
20.0
23.0
27.0
32.0
19.0
21.0
24.0
28.0
33.0
40.0
46.0
20.0
22.0
25.0
29.0
35.0
41.0
47.0
24.0
27.0
31.0
36.0
43.0
49.0
623
Technical Data
Table 5 Total radial composite deviationFi''JIS B 1702-2:1998
Reference
diameter
Normal module
d
mm
005
624
200
020 < d
500
050 < d
125
125 < d
280
280 < d
560
560 < d
1000
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.5
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.5
4.0
6.0
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.5
4.0
6.0
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.5
4.0
6.0
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.5
4.0
6.0
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.5
4.0
6.0
mn
mm
mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
< mn
Accuracy grades
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
N10
N11
N12
042
046
050
054
063
079
052
056
060
064
073
089
111
147
066
070
073
077
086
102
124
161
085
089
092
097
106
121
144
180
110
114
117
122
131
146
169
205
140
144
148
152
161
177
199
235
060
066
070
076
089
112
074
080
085
091
103
126
157
209
093
098
103
109
122
144
176
227
120
126
131
137
149
172
203
255
156
161
166
172
185
207
239
290
198
204
209
215
228
250
281
333
085
093
100
108
126
158
105
113
120
128
146
178
222
295
131
139
146
154
173
204
248
321
170
178
185
193
211
243
287
360
220
228
235
243
262
293
337
410
280
288
295
304
322
353
398
471
120
131
141
153
179
223
148
160
169
181
207
251
314
417
185
197
206
218
244
288
351
454
240
252
261
273
299
343
406
509
311
323
332
344
370
414
477
580
396
408
417
429
455
499
562
665
Fi''
m
00.5
00.8
01.0
01.5
02.5
04.0
00.5
00.8
01.0
01.5
02.5
04.0
06.0
100.
00.5
00.8
01.0
01.5
02.5
04.0
06.0
100.
00.5
00.8
01.0
01.5
02.5
04.0
06.0
100.
00.5
00.8
01.0
01.5
02.5
04.0
06.0
100.
00.5
00.8
01.0
01.5
02.5
04.0
06.0
100.
07.5
08.0
09.0
100.
110.
140.
09.0
100.
110.
110.
130.
160.
200.
260.
120.
120.
130.
140.
150.
180.
220.
280.
150.
160.
160.
170.
190.
210.
250.
320.
190.
200.
210.
220.
230.
260.
300.
360.
250.
250.
260.
270.
280.
310.
350.
420.
11
12
12
14
16
20
13
14
15
16
18
22
28
37
16
17
18
19
22
25
31
40
21
22
23
24
26
30
36
45
28
29
29
30
33
37
42
51
35
36
37
38
40
44
50
59
15
16
18
19
22
28
19
20
21
23
26
31
39
52
23
25
26
27
31
36
44
57
30
31
33
34
37
43
51
64
39
40
42
43
46
52
60
73
50
51
52
54
57
62
70
83
021
023
025
027
032
039
026
028
030
032
037
044
056
074
033
035
036
039
043
051
062
080
042
044
046
048
053
061
072
090
055
057
059
061
065
073
084
103
070
072
074
076
080
088
099
118
030
033
035
038
045
056
037
040
042
045
052
063
079
104
046
049
052
055
061
072
088
144
060
063
065
068
075
086
102
127
078
081
083
086
092
104
119
145
099
102
104
107
114
125
141
166
Technical Data
Table 6 shows the allowable runout appearing in JIS B 1702-21998 Appendix B (Reference material)
Table 6 RunoutFrm
Reference
diameter
Normal module
d
mm
mn
mm
005
200
020 < d
500
050 < d
125
125 < d
280
280 < d
560
0.5
2.0 <
0.5
2.0 <
3.5 <
6.0 <
0.5
2.0 <
3.5 <
6.0 <
1000 <
1600 <
0.5
2.0 <
3.5 <
6.0 <
1000 <
1600 <
0.5
2.0 <
3.5 <
6.0 <
1000 <
1600 <
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
N4
N5
N6
Accuracy grades
N7
N8
N9
N10
N11
N12
051
053
065
067
070
074
083
086
088
092
099
109
110
113
115
120
126
136
146
148
150
155
161
171
072
075
092
095
099
105
118
121
125
131
140
154
156
159
163
169
179
193
206
209
213
219
228
242
102
106
130
134
139
148
167
171
176
185
198
218
221
225
231
239
252
272
291
296
301
310
323
343
Fr
m
02.0
03.5
02.0
03.5
06.0
100.
02.0
03.5
06.0
100.
160 0
250 0
02.0
03.5
06.0
100.
160 0
250 0
02.0
03.5
06.0
100.
160 0
250 0
06.5
06.5
08.0
08.5
08.5
09.5
100.
110.
110.
120.
120.
140.
140.
140.
140.
150.
160.
170.
180.
180.
190.
190.
200.
210.
09.0
09.5
110.
120.
120.
130.
150.
150.
160.
160.
180.
190.
200.
200.
200.
210.
220.
240.
260.
260.
270.
270.
290.
300.
13
13
16
17
17
19
21
21
22
23
25
27
28
28
29
30
32
34
36
37
38
39
40
43
18
19
23
24
25
26
29
30
31
33
35
39
39
40
41
42
45
48
51
52
53
55
57
61
25
27
32
34
35
37
42
43
44
46
50
55
55
56
58
60
63
68
73
74
75
77
81
86
036
038
046
047
049
052
059
061
062
065
070
077
078
080
082
085
089
096
103
105
106
109
114
121
625
Technical Data
2 Precision Standard for Bevel GearsExcerpted from JIS B 17041978

Gear Tolerances
Transverse Module
Accuracy grades
0.6 to 1
626
400 to 800 incl.
200 to 400 incl.
100 to 200 incl.
50 to 100 incl.
25 to 50 incl.
12 to 25 incl.
200 to 400 incl.
100 to 200 incl.
50 to 100 incl.
25 to 50 incl.
12 to 25 incl.
04
004 004 005 005
004 004 004 005 005 006
004 004 005 005 006 006
Pitch variation
05
05
005 005 006 006
005 005 006 006 007 007
005 006 006 007 008 008
Accumlative pitch error ( )
14
15
016 017 018 020
015 016 017 019 020 022
017 018 019 021 023 026
Runout
05
07
010 014 020 028
007 010 014 020 028 040
010 014 020 028 040 056
Single pitch error ( )
06
07
007 007 008 009
007 007 008 008 009 010
007 008 008 009 010 011
Pitch variation
08
09
009 010 010 011
009 009 010 011 011 013
010 010 011 012 013 014
25
26
028 030 032 034
027 029 030 032 035 039
030 032 034 036 040 044
Runout
07
10
015 021 030 043
010 015 021 030 043 060
015 021 030 043 060 086
12
12
013 013 014 015
012 013 014 014 016 017
013 014 015 016 017 019
Pitch variation
15
16
016 017 018 020
016 017 018 019 020 022
017 018 019 021 023 025
46
48
050 053 057 061
049 052 054 058 062 068
054 056 060 064 069 076
Runout
11
15
022 031 045 063
015 022 031 045 063 089
022 031 045 063 089 125
023 023 025 026 028 030
024 025 027 028 031 033
Pitch variation
029 030 032 034 036 039
031 033 035 037 040 043
090 094 098 105 110 120
097 100 105 115 120 135
024 033 048 067 095 135
033 048 067 095 135 190
041 042 044 046 049 052
043 045 047 050 055 057
Pitch variation
053 055 057 060 063 068
056 058 3061 065 069 075
165 170 175 185 195 210
170 180 190 200 210 230
035 050 071 100 145 200
050 071 100 145 200 290
16
25
24
35
033 048 067 095
050 071 100 145
6 to 12 incl.
100 to 200 incl.
04
Runout
5
50 to 100 incl.
Runout
25 to 50 incl.
Error
12 to 25 incl.
Reference diametermm
6 to 12 incl.
1.6 to 2.5
3 to 6 incl.
1 to 1.6
Pitch variation
Runout
110 115 120 125 132 150

37
52
075 105 150 210
052 075 105 150 210 300
Pitch variation
Runout
075 105 150 210 300 430

210 220 240 250 270 290
56
79
110 160 230 320
079 110 160 230 320 450
110 160 230 320 450 640
Technical Data
Gear Tolerances
Transverse Module
2.5 to 4
Accuracy grades
0
6
7
800 to 1600 incl.
400 to 800 incl.
200 to 400 incl.
100 to 200 incl.
50 to 100 incl.
25 to 50 incl.
800 to 1600 incl.
400 to 800 incl.
200 to 400 incl.
100 to 200 incl.
50 to 100 incl.
25 to 50 incl.
800 to 1600 incl.
400 to 800 incl.
200 to 400 incl.
100 to 200 incl.
50 to 100 incl.
25 to 50 incl.
Single pitch error ( ) 005 005 005 006 006 007 008
005 006 006 007 007 008
006 006 007 007 008 009
006 006 007 007 008 009 010
007 007 008 009 009 011
008 008 009 009 010 011
Accumlative pitch error ( ) 018 019 021 022 024 027 031
021 022 024 026 029 032
024 025 027 029 032 035
010 014 020 028 040 056 079
014 020 028 040 056 079
014 020 028 040 056 079
009 010 010 011 012 014
010 011 011 012 013 015
010 011 012 012 014 015 017
012 012 013 014 016 018
013 014 015 016 017 019
036 038 041 045 049 054
041 043 046 049 054 059
015 021 030 043 060 086 120
021 030 043 060 086 120
021 030 043 060 086 120
016 017 018 019 021 023
018 019 020 021 023 025
018 019 020 022 024 026 029
021 022 023 025 027 030
023 024 026 027 030 032
064 067 072 077 084 092
071 075 079 084 091 100
022 031 045 063 089 125 180
031 045 063 089 125 180
031 045 063 089 125 180
028 030 031 034 036 040
031 033 034 037 039 043
Pitch variation
033 034 036 039 041 045 049
037 039 041 044 047 052
041 042 045 048 051 056
115 120 125 135 145 160
125 130 140 145 155 170
Runout
033 048 067 095 135 190 270
048 067 095 135 190 270
048 067 095 135 190 270
050 052 054 058 062 068
054 056 059 062 067 072
059 061 065 067 072 077 084
065 067 071 075 081 088
071 073 077 081 087 100
200 210 220 230 250 270
220 230 240 250 270 290
Runout
050 071 100 145 200 290 400
071 100 145 200 290 400
071 100 145 200 290 400
Pitch variation
115 120 125 130 135 155 170
125 130 135 150 165 175
135 140 155 165 175 185
Runout
075 105 150 210 300 430 600
105 150 210 300 430 600
105 150 210 300 430 600
Pitch variation
220 240 250 260 280 290 310
250 260 270 290 300 330
270 280 290 310 320 340
Runout
110 160 230 320 450 640 900
160 230 320 450 640 900
160 230 320 450 640 900
Pitch variation
250 360 500 720 1000 1450 2000
360 500 720 1000 1450 2000
360 500 720 1000 1450 2000
Pitch variation
Pitch variation
Pitch variation
Runout
12 to 25 incl.
Error
Runout
6 to 10
Runout
4 to 6
Pitch variation
627
Technical Data
3 Backlash Standard for Spur and Helical GearsExcerpted from the superseded standard, JIS B 17031976
Table of values for caluculation of BACKLASHJIS Grade 0 and Grade 5
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
Value for calculation of

backlash
Transverse module
mm
1.5
to
3 incl.
Over 3
to
6 incl.
Over 6
to
12 incl.
1Over 12
to
25 incl.
Over 25
to
50 incl.
Over 50
to
100 incl.
where d0 Reference diametermm

ms Transverse modulemm
NOTE 1
The minimum value to be applied in the
case of high-speed operation is 12.5W.
Over 100
to
200 incl.
Over 200
to
400 incl.
Over 400
to
800 incl.
Over 800
to
1600 incl.
Over 1600
to
3200 incl.
Gear accuracy gradesJIS
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
Min. value
15
20
25
30
35
45
Max. value 40 70 50 90 60 110 70 130 90 170 110 200
Min. value
25
25
35
40
50
Max. value
60 100 70 120 80 150 100 180 120 220
Min. value
30
35
45
50
Max. value
80 140 90 160 110 190 130 230
Min. value
40
50
60
Max. value
100 180 120 210 140 250
Min. value
45
50
60
Max. value
110 190 120 220 150 260
Min. value
50
60
Max. value
130 240 150 280
Min. value
60
60
Max. value
140 250 160 290
Min. value
60
70
Max. value
150 270 170 310
Min. value
70
70
Max. value
160 300 190 340
Calculation of Backlash
Min. value
70
80
Accuracy grade JIS 0
Max. value
180 330 200 370
Min. value
80
90
Normal module: 3
Max. value
200 360 220 390
Number of teeth:25 / 50
Min. value
90
90
Helix angle: 35
Max. value
210 380 240 420
3
Min. value
110
Transverse module: =3.66
cos 35
Max. value
270
480
Reference diameter of pinion:91.5
Min. value
120
Reference diameter of gear : 183.0
Max. value
300 540
Pinion
Min. value
130
Min. value 70 mMax. value 170 m
Max. value
330 600
Gear
Min. value
Min. value 80 mMax. value 200 m
Max. value
Min. value
Backlash
Max. value
Min. value 1 70 080 150 m
Min. value
Max. value 170 200 370 m
Max. value
Min. value
Depending on usage of the gear, the backlash can be set
Max. value
with a value designated for the gear and with a different
Min. value
accuracy grade.
Max. value
W Unit of tolerance
W = 3d0 + 0.65msm
628
Unit m
5
60
140 250
60
150 270
60
160 280
70
170 300
70
170 310
70
180 330
80
190 340
80
200 360
90
210 390
90
230 410
100
240 440
110
260 470
120
300 530
130
330 590
140
360 650
160
390 710
170
430 770
180
460 820
5
70
180 320
70
180 330
80
190 350
80
200 360
80
210 380
90
220 390
90
220 400
90
230 420
100
250 450
110
260 480
110
280 510
120
300 540
130
330 590
140
360 650
160
390 710
170
420 760
180
460 830
200
490 890
210
520 950
230
570 1030
90
230 410
90
240 420
100
240 440
100
250 450
100
260 470
110
270 480
110
280 500
120
290 530
120
310 560
130
320 580
140
340 610
150
370 670
160
410 730
180
440 790
190
470 850
200
500 910
210
540 960
230
570 1020
250
620 1110
120
300 540
120
310 550
130
310 570
130
320 580
130
330 590
140
350 620
150
360 650
150
380 680
160
400 710
170
430 770
180
460 830
200
490 890
210
530 950
220
560 1000
240
590 1060
250
620 1120
270
670 1210
150
380 690
160
390 700
160
400 720
170
420 750
170
430 780
180
450 810
190
460 840
200
500 900
210
530 950
220
560 1010
240
590 1070
250
630 1130
260
660 1190
280
690 1250
300
740 1330
Equation of Backlash
JIS
0
1 NOTE1
2 NOTE1
3
4
5
6
7
8
Min. value
10W
Max. value
25W.5
28W.5
31.5W
35.5W
40W.5
45W.5
50W.5
63W.5
90W.5
Technical Data
4 Backlash Standard for Bevel GearsExcerpted from JIS B 17051973
Table of values for caluculation of BACKLASH (JIS Grade 0 and Grade 4)
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
Value for calculation of

backlash
Transverse module
mm
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Min. value
Max. value
Unitm
Over 3
to
6 incl.
Over 6
to
12 incl.
Over 12
to
25 incl.
Over 25
to
50 incl.
Over 50
to
100 incl.
Over 100
to
200 incl.
Over 200
to
400 incl.
Over 400
to
800 incl.
Over 800
to
1600 incl.
Gear accuracy gradesJIS

0
4
20
50 100
25
60 120
4
25
60 120
25
70 140
30
80 150
4
30
70 150
35
80 160
35
90 180
40
100 200
45
110 210
45
110 230
50
120 240
50
130 260
Calculation of
Backlash
Accuracy grade JIS 0
Module: 3
Number of teeth: 25 / 50
Reference diameter of pinion: 75mm
Reference diameter of gear: 150mm
Pinion
Min. value 60 m
Max. value 150 m
Gear
Min. value 70 m
Max. value 180 m
Backlash
Min. value 160 070 130 m
Max. value 150 180 330 m
4
35
90 180
40
100 200
45
110 220
50
120 230
50
120 250
50
130 270
60
140 280
60
150 300
70
160 330
70
180 360
80
200 400
90
210 430
100
240 490
4
45
110 230
50
120 240
50
130 260
60
140 280
60
150 290
60
150 310
60
160 320
70
170 340
70
190 370
80
200 410
90
220 440
90
240 470
110
270 540
120
300 600
130
330 670
150
360 730
Depending on usage of the gear, the backlash

can be set with a value designated for the
gear and with a different accuracy grade.
W Unit of tolerance
W = 3d0 + 0.65msm
where d0 Reference diametermm
ms Transverse modulemm
NOTE 1
The minimum value to be applied in the
case of high-speed operation is 12.5W.
4
60
140 280
60
150 300
60
160 310
70
170 330
70
170 350
70
180 360
80
190 380
80
200 400
90
210 430
90
230 460
100
240 490
110
260 530
120
300 590
130
330 660
140
360 720
160
390 790
170
430 850
180
460 920
200
490 980
210
540 1070
80
190 380
80
200 400
80
210 420
90
220 430
90
220 450
90
230 470
100
250 500
110
260 530
110
280 560
120
300 600
130
330 660
140
360 730
160
390 790
170
420 850
180
460 920
200
490 990
210
520 1050
230
570 1150
100
240 490
100
250 500
100
260 520
110
270 540
110
280 550
120
290 580
120
310 620
130
320 650
140
340 680
150
370 750
160
410 810
180
440 880
190
470 940
200
500 1010
210
540 1070
230
570 1140
250
620 1230
120
310 610
130
310 630
130
320 640
130
330 660
140
350 690
150
360 730
150
380 760
160
400 790
170
430 860
180
460 920
200
490 990
210
530 1050
220
560 1120
240
590 1180
250
620 1250
270
670 1340
Equation of Backlash
JIS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Min. value
10W
Max. value
25W.5
30W.5
35.5W
42.5W
50W.5
60W.5
71W.5
629
Technical Data
5 Common Deviations of Hole DimensionsExcerpted from JIS B 04012:1998

Size
Range
mm
over up to B10
C
C9
D
C10
D8
D9
E
D10
E7
E8
F
E9
F6
F7
G
F8
G6
Unit m
H
G7
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
003
1800 850 100 3400 4500 60 2400 2800 39 1200 1600 20

1400
60
20
14
60
800 12
2
400 600 100 1400 2500 40

0
003 006
1880 1000 118 4800 6000 78 3200 3800 50 1800 2200 28

1400
70
30
20
10
120 16
4
500 800 120 180 3000 48

0
006 010
2080 1160 138 6200 7600 98 4000 4700 61 2200 2800 35

1500
80
40
25
13
140 20
5
600 900 150 220 3600 58

0
2200 1380 165 770 930 120

1500
95
500
5000 5900 75 2700 3400 43

32
16
170 24
6
800 110 180 270 4300 70

0
2440 1620 194 9800 1170 149 6100 7300 92 3300 4100 53
20
1600
110
650
40
200 28
7
900 130 210 330 5200 84

0
2700 1820 220

1700
120
1190 1420 180 7500 8900 112 4100 5000 64
800
500
25
2800 1920 230
040 050
1800
130
250 34
9
110 160 250 390 6200 100

0
3100 2140 260

1900
140
1460 1740 220 9000 1060 134 4900 6000 76
100
600
30
3200 2240 270
065 080
2000
150
290 40
10
130 190 300 460 7400 120

0
3600 2570 310

2200
170
1740 2070 260 1070 1260 159 5800 7100 90
120
720
36
3800 2670 320
100 120
2400
180
340 47
12
150 220 350 540 8700 140

0
120 140
4200 3000 360

2600
200
140 160
4400 3100 370 2080 2450 305 1250 1480 185 6800 8300 106 390 54
2800
210
145
850
430
14
180 250 400 630 1000 160

0
160 180
4700 3300 390

3100
230
180 200
5250 3550 425

3400
240
200 225
5650 3750 445 2420 2850 355 1460 1720 215 7900 9600 122 440 61
3800
260
170
100
500
15
225 250
6050 3950 465

4200
280
010 014
014 018
018 024
024 030
030 040
050 065
080 100
200 290 460 720 1150 185

0
6900 4300 510

4800
300
2710 3200 400 1620 1910 240 8800 1080 137 490 69
190
110
560
17
7500 4600 540
280 315
5400
330
230 320 520 810 1300 210

0
8300 5000 590

6000
360
2990 3500 440 1820 2140 265 9800 1190 151 540 75
210
125
620
18
9100 5400 630
355 400
6800
400
250 360 570 890 1400 230

0
1010 5950 690

7600
440
3270 3850 480 1980 2320 290 1080 1310 165 600 83
230
135
680
20
1090 6350 730
450 500
8400
480
270 400 630 970 1550 250

0
250 280
315 355
400 450
REMARK: For each range shown in the Table, the numerical values given in the upper line indicate upper deviations and those given in the
lower line indicate lower deviations.
630
Technical Data
Unit m
Size
Range
mm
JS
R7
S7
T7
U7
X7
over
up to
JS5
JS6
JS7
K5
K6
K7
M5
M6
M7
N6
N7
003
02.50
0300.
0500.
00
04
00
06
00
10
02
06
02
08
02
12
04
10
04
14
06 006 010 014

12 016 020 024
018 20
028 30
006
02.50
0400.
0600.
00
05
02
06
03
09
03
08
01
09
00
12
05
13
04
16
09 008 011 015

17 020 023 027
019 24
031 36
010
03.50
04.50
07.50
01
05
02
07
05
10
04
10
03
12
00
15
07
16
04
19
12 009 013 017

21 024 028 032
022 28
037 43
10
014
04.50
05.50
0900.
02
06
02
09
06
12
04
12
04
15
00
18
09
20
05
23
15 011 016 021

26 029 034 039
33
026 51
044 38
56
10.5
01
08
02
11
06
15
05
14
04
17
00
21
11
24
07
28
033 46
054 67
18 014 020 027
31 035 041 048 033 040 56
054 061 77
03
13
07
18
05
16
04
20
00
25
12
28
08
33
039
21 017 025 034 064
37 042 050 059 045
070
14
018
18
024
24
030
30
040
40
050
50
065
04.50
06.50
P6
P7
051
076
05.50
0800.
12.5
02
09
06.50
09.50
150.
03
10
04
15
09
21
06
19
05
24
00
30
14
33
09
39
030
26 021 060
45 051 032
062
042 055 076

072 085 106
17.5
02
13
04
18
10
25
08
23
06
28
00
35
16
38
10
45
038
30 024 073
52 059 041
076
058 078 111

093 113 146
048 064 091

078 094 121
65
080
80
100
100
120
120
140
140
160
160
180
053 093 131

093 133 171
180
200
060 105
106 151
200
225
225
250
250
280
280
315
315
355
355
400
400
450
450
500
07.50
110.
061
086
066 091 131

101 126 166
048 077 107

088 117 147
0900.
100.
12.5
14.5
200.
230.
03
15
02
18
04
21
05
24
12
28
13
33
09
27
11
31
08
33
08
37
00
40
00
46
20
45
22
51
12
52
14
60
36 028 050 085 119

61 068 090 125 159
41 033 063 113

70 079 109 159
067 123
113 169
11.5
12.5
13.5
160.
180.
200.
260.
03
20
05
27
16
36
13
36
09
41
00
52
25
57
14
66
074
47 036 126
79 088 078
130
28.5
03
22
07
29
17
40
14
39
10
46
00
57
26
62
16
73
087
51 041 144
87 098 093
150
31.5
02
25
08
32
18
45
16
43
10
50
00
63
27
67
17
80
103
55 045 166
95 108 109
172
631
Technical Data
6 Common Deviations of Shaft DimensionsExcerpted from JIS B 04012:1998

Size
Range
mm
b9
c9
Unit m
h
over
up to
003
1080 0060 108

140 060
020
014
165 085 0340 045 0240 0280 039 0120 0160 020
02
050 060 08
0
03 04 06 10 14 025
003
006
1080 0100 108

140 070
030
020
170 100 0480 60 0320 0380 050 0180 0220 028
04
080 090 12
0
004 05 08 12 18 030
006
010
1080 0130 108

150 080
040
025
186 116 0620 076 0400 0470 061 0220 0280 035
05
090 110 14
0
04 06 09 15 22 036
010
014
014
018
150 095
050
032
1080 0160 108
193 138 0770 093 0500 0590 075 0270 0340 043
06
110 140 17
0
05 08 11 18 27 043
018
024
024
030
160 110
065
040
1080 0200 108
212 162 0980 117 0610 0730 092 0330 0410 053
07
130 160 20
0
06 09 13 21 33 052
030
040
170 120
232 182
09
160 200 25
0
07 11 16 25 39 062
065
190 140
264 214
10
180 230 29
0
08 13 19 30 46 074
100
220 170
307 257
12
220 270 34
0
10 15 22 35 54 087
120
140
260 200
360 300
140
160
145
085
1080 0430 108
280 210
380 310 2080 245 1250 1480 185 0680 0830 106
14
260 320 39
0
12 18 25 40 63 100
160
180
310 230
410 330
180
200
340 240
455 355
200
225
170
100
1080 0500 108
380 260
495 375 2420 285 1460 1720 215 0790 0960 122
15
290 350 44
0
14 20 29 46 72 115
225
250
420 280
535 395
250
280
480 300
610 430
17
330 400 49
0
16 23 32 52 81 130
355
600 360
740 500
18
360 430 54
0
18 25 36 57 89 140
450
760 440
915 595
20
400 470 60
0
20 27 40 63 97 155
040
050
065
080
100
280
315
355
400
450
d8
d9
e7
e8
e9
f6
f7
f8
080
050
1080 0250 108
180 130 1190 142 0750 0890 112 0410 0500 064
050
242 192
100
060
1080 0300 108
200 150 1460 174 0900 1060 134 0490 0600 076
080
274 224
120
072
1080 0360 108
240 180 1740 207 1070 1260 159 0580 0710 090
120
327 267
190
110
1080 0560 108
540 330 2710 320 1620 1910 240 0880 1080 137
315
670 460
210
125
1080 0620 108
680 400 2990 350 1820 2140 265 0980 1190 151
400
820 540
230
135
1080 0680 108
840 480 3270 385 1980 2320 290 1080 1310 165
500
995 635
g4
g5
g6
h4
h5
h6
h7
h8
h9
632
Technical Data
Unit m
Size
Range
mm
js
over
up to
js4
js5
js6
js7
003
01.5
020.
030.
050.
006
02.5
02.5
040.
060.
010
020.
030.
04.5
07.5
10
014
02.5
040.
05.5
090.
14
018
18
024
24
030
30
040
40
050
50
065
030.
04.5
06.5
10.5
03.5
05.5
080.
12.5
040.
06.5
09.5
150.
p6
r6
s6
t6
u6
x6
k4
k5
k6
m4
m5
m6
n6
03
04
06
05
06
02
08
10
04
012 016 020

006 010 014
024
018
26
20
05
06
09
08
09
09
04
12
16
08
020 023 027

012 015 019
031
023
36
28
05
07
10
10
12
06
15
19
10
024 028 032

015 019 023
037
028
43
34
06
09
12
12
15
07
18
23
12
029 034 039

018 023 028
044
033
11
15
17
21
28
15
054
041
035 041 048
022 028 035 054 061
041 048
13
18
20
25
33
17
064
042 050 059 048
026 034 043 070
054
15
21
24
11
30
39
20
060
051 041
032 062
043
072 085 106

053 066 087
18
25
28
13
35
45
23
073
059 051
037 076
054
093 113 146

071 091 124
08
09
10
14
16
19
080
80
100
100
120
120
140
140
160
160
180
093 133 171

068 108 146
180
200
106 151
077 122
200
225
225
250
250
280
280
315
315
355
355
400
400
450
450
500
050.
07.5.
110.
17.5
23
086
070
078 094 121

059 075 102
65
13
076
060
101 126 166

079 104 144
51
40
56
45
67
54
77
64
088 117 147

063 092 122
060.
070.
090.
100.
12.5
14.5
200.
230.
15
18
21
24
28
33
27
31
33
15
37
17
40
46
52
27
60
31
068 090 125 159

043 065 100 134
079 109 159

050 080 130
113 169
084 140
080.
090.
100.
11.5
12.5
13.5
160.
180.
200.
260.
28.5
31.5
20
27
36
36
43
20
52
66
34
126
088 094
056 130
098
22
29
40
39
46
21
57
73
37
144
098 108
062 150
114
25
32
45
43
50
23
63
80
40
166
108 126
068 172
132
633
Technical Data
7 Centre HolesExcerpted from JIS B 1011:1987
Types of Centre Holes

Angle
Form
A
75-degree
60-degree
90-degree
NOTE 1. Angles indicated here denote the angles of applicable
center holes
2. Use of the 75-degree center hole should be avoided.
60-dgree Centre Holes

Type B
D
D2
120
(t)
D
D1
60max
(t)
D
60max
(t)
Type C
(a)
(l1)
(l2)
60max
Type A
b
(l3)
Unit mm
D2
l NOTE 1
Nominal
diameter
D1
0.50
01.06
01.60
01.60
010.
0.63
01.32
020.0
020.0
0.80
01.70
02.50
02.50
Informative note
Min. Max.Approx.
l1
l2
l3
0.2
0.48
00.64
00.68
0.5
0.16
01.2
0.3
0.60
00.80
00.90
0.6
0.20
01.5
0.3
0.78
01.01
01.08
0.7
0.23
100.
02.12
03.15
03.15
01.9
0.4
0.97
01.27
01.37
0.9
0.30
1.25
02.65
040.0
0400
02.2
0.6
1.21
01.60
01.81
1.1
0.39
1.60
03.35
050.0
050.0
02.8
0.6
1.52
01.99
02.12
1.4
0.47
200.
04.25
06.30
6.30
03.3
0.8
1.95
02.54
02.75
1.8
0.59
2.50
05.30
080.0
080.0
04.1
0.9
2.42
03.20
03.32
2.2
0.78
3.15
06.70
100.0
100.0
04.9
10.
3.07
04.03
04.07
2.8
0.96
400.
08.50
12.50
12.50
06.2
1.3
3.90
05.05
05.20
3.5
1.15
500.
10.60
160.0
160.0
07.5
1.6
4.85
06.41
06.45
4.4
1.56
6.30
13.20
180.0
180.0
09.2
1.8
5.98
07.36
07.78
5.5
1.38
800.
170.0
22.40
22.40
11.5
20.
7.79
09.35
09.79
70.
1.56
100.0
21.20
280.0
280.0
14.2
2.2
9.70
11.66
11.90
8.7
1.96
NOTE 1: The value l shall not be less than the value t .

REMARK: The in nominal diameters in parentheses should be avoided if possible.
634
Technical Data
8 Metric Coarse Screw Threads Minor Diameter
Excerpted from JIS B 0205-42001, JIS B 0209-22001
D1, d1
D, d
D2, d2
Fit Quality : Medium quality

Length of Fit : Medium grade
Tolerance Class : 6H
Basic Dimensions
Nominal Diameter (Major Diameter of
External Thread)
Pitch
Reference Value D1
Maximum
Minimum
0M1.60
M1.8
0M200
M2.2
0M2.50
0M300
M3.5
0M400
M4.5
0M500
0M600
M7
0M800
0M100
0M120
M14
0M160
M18
0M200
M22
0M240
M27
0M300
0.35
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.75
0.80
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.50
3.00
3.00
3.50
01.221
01.421
01.567
01.713
02.013
02.459
02.851
03.242
03.688
04.134
04.918
05.918
06.647
08.376
10.106
11.835
13.835
15.294
17.294
19.294
20.753
23.753
26.211
01.321
01.521
01.679
01.838
02.138
02.599
03.011
03.422
03.878
04.334
05.154
06.154
06.912
08.676
10.441
12.210
14.210
15.744
17.744
19.744
21.253
24.253
26.771
01.221
01.421
01.567
01.713
02.013
02.459
02.850
03.242
03.688
04.134
04.917
05.917
06.647
08.376
10.106
11.835
13.835
15.294
17.294
19.294
20.752
23.752
26.211
Minor Diameter of Internal Thread
d Basic dimension of major

diameter of external thread
p Pitch
D1Reference dimension of minor
diameter of internal thread
D1 = D 1.0825p
DReference dimension of major
diameter of internal thread
635
Technical Data
9 Dimensions of Hexagon Socket Head Cap ScrewsExcerpted from JIS B 1176 : 2006
dk
ls
lg
Nominal designation of threads ( d )
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
(M14)(4)
M16
M20
Pitch ( p )
0.5
0.7
0.8
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.5
5.5
8.5
10
13
16
18
21
24
30
5.68
7.22
8.72
10.22
13.27
16.27
18.27
21.33
24.33
30.33
Maximum
(1)
dk
k
s (3)
Maximum
(2)
Minimum
5.32
6.78
8.28
9.78
12.73
15.73
17.73
20.67
23.67
29.67
Maximum
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
20.00
Minimum
2.86
3.82
4.82
5.7
7.64
9.64
11.57
13.57
15.57
19.48
Nominal
2.5
10
12
14
17
Maximum
2.58
3.08
4.095
5.14
6.14
8.175
10.175
12.212
14.212
17.23
Minimum
2.52
3.02
4.02
5.02
6.02
8.025
10.025
12.032
14.032
17.05
(5)
ls
lg
ls
lg
ls
lg
ls
lg
ls
ls or lg
lg
ls
lg
ls
lg
ls
lg
ls
lg
ls
lg
Nominal
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
length
5
4.76
5.24
5.76
6.24
7.71
8.29
10
9.71 10.29
12
11.65 12.35
16
15.65 16.35
20
19.58 20.42
4.5
25
24.58 25.42
9.5
12
6.5
10
30
29.58 30.42
11.5
15
13
11
35
34.5
35.5
16.5
20
14
18
11
16
40
39.5
40.5
19
23
16
21
5.75
12
45
44.5
45.5
24
28
21
26
10.75
17
5.5
13
50
49.5
50.5
26
31
15.75
22
10.5
18
55
54.4
55.6
31
36
20.75
27
15.5
23
10.25
19
60
59.4
60.6
25.75
32
20.5
28
15.25
24
10
20
65
64.4
65.6
30.75
37
25.5
33
20.25
29
15
25
11
21
70
69.4
70.6
35.75
42
30.5
38
25.25
34
20
30
16
26
80
79.4
80.6
45.75
52
40.5
48
35.25
44
30
40
26
36
15.5
28
90
89.3
90.7
50.5
58
45.25
54
40
50
36
46
25.5
38
100 99.3 100.7
60.5
68
55.25
64
50
60
46
56
35.5
48
110 109.3 110.7
65.25
74
60
70
56
66
45.5
58
120 119.3 120.7
75.25
84
70
80
66
76
55.5
68
130 129.2 130.8
80
90
76
86
65.5
78
140 139.2 140.8
90
100
88
86
96
75.5
150 149.2 150.8
96
106
85.5
98
160 159.2 160.8
106
116
95.5
108
180 179.2 180.8

200 199.1 200.9
NOTE Applied to the head without knurls
NOTE Applied to the head with knurls
NOTE For more information on hexagon hole dimension s and
gauge inspection e, refer to JIS B 1016.
NOTE Nominal designation of threads, marked with parentheses
( ), should not be used where practically possible.
636
115.5 128
135.5 148
NOTE The range of popular nominal lengths is the area marked with
the bold lines in the table.The shaded area shows complete
threads, and the length of incomplete threads under the head is
to be within 3p. The values not in the shaded area denote the
value ls and lg , where the equation is:
lgMax. lNominal b
lsMin. lgMax. 5p
Technical Data
10 Dimensions of Counterbores and Bolt Holes for Hexagon Socket Head Cap ScrewsExcerpted from the superseded standard,
M8
M10
d1
d'
D'
d1
d'
D'
Unit mm
H''
H
H'
Designation of threads(d)
JIS B 1176 : 1974
M3
M4
M5
M6
M12
M14
M16
M18
d1
10
d'
3.4
4.5
5.5
6.6
11
12
13.5
15.5
17.5
20
22
20
22
5.5
8.5
10
13
16
18
21
24
27
(D )
6.5
9.5
11
14
17.5
20
23
26
30.
10
12
14
(H )
2.7
3.6
4.6
5.5
7.4
9.2
11
( H' )
3.3
4.4
5.4
6.5
8.6
10.8
13
14
(13.5)
M27
M30
24
27
30
24
26
30
33
30
33
36
40
45
29
32
35
39
43
48
16
18
20
22
24
27
30
12.8
14.5
16.5
18.5
20.5
22.5
25
28
15.2
17.5
21.5
19.5
23.5
25.5
29
32
16
18
(15.5)
(17.5)
M20
M22
M24
REMARK: The diameter (d' ) of bolt hole in the table conforms to bolt hole diameter Grade 2 specified in JIS B 1001-1968Diameter of bolt
hole and counterbore.
For diameters of M12, M14 and M16, the values marked with parentheses ( ), are of the Grade 2 specified in JIS B 1001-1985.
11 Dimension for Hexagon Head Bolt with Nominal Diameter Body - Coarse Threads (Grade A First Choice)
Unit : mm
Excerpted from JIS B 1180 : 2004
(b)
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M16
M20
bReference NOTE
e
Min.
12
14
16
18
22
26
30
38
46
6.01
7.66
8.79
11.05
14.38
17.77
20.03
26.75
33.53
2.8
3.5
5.3
6.4
7.5
10
12.5
Max.
2.125
2.925
3.65
4.15
5.45
6.58
7.68
10.18
12.715
Reference Dimension
k
s
Min.
1.875
2.675
3.35
3.85
5.15
6.22
7.32
9.82
12.285
Max. (Reference Dimension)
5.50
7.00
8.00
10.00
13.00
16.00
18.00
24.00
30.00
Min.
5.32
6.78
7.78
9.78
12.73
15.73
17.73
23.67
29.67
NOTE(1)l
125mm
Nominal diameter
637
Technical Data
12 Hexagon Nuts - Style1 - Coarse Threads (First Choice)Excerpted from JIS B 1181 : 2004
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M16
M20
Min.
6.01
7.66
8.79
11.05
14.38
17.77
20.03
26.75
32.95
Max.
2.40
3.2
4.7
5.2
6.80
8.40
10.80
14.8
18.0
Min.
2.15
2.9
4.4
4.9
6.44
8.04
10.37
14.1
16.9
Max. (Reference Dimension)
5.50
7.00
8.00
10.00
13.00
16.00
18.00
24.00
30.00
Min.
5.32
6.78
7.78
9.78
12.73
15.73
17.73
23.67
29.16
e
m
s
13 Dimensions of Hexagon Socket Set Screws Cup PointExcerpted from JIS B 1177 : 2007
dz
s
Nominal designation of threads( d )
dz
Pitch ( p )
Max.
Min.
Nominal diameter
Max.
Min.
s (1)
Nominal
length
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
638
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
0.5
1.40
1.15
1.5
1.545
1.520
0.7
2.00
1.75
2
2.045
2.020
0.8
2.50
2.25
2.5
2.560
2.520
1
3.00
2.75
3
3.071
3.020
1.25
5.00
4.70
4
4.084
4.020
1.5
6.00
5.70
5
5.084
5.020
l
Max.
Min.
2.3
2.8
3.76
4.76
5.76
7.71
9.71
11.65
15.65
19.58
24.58
29.58
34.5
39.5
44.5
49.5
2.7
3.2
4.24
5.24
6.24
8.29
10.29
12.35
16.35
20.42
25.42
30.42
35.5
40.5
45.5
50.5
(Reference) Approximate weight per 1000 pieces
0.1
0.14
0.18
0.22
0.3
0.38
0.46
0.62
0.23
0.305
0.38
0.53
0.68
0.83
1.13
1.4
0.42
0.54
0.78
1.02
1.26
1.74
2.22
2.82
Unit: kg (Density: 7.85 kg/dm3)
0.74
1.09
1.44
1.79
2.49
3.19
4.07
4.94
1.88
2.51
3.14
4.4
5.66
7.24
8.81
10.4
12
3.72
4.73
6.73
8.72
11.2
13.7
16.2
18.7
21.2
23.6
Technical Data
14 Dimensions of Taper PinsExcerpted from JIS B 1352 : 1988
a
l
Nominal diameter
Basic Dimension
d
a
1.2
1.5
2.5
10
1.2
1.5
2.5
10
0.000
-0.040
Tolerance (h10)
Approximate
l
Nominal
length
Minimum
Maximum
4.75
5.25
5.75
6.25
7.75
8.25
10
9.75
10.3
12
11.5
12.5
14
13.5
14.5
16
15.5
16.5
18
17.5
18.5
20
19.5
20.5
22
21.5
22.5
24
23.5
24.5
26
25.5
26.5
28
27.5
28.5
30
29.5
30.5
32
31.5
32.5
35
34.5
35.5
40
39.5
40.5
45
44.5
45.5
50
49.5
50.5
55
54.5
55.5
60
59.5
60.5
65
64.5
65.5
70
69.5
70.5
75
74.5
75.5
0.16
0.2
0.25
0
-0.048
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.63
0
-0.058
0.8
1.2
NOTERecommendable lengths (l) for the nominal diameter of the pins, are marked with bold lines in the table.
639
Technical Data
d2
d1
15 Spring-type Straight Pins SlottedExcerpted from JIS B 2808 : 2005
Nominal diameter
Base diameter d1
Chamfer diameter d2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.5
Max.
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.25
2.75
3.25
4.4
5.4
6.4
Min.
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.15
2.65
3.15
4.2
5.2
6.2
Max.
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.9
4.8
5.8
Shear load kN (Min.)
0.69
1.02
1.35
1.55
1.68
2.76
4.31
6.2
10.8
17.25
24.83
Diameter
Applicable
pins
Reference Tolerance
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.5
Length L
+ 0.08
0
Tolerance
4
5
6
8
+ 0.5
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28
+1
0
32
36
40
45
50
56
63
+ 1.5
0
NOTERecommendable lengths are marked with bold lines in the table.
640
+ 0.09
0
+ 0.12
0
Technical Data
16 Keys and KeywaysExcerpted from JIS B 1301:1996

r2
r1
Tolerance
h9
002 02 002 0000.
Tolerance
02 0000.
003 03 003 0.025
03 0.025
004 04 004
04
005 05 005
006 06 006
007 07007
008 07 008
010 08 010
0000.
0.030
0000.
0.036
012 08 012
014 09 014
015 10015
016 10 016
0000.
0.043
05
06
7
7
0000.
h09
0.030
Tight-fit
b1
016 080 007

018 090 008
022 110 010
8 0000.
9 0.090
028 140 012
Dimension of Parallel Keyway

Normal type
and
b1
b2
Tolerance
P9
Tolerance
N9
Tolerance
JS 9
b2
006 020 002 0.006

0.160000
006 036 003 0.031
0.25
008 045 004
0.012
010 056 005
0.042
0.250000 014 070 006
0.40
0000.
0.036
Basic dimenson
of b1 and b2
bh
Basic dimension
size of
key
Dimension of Parallel Key

Basic dimension
Nominal
0.004
0.029
0000.
0.030
r1
and
r2
0.0125 0.080000
0.16
0.0150
0.015 0000.
0.0180
0.051 0.036
0.160000
0.25
0.400000 036 160 014

0.250000
0.018 0000.
0.60 040 180 015
0.0215 0.40
0.061 0.043
045 180 016
10
10
Unit mm
Keyway of hole
Note
01.2
01.0
01.8
01.4
02.5
01.8
03.0
02.3
03.5
02.8
017 022
04.0
03.3
020 025
04.0
03.3
022 030
05.0
03.3
030 038
05.0
03.3
038 044
05.5
03.8
044 050
05.0
05.3
050 055
06.0
04.3
0.2 050 058
Basicdimenson
of t1 and t2
Keyway of shaft
Basic dimenson
of t2
Basic dimenson
of t1
t1
b2
t2
b1
Applicable
shaft dia.
006 008
0.1
00.
008 010
010 012
012 017
018 11 018
11
050 200 018
07.0
04.4
00. 058 065
020 12 020
12
056 220 020
07.5
04.9
065 075
022 14 022
14
063 250 022
09.0
05.4
075 085
08.0
08.4
080 090
024 16024
025 14 025
0000.
0.052
16
14
0000.
0.022 0000.
0.0260 0.400000
0.600000 070 280 024
0.074 0.052
0.80 070 280 025
0.60
0.110
09.0
05.4
085 095
028 16 028
16
080 320 028
10.0
06.4
095 110
032 18 032
18
090 360 032
11.0
07.4
110 130
035 22035
22
100 400 035
11.0
11.4
125 140
036 20 036
20
h11
036
12.0
08.4
130 150
12.0
12.4
140 160
13.0
09.4
150 170
038 0.026 0000.

0.0310 0.700000
040 0.088 0.062
1.00
042
13.0
13.4
160 180
038 24038 0000.

040 22 040 0.062
24
042 26042
26
045 25 045
25
045
15.0
10.4
050 28 050
28
050
17.0
11.4
056 32 056
32
056
20.0
12.4
063 32 063 0000.

070 36 070 0.074
32
20.0
12.4
260 290
063 0.032 0000.

0.0370
070 0.106 0.074
22.0
14.4
290 330
080
25.0
15.4
330 380
090 0.037 0000.

0.0435
100 0.124 0.087
28.0
17.4
380 440
31.0
19.5
440 500
080 40 080
090 45 090 0000.
100 50 100 0.087
22
0000.
0.130
36 0000.
40 0.160
45
50
1.000000
1.20
1.600000
2.00
2.500000
3.00
1.200000
1.60
2.000000
2.50
0.3
00.
170 200
200 230
230 260
NOTE (1)Applicable shaft diameter in the table is determined from the troupe corresponding to the key strength, and shown as a
guide for general-purpose use0. If key size is adequate for transmitted torque, the shaft which is thicker than applicable
shaft diameter, can be used. In that case, it is better to modify t1 and t2 so that the key surface can equally contact with
the shaft and the bore. The shaft which is thicker than the applicable shaft diameter, should not be used.
REMARK The nominal diameters marked with parentheses ( ), are not used for new designs as they are not defined by the corresponding
international standards.
641
Technical Data
17 Retaining RingsExcerpted from JIS B 2804:2001
17.1 C-type Retaining Ring

(Shaft Use)
d4
d0
d3
When the retaining ring is set on

an applicable shaft, the position of
the hole with diameter d0 shall not
sink in the groove.
d5
d2
d1
n
The dimension d 5 is the maximum
diameter of outer periphery when the
retaining ring is set on the shaft.
NOTE1Designation 1 should be given priority.
As the need arises apply designation
2 and 3 in that order. The abolition of
designation 3 is scheduled in the future.
2Thickness valuet 1.5 mm can be
applied instead oft 1.6 mm for the
time being. In that case, m should be
1.65 mm.
REMARKS 1.The smallest width of the
retaining ring should not be shorter
than basic dimention t .
2.The dimensions applied are the
recommended dimensions.
17.2 C-type Retaining Ring

(Hole Use)
d3
d0
d4
When the retaining ring is set on an

applicable hole, the position of the hole
with diameter d0 shall not sink in the
groove.
d1
d2
d5
The dimension d5 is the minimum

diameter of inner periphery when
the retaining ring is set in the
hole.
642
Designation
1
1
2
010
011
012
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
022
024
025
026
028
030
032
035
036
038
040
042
045
048
050
055
056
060
065
070
075
080
085
090
095
100
105
110
120
Designation
1
1
2
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
022
24
025
026
028
030
032
d3
Basic
dimension
009.3
010.2
011.1
012.9
013.8
014.7
015.7
016.5
017.5
018.5
020.5
022.2
023.2
024.2
025.9
027.9
029.6
032.2
033.2
035.2
037.0
038.5
041.5
044.5
045.8
050.8
051.8
055.8
060.8
065.5
070.5
074.5
079.5
084.5
089.5
094.5
098.0
103.0
113.0
Tolerance
Retaining Rings
Basic
dimension
0.05
0.18
1.2
0.06
0.200
2
1.6
0.25
1.8
0.400
0.07
20.
0.45
2.5
0.08
30.
0.09
0.55
40.
d3
Basic
dimension
Tolerance
01.6
01.8
01.8
02.0
02.1
02.2
02.2
02.6
02.7
02.7
02.7
03.1
03.1
03.1
03.1
03.5
03.5
04.0
04.0
04.5
04.5
04.5
04.8
04.8
05.0
05.0
05.0
05.5
06.4
06.4
07.0
07.4
08.0
08.0
08.6
09.0
09.5
09.5
10.3
Retaining ring
Basic
dimension
010.7
011.8
013.0
014.1 0.18
015.1
016.2
1
017.3
018.3
019.5
020.5
021.5
0.200
023.5
025.9
026.9
027.9
1.2
030.1
032.1 0.25
034.4
d0
Tolerance Approx. Approx. Min.
0.15
10.
03.0
03.1
03.2
03.4
03.5
03.6
03.7
03.8
03.8
03.9
04.1
04.2
04.3
04.4
04.6
04.8
05.0
05.4
05.4
05.6
05.8
06.2
06.3
06.5
06.7
07.0
07.0
07.2
07.4
07.8
07.9
08.2
08.4
08.7
09.1
09.5
09.8
10.0
10.9
1.2
1.5
1.7
20.
2.5
30.
d0
01.8
01.8
01.8
01.8
02.0
02.0
0.05
02.0
02.0
02.5
02.5
02.5
02.5
02.5
03.0
03.0
0.06
03.0
03.0
03.5
03.1
03.2
03.3
03.5
03.6
03.6
03.7
03.8
04.0
04.0
04.0
04.1
04.3
04.4
04.6
04.6
04.7
05.2
1.2
1.5
1.7
2.5
Applicable shaftFor reference
d5
d1
017
018
019
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
031
033
034
035
038
040
043
046
047
050
053
055
058
062
064
070
071
075
081
086
092
097
103
108
114
119
125
131
143
010
011
012
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
022
024
025
026
028
030
032
035
036
038
040
042
045
048
050
055
056
060
065
070
075
080
085
090
095
100
105
110
120
d2
Basic
dimension
009.6
010.5
011.5
013.4
014.3
015.2
016.2
017.0
018.0
019.0
021.0
022.9
023.9
024.9
026.6
028.6
030.3
033.0
034.0
036.0
038.0
039.5
042.5
045.5
047.0
052.0
053.0
057.0
062.0
067.0
072.0
076.5
081.5
086.5
091.5
096.5
101.0
106.0
116.0
Tolerance
000.
0.09
1.15
000.
0.11
1.5
1.35
000.
0.21
2 0.14
1.75 000.
000.
0.25 1.95
2
2.25
000.
0.300
2.7
000.
0.35
3.2
000.
0.54
4.2
2.5
0.18
000.
d1
013
014
015
026
027
028
028
029
010
011
012
013
015
016
016
018
020
021
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
022
024
025
026
028
030
032
d2
Basic
dimension
010.4
011.4
012.5
013.6
014.6
015.7
016.8
017.8
019.0
020.0
021.0
023.0
025.2
026.2
027.2
029.4
031.4
033.7
Tolerance
.
0.11
00.0
d5
Tolerance Min.
Basic
dimension
Basic
dimension
Tolerance Min.
1.15
0.14
1.5
000.
.
0.21
00.0
1.35
0.25
00.0
Technical Data
NOTE1Designation 1 should
be given priority. As
the need arises apply
designation 2 in that
order.
2Thickness value (t) 1.5
mm can be applied
instead of (t) 1.6 mm
for the time being. In
that case, m should
be 1.65 mm.
REMARKS
1.The smallest width of
the retaining ring should
not be shorter than basic
dimention t .
2.The dimensions applied
are the recommended
dimensions.
3.The desirable dimension
for d4 is: d4 = d3
- 1.4 1.5b
Free State
b
d
H
D
The shape is only an example.
Usage State
d1
d2
Designation
17.3 E-type Retaining Ring
Designation
1
1
2
035
036
037
038
040
042
045
047
048
050
052
055
056
060
062
063
065
068
070
072
075
080
085
090
095
100
105
110
112
115
120
125
Basic
dimension
0.8
0.8
Retaining Rings
d3
Basic
dimension
037.8
038.8
039.8
040.8
043.5
045.5
048.5
050.5
051.5
054.2
056.2
059.2
060.2
064.2
066.2
067.2
069.2
072.5
074.5
076.5
079.5
085.5
090.5
095.5
100.5
105.5
112.0
117.0
119.0
122.0
127.0
132.0
Tolerance
Basic
dimension
d0
03.5 05.2
2
03.5 05.2
0.25
0.06
03.5 05.2
1.6
04.0 05.3
04.0 05.7
0.400
04.0 05.8
1.8
04.5 05.9
04.5 06.1
04.5 06.2
04.5 06.5
0.07
05.1 06.5
05.1 06.5
2
05.1 06.6
05.5 06.8
0.45
05.5 06.9
05.5 06.9
05.5 07.0
06.0 07.4
06.0 07.4
2.5 0.08
06.6 07.4
06.6 07.8
07.0 08.0
07.0 08.0
07.6 08.3
08.0 08.5
0.55 3
08.3 08.8
08.9 09.1
0.09
08.9 10.2
08.9 10.2
09.5 10.2
4
09.5 10.7
0.65
10.0 10.7
Retaining Rings
Tolerance
000.
0.08
D
Basic
dimension
Tolerance
0.1
1.2 1.2
3
1.5 1.5
4
000.
2
2.0
5
0.09
2.5 2.5
6
3
3.0
7
4
4.0
9
0.2
000.
5
5.0
11
0.12
6
6.0
12
7
7.0
14
8
8.0
000. 16
9
9.0 0.15 18
10 10.0
20
12 12.0
23
000.
15 15.0 0.18 29
0.3
19 19.0
37
000.
0.21
24 24.0
44
Basic
dimension
0.7
2.5
3.5
d5
d1
024
025
026
027
028
030
033
034
035
037
039
041
042
046
048
049
050
053
055
057
060
064
069
073
077
082
086
089
090
094
098
103
035
036
037
038
040
042
045
047
048
050
052
055
056
060
062
063
065
068
070
072
075
080
085
090
095
100
105
110
112
115
120
125
d2
Basic
dimension
037.0
038.0
039.0
040.0
042.5
044.5
047.5
049.5
050.5
053.0
055.0
058.0
059.0
063.0
065.0
066.0
068.0
071.0
073.0
075.0
078.0
083.5
088.5
093.5
098.5
103.5
109.0
114.0
116.0
119.0
124.0
129.0
Tolerance
.
0.25
00.0
Tolerance Min.
Basic
dimension
2
1.75
1.95
2
.
0.300
00.0
2.25
0.14
000.
2.5
2.70
0.35
3.20
00.0
0.18
000.
.
0.54
00.0 4.20
0.63
00.0
d2
d1
Tolerance Min. Tolerance Approx. Over Below
0.2 0.02 0.3
1.0
1.4
1.0
0.3 0.025 0.4
000.
1.3
0.4
0.6
0.25
1.7
0.4 0.03 0.7
2.1
0.4
0.8
2.6
0.6
0.9
3.5
0.6
1.1
000.
4.3
0.6
1.2
5.2 0.30 0.8 0.04 1.4
6.1
0.8
1.6
6.9
1.8
000. 0.8
7.8 0.35 0.8
2.0
8.7
1.0
2.2
0.05
10.4
1.0
2.4
2
13.0
2.8
000. 1.6
0.45 2 0.06
16.5
4.0
1.6
000.
20.8 0.50 2.0 0.07 5.0
1.4
2.0
2.5
3.2
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
13.0
2.0
2.5
3.2
4.0
5.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
11.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
18.0
16.0 24.0
20.0 31.0
25.0 38.0
Basic
dimension
Tolerance
Basic
dimension
0.05
0.30
00.0
1.2
0.40 0.05
00.0
1.5
0.06
0.50
2.0
00.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
0.70
0.075
5.0
0.10
00
6.0
00.0
7.0
0.90
8.0 0.09
9.0 00.
10.0
1.15
12.0
0.11
15.0 000. 2
0.14
1.75 00.0
19.0
0.13
00
24.0
2.20
0.8
Tolerance Min.
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
NOTE1Cylindrical gauge is used for measurement d .
2Thickness valuet
1.5 mm can be applied instead oft
1.6 mm for the time
being. In that case m should be 1.65 mm.
REMARK:Applicable shaft diameters in the table are recommended values, shown only
as reference.
643
Technical Data
18 Straight-sided SplinesExcerpted from JIS B 1601:1996

B
N No. of grooves
d Small diameter
D Large diameter
B Spline width
Basic Dimensions of Hole and Shaft

d
For light loads
mm
Designation
For medium loads
NdD
No. of grooves
mm
mm
Designation
NdD
No. of grooves
mm
mm
11
13
16
18
06 011 014
06 013 016
06 016 020
06 018 022
06
06
06
06
014
016
020
022
030.
03.5
040.
050.
21
06 021 025
06
025
050.
23
26
28
06 023 026
06 026 030
06 028 032
06
06
06
026
030
032
06
06
07
06 023 028
06 026 032
06 028 034
06
06
06
028
032
034
060.
060.
070.
32
36
42
46
08 032 036
08 036 040
08 042 046
08 046 050
08
08
08
08
036
040
046
050
06
07
08
09
08 032 038
08 036 042
08 042 048
08 046 054
08
08
08
08
038
042
048
054
060.
070.
080.
090.
52
56
62
08 052 058
08 056 062
08 062 068
08
08
08
058
062
068
10
10
12
08 052 060
08 056 065
08 062 072
08
08
08
060
065
072
100.
100.
120.
72
82
92
10 072 078
10 082 088
10 092 098
10
10
10
078
088
098
12
12
14
10 072 082
10 082 092
10 092 102
10
10
10
082
092
102
120.
120.
140.
102
112
10 102 108
10 112 120
10
10
108
120
16
18
10 102 112
10 112 125
10
10
112
125
160.
180.
Dimension Tolerance for the Hole and Shaft

Hole Tolerance
No treatment applied after broaching Heat treatment applied after broaching.
644
H9
H10
H7
H11
H10
H7
Shaft Tolerance
d
Coupling
Form
d10
a11
f7
Free
f9
a11
g7
Sliding
h10
a11
h7
Fixed
Technical Data
Tolerance and Fits

Width B
D
H11
Reference
When hub is
hardened
D9
F10
H7
f9
d9
e8
h8
e8
f7
js7(1) or k7(2)
f7
g6
Where precision fit is particularly required.
n7
h7
js7
For general applications.
p6
h6
js6
s6
js6
k6
s6(1) or u6(2)
js6(1) or k6(2)
m6
For firm fixing.
u6
m6
n6
For applications in which no removing is performed.
For sliding
Shaft
Major
dia.
When hub is
not hardened
Sliding
and fixing
Hole
Minor
dia.
Basis for selection of fit
For general applications, where fitting length is

approximately twice the minor dia. or more (long fit).
Where precision fit is not required.
a11
For general applicaions, where fitting length is not

less than approximately twice the minor dia. (short
fit). Where precision fitting is required.
For fixing
For precision fit.

a11
The data in this table is applicable for Straight-sided Splines defined by the former JIS B1601.
NOTES1Applicable where the width is 6 mm and under.
2Applicable where the width is over 6 mm.
REMARK: While dimension tolerances for the width (B) and the small diameter (d) are related to each other, dimension
symbols must be selected from the fields in the same line. For example, if f7 is selected for a small diameter, h8
should be selected for the width of the hole, with no quenching treatment.
19 Permissible Deviations in Dimensions without Tolerance Indication for Injection Molded Products
Excerpted from JIS B 0405:1991
Unit mm
Grade
Div. of dimensions
From 0.5 up to 3
Over 3 up to 6
Fine Grade
Medium
Grade
0.05
0.1
Coarse
Grade
0.2
0.3
Over 6 up to 30
0.10
0.2
0.5
Over 30 up to 120
0.15
0.3
0.8
Over 120 up to 400
0.20
0.5
1.2
0Over 400 up to 1000
0.30
0.8
20.
Over 1000 up to 2000
0.50
1.2
30.
645
Technical Data
20 Surface RoughnessExcerpted from JIS B 0601: 2001

Surface Roughnesses
Arithmetic Mean Deviation of the ProfileRa
Arithmetic mean deviation of the profile denotes
the average absolute value of the height Z(x) of the
roughness profile on the reference length (lr).
Maximum Height of the ProfileRz

The maximum height of the profile is the distance
between the maximum peak height (Zp) and the
maximum valley depth (Zv) of the roughness profile
on the reference length (lr).
Zp
Ra
Rz
Zv
lr
lr
Maximum Height of the Cross SectionPt

The maximum height of the cross section is the
distance between the maximum peak height (Zp) and
the maximum valley depth (Zv) of cross-sectional
profile on the evaluation length (ln).
Table 1 Points of Revised Standards
Parameter (Roughness)
CrossJIS B0601
sectional
profile 1970 1982 1994
Maximum height
Roughness Rmax
Profile
Rz
Ten- point height of irregularities
Centerline average roughness
Arithmetic Mean Deviation of the Profile
Maximum Height of the Profile
Roughness
Profile
Ten-Point Height of Irregularities
Rmax
Rz
Ra
Ra
2001
Pt
(Ra75)
(Ra75)
Appendix Reference
Ra
Ra
Rz
Rz
(RzJIS)
Reference
NOTE In JIS B 0601: 1994, the symbol Rz is used to indicate the

Ten-Point Height of Irregularities.
Description
JIS B 0601-1994 (Surface Roughness Definition and
Symbols) was revised in 2001 and was replaced by
JIS B 0601-20010 (Geometrical Product Specifications
(GPS) Surface textureProfile method Terms
definitions and surface texture parameters)
The title of the standard has changed, and the
contents have also changed.
Centerline average roughness (Ra75) and Ten-point
height of irregularities (Rz JIS) are described in the
appendix as a reference.
21 Geometrical Symbols for Gear DesignExcerpted from JIS B 0021:1998

Symbol
Tolerance Zone
Description
Circular Runout Tolerance Radial Runout

Circular runout tolerance zone is controlled within the Actual circular runout tolerance, in rotational direction, must be
arbitrary cross section, which is right-angled to the axis less than 0.1 on the arbitrary cross section, at the point of when it
line of two circles corresponding to datum axis line, and the rotates around datum axis line A and contacts with datum plane B.
at the same time.
radius disengages at distance t.

Cross section
Feature with tolerance
0.1 A
0.1 B A
Generally, the runout is applicable for complete rotation

around the shaft, however, it can be controlled to apply
partially on one revolution.
646
Technical Data
Symbol
Tolerance Zone
Description
Circular Runout Tolerance Axial Runout

The tolerance zone is controlled at the position in the arbitrary radial For the cylindrical shaft, corresponding to the datum axis line D,
direction, by two circles apart at distance t, which are in the cylindrical the actual line in the axial direction must be positioned between
section, with the axis line corresponding to the datum.
two circles, apart at the distance 0.1.
0.1 D
Total Runout Tolerance

The tolerance zone disengages at the distance t, and is Actual surface must disengage at the distance 0.1, and must
controlled by two parallel planes, which are at right angles be positioned between two the parallel planes, which are
to the datum.
right-angled to the datum axis line D.
t
0.1 A
Parallelism Tolerance
The tolerance zone disengages at the distance t, and is Actual surface must disengage at the distance 0.01, and
controlled by two parallel planes, which are parallel to the must be positioned between two parallel planes, which are
parallel to the datum plane D.
datum plane.
// 0.01 D
Datum D
Squareness Tolerance
The tolerance zone disengages at the distance t, and is Actual surface must disengage at the distance 0.08, and
controlled by two parallel planes, which are at right angles must be positioned between two parallel planes, which are
to the datum.
at right angles to the datum plane A.
t
0.08 A
A
Datum A
647

Technical
Data
NUMERICAL EXPRESSION, UNIT AND OTHER DATA

1 Mathematical formulas
Function y = f ( x )and derivative y' = f ' ( x )
Trigonometric functions sin, cos, tan

x
y
y
cos = r , sin = r , tan = x
r
sin
2
2
sin + cos = 1, tan = cos
y' = f ' ( x )
y=f(x)
y' = f ' ( x )
cos x
sin x
1
cos x
tan x
cos x
sin x
cos x
1
sin x
1
sin x tan x
tan x
1
cos2 x
1
tan x
1
sin2 x
tan2 x
sin2 x
2 sin x cos x
sin3 x
3 sin2 x cos x
sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin

cos ( ) = cos cos sin sin
The relationship between rectangular

coordinatesx, yand polar coordinatesr,
y
x = rcos , y = rsin , tan = x
tan x x
NOTE1.
NOTE 1. Involute function
r2 = x2 + y2
P
(x,y)
An example of the application of the derivativeNewton's law

x
The equation for the straight line which passes

the pointa, bwith an inclinatiom
y
(yb)=m(xa)
P
(a,b)
x
The equation for the circle, the center of which

is the pointa, b, with the radiu r
y
( x a )2 + ( y b )2 = r2
P
r
(a,b)
The root of the quadratic equation

y
y = ax 2 + bx + c = 0a 0
b b2 4ac
x=
2a
f (x)
x1
Introduced here is
the method to obtain
f (x1)
an approximate value
f (x2)
of x 0 when the value f (x0)
of f ( x 0 ) is given in
0
the involute function
x2
y
y = f (x)
x2 x1
x0
f ( x ) = tan x x
First, with an initial valuex1
optionally chosen, obtain an approximate valuex2from:
f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
x2 = x1
tan2 x1
where f ( x1 ) = tan2 x1
Then, when the difference between the approximate
value f ( x 2 ) and the given f ( x 0 ) is large, obtain an
approximate valuex3using the same method.
x3 = x2
Function y = f ( x )and derivative y' = f ' ( x )
648
y=f(x)
f ( x2 ) f ( x0 )
tan2 x2
The more accurate value of x0 can be obtained by the

repeated calculation using this method.
The involute function, inv , is frequently used in the
calculation of gearing. Therefore, the Newton's law is
really useful.
Technical
Data
2 International System of UnitsSI

Base unit
Derived Units with Special NamesExcerpted from JIS Z 8202-0:2000
Excerpted from JIS Z 8202-0:2000
SI Base Unit
Base unit
Base
Quantity
Name
SI Derived Unit
Derived Quantity
Symbol
Length
meter
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
Current
ampere
Temperature
kelvin
Amount of
substance
mole
mol
Luminous
intensity
candela
cd
Name
Symbol
SI Base Units and

Derived Units
Angle
radian
rad
1rad = 1m/m = 1
Solid angle
steradian
sr
1sr = 1m2 / m2 = 1
Frequency
hertz
Hz
1Hz = 1s1
Force, Weight
newton
1N = 1kg m/s2
Pressure, Stress
pascal
Pa
1Pa = 1N/m2
Energy, Work, Heat
joule
1J = 1N m
Power, Radiant flux
watt
1W = 1J/s
Electric charge, Electric flux
coulomb
1C = 1A s
Voltage, Electrical potential

difference, Electromotive force
volt
1V = 1W/A
Electric capacitance
farad
1F = 1C/V
Electric resistance
ohm
1=1V/A
Celsius Temperature
Celsius *
1 = 1K
*Celsius is the unit used to indicate the value of Celsius temperature, substituted for the unit Kelvin.
Referred from JIS Z 8202-4:2000 4-1,a and 4-2,a
Conversation Factors for SI (International System of Units)

Name
Prefix
PrefixSymbol
Equivalents
Force
1N = 0.101972 kgf
1kgf = 9.80665N
Stress
1MPa = 1N/mm2 = 0.101972 kgf/mm2

1kgf/mm2 = 9.80665MPa = 9.80665N/mm2
Work
Energy
1J = 2.77778 107 kWh = 0.101972 kgfm

1kgfm = 9.80665J, 1kWh = 3.600 106 J
Work
Power
1kW = 101.972 kgf m/s

1kgfm/s = 9.80665 10 3 kW
Factor
yottaY
zettaZ
exaE
petaP
teraT
gigaG
megaM
kilok
hectoh
decada
10
1021
1018
1015
1012
1092
1062
1032
1022
1012
24
PrefixSymbol Factor
desid
centic
millim
micro
nanon
picop
femtof
attoa
zeptoz
yoctoy
1010
1020
1030
1060
1090
1012
1015
1018
1021
1024
Conversion of Units: Angles

Conversion of Degree to Minute and Secondif = 20.5445 )
Terms Symbol Unit
Degree
Minute
Second
Formula
Example
Discard the figures after the decimal point.

( D)60
Discard the figures after the decimal point
{( D) 60 M}60
20
32
40.2
Conversion of Degree to RadianIf = 25 )

Term
Symbol
Unit
Radian
rad
Formula
rad =
180
Conversion of Minute, Second to Degree

If DM
S= 2530' 40")
Term
Degree
Symbol
Unit
Formula
Example
M'
S"
= D +
+
60
3600
25.5111
Conversion of Radian to Degreeif = 1.5 rad
Example
Term
Symbol
Unit
Formula
Example
0.4363
Degree
= rad 180
85.9437
649

Technical
Data
3 Dynamic Conversion Formulas

Shown are formulas enabling easy calculation for
the conversion of torque or power. Not only the
international system of units, the gravitational
system of units are also introduced, as they are
used concurrently.
To Know Unit
Know
Unit
Force
Radius
mm
Torque T Nm Power
kW
min-1
Nm
min
Force
Velocity
m/s
Number of
revolutions
Torque
Dynamics
P
Number of
kW
(Power)
To Know
Torque T
Dynamics P
(Power)
revolutions
Unit
T=
P=
Tn
9549
P=
Fv
1000
Unit
Conversion factors
Fr
T=
1000
Force
kgf
Radius
mm
kW
Number of
revolutions
min-1
Torque
kgfm
Number of
revolutions
min-1
Force
kgf
Velocity
m/s
Denomination
974 P
T=
n
P=
Mass
point
NOTENumber of revolutions 1min 1rpm
yy
W r2
g
m r2
y
y2
y1
Pole
l
2
y2
l
2
y
2
y1 y1 m l
12
W l2
g 12
2
y2 y2 m l
3
W
g
l2
3
yy
2
2
m a +b
12
W a2 + b2
g
12
zz
2
m a
12
W a2
g 12
yy
zz
yy
Plate
b
z
y
y
W
g
r2
2
2
m r
4
W
g
r2
4
2
2
m r1 +r2
2
W r12 +r22
g
2
r2
2
Cylinder
z
y
Tn
974
Fv
P=
102
Moment of inertiaUnit
Rotation
Gravitational system of
axis
SI kgm2
units kgfms
Shape
Fr
1000
9549P
n
T=
-1
Know
kgfm Power
kW
Conversion factors
Moment of inertia mk2kgm2

W k2kgfms2
g
r1
r2
Hollow
cylinder
-1
REMARK 1Metric horsepower 1PS 735W = 0.735kW

REMARK 2Horsepower 1HP 746W = 0.746kW
650
To Know
Unit
Velocity v
m/s
Know
Unit
Diameter
mm
Number of
revolutions
min
-1
Conversion factor
v=
d n
60000
NOTE 1. m Mass WWeight gAcceleration of gravity = 9.80665m/s2

NOTE 2. GD2 = 4gIkgfm2
Technical
Data
4 Table for Weight of Steel Bar

Section
Dimension Weight of steel bar

mm
for 1mkgf/m
Round
0.00616d2
Square
0.00785s2
Hexagon
0.00680h2
Material
Major Materials
Steel
Alloy steel
Cast iron
Free-cutting brass
Aluminum bronze
MC Nylon
Polyacetal
S45C
SCMSNCM
FC200, Dense Bar E-2
C3604
CAC702ALBC2
MC901
Delrin, Duracon POM
Specific gravity
gf/cm3
7.85
7.85
7.21
8.5
7.6
1.16
1.42
Steel Ratio
1
1
0.918
1.083
0.968
0.148
0.181
Weight of round steel barkgf/m

Diameter
00
10
20
30
40
0.00
0.62
2.46
5.54
9.86
0.01
0.75
2.72
5.92
10.36
0.02
0.89
2.98
6.31
10.87
0.06
1.04
3.26
6.71
11.39
0.10
1.21
3.55
7.12
11.93
0.15
1.39
3.85
7.55
12.47
0.22
1.58
4.16
7.98
13.03
0.30
1.78
4.49
8.43
13.61
0.39
2.00
4.83
8.90
14.19
0.50
2.22
5.18
9.37
14.79
50
60
70
80
90
15.40
22.18
30.18
39.42
49.90
16.02
22.92
31.05
40.42
51.01
16.66
23.68
31.93
41.42
52.14
17.30
24.45
32.83
42.44
53.28
17.96
25.23
33.73
43.47
54.43
18.63
26.03
34.65
44.51
55.59
19.32
26.83
35.58
45.56
56.77
20.01
27.65
36.52
46.63
57.96
20.72
28.48
37.48
47.70
59.16
21.44
29.33
38.44
48.79
60.37
100
110
120
130
140
61.60
74.54
88.70
104.10
120.74
62.84
75.90
90.19
105.71
122.47
64.09
77.27
91.69
107.33
124.21
65.35
78.66
93.19
108.96
125.97
66.63
80.06
94.72
110.61
127.73
67.91
81.47
96.25
112.27
129.51
69.21
82.89
97.80
113.94
131.31
70.53
84.32
99.35
115.62
133.11
71.85
85.77
100.93
117.31
134.93
73.19
87.23
102.51
119.02
136.76
150
160
170
180
190
138.60
157.70
178.02
199.58
222.38
140.45
159.67
180.13
201.81
224.72
142.32
161.66
182.24
204.04
227.08
144.20
163.67
184.36
206.29
229.45
146.09
165.68
186.50
208.55
231.84
147.99
167.71
188.65
210.83
234.23
149.91
169.75
190.81
213.11
236.64
151.84
171.80
192.99
215.41
239.06
153.78
173.86
195.17
217.72
241.50
155.73
175.94
197.37
220.04
243.94
200
210
220
230
240
246.40
271.66
298.14
325.86
354.82
248.87
274.25
300.86
328.70
357.78
251.35
276.86
303.59
331.56
360.75
253.85
279.47
306.33
334.42
363.74
256.36
282.10
309.08
337.30
366.74
258.87
284.75
311.85
340.19
369.75
261.41
287.40
314.63
343.09
372.78
263.95
290.07
317.42
346.00
375.82
266.51
292.75
320.22
348.93
378.87
269.08
295.44
323.04
351.87
381.93
250
260
270
280
290
385.00
416.42
449.06
482.94
518.06
388.09
419.63
452.40
486.40
521.64
391.19
422.85
455.74
489.87
525.23
394.30
426.08
459.10
493.35
528.83
397.42
429.33
462.47
496.84
532.45
400.55
432.59
465.85
500.35
536.07
403.70
435.86
469.24
503.86
539.72
406.86
439.14
472.65
507.39
543.37
410.03
442.44
476.07
510.94
547.03
413.22
445.74
479.50
514.49
550.71
300
310
320
330
340
554.40
591.98
630.78
670.82
712.10
558.10
595.80
634.73
674.90
716.29
561.82
599.64
638.69
678.98
720.50
565.54
603.49
642.67
683.08
724.72
569.28
607.35
646.65
687.19
728.95
573.03
611.23
650.65
691.31
733.19
576.80
615.11
654.66
695.44
737.45
580.57
619.01
658.68
699.59
741.72
584.36
622.92
662.72
703.74
746.00
588.16
626.85
666.76
707.91
750.29
350
360
370
380
390
754.60
798.34
843.30
889.50
936.94
758.92
802.78
847.87
894.19
941.75
763.25
807.23
852.45
898.89
946.57
767.59
811.70
857.04
903.60
951.41
771.95
816.18
861.64
908.33
956.25
776.31
820.67
866.25
913.07
961.11
780.69
825.17
870.88
917.82
965.99
785.09
829.68
875.52
922.58
970.87
789.49
834.21
880.17
927.35
975.77
793.91
838.75
884.83
932.14
980.68
400
410
420
430
440
985.60
1035.50
1086.62
1138.98
1192.58
990.53
1040.55
1091.80
1144.29
1198.00
995.48
1045.62
1097.00
1149.60
1203.44
1000.44
1050.71
1102.20
1154.93
1208.89
1005.41
1055.80
1107.42
1160.27
1214.36
1010.39
1060.91
1112.65
1165.63
1219.83
1015.39
1066.02
1117.89
1170.99
1225.32
1020.40
1071.16
1123.15
1176.37
1230.82
1025.42
1076.30
1128.41
1181.76
1236.34
1030.45
1081.46
1133.69
1187.16
1241.86
450
460
470
480
490
1247.40
1303.46
1360.74
1419.26
1479.02
1252.95
1309.13
1366.54
1425.18
1485.06
1258.51
1314.82
1372.35
1431.12
1491.11
1264.09
1320.51
1378.17
1437.06
1497.18
1269.67
1326.22
1384.00
1443.02
1503.26
1275.27
1331.95
1389.85
1448.99
1509.35
1280.89
1337.68
1395.71
1454.97
1515.46
1286.51
1343.43
1401.58
1460.96
1521.58
1292.15
1349.19
1407.46
1466.97
1527.70
1297.79
1354.96
1413.36
1472.99
1533.85
500
1540.00
1546.17
1552.34
1558.54
1564.74
1570.95
1577.18
1583.42
1589.67
1595.94
EXAMPLE 1.Weight of round steel bar, diameter (128mm) and length(1m), is 100.93kgf.
EXAMPLE 2. Weight of round cast iron bar, diameter (128mm) and length (1m) is;
100.93Weight of steel) 0.918Steel ratio) = 92.65 f
651

Technical
Data
5 List of Elements by Symbol and Specific Gravity

Name
Zinc
Aluminium
Antimony
Sulfur
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Iridium
Indium
Uranium
Chlorine
Cadmium
Potassium
Calcium
Gold
Silver
Chlorine
Silicon
Germanium
Cobalt
Oxygen
652
Symbol
Zn
Al
Sb
S
Yb
Y
Ir
In
U
Cl
Cd
K
Ca
Au
Ag
Cr
Si
Ge
Co
O
Specific gravity20
g/cm3
07.13325
02.699
06.62
02.07
06.96
04.47
22.5
07.31
19.07
03.214 10 3
08.65
00.86
01.55
19.32
10.49
07.19
02.3325
05.32325
08.85
01.429 10 3
Name
Bromine
Zirconium
Mercury
Hydrogen
Tin
Strontium
Caesium
Cerium
Selenium
Bismuth
Thallium
Tungsten
Carbon
Tantalum
Titanium
Nitrogen
Iron
Tellurium
Copper
Thorium
Symbol
Specific gravity20
g/cm3
Br
Zr
Hg
H
Sn
Sr
Cs
Ce
Se
Bi
Tl
W
C
Ta
Ti
N
Fe
Te
Cu
Th
03.12
06.489
13.546
00.0899 10 3
07.2984
02.60
01.9030
06.77
04.79
09.80
11.85
19.3
02.25
16.6
04.507
01.250 10 3
07.87
06.24
08.96
11.66
Name
Sodium
Lead
Niobium
Nickel
Platinum
Vanadium
Palladium
Barium
Arsenic
Fluorine
Plutonium
Beryllium
Boron
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Iodine
Radium
Lithium
Phosphorus
Symbol
Na
Pb
Nb
Ni
Pt
V
Pd
Ba
As
F
Pu
Be
B
Mg
Mn
Mo
I
Ra
Li
P
Specific gravity20
g/cm3
00.9712
11.36
08.57
08.90225
21.45
06.1
12.02
03.5
05.72
01.696 10 3
19.00 19.72
01.848
02.34
01.74
07.43
10.22
04.94
05.0
00.534
01.83
Technical
Data
Hardness Comparison Table
Approximate conversion values against Rockwell C hardness of steel materials(NOTE 1)

HRC
HV
HB
HRA
Brinell hardness
10mm Ball
Load 3000kgf
HRB
HRD
Rockwell hardness
(NOTE 3)
HR15N HR30N HR45N
HS
HRC
Tensile
Strength
Aprox.
value
MPa
Rockwell hardness
Superficial Hardness
Conical diamond indenter
Approx.
Approx. hardness
hardness
Rockwell Vickers
of
of
Shore
C hardness
hardness
principal
B Scale
D Scale
15-N
30-N
45-N
(NOTE 3) hardness Standard tungsten- A Scale Load
principal materials
100kgf Load 100kgf
Scale
Scale
Scale
carbide Load 60kgf
NOTE 2. materials
Dia. 1/16in
brale
Load 15kgf Load 30kgf Load 45kgf
ball
ball
brale
NOTE 3.
Ball
indenter
68
67
66
65
64
940
900
865
832
800
(739)
(722)
85.6
85.0
84.5
83.9
83.4
76.9
76.1
75.4
74.5
73.8
93.2
92.9
92.5
92.2
91.8
84.4
83.6
82.8
81.9
81.1
75.4
74.2
73.3
72.0
71.0
97
95
92
91
88
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
772
746
720
697
674
(705)
(688)
(670)
(654)
(634)
82.8
82.3
81.8
81.2
80.7
73.0
72.2
71.5
70.7
69.9
91.4
91.1
90.7
90.2
89.8
80.1
79.3
78.4
77.5
76.6
69.9
68.8
67.7
66.6
65.5
87
85
83
81
80
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
653
633
613
595
577
615
595
577
560
543
80.1
79.6
79.0
78.5
78.0
69.2
68.5
67.7
66.9
66.1
89.3
88.9
88.3
87.9
87.4
75.7
74.8
73.9
73.0
72.0
64.3
63.2
62.0
60.9
59.8
78
76
75
74
72
2075
2015
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
560
544
528
513
498
(500)
(487)
(475)
(464)
525
512
496
481
469
77.4
76.8
76.3
75.9
75.2
65.4
64.6
63.8
63.1
62.1
86.9
86.4
85.9
85.5
85.0
71.2
70.2
69.4
68.5
67.6
58.6
57.4
56.1
55.0
53.8
71
69
68
67
66
1950
1880
1820
1760
1695
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
484
471
458
446
434
451
442
432
421
409
455
443
432
421
409
74.7
74.1
73.6
73.1
72.5
61.4
60.8
60.0
59.2
58.5
84.5
83.9
83.5
83.0
82.5
66.7
65.8
64.8
64.0
63.1
52.5
51.4
50.3
49.0
47.8
64
63
62
60
58
1635
1580
1530
1480
1435
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
423
412
402
392
382
400
390
381
371
362
400
390
381
371
362
72.0
71.5
70.9
70.4
69.9
57.7
56.9
56.2
55.4
54.6
82.0
81.5
80.9
80.4
79.9
62.2
61.3
60.4
59.5
58.6
48.7
45.5
44.3
43.1
41.9
57
56
55
54
52
1385
1340
1295
1250
1215
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
372
363
354
345
336
353
344
336
327
319
353
344
336
327
319
69.4
68.9
68.4
67.9
67.4
(109.0)
(108.5)
(108.0)
53.8
53.1
52.3
51.5
50.8
79.4
78.8
78.3
77.7
77.2
57.7
56.8
55.9
55.0
54.2
40.8
39.6
38.4
37.2
36.1
51
50
49
48
47
1180
1160
1115
1080
1055
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
327
318
310
302
294
311
301
294
286
279
311
301
294
286
279
66.8
66.3
65.8
65.3
64.7
(107.5)
(107.0)
(106.0)
(105.5)
(104.5)
50.0
49.2
48.4
47.7
47.0
76.6
76.1
75.6
75.0
74.5
53.3
52.1
51.3
50.4
49.5
34.9
33.7
32.5
31.3
30.1
46
44
43
42
41
1025
1000
980
950
930
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
286
279
272
266
260
271
264
258
253
247
271
264
258
253
247
64.3
63.8
63.3
62.8
62.4
(104.0)
(103.0)
(102.5)
(101.5)
(101.0)
46.1
45.2
44.6
43.8
43.1
73.9
73.3
72.8
72.2
71.6
48.6
47.7
46.8
45.9
45.0
28.9
27.8
26.7
25.5
24.3
41
40
38
38
37
910
880
860
840
825
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
(18)
254
248
243
238
230
243
237
231
226
219
243
237
231
226
219
62.0
61.5
61.0
60.5
-
100.0
99.0
98.5
97.8
96.7
42.1
41.6
40.9
40.1
-
71.0
70.5
69.9
69.4
-
44.0
43.2
42.3
41.5
-
23.1
22.0
20.7
19.6
-
36
35
35
34
33
805
785
770
760
730
23
22
21
20
(18)
(16)
(14)
(12)
(10)
(8)
222
213
204
196
188
212
203
194
187
179
212
203
194
187
179
95.5
93.9
92.3
90.7
89.5
32
31
29
28
27
705
675
650
620
600
(16)
(14)
(12)
(10)
(8)
(6)
(4)
(2)
(0)
180
173
166
160
171
165
158
152
171
165
158
152
87.1
85.5
83.5
81.7
26
25
24
24
580
550
530
515
(6)
(4)
(2)
(0)
SCM415
case hardening
surface hardness
SCM440
induction hardening
surface hardness
S45C
induction hardening
surface hardness
SCM415
case hardeningcore
hardness
S45C
thermal refining
core hardness
SCM440
thermal refining
core hardness
S45C material hardness
SUS303
material hardness
NOTE 1. The boldfaced figures are based on ASTM E 140 Table 3 (SAE-ASM-ASTM
NOTE 2. 1MPa = 1N/mm2
NOTE 3. The parenthesized values in the table are not used so frequently.
653

Technical
Data
654
Table of Comparative Gear Pitch

Pitch
Dimetral
pitch
in
1
1.0053
1.0160
1.0472
1.0583
1.0640
1.0927
1.1399
1.1424
1.1545
Module
Pitch
mm
Diametral
pitch
in
3.1416
3.1 8
3.0921
3
2.9684
2.9528
2.7 8
2.7559
2.3 4
2.7211
79.796
79.375
78.540
76.200
75.398
75
73.025
70
69.850
69.115
25.4000
25.2658
25
24.2550
24
23.8732
23.2446
22.2817
22.2339
22
02.9568
03
03.0691
03.1416
03.175
03.1919
03.25
03.3249
03.3510
03.5
1.1968
1.2276
1.25
1.2566
1.27
1.3228
1.3299
1.3963
1.4111
1.4508
2.5 8
2.5591
2.5133
2.1 2
2.4737
2.3 8
2.3622
2.1 4
2.2263
2.1654
66.675
65
63.837
63.500
62.832
60.325
60
57.150
56.549
55
21.2233
20.6901
20.3200
20.2127
20
19.2020
19.0986
18.1914
18
17.5070
1.4784
1.5
1.5708
1.5875
1.5959
1.6755
1.6933
1.75
1.7733
1.7952
2.1 8
2.0944
2
1.9790
1.9685
1.7 8
1.8553
1.7952
1.7717
1.3 4
53.975
53.198
50.8
50.265
50
47.625
47.124
45.598
45
44.45
1.8143
1.9333
1.9538
1.9949
2
2.0944
2.0999
2.1167
2.1855
2.2166
1.7316
1.5 8
1.6079
1.5748
1.5708
1.1 2
1.4961
1.4842
1.7 16
1.4173
2.25
2.2848
2.3091
2.3470
2.3936
2.4936
2.5
2.5133
2.54
2.6456
2.6599
2.75
2.7925
2.8222
2.8499
Module
mm
Diametral
pitch
1.1 16
1.0472
1.0236
1
0.9895
0.9843
0.9666
0.9449
0.15 16
0.8976
26.988
26.599
26
25.4
25.133
25
24.553
24
23.813
22.799
8.5904
8.4667
8.2761
8.0851
8
7.9577
7.8154
7.6394
7.5798
7.2571
03.5904
03.6271
03.6286
03.75
03.8666
03.9898
04
04.1888
04.1998
04.2333
0.7 8
0.8661
0.8658
0.8378
0.13 16
0.7874
0.7854
0.3 4
0.7480
0.7421
22.225
22
21.991
21.279
20.638
20
19.949
19.05
19
18.850
17.1808
16.9333
16.1701
16
15.9155
15.1595
15
14.5143
14.3239
14.1489
04.4331
04.5
04.5696
04.6182
04.6939
04.9873
05
05.0265
05.08
05.3198
0.7087
0.6981
011 16
0.6803
0.6693
0.6299
0.6283
0.5 8
0.6184
0.5906
43.982
41.275
40.841
40
39.898
38.1
38
37.699
36.513
36
14
13.1382
13
12.7324
12.7000
12.1276
12.0958
12
11.6223
11.4592
05.5
05.5851
05.6444
05.6997
06
06.1382
06.2832
06.35
06.5
06.6497
1.3963
1.3 8
1.3606
1.3386
1.5 16
1.2598
1.2566
1.1 4
1.2369
1.3 16
35.465
34.925
34.559
34
33.338
32
31.919
31.750
31.416
30.163
11.2889
11.1170
11
10.8225
10.6117
10.1859
10.1600
10.1063
10
09.6010
1.1811
1.1424
1.1 8
1.1132
1.1024
30
29.017
28.575
28.274
28
09.5493
09.2364
09.0957
09
08.9127
Pitch
Module
in
mm
010.0531
010.16
010.6395
011
011.2889
011.3995
012
012.2764
012.5664
012.7
.5 16
.3092
.2953
.2856
.2783
.2756
.2618
.2559
.1 4
.2474
7.938
7.854
7.5
7.254
7.069
7
6.650
6.5
6.35
6.283
2.5266
2.5
2.3873
2.3091
2.25
2.2282
2.1167
2.0690
2.0213
2
7.0744
7.0028
7
6.7733
6.5691
6.3662
6.3500
6.0638
6.0479
6
013
013.2994
014
014.5084
014.5143
015
015.9593
016
016.7552
016.9333
.2417
.2362
.2244
.2165
.2164
.2094
.1969
.1963
.3 16
.1855
6.138
6
5.700
5.5
5.498
5.320
5
4.987
4.763
4.712
1.9538
1.9099
1.8143
1.7507
1.75
1.6933
1.5915
1.5875
1.5160
1.5
18
17.733
17.463
17.279
17
16
15.959
15.875
15.708
15
5.7296
5.6444
5.5585
5.5
5.4113
5.0930
5.0800
5.0532
5
4.7746
017.7325
018
019.9491
020
020.32
022
022.7990
023
024
025
.1772
.1745
.1575
.1571
.1546
.1428
.1378
.1366
.1309
.1257
4.5
4.433
4
3.990
3.927
3.627
3.5
3.469
3.325
3.192
1.4324
1.4111
1.2732
1.27
1.25
1.1545
1.1141
1.1043
1.0583
1.016
0.5712
0.9 16
0.5566
0.5512
0.5236
0.5118
0.1 2
0.4947
0.4833
0.4724
14.508
14.288
14.137
14
13.299
13
12.7
12.566
12.276
12
4.6182
4.5479
4.5
4.4563
4.2333
4.1380
4.0425
4
3.9077
3.8197
025.1327
025.4
026
026.5988
028
029
030
031.75
031.9186
032
.1 8
.1237
.1208
.1181
.1122
.1083
.1047
.0989
.0984
.0982
3.175
3.142
3.069
3
2.850
2.752
2.660
2.513
2.5
2.494
1.0106
1
0.9769
0.9549
0.9071
0.8759
0.8467
0.8
0.7958
0.7938
07
07.1808
07.2542
07.2571
07.9796
08
08.3776
08.3996
08.4667
08.8663
0.4488
0.7 16
0.4331
0.4329
0.3937
0.3927
0.3 8
0.3740
0.3711
0.3543
11.399
11.113
11
10.996
10
09.975
09.525
09.5
09.425
093
3.6286
3.5372
3.5014
3.5
3.1831
3.175
3.0319
3.0239
3
2.8648
033.8667
034
036
038
039.8982
040
045
050
050.2655
050.8
.0928
.0924
.0873
.0827
.0787
.0785
.0698
.0628
.1 16
.0618
2.356
2.347
2.217
2.100
2
1.995
1.773
1.596
1.588
1.571
0.75
0.7471
0.7056
0.6684
0.6366
0.635
0.5644
0.5080
0.5053
0.5
09
09.2364
09.3878
09.9746
10
0.3491
0.3401
0.3346
0.3150
0.3142
08.866
08.639
08.5
08
07.980
2.8222
2.75
2.7056
2.5465
2.54
053.1976
063.5
079.7965
084.6667
127
.0591
.0495
.0394
.0371
.0247
1.5
1.256
1
0.942
0.628
0.4775
0.4
0.3183
0.3
0.2
Technical
Data
8 Charts Indicating Spanned Number of Teeth of Spur and Helical Gears
Maag's data
655

Technical
Data
9 Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Standard Spur GearW ( x = 0 )
656
1
2
3
4
5
2
2
2
2
2
6
7
8
9
10
m = 1 ( = 20 )
4.4982
61
62
63
64
65
7
7
8
8
8
20.0432
20.0572
23.0233
23.0373
23.0513
121
122
123
124
125
14
14
14
14
14
41.5484
41.5625
41.5765
41.5905
41.6045
181
182
183
184
185
21
21
21
21
21
63.0537
63.0677
63.0817
63.0957
63.1097
2
2
2
2
2
4.5122
4.5262
4.5402
4.5542
4.5683
66
67
68
69
70
8
8
8
8
8
23.0654
23.0794
23.0934
23.1074
23.1214
126
127
128
129
130
15
15
15
15
15
44.5706
44.5846
44.5986
44.6126
44.6266
186
187
188
189
190
21
21
21
22
22
63.1237
63.1377
63.1517
66.1179
66.1319
11
12
13
14
15
2
2
2
2
2
4.5823
4.5963
4.6103
4.6243
4.6383
71
72
73
74
75
8
9
9
9
9
23.1354
26.1015
26.1155
26.1295
26.1435
131
132
133
134
135
15
15
15
15
16
44.6406
44.6546
44.6686
44.6826
47.6488
191
192
193
194
195
22
22
22
22
22
66.1459
66.1599
66.1739
66.1879
66.2019
16
17
18
19
20
2
2
3
3
3
4.6523
4.6663
7.6324
7.6464
7.6604
76
77
78
79
80
9
9
9
9
9
26.1575
26.1715
26.1855
26.1996
26.2136
136
137
138
139
140
16
16
16
16
16
47.6628
47.6768
47.6908
47.7048
47.7188
196
197
198
199
200
22
22
23
23
23
66.2159
66.2299
69.1961
69.2101
69.2241
21
22
23
24
25
3
3
3
3
3
7.6744
7.6885
7.7025
7.7165
7.7305
81
82
83
84
85
10
10
10
10
10
29.1797
29.1937
29.2077
29.2217
29.2357
141
142
143
144
145
16
16
16
17
17
47.7328
47.7468
47.7608
50.7270
50.7410
201
202
203
204
205
23
23
23
23
23
69.2381
69.2521
69.2661
69.2801
69.2941
26
27
28
29
30
3
4
4
4
4
7.7445
10.7106
10.7246
10.7386
10.7526
86
87
88
89
90
10
10
10
10
11
29.2497
29.2637
29.2777
29.2917
32.2579
146
147
148
149
150
17
17
17
17
17
50.7550
50.7690
50.7830
50.7970
50.8110
206
207
208
209
210
23
24
24
24
24
69.3081
72.2742
72.2882
72.3022
72.3163
31
32
33
34
35
4
4
4
4
4
10.7666
10.7806
10.7946
10.8086
10.8227
91
92
93
94
95
11
11
11
11
11
32.2719
32.2859
32.2999
32.3139
32.3279
151
152
153
154
155
17
17
18
18
18
50.8250
50.8390
53.8051
53.8192
53.8332
211
212
213
214
215
24
24
24
24
24
72.3303
72.3443
72.3583
72.3723
72.3863
36
37
38
39
40
5
5
5
5
5
13.7888
13.8028
13.8168
13.8308
13.8448
96
97
98
99
100
11
11
11
12
12
32.3419
32.3559
32.3699
35.3361
35.3501
156
157
158
159
160
18
18
18
18
18
53.8472
53.8612
53.8752
53.8892
53.9032
216
217
218
219
220
25
25
25
25
25
75.3524
75.3664
75.3804
75.3944
75.4084
41
42
43
44
45
5
5
5
5
6
13.8588
13.8728
13.8868
13.9008
16.8670
101
102
103
104
105
12
12
12
12
12
35.3641
35.3781
35.3921
35.4061
35.4201
161
162
163
164
165
18
19
19
19
19
53.9172
56.8833
56.8973
56.9113
56.9253
221
222
223
224
225
25
25
25
25
26
75.4224
75.4364
75.4505
75.4645
78.4306
46
47
48
49
50
6
6
6
6
6
16.8810
16.8950
16.9090
16.9230
16.9370
106
107
108
109
110
12
12
13
13
13
35.4341
35.4481
38.4142
38.4282
38.4423
166
167
168
169
170
19
19
19
19
19
56.9394
56.9534
56.9674
56.9814
56.9954
226
227
228
229
230
26
26
26
26
26
78.4446
78.4586
78.4726
78.4866
78.5006
51
52
53
54
55
6
6
6
7
7
16.9510
16.9650
16.9790
19.9452
19.9592
111
112
113
114
115
13
13
13
13
13
38.4563
38.4703
38.4843
38.4983
38.5123
171
172
173
174
175
20
20
20
20
20
59.9615
59.9755
59.9895
60.0035
60.0175
231
232
233
234
235
26
26
26
27
27
78.5146
78.5286
78.5426
81.5088
81.5228
56
57
58
59
60
7
7
7
7
7
19.9732
19.9872
20.0012
20.0152
20.0292
116
117
118
119
120
13
14
14
14
14
38.5263
41.4924
41.5064
41.5204
41.5344
176
177
178
179
180
20
20
20
20
21
60.0315
60.0455
60.0595
60.0736
63.0397
236
237
238
239
240
27
27
27
27
27
81.5368
81.5508
81.5648
81.5788
81.5928
Technical
Data
m = 1 ( = 20 )
z
241
242
243
244
245
27
27
28
28
28
81.6068
81.6208
84.5870
84.6010
84.6150
301
302
303
304
305
34
34
34
34
34
103.1121
103.1261
103.1401
103.1541
103.1681
361
362
363
364
365
41
41
41
41
41
124.6173
124.6313
124.6453
124.6593
124.6733
421
422
423
424
425
47
47
48
48
48
143.1704
143.1844
146.1506
146.1646
146.1786
246
247
248
249
250
28
28
28
28
28
84.6290
84.6430
84.6570
84.6710
84.6850
306
307
308
309
310
35
35
35
35
35
106.1342
106.1482
106.1622
106.1762
106.1903
366
367
368
369
370
41
41
41
42
42
124.6874
124.7014
124.7154
127.6815
127.6955
426
427
428
429
430
48
48
48
48
48
146.1926
146.2066
146.2206
146.2346
146.2486
251
252
253
254
255
28
29
29
29
29
84.6990
87.6651
87.6791
87.6932
87.7072
311
312
313
314
315
35
35
35
35
36
106.2043
106.2183
106.2323
106.2463
109.2124
371
372
373
374
375
42
42
42
42
42
127.7095
127.7235
127.7375
127.7515
127.7655
431
432
433
434
435
48
49
49
49
49
146.2626
149.2288
149.2428
149.2568
149.2708
256
257
258
259
260
29
29
29
29
29
87.7212
87.7352
87.7492
87.7632
87.7772
316
317
318
319
320
36
36
36
36
36
109.2264
109.2404
109.2544
109.2684
109.2824
376
377
378
379
380
42
42
43
43
43
127.7795
127.7935
130.7597
130.7737
130.7877
436
437
438
439
440
49
49
49
49
49
149.2848
149.2988
149.3128
149.3268
149.3408
261
262
263
264
265
30
30
30
30
30
90.7433
90.7573
90.7713
90.7853
90.7993
321
322
323
324
325
36
36
36
37
37
109.2964
109.3104
109.3245
112.2906
112.3046
381
382
383
384
385
43
43
43
43
43
130.8017
130.8157
130.8297
130.8437
130.8577
441
442
443
444
445
50
50
50
50
50
152.3069
152.3210
152.3350
152.3490
152.3630
266
267
268
269
270
30
30
30
30
31
90.8134
90.8274
90.8414
90.8554
93.8215
326
327
328
329
330
37
37
37
37
37
112.3186
112.3326
112.3466
112.3606
112.3746
386
387
388
389
390
43
44
44
44
44
130.8717
133.8379
133.8519
133.8659
133.8799
446
447
448
449
450
50
50
50
50
51
152.3770
152.3910
152.4050
152.4190
155.3851
271
272
273
274
275
31
31
31
31
31
93.8355
93.8495
93.8635
93.8775
93.8915
331
332
333
334
335
37
37
38
38
38
112.3886
112.4026
115.3688
115.3828
115.3968
391
392
393
394
395
44
44
44
44
44
133.8939
133.9079
133.9219
133.9359
133.9499
451
452
453
454
455
51
51
51
51
51
155.3991
155.4131
155.4271
155.4412
155.4552
276
277
278
279
280
31
31
31
32
32
93.9055
93.9195
93.9335
96.8997
96.9137
336
337
338
339
340
38
38
38
38
38
115.4108
115.4248
115.4388
115.4528
115.4668
396
397
398
399
400
45
45
45
45
45
136.9160
136.9300
136.9441
136.9581
136.9721
456
457
458
459
460
51
51
51
52
52
155.4692
155.4832
155.4972
158.4633
158.4773
281
282
283
284
285
32
32
32
32
32
96.9277
96.9417
96.9557
96.9697
96.9837
341
342
343
344
345
38
39
39
39
39
115.4808
118.4470
118.4610
118.4750
118.4890
401
402
403
404
405
45
45
45
45
46
136.9861
137.0001
137.0141
137.0281
139.9942
461
462
463
464
465
52
52
52
52
52
158.4913
158.5053
158.5193
158.5333
158.5473
286
287
288
289
290
32
32
33
33
33
96.9977
97.0117
99.9779
99.9919
100.0059
346
347
348
349
350
39
39
39
39
39
118.5030
118.5170
118.5310
118.5450
118.5590
406
407
408
409
410
46
46
46
46
46
140.0082
140.0222
140.0362
140.0502
140.0643
466
467
468
469
470
52
52
53
53
53
158.5614
158.5754
161.5415
161.5555
161.5695
291
292
293
294
295
33
33
33
33
33
100.0199
100.0339
100.0479
100.0619
100.0759
351
352
353
354
355
40
40
40
40
40
121.5251
121.5391
121.5531
121.5672
121.5812
411
412
413
414
415
46
46
46
47
47
140.0783
140.0923
140.1063
143.0724
143.0864
471
472
473
474
475
53
53
53
53
53
161.5835
161.5975
161.6115
161.6255
161.6395
296
297
298
299
300
33
34
34
34
34
100.0899
103.0560
103.0701
103.0841
103.0981
356
357
358
359
360
40
40
40
40
41
121.5952
121.6092
121.6232
121.6372
124.6033
416
417
418
419
420
47
47
47
47
47
143.1004
143.1144
143.1284
143.1424
143.1564
476
477
478
479
480
53
54
54
54
54
161.6535
164.6197
164.6337
164.6477
164.6617
657

Technical
Data
10 Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Standard Spur GearW ( x = 0 )
658
1
2
3
4
5
2
2
2
2
2
6
7
8
9
10
2
2
2
2
2
11
12
13
14
15
m = 1 ( = 14.5 )
61
62
63
64
65
5
5
6
6
6
14.0143
14.0197
17.0666
17.0720
17.0773
121
122
123
124
125
10
10
10
10
11
29.5440
29.5494
29.5548
29.5602
32.6070
181
182
183
184
185
15
15
15
15
15
45.0738
45.0791
45.0845
45.0899
45.0952
4.5999
4.6052
4.6106
4.6160
66
67
68
69
70
6
6
6
6
6
17.0827
17.0881
17.0934
17.0988
17.1042
126
127
128
129
130
11
11
11
11
11
32.6124
32.6178
32.6232
32.6285
32.6339
186
187
188
189
190
15
16
16
16
16
45.1006
48.1475
48.1529
48.1582
48.1636
2
2
2
2
2
4.6213
4.6267
4.6321
4.6374
4.6428
71
72
73
74
75
6
6
6
6
7
17.1095
17.1149
17.1203
17.1256
20.1725
131
132
133
134
135
11
11
11
11
11
32.6393
32.6446
32.6500
32.6554
32.6607
191
192
193
194
195
16
16
16
16
16
48.1690
48.1743
48.1797
48.1851
48.1904
16
17
18
19
20
2
2
2
2
2
4.6482
4.6535
4.6589
4.6643
4.6697
76
77
78
79
80
7
7
7
7
7
20.1779
20.1833
20.1886
20.1940
20.1994
136
137
138
139
140
11
12
12
12
12
32.6661
35.7130
35.7184
35.7237
35.7291
196
197
198
199
200
16
16
16
17
17
48.1958
48.2012
48.2066
51.2534
51.2588
21
22
23
24
25
2
2
2
2
3
4.6750
4.6804
4.6858
4.6911
7.7380
81
82
83
84
85
7
7
7
7
7
20.2047
20.2101
20.2155
20.2208
20.2262
141
142
143
144
145
12
12
12
12
12
35.7345
35.7398
35.7452
35.7506
35.7559
201
202
203
204
205
17
17
17
17
17
51.2642
51.2696
51.2749
51.2803
51.2857
26
27
28
29
30
3
3
3
3
3
7.7434
7.7488
7.7541
7.7595
7.7649
86
87
88
89
90
7
8
8
8
8
20.2316
23.2785
23.2838
23.2892
23.2946
146
147
148
149
150
12
12
12
13
13
35.7613
35.7667
35.7720
38.8189
38.8243
206
207
208
209
210
17
17
17
17
17
51.2910
51.2964
51.3018
51.3071
51.3125
31
32
33
34
35
3
3
3
3
3
7.7702
7.7756
7.7810
7.7863
7.7917
91
92
93
94
95
8
8
8
8
8
23.2999
23.3053
23.3107
23.3161
23.3214
151
152
153
154
155
13
13
13
13
13
38.8297
38.8350
38.8404
38.8458
38.8511
211
212
213
214
215
17
18
18
18
18
51.3179
54.3648
54.3701
54.3755
54.3809
36
37
38
39
40
3
3
4
4
4
7.7971
7.8024
10.8493
10.8547
10.8601
96
97
98
99
100
8
8
8
8
9
23.3268
23.3322
23.3375
23.3429
26.3898
156
157
158
159
160
13
13
13
13
13
38.8565
38.8619
38.8672
38.8726
38.8780
216
217
218
219
220
18
18
18
18
18
54.3862
54.3916
54.3970
54.4023
54.4077
41
42
43
44
45
4
4
4
4
4
10.8654
10.8708
10.8762
10.8815
10.8869
101
102
103
104
105
9
9
9
9
9
26.3952
26.4005
26.4059
26.4113
26.4166
161
162
163
164
165
13
14
14
14
14
38.8834
41.9302
41.9356
41.9410
41.9464
221
222
223
224
225
18
18
18
19
19
54.4131
54.4184
54.4238
57.4707
57.4761
46
47
48
49
50
4
4
4
4
5
10.8923
10.8976
10.9030
10.9084
13.9553
106
107
108
109
110
9
9
9
9
9
26.4220
26.4274
26.4327
26.4381
26.4435
166
167
168
169
170
14
14
14
14
14
41.9517
41.9571
41.9625
41.9678
41.9732
226
227
228
229
230
19
19
19
19
19
57.4814
57.4868
57.4922
57.4975
57.5029
51
52
53
54
55
5
5
5
5
5
13.9606
13.9660
13.9714
13.9767
13.9821
111
112
113
114
115
9
10
10
10
10
26.4488
29.4957
29.5011
29.5065
29.5118
171
172
173
174
175
14
14
14
15
15
41.9786
41.9839
41.9893
45.0362
45.0416
231
232
233
234
235
19
19
19
19
19
57.5083
57.5137
57.5190
57.5244
57.5298
56
57
58
59
60
5
5
5
5
5
13.9875
13.9929
13.9982
14.0036
14.0090
116
117
118
119
120
10
10
10
10
10
29.5172
29.5226
29.5279
29.5333
29.5387
176
177
178
179
180
15
15
15
15
15
45.0469
45.0523
45.0577
45.0630
45.0684
236
237
238
239
240
20
20
20
20
20
60.5766
60.5820
60.5874
60.5928
60.5981
Technical
Data
m = 1 ( = 14.5 )
z
241
242
243
244
245
20
20
20
20
20
60.6035
60.6089
60.6142
60.6196
60.6250
301
302
303
304
305
25
25
25
25
25
76.1332
76.1386
76.1439
76.1493
76.1547
361
362
363
364
365
30
30
30
30
30
91.6629
91.6683
91.6737
91.6790
91.6844
421
422
423
424
425
34
34
35
35
35
104.1511
104.1565
107.2034
107.2088
107.2141
246
247
248
249
250
20
20
20
21
21
60.6303
60.6357
60.6411
63.6880
63.6933
306
307
308
309
310
25
25
25
25
25
76.1601
76.1654
76.1708
76.1762
76.1815
366
367
368
369
370
30
30
30
30
30
91.6898
91.6951
91.7005
91.7059
91.7112
426
427
428
429
430
35
35
35
35
35
107.2195
107.2249
107.2302
107.2356
107.2410
251
252
253
254
255
21
21
21
21
21
63.6987
63.7041
63.7094
63.7148
63.7202
311
312
313
314
315
26
26
26
26
26
79.2284
79.2338
79.2392
79.2445
79.2499
371
372
373
374
375
30
30
31
31
31
91.7166
91.7220
94.7689
94.7742
94.7796
431
432
433
434
435
35
35
35
35
36
107.2463
107.2517
107.2571
107.2624
110.3093
256
257
258
259
260
21
21
21
21
21
63.7255
63.7309
63.7363
63.7416
63.7470
316
317
338
319
320
26
26
26
26
26
79.2553
79.2606
79.2660
79.2714
79.2767
376
377
378
379
380
31
31
31
31
31
94.7850
94.7903
94.7957
94.8011
94.8065
436
437
438
439
440
36
36
36
36
36
110.3147
110.3201
110.3254
110.3308
110.3362
261
262
263
264
265
22
22
22
22
22
66.7939
66.7993
66.8046
66.8100
66.8154
321
322
323
324
325
26
26
27
27
27
79.2821
79.2875
82.3344
82.3397
82.3451
381
382
383
384
385
31
31
31
31
32
94.8118
94.8172
94.8226
94.8279
97.8748
441
442
443
444
445
36
36
36
36
36
110.3415
110.3469
110.3523
110.3576
110.3630
266
267
268
269
270
22
22
22
22
22
66.8207
66.8261
66.8315
66.8369
66.8422
326
327
328
329
330
27
27
27
27
27
82.3505
82.3558
82.3612
82.3666
82.3719
386
387
388
389
390
32
32
32
32
32
97.8802
97.8856
97.8909
97.8963
97.9017
446
447
448
449
450
36
37
37
37
37
110.3684
113.4153
113.4206
113.4260
113.4314
271
272
273
274
275
22
22
22
23
23
66.8476
66.8530
66.8583
69.9052
69.9106
331
332
333
334
335
27
27
27
27
27
82.3773
82.3827
82.3880
82.3934
82.3988
391
392
393
394
395
32
32
32
32
32
97.9070
97.9124
97.9178
97.9231
97.9285
451
452
453
454
455
37
37
37
37
37
113.4368
113.4421
113.4475
113.4529
113.4582
276
277
278
279
280
23
23
23
23
23
69.9160
69.9213
69.9267
69.9321
69.9374
336
337
338
339
340
28
28
28
28
28
85.4457
85.4510
85.4564
85.4618
85.4671
396
397
398
399
400
32
32
33
33
33
97.9339
97.9392
100.9861
100.9915
100.9969
456
457
458
459
460
37
37
37
37
38
113.4636
113.4690
113.4743
113.4797
116.5266
281
282
283
284
285
23
23
23
23
23
69.9428
69.9482
69.9535
69.9589
69.9643
341
342
343
344
345
28
28
28
28
28
85.4725
85.4779
85.4833
85.4886
85.4940
401
402
403
404
405
33
33
33
33
33
101.0022
101.0076
101.0130
101.0183
101.0237
461
462
463
464
465
38
38
38
38
38
116.5320
116.5373
116.5427
116.5481
116.5534
286
287
288
289
290
24
24
24
24
24
73.0112
73.0165
73.0219
73.0273
73.0326
346
347
348
349
350
28
28
29
29
29
85.4994
85.5047
88.5516
88.5570
88.5624
406
407
408
409
410
33
33
33
33
34
101.0291
101.0344
101.0398
101.0452
104.0921
466
467
468
469
470
38
38
38
38
38
116.5588
116.5642
116.5695
116.5749
116.5803
291
292
293
294
295
24
24
24
24
24
73.0380
73.0434
73.0487
73.0541
73.0595
351
352
353
354
355
29
29
29
29
29
88.5677
88.5731
88.5785
88.5838
88.5892
411
412
413
414
415
34
34
34
34
34
104.0974
104.1028
104.1082
104.1136
104.1189
471
472
473
474
475
38
39
39
39
39
116.5856
119.6325
119.6379
119.6433
119.6486
296
297
298
299
300
24
24
25
25
25
73.0648
73.0702
76.1171
76.1225
76.1278
356
357
358
359
360
29
29
29
29
30
88.5946
88.5999
88.6053
88.6107
91.6576
416
417
418
419
420
34
34
34
34
34
104.1243
104.1297
104.1350
104.1404
104.1458
476
477
478
479
480
39
39
39
39
39
119.6540
119.6594
119.6647
119.6701
119.6755
659

Technical
Data
11 Inverse Involute Function

The inverse involute function is the formula to determine the value from inv, the involute function(inv = tan ).
Inverse Involute Function Calculation
The following shows the formula and the calculation examples for Inverse Involute Function.
The Calculation
Example
Inverse Involute Function Calculation (If inv = 0.014904384)
This calculation is done in radians. Beginning from

the calculation for 1 rad....
a1 = 1 + (inv tan1 + 1) tan12

a2 = a1 + (inv tana1 + a1) tana12
ax = ax-1 + (inv tanax-1 + ax-1) tanax-1
At the end, it is converted from radians to degrees,

= ax 180
The calculation must continue until the value
converges.
No.
Formula
Symbol Unit
Example
inv
0.014904384
a1
0.776335135
a1 = 1 + (inv tan1 + 1) tan1
a2
0.578494316
a3
0.438683749
a4
a5
a6
0.349069141
a7
0.34906585
a8
0.34906585
10 a9 = a8 + (inv tana8 + a8) tana8
a9
0.34906585
2
2
2
2
11
a9 180
rad
0.367880815
0.350096245
degree
20
Appendix : Calculator for Involute Functions

Since the involute function involves convergence calculation, it is easier to use a calculating software. The
following shows how to use the calculator for the calculation in (1) above, and the example.
The Calculation
Input the involute function in inv
= 1+(inv - TAN(1)+1)/TAN(1)^2
The value calculated above is defined as B. Assign
B to the formula below.
= B+(inv-TAN(B)+B)/TAN(B)^2
Example
Actual calculations are performed as follows.
( If inv = 0.014904384 )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The calculation above is performed repeatedly

while the resultant value converges, and then B is
converted into radians.
DEGREES(B)
660
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A
0.014904384
=1 + (A1- TAN(1) + 1) / TAN(1) ^ 2
=A2 + ($A$1- TAN(A2) + A2) / TAN(A2) ^ 2
=A3 + ($A$1- TAN(A3) + A3) / TAN(A3) ^ 2
=A4 + ($A$1- TAN(A4) + A4) / TAN(A4) ^ 2
=A5 + ($A$1- TAN(A5) + A5) / TAN(A5) ^ 2
=A6 + ($A$1- TAN(A6) + A6) / TAN(A6) ^ 2
=A7 + ($A$1- TAN(A7) + A7) / TAN(A7) ^ 2
=A8 + ($A$1- TAN(A8) + A8) / TAN(A8) ^ 2
=A9 + ($A$1- TAN(A9) + A9) / TAN(A9) ^ 2
A
0.014904384
0.776335135
0.578494316
0.438683749
0.367880815
0.350096245
0.349069141
0.34906585
0.34906585
0.34906585
B
=DEGREES(A2)
=DEGREES(A3)
=DEGREES(A4)
=DEGREES(A5)
=DEGREES(A6)
=DEGREES(A7)
=DEGREES(A8)
=DEGREES(A9)
=DEGREES(A10)
B
44.4807267
33.14528275
25.13472737
21.07801808
20.05903727
20.00018856
20
20
20
The value converges at a

constant.
Technical
Data
12 Involute Function Table
inv = tan
min. ( ' )
10
11
00
01
02
03
04
0.00001418
0.00001454
0.00001491
0.00001528
0.00001565
0.00004790
0.00004871
0.00004952
0.00005034
0.00005117
0.0001136
0.0001151
0.0001165
0.0001180
0.0001194
0.0002222
0.0002244
0.0002267
0.0002289
0.0002312
0.0003845
0.0003877
0.0003909
0.0003942
0.0003975
0.0006115
0.0006159
0.0006203
0.0006248
0.0006292
0.0009145
0.0009203
0.0009260
0.0009318
0.0009377
0.001305
0.001312
0.001319
0.001327
0.001334
0.001794
0.001803
0.001812
0.001821
0.001830
0.002394
0.002405
0.002416
0.002427
0.002438
05
06
07
08
09
0.00001603
0.00001642
0.00001682
0.00001722
0.00001762
0.00005201
0.00005286
0.00005372
0.00005458
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0.0001209
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0.0001254
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0.0004008
0.0004041
0.0004074
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0.0006382
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0.0006473
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0.0009435
0.0009494
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0.0009612
0.0009672
0.001342
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0.001357
0.001364
0.001372
0.001840
0.001849
0.001858
0.001867
0.001877
0.002449
0.002461
0.002472
0.002483
0.002494
10
11
12
13
14
0.00001804
0.00001846
0.00001888
0.00001931
0.00001975
0.00005634
0.00005724
0.00005814
0.00005906
0.00005998
0.0001285
0.0001300
0.0001316
0.0001332
0.0001347
0.0002452
0.0002476
0.0002500
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0.0002549
0.0004175
0.0004209
0.0004244
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0.0004313
0.0006564
0.0006610
0.0006657
0.0006703
0.0006750
0.0009732
0.0009792
0.0009852
0.0009913
0.0009973
0.001379
0.001387
0.001394
0.001402
0.001410
0.001886
0.001895
0.001905
0.001914
0.001924
0.002506
0.002517
0.002528
0.002540
0.002551
15
16
17
18
19
0.00002020
0.00002065
0.00002111
0.00002158
0.00002205
0.00006091
0.00006186
0.00006281
0.00006377
0.00006474
0.0001363
0.0001380
0.0001396
0.0001412
0.0001429
0.0002573
0.0002598
0.0002622
0.0002647
0.0002673
0.0004347
0.0004382
0.0004417
0.0004453
0.0004488
0.0006797
0.0006844
0.0006892
0.0006939
0.0006987
0.0010034
0.0010096
0.0010157
0.0010219
0.0010281
0.001417
0.001425
0.001433
0.001441
0.001448
0.001933
0.001943
0.001952
0.001962
0.001972
0.002563
0.002574
0.002586
0.002598
0.002609
20
21
22
23
24
0.00002253
0.00002301
0.00002351
0.00002401
0.00002452
0.00006573
0.00006672
0.00006772
0.00006873
0.00006975
0.0001445
0.0001462
0.0001479
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0.0002698
0.0002723
0.0002749
0.0002775
0.0002801
0.0004524
0.0004560
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0.0004632
0.0004669
0.0007035
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0.0007132
0.0007181
0.0007230
0.0010343
0.0010406
0.0010469
0.0010532
0.0010595
0.001456
0.001464
0.001472
0.001480
0.001488
0.001981
0.001991
0.002001
0.002010
0.002020
0.002621
0.002633
0.002644
0.002656
0.002668
25
26
27
28
29
0.00002503
0.00002555
0.00002608
0.00002662
0.00002716
0.00007078
0.00007183
0.00007288
0.00007394
0.00007501
0.0001530
0.0001548
0.0001565
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0.0001601
0.0002827
0.0002853
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0.0002906
0.0002933
0.0004706
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0.0004780
0.0004817
0.0004854
0.0007279
0.0007328
0.0007378
0.0007428
0.0007478
0.0010659
0.0010722
0.0010786
0.0010851
0.0010915
0.001496
0.001504
0.001512
0.001520
0.001528
0.002030
0.002040
0.002050
0.002060
0.002069
0.002680
0.002692
0.002703
0.002715
0.002727
30
31
32
33
34
0.00002771
0.00002827
0.00002884
0.00002941
0.00002999
0.00007610
0.00007719
0.00007829
0.00007941
0.00008053
0.0001619
0.0001637
0.0001655
0.0001674
0.0001692
0.0002959
0.0002986
0.0003014
0.0003041
0.0003069
0.0004892
0.0004930
0.0004968
0.0005006
0.0005045
0.0007528
0.0007579
0.0007629
0.0007680
0.0007732
0.0010980
0.0011045
0.0011111
0.0011176
0.0011242
0.001536
0.001544
0.001553
0.001561
0.001569
0.002079
0.002089
0.002100
0.002110
0.002120
0.002739
0.002751
0.002764
0.002776
0.002788
35
36
37
38
39
0.00003058
0.00003117
0.00003178
0.00003239
0.00003301
0.00008167
0.00008281
0.00008397
0.00008514
0.00008632
0.0001711
0.0001729
0.0001748
0.0001767
0.0001787
0.0003096
0.0003124
0.0003152
0.0003180
0.0003209
0.0005083
0.0005122
0.0005161
0.0005200
0.0005240
0.0007783
0.0007835
0.0007887
0.0007939
0.0007991
0.0011308
0.0011375
0.0011441
0.0011508
0.0011575
0.001577
0.001586
0.001594
0.001602
0.001611
0.002130
0.002140
0.002150
0.002160
0.002171
0.002800
0.002812
0.002825
0.002837
0.002849
40
41
42
43
44
0.00003364
0.00003427
0.00003491
0.00003556
0.00003622
0.00008751
0.00008871
0.00008992
0.00009114
0.00009237
0.0001806
0.0001825
0.0001845
0.0001865
0.0001885
0.0003237
0.0003266
0.0003295
0.0003324
0.0003353
0.0005280
0.0005319
0.0005359
0.0005400
0.0005440
0.0008044
0.0008096
0.0008150
0.0008203
0.0008256
0.0011643
0.0011711
0.0011779
0.0011847
0.0011915
0.001619
0.001628
0.001636
0.001645
0.001653
0.002181
0.002191
0.002202
0.002212
0.002223
0.002862
0.002874
0.002887
0.002899
0.002912
45
46
47
48
49
0.00003689
0.00003757
0.00003825
0.00003894
0.00003964
0.00009362
0.00009487
0.00009614
0.00009742
0.00009870
0.0001905
0.0001925
0.0001945
0.0001965
0.0001986
0.0003383
0.0003412
0.0003442
0.0003472
0.0003502
0.0005481
0.0005522
0.0005563
0.0005604
0.0005645
0.0008310
0.0008364
0.0008418
0.0008473
0.0008527
0.0011984
0.0012053
0.0012122
0.0012192
0.0012262
0.001662
0.001670
0.001679
0.001688
0.001696
0.002233
0.002244
0.002254
0.002265
0.002275
0.002924
0.002937
0.002949
0.002962
0.002975
50
51
52
53
54
0.00004035
0.00004107
0.00004179
0.00004252
0.00004327
0.00010000
0.00010132
0.00010264
0.00010397
0.00010532
0.0002007
0.0002028
0.0002049
0.0002070
0.0002091
0.0003532
0.0003563
0.0003593
0.0003624
0.0003655
0.0005687
0.0005729
0.0005771
0.0005813
0.0005856
0.0008582
0.0008638
0.0008693
0.0008749
0.0008805
0.0012332
0.0012402
0.0012473
0.0012544
0.0012615
0.001705
0.001714
0.001723
0.001731
0.001740
0.002286
0.002297
0.002307
0.002318
0.002329
0.002987
0.003000
0.003013
0.003026
0.003039
55
56
57
58
59
0.00004402
0.00004478
0.00004554
0.00004632
0.00004711
0.00010668
0.00010805
0.00010943
0.00011082
0.00011223
0.0002113
0.0002134
0.0002156
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0.0002200
0.0003686
0.0003718
0.0003749
0.0003781
0.0003813
0.0005898
0.0005941
0.0005985
0.0006028
0.0006071
0.0008861
0.0008917
0.0008974
0.0009031
0.0009088
0.0012687
0.0012758
0.0012830
0.0012903
0.0012975
0.001749
0.001758
0.001767
0.001776
0.001785
0.002340
0.002350
0.002361
0.002372
0.002383
0.003052
0.003065
0.003078
0.003091
0.003104
60
0.00004790
0.00011364
0.0002222
0.0003845
0.0006115
0.0009145
0.0013048
0.001794
0.002394
0.003117
661

Technical
Data
662
inv = tan
min. ( ' )
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
00
01
02
03
04
0.003117
0.003130
0.003143
0.003157
0.003170
0.003975
0.003991
0.004006
0.004022
0.004038
0.004982
0.005000
0.005018
0.005036
0.005055
0.006150
0.006171
0.006192
0.006213
0.006234
0.007493
0.007517
0.007541
0.007565
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0.009025
0.009052
0.009079
0.009107
0.009134
0.010760
0.010791
0.010822
0.010853
0.010884
0.012715
0.012750
0.012784
0.012819
0.012854
0.014904
0.014943
0.014982
0.015020
0.015059
0.017345
0.017388
0.017431
0.017474
0.017517
05
06
07
08
09
0.003183
0.003197
0.003210
0.003223
0.003237
0.004053
0.004069
0.004085
0.004101
0.004117
0.005073
0.005091
0.005110
0.005128
0.005146
0.006255
0.006276
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0.006318
0.006340
0.007613
0.007637
0.007661
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0.007710
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0.009216
0.009244
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0.011008
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0.012923
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0.012993
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0.015098
0.015137
0.015176
0.015215
0.015254
0.017560
0.017603
0.017647
0.017690
0.017734
10
11
12
13
14
0.003250
0.003264
0.003277
0.003291
0.003305
0.004132
0.004148
0.004164
0.004180
0.004197
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0.007735
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0.007808
0.007833
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0.009327
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0.011196
0.013063
0.013098
0.013134
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0.013204
0.015293
0.015333
0.015372
0.015411
0.015451
0.017777
0.017821
0.017865
0.017908
0.017952
15
16
17
18
19
0.003318
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0.003374
0.004213
0.004229
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0.007932
0.007957
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0.011260
0.011291
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0.013240
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0.013311
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0.013382
0.015490
0.015530
0.015570
0.015609
0.015649
0.017996
0.018040
0.018084
0.018129
0.018173
20
21
22
23
24
0.003387
0.003401
0.003415
0.003429
0.003443
0.004294
0.004310
0.004327
0.004343
0.004359
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0.008057
0.008082
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0.009694
0.011387
0.011419
0.011451
0.011483
0.011515
0.013418
0.013454
0.013490
0.013526
0.013562
0.015689
0.015729
0.015769
0.015809
0.015849
0.018217
0.018262
0.018306
0.018351
0.018395
25
26
27
28
29
0.003458
0.003472
0.003486
0.003500
0.003514
0.004376
0.004393
0.004409
0.004426
0.004443
0.005448
0.005467
0.005487
0.005506
0.005525
0.006687
0.006709
0.006732
0.006754
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0.008107
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0.008158
0.008183
0.008209
0.009722
0.009751
0.009780
0.009808
0.009837
0.011547
0.011580
0.011612
0.011644
0.011677
0.013598
0.013634
0.013670
0.013707
0.013743
0.015890
0.015930
0.015971
0.016011
0.016052
0.018440
0.018485
0.018530
0.018575
0.018620
30
31
32
33
34
0.003529
0.003543
0.003557
0.003572
0.003586
0.004459
0.004476
0.004493
0.004510
0.004527
0.005545
0.005564
0.005584
0.005603
0.005623
0.006799
0.006821
0.006843
0.006866
0.006888
0.008234
0.008260
0.008285
0.008311
0.008337
0.009866
0.009895
0.009924
0.009953
0.009982
0.011709
0.011742
0.011775
0.011807
0.011840
0.013779
0.013816
0.013852
0.013889
0.013926
0.016092
0.016133
0.016174
0.016214
0.016255
0.018665
0.018710
0.018755
0.018800
0.018846
35
36
37
38
39
0.003600
0.003615
0.003630
0.003644
0.003659
0.004544
0.004561
0.004578
0.004595
0.004612
0.005643
0.005662
0.005682
0.005702
0.005722
0.006911
0.006934
0.006956
0.006979
0.007002
0.008362
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0.008414
0.008440
0.008466
0.010011
0.010041
0.010070
0.010099
0.010129
0.011873
0.011906
0.011939
0.011972
0.012005
0.013963
0.013999
0.014036
0.014073
0.014110
0.016296
0.016337
0.016379
0.016420
0.016461
0.018891
0.018937
0.018983
0.019028
0.019074
40
41
42
43
44
0.003673
0.003688
0.003703
0.003718
0.003733
0.004629
0.004646
0.004664
0.004681
0.004698
0.005742
0.005762
0.005782
0.005802
0.005822
0.007025
0.007048
0.007071
0.007094
0.007117
0.008492
0.008518
0.008544
0.008571
0.008597
0.010158
0.010188
0.010217
0.010247
0.010277
0.012038
0.012071
0.012105
0.012138
0.012172
0.014148
0.014185
0.014222
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0.014297
0.016502
0.016544
0.016585
0.016627
0.016669
0.019120
0.019166
0.019212
0.019258
0.019304
45
46
47
48
49
0.003747
0.003762
0.003777
0.003792
0.003807
0.004716
0.004733
0.004751
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0.004786
0.005842
0.005862
0.005882
0.005903
0.005923
0.007140
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0.007209
0.007233
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0.008676
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0.012306
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0.016752
0.016794
0.016836
0.016878
0.019350
0.019397
0.019443
0.019490
0.019536
50
51
52
53
54
0.003822
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0.004839
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0.007303
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0.008756
0.008782
0.008809
0.008836
0.008863
0.010456
0.010486
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0.010547
0.010577
0.012373
0.012407
0.012441
0.012475
0.012509
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0.014560
0.014598
0.014636
0.014674
0.016920
0.016962
0.017004
0.017047
0.017089
0.019583
0.019630
0.019676
0.019723
0.019770
55
56
57
58
59
0.003898
0.003914
0.003929
0.003944
0.003960
0.004892
0.004910
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0.008943
0.008970
0.008998
0.010608
0.010638
0.010669
0.010699
0.010730
0.012543
0.012578
0.012612
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0.012681
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0.014751
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0.014827
0.014866
0.017132
0.017174
0.017217
0.017259
0.017302
0.019817
0.019864
0.019912
0.019959
0.020006
60
0.003975
0.004982
0.006150
0.007493
0.009025
0.010760
0.012715
0.014904
0.017345
0.020054
Technical
Data
inv = tan
min. ( ' )
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
00
01
02
03
04
0.020054
0.020101
0.020149
0.020197
0.020244
0.023049
0.023102
0.023154
0.023207
0.023259
0.026350
0.026407
0.026465
0.026523
0.026581
0.029975
0.030039
0.030102
0.030166
0.030229
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05
06
07
08
09
0.020292
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10
11
12
13
14
0.020533
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0.060866
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15
16
17
18
19
0.020775
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20
21
22
23
24
0.021019
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25
26
27
28
29
0.021266
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0.062478
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0.062804
0.062913
30
31
32
33
34
0.021514
0.021564
0.021614
0.021665
0.021715
0.024660
0.024715
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0.057124
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0.063350
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35
36
37
38
39
0.021765
0.021815
0.021866
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0.021967
0.024936
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40
41
42
43
44
0.022018
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45
46
47
48
49
0.022272
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50
51
52
53
54
0.022529
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55
56
57
58
59
0.022788
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60
0.023049
0.026350
0.029975
0.033947
0.038287
0.043017
0.048164
0.053751
0.059809
0.066364
663

Technical
Data
664
inv = tan
min. ( ' )
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
00
01
02
03
04
0.066364
0.066478
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05
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21
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25
26
27
28
29
0.069250
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30
31
32
33
34
0.069838
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35
36
37
38
39
0.070430
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40
41
42
43
44
0.071026
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45
46
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60
0.073449
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0.118061
0.129106
0.140968
0.153702
0.16737
Technical
Data
inv = tan
min. ( ' )
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
00
01
02
03
04
0.16737
0.16760
0.16784
0.16807
0.16831
0.18202
0.18228
0.18253
0.18278
0.18304
0.19774
0.19802
0.19829
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0.19883
0.21460
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0.31909
0.31950
0.31992
0.32033
0.32075
0.34478
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0.34611
0.34656
05
06
07
08
09
0.16855
0.16879
0.16902
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0.16950
0.18329
0.18355
0.18380
0.18406
0.18431
0.19910
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0.32116
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0.32241
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0.34745
0.34790
0.34834
0.34879
10
11
12
13
14
0.16974
0.16998
0.17022
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0.18457
0.18482
0.18508
0.18534
0.18559
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0.35014
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15
16
17
18
19
0.17093
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0.32661
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20
21
22
23
24
0.17214
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0.30453
0.32745
0.32787
0.32830
0.32872
0.32915
0.35376
0.35421
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0.35512
0.35558
25
26
27
28
29
0.17335
0.17359
0.17383
0.17408
0.17432
0.18844
0.18870
0.18896
0.18922
0.18948
0.20463
0.20490
0.20518
0.20546
0.20575
0.22198
0.22228
0.22258
0.22288
0.22318
0.24059
0.24091
0.24123
0.24156
0.24188
0.26055
0.26089
0.26124
0.26159
0.26193
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0.28233
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0.28307
0.28344
0.30492
0.30532
0.30572
0.30611
0.30651
0.32957
0.33000
0.33042
0.33085
0.33128
0.35604
0.35649
0.35695
0.35741
0.35787
30
31
32
33
34
0.17457
0.17481
0.17506
0.17530
0.17555
0.18975
0.19001
0.19027
0.19053
0.19080
0.20603
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0.20715
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0.24285
0.24317
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0.26297
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0.28381
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0.30691
0.30731
0.30771
0.30811
0.30851
0.33171
0.33213
0.33256
0.33299
0.33342
0.35833
0.35879
0.35925
0.35971
0.36017
35
36
37
38
39
0.17579
0.17604
0.17628
0.17653
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0.19106
0.19132
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0.19185
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0.20743
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0.33515
0.33558
0.36063
0.36110
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0.36249
40
41
42
43
44
0.17702
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45
46
47
48
49
0.17826
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0.36716
50
51
52
53
54
0.17951
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0.18026
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0.19612
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0.21229
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0.22958
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0.23020
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0.34081
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55
56
57
58
59
0.18076
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0.34257
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60
0.18202
0.19774
0.21460
0.23268
0.25206
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0.29516
0.31909
0.34478
0.37237
665

Technical
Data
666
inv = tan
min. ( ' )
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
00
01
02
03
04
0.37237
0.37285
0.37332
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0.37428
0.40202
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0.68660
0.68748
0.68835
0.73940
0.74034
0.74129
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0.74319
05
06
07
08
09
0.37476
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10
11
12
13
14
0.37716
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0.75085
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15
16
17
18
19
0.37958
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20
21
22
23
24
0.38202
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0.70614
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0.76250
25
26
27
28
29
0.38446
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0.38594
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0.41502
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0.41608
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0.60697
0.60774
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0.70885
0.70975
0.71066
0.76348
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0.76544
0.76642
0.76741
30
31
32
33
34
0.38693
0.38742
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0.41820
0.41874
0.41927
0.41980
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0.45304
0.48635
0.48697
0.48758
0.48820
0.48882
0.52472
0.52539
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0.61394
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0.66171
0.66255
0.71157
0.71248
0.71339
0.71430
0.71521
0.76839
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0.77037
0.77136
0.77235
35
36
37
38
39
0.38941
0.38990
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0.39140
0.42034
0.42087
0.42141
0.42194
0.42248
0.45361
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0.45592
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0.57044
0.57116
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0.57261
0.61472
0.61550
0.61628
0.61706
0.61785
0.66340
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0.66509
0.66593
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0.71613
0.71704
0.71796
0.71888
0.71980
0.77334
0.77434
0.77533
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0.77733
40
41
42
43
44
0.39190
0.39240
0.39290
0.39340
0.39390
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0.45650
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0.45824
0.45882
0.49255
0.49317
0.49380
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0.66848
0.66933
0.67019
0.67104
0.72072
0.72164
0.72256
0.72349
0.72441
0.77833
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0.78033
0.78134
0.78234
45
46
47
48
49
0.39441
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0.39541
0.39592
0.39642
0.42571
0.42625
0.42680
0.42734
0.42788
0.45940
0.45998
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0.72813
0.72906
0.78335
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0.78537
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0.78739
50
51
52
53
54
0.39693
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0.39896
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0.42897
0.42952
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0.62812
0.62892
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0.67618
0.67705
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0.67877
0.67964
0.72999
0.73093
0.73186
0.73280
0.73374
0.78841
0.78942
0.79044
0.79146
0.79247
55
56
57
58
59
0.39947
0.39998
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0.40100
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0.43116
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0.43280
0.43335
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0.46644
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0.54228
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0.58581
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0.63052
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0.73562
0.73656
0.73751
0.73845
0.79350
0.79452
0.79554
0.79657
0.79759
60
0.40202
0.43390
0.46822
0.50518
0.54503
0.58804
0.63454
0.68485
0.73940
0.79862
Technical
Data
inv = tan
min. ( ' )
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
00
01
02
03
04
0.79862
0.79965
0.80068
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0.80275
0.86305
0.86417
0.86530
0.86642
0.86755
0.93329
0.93452
0.93574
0.93697
0.93820
1.01004
1.01138
1.01272
1.01407
1.01541
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1.09559
1.09706
1.09853
1.10001
1.18648
1.18810
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1.28826
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1.29362
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1.40081
1.40279
1.40477
1.40675
1.40874
1.52575
1.52794
1.53015
1.53235
1.53456
1.66503
1.66748
1.66994
1.67241
1.67488
05
06
07
08
09
0.80378
0.80482
0.80586
0.80690
0.80794
0.86868
0.86980
0.87094
0.87207
0.87320
0.93943
0.94066
0.94190
0.94313
0.94437
1.01676
1.01811
1.01946
1.02081
1.02217
1.10149
1.10297
1.10445
1.10593
1.10742
1.19459
1.19622
1.19785
1.19948
1.20112
1.29721
1.29901
1.30081
1.30262
1.30442
1.41073
1.41272
1.41472
1.41672
1.41872
1.53678
1.53899
1.54122
1.54344
1.54567
1.67735
1.67983
1.68232
1.68480
1.68730
10
11
12
13
14
0.80898
0.81003
0.81107
0.81212
0.81317
0.87434
0.87548
0.87662
0.87776
0.87890
0.94561
0.94685
0.94810
0.94934
0.95059
1.02352
1.02488
1.02624
1.02761
1.02897
1.10891
1.11040
1.11190
1.11339
1.11489
1.20276
1.20440
1.20604
1.20769
1.20934
1.30623
1.30805
1.30986
1.31168
1.31351
1.42073
1.42274
1.42475
1.42677
1.42879
1.54791
1.55014
1.55239
1.55463
1.55688
1.68980
1.69230
1.69481
1.69732
1.69984
15
16
17
18
19
0.81422
0.81527
0.81632
0.81738
0.81844
0.88004
0.88119
0.88234
0.88349
0.88464
0.95184
0.95309
0.95434
0.95560
0.95686
1.03034
1.03171
1.03308
1.03446
1.03583
1.11639
1.11790
1.11940
1.12091
1.12242
1.21100
1.21265
1.21431
1.21597
1.21763
1.31533
1.31716
1.31899
1.32083
1.32267
1.43081
1.43284
1.43487
1.43691
1.43895
1.55914
1.56140
1.56366
1.56593
1.56820
1.70236
1.70488
1.70742
1.70995
1.71249
20
21
22
23
24
0.81949
0.82055
0.82161
0.82267
0.82374
0.88579
0.88694
0.88810
0.88926
0.89042
0.95812
0.95938
0.96064
0.96190
0.96317
1.03721
1.03859
1.03997
1.04136
1.04274
1.12393
1.12545
1.12697
1.12849
1.13001
1.21930
1.22097
1.22264
1.22432
1.22599
1.32451
1.32635
1.32820
1.33005
1.33191
1.44099
1.44304
1.44509
1.44714
1.44920
1.57047
1.57275
1.57503
1.57732
1.57961
1.71504
1.71759
1.72015
1.72271
1.72527
25
26
27
28
29
0.82480
0.82587
0.82694
0.82801
0.82908
0.89158
0.89274
0.89390
0.89507
0.89624
0.96444
0.96571
0.96698
0.96825
0.96953
1.04413
1.04552
1.04692
1.04831
1.04971
1.13154
1.13306
1.13459
1.13613
1.13766
1.22767
1.22936
1.23104
1.23273
1.23442
1.33376
1.33562
1.33749
1.33935
1.34122
1.45126
1.45332
1.45539
1.45746
1.45954
1.58191
1.58421
1.58652
1.58882
1.59114
1.72785
1.73042
1.73300
1.73559
1.73818
30
31
32
33
34
0.83015
0.83123
0.83230
0.83338
0.83446
0.89741
0.89858
0.89975
0.90092
0.90210
0.97081
0.97209
0.97337
0.97465
0.97594
1.05111
1.05251
1.05391
1.05532
1.05673
1.13920
1.14074
1.14228
1.14383
1.14537
1.23612
1.23781
1.23951
1.24122
1.24292
1.34310
1.34497
1.34685
1.34874
1.35062
1.46162
1.46370
1.46579
1.46788
1.46997
1.59346
1.59578
1.59810
1.60043
1.60277
1.74077
1.74338
1.74598
1.74859
1.75121
35
36
37
38
39
0.83554
0.83662
0.83770
0.83879
0.83987
0.90328
0.90446
0.90564
0.90682
0.90801
0.97722
0.97851
0.97980
0.98110
0.98239
1.05814
1.05955
1.06097
1.06238
1.06380
1.14692
1.14847
1.15003
1.15159
1.15315
1.24463
1.24634
1.24805
1.24977
1.25149
1.35251
1.35440
1.35630
1.35820
1.36010
1.47207
1.47417
1.47627
1.47838
1.48050
1.60511
1.60745
1.60980
1.61215
1.61451
1.75383
1.75646
1.75909
1.76172
1.76436
40
41
42
43
44
0.84096
0.84205
0.84314
0.84424
0.84533
0.90919
0.91038
0.91157
0.91276
0.91396
0.98369
0.98499
0.98629
0.98759
0.98890
1.06522
1.06665
1.06807
1.06950
1.07093
1.15471
1.15627
1.15784
1.15941
1.16098
1.25321
1.25494
1.25666
1.25839
1.26013
1.36201
1.36391
1.36583
1.36774
1.36966
1.48261
1.48473
1.48686
1.48898
1.49112
1.61687
1.61923
1.62160
1.62398
1.62636
1.76701
1.76966
1.77232
1.77498
1.77765
45
46
47
48
49
0.84643
0.84752
0.84862
0.84972
0.85082
0.91515
0.91635
0.91755
0.91875
0.91995
0.99020
0.99151
0.99282
0.99413
0.99545
1.07236
1.07380
1.07524
1.07667
1.07812
1.16256
1.16413
1.16571
1.16729
1.16888
1.26187
1.26360
1.26535
1.26709
1.26884
1.37158
1.37351
1.37544
1.37737
1.37930
1.49325
1.49539
1.49753
1.49968
1.50183
1.62874
1.63113
1.63352
1.63592
1.63832
1.78032
1.78300
1.78568
1.78837
1.79106
50
51
52
53
54
0.85193
0.85303
0.85414
0.85525
0.85636
0.92115
0.92236
0.92357
0.92478
0.92599
0.99677
0.99808
0.99941
1.00073
1.00205
1.07956
1.08100
1.08245
1.08390
1.08536
1.17047
1.17206
1.17365
1.17524
1.17684
1.27059
1.27235
1.27410
1.27586
1.27762
1.38124
1.38318
1.38513
1.38708
1.38903
1.50399
1.50614
1.50831
1.51047
1.51264
1.64072
1.64313
1.64555
1.64797
1.65039
1.79376
1.79647
1.79918
1.80189
1.80461
55
56
57
58
59
0.85747
0.85858
0.85970
0.86082
0.86193
0.92720
0.92842
0.92963
0.93085
0.93207
1.00338
1.00471
1.00604
1.00737
1.00871
1.08681
1.08827
1.08973
1.09119
1.09265
1.17844
1.18004
1.18165
1.18326
1.18487
1.27936
1.28116
1.28293
1.28470
1.28648
1.39098
1.39294
1.39490
1.39687
1.39884
1.51482
1.51700
1.51918
1.52136
1.52355
1.65282
1.65525
1.65769
1.66013
1.66258
1.80734
1.81007
1.81280
1.81555
1.81829
60
0.86305
0.93329
1.01004
1.09412
1.18648
1.28826
1.40081
1.52575
1.66503
1.82105
667

Technical
Data
668
inv = tan
min. ( ' )
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
00
01
02
03
04
1.82105
1.82380
1.82657
1.82934
1.83211
1.99676
1.99988
2.00300
2.00613
2.00926
2.19587
2.19941
2.20296
2.20652
2.21008
2.42305
2.42711
2.43118
2.43525
2.43934
2.68433
2.68902
2.69371
2.69842
2.70314
2.98757
2.99304
2.99852
3.00401
3.00952
3.34327
3.34972
3.35619
3.36267
3.36918
3.76574
3.77345
3.78119
3.78895
3.79673
4.27502
4.28439
4.29379
4.30323
4.31270
4.90003
4.91165
4.92331
4.93502
4.94677
05
06
07
08
09
1.83489
1.83768
1.84047
1.84326
1.84607
2.01240
2.01555
2.01871
2.02187
2.02504
2.21366
2.21724
2.22083
2.22442
2.22803
2.44343
2.44753
2.45165
2.45577
2.45990
2.70787
2.71262
2.71737
2.72214
2.72692
3.01504
3.02058
3.02613
3.03170
3.03728
3.37570
3.38224
3.38880
3.39538
3.40197
3.80454
3.81237
3.82023
3.82811
3.83601
4.32220
4.33173
4.34130
4.35090
4.36053
4.95856
4.97040
4.98229
4.99422
5.00620
10
11
12
13
14
1.84888
1.85169
1.85451
1.85733
1.86016
2.02821
2.03139
2.03458
2.03777
2.04097
2.23164
2.23526
2.23889
2.24253
2.24617
2.46405
2.46820
2.47236
2.47653
2.48071
2.73171
2.73651
2.74133
2.74616
2.75100
3.04288
3.04849
3.05412
3.05977
3.06542
3.40859
3.41523
3.42188
3.42856
3.43525
3.84395
3.85190
3.85988
3.86789
3.87592
4.37020
4.37990
4.38963
4.39940
4.40920
5.01822
5.03029
5.04240
5.05456
5.06677
15
16
17
18
19
1.86300
1.86584
1.86869
1.87154
1.87440
2.04418
2.04740
2.05062
2.05385
2.05708
2.24983
2.25349
2.25716
2.26083
2.26452
2.48491
2.48911
2.49332
2.49754
2.50177
2.75585
2.76071
2.76559
2.77048
2.77538
3.07110
3.07679
3.08249
3.08821
3.09395
3.44197
3.44870
3.45545
3.46222
3.46902
3.88398
3.89206
3.90017
3.90830
3.91646
4.41903
4.42890
4.43880
4.44874
4.45871
5.07902
5.09133
5.10368
5.11608
5.12852
20
21
22
23
24
1.87726
1.88014
1.88301
1.88589
1.88878
2.06032
2.06357
2.06683
2.07009
2.07336
2.26821
2.27192
2.27563
2.27935
2.28307
2.50601
2.51027
2.51453
2.51880
2.52308
2.78029
2.78522
2.79016
2.79511
2.80007
3.09970
3.10546
3.11125
3.11704
3.12286
3.47583
3.48266
3.48952
3.49639
3.50328
3.92465
3.93286
3.94110
3.94937
3.95766
4.46872
4.47877
4.48885
4.49896
4.50911
5.14102
5.15356
5.16616
5.17880
5.19149
25
26
27
28
29
1.89167
1.89457
1.89748
1.90039
1.90331
2.07664
2.07992
2.08321
2.08651
2.08981
2.28681
2.29055
2.29430
2.29807
2.30184
2.52737
2.53168
2.53599
2.54031
2.54465
2.80505
2.81004
2.81504
2.82006
2.82508
3.12869
3.13453
3.14040
3.14627
3.15217
3.51020
3.51713
3.52408
3.53106
3.53806
3.96598
3.97433
3.98270
3.99110
3.99953
4.51930
4.52952
4.53978
4.55007
4.56041
5.20424
5.21703
5.22987
5.24277
5.25572
30
31
32
33
34
1.90623
1.90916
1.91210
1.91504
1.91798
2.09313
2.09645
2.09977
2.10310
2.10644
2.30561
2.30940
2.31319
2.31700
2.32081
2.54899
2.55334
2.55771
2.56208
2.56647
2.83012
2.83518
2.84024
2.84532
2.85041
3.15808
3.16401
3.16995
3.17591
3.18188
3.54507
3.55211
3.55917
3.56625
3.57335
4.00798
4.01646
4.02497
4.03351
4.04207
4.57077
4.58118
4.59162
4.60210
4.61262
5.26871
5.28176
5.29486
5.30802
5.32122
35
36
37
38
39
1.92094
1.92389
1.92686
1.92983
1.93281
2.10979
2.11315
2.11651
2.11988
2.12325
2.32463
2.32846
2.33230
2.33615
2.34000
2.57087
2.57527
2.57969
2.58412
2.58856
2.85552
2.86064
2.86577
2.87092
2.87607
3.18788
3.19389
3.19991
3.20595
3.21201
3.58047
3.58762
3.59478
3.60197
3.60918
4.05067
4.05929
4.06794
4.07662
4.08532
4.62318
4.63377
4.64441
4.65508
4.66579
5.33448
5.34780
5.36117
5.37459
5.38806
40
41
42
43
44
1.93579
1.93878
1.94178
1.94478
1.94779
2.12664
2.13003
2.13343
2.13683
2.14024
2.34387
2.34774
2.35162
2.35551
2.35941
2.59301
2.59747
2.60194
2.60642
2.61092
2.88125
2.88643
2.89163
2.89684
2.90207
3.21809
3.22418
3.23029
3.23642
3.24257
3.61641
3.62366
3.63094
3.63823
3.64555
4.09406
4.10282
4.11162
4.12044
4.12929
4.67654
4.68733
4.69816
4.70902
4.71993
5.40159
5.41518
5.42882
5.44251
5.45626
45
46
47
48
49
1.95080
1.95382
1.95685
1.95988
1.96292
2.14366
2.14709
2.15053
2.15397
2.15742
2.36332
2.36724
2.37117
2.37511
2.37905
2.61542
2.61994
2.62446
2.62900
2.63355
2.90731
2.91256
2.91783
2.92311
2.92840
3.24873
3.25491
3.26110
3.26732
3.27355
3.65289
3.66026
3.66764
3.67505
3.68248
4.13817
4.14708
4.15602
4.16499
4.17399
4.73088
4.74186
4.75289
4.76396
4.77507
5.47007
5.48394
5.49786
5.51184
5.52588
50
51
52
53
54
1.96596
1.96901
1.97207
1.97514
1.97821
2.16088
2.16434
2.16781
2.17130
2.17478
2.38300
2.38697
2.39094
2.39492
2.39891
2.63811
2.64268
2.64726
2.65186
2.65646
2.93371
2.93903
2.94437
2.94972
2.95509
3.27980
3.28606
3.29235
3.29865
3.30497
3.68993
3.69741
3.70491
3.71243
3.71998
4.18302
4.19208
4.20118
4.21030
4.21945
4.78622
4.79741
4.80865
4.81992
4.83124
5.53997
5.55413
5.56834
5.58261
5.59694
55
56
57
58
59
1.98128
1.98437
1.98746
1.99055
1.99365
2.17828
2.18178
2.18529
2.18881
2.19234
2.40291
2.40692
2.41094
2.41497
2.41901
2.66108
2.66571
2.67034
2.67500
2.67966
2.96046
2.96586
2.97126
2.97669
2.98212
3.31131
3.31767
3.32404
3.33043
3.33684
3.72755
3.73514
3.74275
3.75039
3.75806
4.22863
4.23785
4.24709
4.25637
4.26568
4.84260
4.85400
4.86544
4.87693
4.88846
5.61133
5.62578
5.64030
5.65487
5.66950
60
1.99676
2.19587
2.42305
2.68433
2.98757
3.34327
3.76574
4.27502
4.90003
5.68420
Technical Data
Technical
Reference
- Index A
Accumulative pitch error
557,559
Addendum
505,528,568,583,585
569,587
Allowable hertz stress
578,590
Allowable stress factor
595
Allowable tangential force
567,574,583,589,593,599
Allowable worm wheel torque
593
Amount of shift
508,514
Angular backlash
552,553,554
Anti corrosion property
598
Axial force
603
Axial module
533,536,550,592
Axial pitch
535,536
B
Backlash
552
Base circle
506,507
Base cylinder
542
Base diameter
506
Base pith
507,535,616
Basic load
593
Basic rack
505
Bending Strength Formulas
567,583
Between pin (ball) measurement
546
Bevel gear
500,503,524,538,552,555
Bevel gear in nonright angle drive
524
C
Carburizing
566,571,580,653
Carrier of planetary gear
617,618
Center distance
511,512,553,554,555,560
Center distance error
564
Center distance modification coefficient
512,515,519,521,531
Central toe contact
562
Chamfering
509
Chordal height
537,538,539,541

537,540,541
Circumferential backlash
552,553,554
536,592,608
Common tangent
507
Coniflex gear
525
Constrained gear system
619
576,589
Concave surface
603,604,605
Convex surface
603,604
Crest width
508
Crossed contact
563
Crowning
509,534
Cutting diameter effect factor
587
Cylindrical gear
499,500,518,530,557,620
Cylindrical worm gear
500,532
D
Datum
Dedendum
Dedendum (height)
Dedendum modification
Deep tooth
Desired life
Determining
Diameter factor
Diametral pitch
Dimension factor
Double helical gear
Drive gear
Driven gear
Drop method
Duplex lead worm gear pair
Dynamic load factor
543
505
505
509
505,615,616
593,595
616
533
506
569,577,587,590
500
503,536,553,603,604
503,553,603,604
609
556
569,578,587,590
E
Effective face width
Efficiency
End relief
Entry gap
Enveloping worm gear pair
Equivalent load
Equivalent number of teeth
Equivalent tangential force
Even placement
External gear
574,577
499,562,592,606
509,558,562,615
534,563
500
593
531,538,541,567,583
593
617
515,516,574
F
Face cone
Face gear
525
500
669
Technical Data
Face width
533,543,567,583,589,593
Forced oil circulation lubrication
609
Full depth tooth
505,527
G
Gear
Gear mesh
Gear ratio
Gear shaper
Gear tooth modification
Gear train
Gear types
Generating
Gleason spiral bevel gear
Gleason straight bevel gear
Grease lubrication
524,525,528,554
532
524,581,592,601
507
509,615
503,554,617,619
499
507
528
525
608
H
Height of pitch line
Helical gear
Helical rack
Helicoid line
Helix angle factor
Helix hand
Hertz stress
Hob (tool)
Hobbing machine
Horizontal profile shift
Hypocycloid mechanism
Hypoid gear
577,590
514
499,518
499,522,537,545
499,518,532
569,576,587,590
518,529,530,604
601
508, 532, 534
507,535
538,583
619
500
I
Idler gear
Idle gear (Idler)
Idler gear
Induction hardening
Inherent lubricity
Inner end
Inner tip diameter
Interfering point
Internal gear
Involute
Involute function
Involute function Table
Involute gear
Involute interference
Involute tooth profile
670
504,576,618
577
504
566,571,579,653
597
562
526,527,529
508
499,503,515,542,546,000
506,518,632
506,648,660
512,661
505
516,517,619
505,507,509,517,550
J
Japan gear manufacturers association (JGMA) 567
L
Lead
518,532,616
Lead angle
532,533
Left tooth flank
556
Left-hand helix
529,603
Length of path of contact / Active length
507,557
Life factor
569,576,587,590
Limit of sliding speed
602
Line of contact
507
Linear speed
567,569,574,578,583,587
Load distribution factor
567,586
Locating distance error
564
Longitudinal load distribution factor
577,587,590
Lubricant
610
Lubricant factor
577,590,594
Lubrication factor
595,600
M
Material factor
576,589,600
Mating gear
505,524,525,552,600,604
Maximum allowable surface stress
601
Mean cone distance
559
Minimum number of teeth free of undercutting 508
Miter gear
524
Module
505
Modulus of elasticity
601
Mounting distance
552,553,555,563
Mounting distance error
563
N
Negative correction
508
Nitriding
565,566,569,572,581
No lubrication
597
Noise
615
Nonparallel and nonintersecting axes gear
499,552,606
Normal backlash
552
Normal module
518,530,532,534,545
Normal pitch
518
518
531,534
538,541,542
Normalizing
579
Number of teeth
510,511
Technical Data
O
Offset
Offset error
Oil mist method
Orthogonal axes (90shaft angle)
Outer cone distance
Outer end
Over pin or ball measurement
Over pins measurement
Overlap ratio
Overload factor
500
500,562,563
609
525,527,529
583,588,591,601
562
537,543,544
544,545,546,550
613,615
569,578,587,590
P
Parallel axes gear
Pinion
Pinion cutter
Pitch
Pitch cone surface
Pitch cylinder
Pitch diameter
Pitch plane
Pitch point
Pitting
Planetary gear
Poisson's ratio
Positive correction
Pressure angle
Profile shifted spur gear
553,603
513,528,554,563,573
507,516
504,505
524
530,532,575
512,515,519
518
599,601,602
578,595,614
617
576,597
508
505,506,507
508
512
R
Rack
499,514
Rack form tool
507
Radial force
603
Radial backlash
552,554
Reduction ratio
610,617
Reference circle
510,514,518
524,526,527,529
Reference cylinder
518
518,530
Reference diameter
510
Referencepitch diameter
510
Reliability factor
587,590
Right tooth flank
556
Right-hand helix
529,564,607
Root angle
526,527,529
Rotational direction
503,504,603,604,618
Rotational speed
503,567,574,583,589,592
Rotational speed coefficient

Runout
594
558,559,625,626
S
Safety factor
Screw gear
Self locking
Semitopping
Shaft angle
Shaft angle error
Shallow tooth
Shim adjustment
Single pitch error
Single side method
Single-stage gear train
Sliding speed
Sliding speed limit before scoring
Soft nitriding
Solar type
Speed factor
Speed-increasing gear
Speed-reducing gear
Spiral angle
Spiral bevel gear
Splash lubrication
Spray method
Spread blade method
Spur gear
Standard spur gear
Standard straight bevel gear
Star type
Starting factor
Straight bevel gear
Sun gear
Surface durability equations
Surface fatigue
569,578
500,530,552,607
536
509
524,532
563,564
505,528,599,616
555
557,559,620,626
528
503,504
592,595
577,590,594
595
572,581,653
618
542,656,658
542,655
599,600
503
503
518,528
500,528,604
609
609
528
499
510
527
618
595
500,525,527
617
574,589
578,613,614
577,590,595
T
Tangential force
Temperature coefficient
Test for tooth-contact analysis
Three wire method
Throat surface radius
Thrust
Time factor
603
599,600
562,563
543,549
533,534
499,500,603
595
671
Technical Data
Tip and root clearance

505,512,525,528
Tip and root clearance designed to be parallel 525
Tip angle
526,527,529,559
Tip circle
506
Tip diameter
506
Tooth angle
539
Tooth contact
562
Tooth contact factor
595
Tooth profile
505
567,583,599
Tooth space half angle
544,546,547,548,550,551
Tooth thickness
537
537,538,539,541
Tooth trace / Thread helix
518,524,525,528,535,587
Tooth trace modification
509,562
Tooth width
505
Topping
509
Torque
567,574,583,592,593,603
Total helix deviation
558,623
Total profile deviation
557,622
Total radial composite deviation
558
Transmission efficiency
606
Transmission ratio
503,618
Transmitted tangential force
583,589,592
Transverse contact ratio
507,569
Transverse module
518,521
Transverse pitch
518,522
518,519,521
521,523
Transverse tooth thickness
541
519
Trimming
517
Trimming interference
517
Trochoid interference
516
Two-stage gear train
504,554
2K-H type
617
Type III worm
532,549
U
Under cut
Undercutting
508
508,513,525
V
Viscosity
610
W
Water absorption property
Working factor
672
598
600
Working pitch radius

512,515,519,569,615
515,519,569
Worm
500,532,541,549,552,556
Worm gear
503,532,564,592,602,611
Worm wheel
500,503,532,541,564
Y
Youngs modulus
576
Z
Zerol bevel gear
Zone factor
500,529
575,589,593

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Gear Technical Reference

The Role Gears are Playing

JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards for Gearing

Numerical Expression, Unit and Other Data

1 Gear Types and Terminology

1 Parallel Axes Gears

Fig.1.1 Spur Gear

Fig.1.2 Spur Rack

Table 1.1 Types of Gears and Their Categories

Also, included in table 1.1 is the theoretical efficiency

Fig.1.4 Helical Gear

Fig.1.5 Helical Rack

Double Helical Gear

Fig1.6 Double Helical Gear

Straight Bevel Gear

Fig.1.8 Spiral Bevel Gear

Fig.1.9 Zerol Bevel Gear

3Nonparallel and Nonintersecting

Fig.1.10 Worm Gear pair

Screw Gear (Crossed

Fig.1.11 Screw Gear

4Other Special Gears

Fig.1.14 Hypoid Gear

1.2 Symbols and Terminology

International Standard Organization (ISO) Standard. In

Table 1.2 Linear and Circular Dimensions

Table 1.3 Angular Dimensions

2. The spiral angle of spiral bevel gears was defined as

A numerical subscript is used to distinguishpinionfrom

In a single-stage gear train, which consists of z1 and z2

Gear trains can be classified by three types, in

(A)A Pair of Spur Gears

Right-hand Worm Gear

Left-hand Worm Gear

(C) Spur Gear and Internal Gear

Right-hand Worm Wheel

Left-hand Worm Wheel

Fig. 2.1 Single-Stage Gear Trains

In addition to these four basic forms, the combination

If gears 2 and 3 have the same number of teeth, then

Where: m is the reference pitch

z1 is the number of teeth of the pinion

Fig. 2.2 Rack and Pinion

2.2 Two-Stage Gear Train

Fig. 2.4Single-stage gear train with an idler

1 No. of Teeth(First Gear

4 Speed ratio(First Stage

5 Speed ratio(Second Stage

6 Final speed ratio

RPM: Revolution per Minute

Fig. 2.3 Two-Stage Gear Train

3 Gear Tooth Profiles

The data in table 3.2 is extracted from JIS B 1701-2:

3.1 Module Sizes and Standards

Reference tooth profile

Reference tooth profile of a rack

Table 3.2Standard values of module Unit: mm

Figure 3.2 shows the comparative size of various

Fig. 3.1Reference tooth profile of a rack