Chapter 2

Problems
1.

(a) S = {(r, r), (r, g), (r, b), (g, r), (g, g), (g, b), (b, r), b, g), (b, b)}
(b) S = {(r, g), (r, b), (g, r), (g, b), (b, r), (b, g)}

2.

S = {(n, x1, , xn1), n 1, xi 6, i = 1, , n 1}, with the interpretation that the outcome is
(n, x1, , xn1) if the first 6 appears on roll n, and xi appears on roll, i, i = 1, , n 1. The
event (n1 En )c is the event that 6 never appears.

3.

EF = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (4, 1), (6, 1)}.
E F occurs if the sum is odd or if at least one of the dice lands on 1. FG = {(1, 4), (4, 1)}.
EFc is the event that neither of the dice lands on 1 and the sum is odd. EFG = FG.

4.

A = {1,0001,0000001, } B = {01, 00001, 00000001, }

(A B)c = {00000 , 001, 000001, }

5.

(a) 25 = 32
(b)
W = {(1, 1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0, 1, 0)
(1, 1, 0, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1, 1)
(0, 0, 1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1, 0, 1)}
(c) 8
(d) AW = {(1, 1, 1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0, 0, 0)}

6.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

S = {(1, g), (0, g), (1, f), (0, f), (1, s), (0, s)}
A = {(1, s), (0, s)}
B = {(0, g), (0, f), (0, s)}
{(1, s), (0, s), (1, g), (1, f)}

7.

(a) 615
(b) 615 315
(c) 415

8.

(a) .8
(b) .3
(c) 0

9.

Choose a customer at random. Let A denote the event that this customer carries an American
Express card and V the event that he or she carries a VISA card.
P(A V) = P(A) + P(V) P(AV) = .24 + .61 .11 = .74.
Therefore, 74 percent of the establishments customers carry at least one of the two types of
credit cards that it accepts.

10
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Chapter 2
10.

11

Let R and N denote the events, respectively, that the student wears a ring and wears a
necklace.
(a) P(R N) = 1 .6 = .4
(b) .4 = P(R N) = P(R) + P(N) P(RN) = .2 + .3 P(RN)
Thus, P(RN) = .1

11.

Let A be the event that a randomly chosen person is a cigarette smoker and let B be the event
that she or he is a cigar smoker.
(a) 1 P(A B) = 1 (.07 + .28 .05) = .7. Hence, 70 percent smoke neither.
(b) P(AcB) = P(B) P(AB) = .07 .05 = .02. Hence, 2 percent smoke cigars but not
cigarettes.

12.

(a) P(S F G) = (28 + 26 + 16 12 4 6 + 2)/100 = 1/2

The desired probability is 1 1/2 = 1/2.
(b) Use the Venn diagram below to obtain the answer 32/100.
S

14

10

10

2
2

4
8
G

(c) Since 50 students are not taking any of the courses, the probability that neither one is
50 100
= 49/198 and so the probability that at least one is taking
taking a course is
2 2
a course is 149/198.
I

13.
1000

II

7000

19000

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

20,000
12,000
11,000
68,000
10,000

1000
1000

3000
0
III
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12
14.

15.

Chapter 2
P(M) + P(W) + P(G) P(MW) P(MG) P(WG) + P(MWG) = .312 + .470 + .525 .086
.042 .147 + .025 = 1.057
13
(a) 4
5

52
5

4 12 4 4 4
(b) 13
2 3 1 1 1
13
(c)
2

4 4 44
2 2 1

4 12 4 4
(d) 13
3 2 1 1
4 48
(e) 13
4 1

16.

(a)

52
5

52
5
52
5

52
5

6 5 4 3 2
65

(b)

5
6 5 4
3
(d)
21

(g)

17.

(e)

5
6 5 4 3
2
65

5
6 5
3

(c)

(f)

65

6 5 3
2 4 2 2
65

5
65
4
65

6
65

8
i 1

i2

64 63 58

18.

2 4 16
52 51

19.

4/36 + 4/36 +1/36 + 1/36 = 5/18

20.

Let A be the event that you are dealt blackjack and let B be the event that the dealer is dealt
blackjack. Then,
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
4 4 16 4 4 16 3 15
=

52 51 52 51 50 49
= .0983
where the preceding used that P(A) = P(B) = 2

4 16
. Hence, the probability that neither
52 51

is dealt blackjack is .9017.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 2
21.

13

(a) p1 = 4/20, p2 = 8/20, p3 = 5/20, p4 = 2/20, p5 = 1/20

(b) There are a total of 4 1 + 8 2 + 5 3 + 2 4 + 1 5 = 48 children. Hence,
q1 = 4/48, q2 = 16/48, q3 = 15/48, q4 = 8/48, q5 = 5/48

22.

The ordering will be unchanged if for some k, 0 k n, the first k coin tosses land heads and
the last n k land tails. Hence, the desired probability is (n + 1/2n

23.

The answer is 5/12, which can be seen as follows:

1 = P{first higher} + P{second higher} + p{same}
= 2P{second higher} + p{same}
= 2P{second higher} + 1/6
Another way of solving is to list all the outcomes for which the second is higher. There is 1
outcome when the second die lands on two, 2 when it lands on three, 3 when it lands on four,
4 when it lands on five, and 5 when it lands on six. Hence, the probability is
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)/36 = 5/12.

25.
27.

26
P(En) =
36

6
,
36

P( E ) 5
2

n 1

Imagine that all 10 balls are withdrawn

P(A) =

28.

n 1

3 9! 7 6 3 7! 7 6 5 4 3 5! 7 6 5 4 3 2 3 3!
10!

5 6 8
3 3 3
P{same} =
19
3
5 6 8
P{different} =
1 1 1

19
3

If sampling is with replacement

P{same} =

53 63 83
(19)3

P{different} = P(RBG) + P{BRG) + P(RGB) + + P(GBR)

6 5 68
=
(19)3

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14

29.

Chapter 2

(a)

n( n 1) m( m 1)
( n m )( n m 1)

(b) Putting all terms over the common denominator (n + m)2(n + m 1) shows that we must
prove that
n2(n + m 1) + m2(n + m 1) n(n 1)(n + m) + m(m 1)(n + m)
which is immediate upon multiplying through and simplifying.

30.

7 8
3 3 3!
= 1/18
(a)
8 9
4 4 4!
7 8
3 3 3!
1/18 = 1/6
(b)
8 9
4 4 4!
7 8 7 8
3 4 4 3
= 1/2
(c)
8 9
4 4

31.

P({complete} =
P{same} =

32.

g (b g 1)!
g

(b g )!
b g

33.

5 15
2 2 70

323
20
4

34.

32
13

52
13

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Chapter 2

35.

15

12 16 18
3 2 2
(a)
46
7
34 12 34
7 1 6
(b) 1

46
46
7
7
12 16 18
7 7 7
(c)
46
7
12 34 16 30 12 16 18
3 4 3 4 3 3 1

(d) P ( R3 B3 ) P( R3 ) P ( B3 ) P ( R3 B3 )
46
46
46
7
7
7

36.

4
(a)
2

52
2 .0045,

4
(b) 13
2

37.

7
(a)
5

52
2 = 1/17 .0588
10
5 = 1/12 .0833

7 3
(b)
4 1

38.

3
1/2 =
2

39.

5 4 3 12

5 5 5 25

10
5 + 1/12 = 1/2
n
2 or n(n 1) = 12 or n = 4.

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16

40.

Chapter 2

P{1} =

4
1

44 64

4 4
84
P{2} = 4 4 44
256
2 2
4 3 4! 4 36
P{3} =
4
64
3 1 2!
4! 6
P{4} = 4
64
4
54
64

41.

42.

35
1
36

43.

44.

2( n 1)( n 2) 2
in a line
n!
n
2n ( n 2)!
2
if in a circle, n 2

n!
n 1

(a) If A is first, then A can be in any one of 3 places and Bs place is determined, and the
others can be arranged in any of 3! ways. As a similar result is true, when B is first, we
see that the probability in this case is 2 3 3!/5! = 3/10
(b) 2 2 3!/5! = 1/5

45.
46.

(c) 2 3!/5! = 1/10

(n 1) k 1
1/n if discard,
if do not discard
nk
If n in the room,
P{all different} =

12 11
12 12

(13 n )
12

When n = 5 this falls below 1/2. (Its value when n = 5 is .3819)

47.

12!/(12)12

48.

12 8 (20)!
4 4 (3!) 4 (2!)4

49.

6 6
3 3

(12)20

12
6

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Chapter 2

17

50.

13 39 8 31
5 8 8 5

51.

n
nm
/ Nn
m ( n 1)

52.

(a)

(b)
53.

52 39
13 13

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
10 9 8! 6
1 6 2! 2
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

Let Ai be the event that couple i sit next to each other. Then
P (i41 Ai ) 4

2 7!
22 6!
23 5! 24 4!
6
4

8!
8!
8!
8!

and the desired probability is 1 minus the preceding.

54.

P(S H D C) = P(S) + P(H) + P(D) + P(C) P(SH) P(SHDC)

39
26
13
4 6 4
13
13
13

=
52
52
52
13
13
13
39
26
4 6 4
13
13
=
52
13

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18
55.

Chapter 2
(a) P(S H D C) = P(S) + P(SHDC)
3

2
2 2 48
2 46 2 44
4 6 4
2
2 2 9
2 7 2 5
=

52
52
52
52
13
13
13
13
50
48
46 44
4 6 4
11
9
7 5
=
52
13
48
13
9

(b) P(1 2 13) =

52
13

56.

13 44 13 40
2 5 3 1

52
52
13
13

Player B. If Player A chooses spinner (a) then B can choose spinner (c). If A chooses (b)
then B chooses (a). If A chooses (c) then B chooses (b). In each case B wins probability 5/9.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 2

19

Theoretical Exercises
i 1

5.

Fi = Ei E cj

6.

(a) EFcGc

j 1

(b) EFcG
(c) E F G
(d) EF EG FG
(e) EFG
(f) EcFcGc
(g) EcFcGc EFcGc EcFGc EcFcG
(h) (EFG)c
(i) EFGc EFcG EcFG
(j) S
8.

The number of partitions that has n + 1 and a fixed set of i of the elements 1, 2, , n as a
n
subset is Tni. Hence, (where T0 = 1). Hence, as there are such subsets.
i
n 1
n
n
n
n

T
T
i n i
i n i
k Tk .
i 0
i0
k 1
n

Tn+1 =

11.

1 P(E F) = P(E) + P(F) P(EF)

12.

P(EFc EcF) = P(EFc) + P(EcF)

= P(E) P(EF) + P(F) P(EF)

13.

E = EF EFc

15.

M N
k r k
M N
r

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20
16.

Chapter 2
P(E1 En) P(E1 En1) + P(En) 1 by Bonferonnis Ineq.

n 1

P( E ) (n 2) + P(E ) 1 by induction hypothesis

n

19.

21.

n m
r 1 k r ( n r 1)
n m
k 1 ( n m k 1)

Let y1, y2, , yk denote the successive runs of losses and x1, , xk the successive runs of wins.
There will be 2k runs if the outcome is either of the form y1, x1, , yk xk or x1y1, xk, yk where
all xi, yi are positive, with x1 + + xk = n, y1 + + yk = m. By Proposition 6.1 there are
n 1 m 1
number of outcomes and so
2
k 1 k 1
n 1 m 1
P{2k runs} = 2
k 1 k 1

m n
n .

There will be 2k + 1 runs if the outcome is either of the form x1, y1, , xk, yk, xk+1 or y1, x1, ,
yk, xk yk + 1 where all are positive and
xi = n,
yi = m. By Proposition 6.1 there are

n 1 m 1
n 1 m 1
k k 1 outcomes of the first type and k 1 k of the second.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.