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Code Nozzle

This document describes the design of a converging-diverging nozzle using the method of characteristics. It presents the governing equations, numerical method, and plots the resulting nozzle shape and flow properties like Mach number and pressure variation along the nozzle.

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Bijyendra Kumar
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155 views8 pages

Code Nozzle

This document describes the design of a converging-diverging nozzle using the method of characteristics. It presents the governing equations, numerical method, and plots the resulting nozzle shape and flow properties like Mach number and pressure variation along the nozzle.

Uploaded by

Bijyendra Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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% Figure(1): Static thrust as function of exit area

% Figure(2): Nozzle design and plots of Mach number & Pressure vs Length
% Figure(3): CFD simulation of designed nozzle

clear all;
clc;
% Problem parameters
T_c = 1700;
% Temperature in the combustion chamber (K)
P_c = 35e5; % Pressure in the combustion chamber (Pa)
P_amb = 101e3; % Ambient pressure (Pa)
T_amb = 300; % Ambient temperature (K)
gamma = 1.25; % Ratio of Specific Heats Cp/Cv (Gamma)
W = 25.4;
% Molecular weight of gas (kg/kmol)
width = .1;
% Nozzle width (meters)
h_th = .025; % Throat height (meters)
% Method of Characteristics
num = 15;
% Number of Characteristic lines
theta_i = .03; % Initial step in theta
plotter = 1; % Set to '1' to plot nozzle
dh = h_th/100;
max_iter = 10000;
R = 8314/W;
Part A
%find where P becomes u
h(1) = h_th;
A_star = h_th*width;
M =1;
dM1 = .1;
for i=1: max_iter
h(i) = h(1) + (i-1)*dh;
Ae(i) = h(i)*width;
A_Asq = (Ae(i)/A_star)^2;
A_ratio(i)=sqrt(A_Asq);
%Newton Rhapson on Eq. 5.20 - Anderson text
res = 1;
if i > 1
M = Ma(i-1);

end
while res > .001
M2 = M + dM1;
funa1 = -A_Asq + (1/M^2)*((2/(gamma+1))*(1+(gamma1)*M^2/2))^((gamma+1)/(gamma-1));
funa2 = -A_Asq + (1/M2^2)*((2/(gamma+1))*(1+(gamma1)*M2^2/2))^((gamma+1)/(gamma-1));
dv_dm = (funa2-funa1)/dM1;
M = M - funa1/dv_dm;
res = abs(funa1);
end
Ma(i) = M;
% Find Pressure
P(i) = P_c*(1+(gamma-1)*Ma(i)^2/2)^(-gamma/(gamma-1));
% Find thrust for each point
Te(i) = T_c/(1+(gamma-1)*Ma(i)^2/2);
Tt(i) = T_c/(1+(gamma-1)/2);
Ve(i) = Ma(i)*sqrt(Te(i)*gamma*R);
Vt(i) = sqrt(Tt(i)*gamma*R);
rhot(i) = P(i)/(R*Te(i));
mdot(i) = rhot(i)*Ve(i)*Ae(i);
TT(i) = mdot(i)*Ve(i) + (P(i) - P_amb)*Ae(i);
if P(i) < P_amb
%break
%Calculate the pressure if shock wave exists at the exit plane
P_exit = P(i)*(1+(gamma*2/(gamma+1))*(Ma(i)^2-1));
if P_exit <= P_amb
P(i) = P_exit;
break
else
end
else
end
end
% Part C
% Method of Characteristics

M_e = Ma(b);

%Mach number at ideal exit

%Find theta_max by using equation 11.33


theta_max = (180/pi)*(sqrt((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))*atan((sqrt((gamma1)*(M_e^2-1)/(gamma+1))))-atan(sqrt(M_e^2-1)))/2;
% D_theta for each char line
del_theta = (theta_max - theta_i)/(num-1);
% Find
for i=1:num
% Initialize mach numeber
for j=1:num
if i==1
%Theta for each line (first lines)
theta(i,j) = theta_i + del_theta*(j-1);
nu(i,j) = theta(i,j);
K_m(i,j) = theta(i,j) + nu(i,j);
K_p(i,j) = theta(i,j) - nu(i,j);
elseif i > 1
K_p(i,j) = -K_m(1,i);
% Find Thetas
if j >= i
theta(i,j) = del_theta*(j-i);
else
%theta(i,j) = theta(j,i-1);
theta(i,j) = theta(j,i);
end
nu(i,j) = theta(i,j) - K_p(i,j);
K_m(i,j) = theta(i,j) + nu(i,j);
end
% Prandtl-Meyer function (using Newton Rhapson)
dM = .1; % Leave at about .1
if j == 1
M_ex(i,j) = 1.00;
else
M_ex(i,j) = M_ex(i,j-1);
end
M = M_ex(i,j);

res = 1;
while res > .01
M2 = M + dM;
funv1 = (-nu(i,j)*(pi/180)+(sqrt((gamma+1)/(gamma1))*atan((sqrt((gamma-1)*(M^2-1)/(gamma+1))))-atan(sqrt(M^2-1))));
funv2 = (-nu(i,j)*(pi/180)+(sqrt((gamma+1)/(gamma1))*atan((sqrt((gamma-1)*(M2^2-1)/(gamma+1))))-atan(sqrt(M2^2-1))));
dv_dm = (funv2-funv1)/dM;
M = M - funv1/dv_dm;
res = abs(funv1);
end
M_ex(i,j) = M;
% Find the angle mu
mu(i,j) = (180/pi)*asin(1/M_ex(i,j));
end
% Add last point to char line
theta(i,num+1) = theta(i,num);
nu(i,num+1) = nu(i,num);
K_m(i,num+1) = K_m(i,num);
K_p(i,num+1) = K_p(i,num);
end
char = zeros(num,num+1,2);
for i=1:num
for j=1:num+1
% Draw points of intersection
% Point 1 of all char lines
if j == 1
char(i,j,1) = 0;
char(i,j,2) = h_th/2;
end
% Where first line hits the symmetry line
if i == 1 & j==2
char(i,j,1) = (-h_th/2)/tan((pi/180)*(theta(1,j-1)-mu(1,j-1)));
char(i,j,2) = 0;
end
% Where all other lines hit the symmetry line

if j == i+1 & j>2


char(i,j,1) = -char(i-1,j,2)/tan((pi/180)*(.5*theta(i,j-2)-.5*(mu(i,j2)+mu(i,j-1)))) + char(i-1,j,1);
char(i,j,2) = 0;
test(i,j) = (theta(i,j-2)-.5*(mu(i,j-2)+mu(i,j-1)));
testpty(i,j) = char(i-1,j,2);
testptx(i,j) = char(i-1,j,1);
end
% All other data points for char 1 calculated
if i ==1 & j>2 & j ~= i+1
C_p = tan((pi/180)*(.5*(theta(i,j-2)+theta(i,j-1))+.5*(mu(i,j-2)+mu(i,j1))));
C_m = tan((pi/180)*(.5*(theta(j-1,1)+theta(i,j-1))-.5*(mu(j-1,1)+mu(i,j1))));
A = [1,-C_m;1,-C_p];
B = [char(1,1,2) - char(1,1,1)*C_m;
char(1,j-1,2) - char(1,j-1,1)*C_p];
iterm(1,:)=inv(A)*B;
char(i,j,1) = iterm(1,2);
char(i,j,2) = iterm(1,1);
end
% All other points for all char lines calculated
if i > 1 & j~=i+1 & j>2
C_p = tan((pi/180)*(.5*(theta(i,j-2)+theta(i,j-1))+.5*(mu(i,j-2)+mu(i,j1))));
C_m = tan((pi/180)*(.5*(theta(i-1,j-1)+theta(i,j-1))-.5*(mu(i-1,j-1)+mu(i,j1))));
A = [1,-C_m;1,-C_p];
B = [char(i-1,j,2) - char(i-1,j,1)*C_m; char(i,j-1,2) - char(i,j-1,1)*C_p];
iterm(1,:) = inv(A)*B;
char(i,j,1) = iterm(1,2);
char(i,j,2) = iterm(1,1);
end
end
end

% Fill in similar points (where char lines share points)


for i = 2:num
for j=2:num
char(j,i,1) = char(i-1,j+1,1);
char(j,i,2) = char(i-1,j+1,2);
end
end

% ******Make the nozzle shape and extend the char lines to wall******
% Initial start point of the nozzle (at throat)
noz(1,1) = 0;
noz(1,2) = h_th/2;
% Find all the points of the nozzle
for i = 2 : num
% Find different slopes and points to intersect
m1 = tan((pi/180)*(theta(i-1,num)+mu(i-1,num)));
if i ==2
m2 = (pi/180)*theta_max;
else
m2 = ((pi/180)*(theta(i-1,num+1)));
end
m3 = ((pi/180)*(theta(i-1,num)));
m4 = tan((m2+m3)/2);
A = [1,-m4; 1,-m1];
B = [noz(i-1,2) - noz(i-1,1)*m4; char(i-1,num+1,2) - char(i-1,num+1,1)*m1];
iterm(1,:) = inv(A)*B;
noz(i,1) = iterm(1,2);
noz(i,2) = iterm(1,1);
% Extend char lines to wall
char(i-1,num+2,1)= noz(i,1);
char(i-1,num+2,2)= noz(i,2);
end
%Last line
m1 = tan((pi/180)*(theta(num,num)+ mu(num,num)));
m2 = ((pi/180)*(theta(num-1,num)));
m3 = ((pi/180)*(theta(num,num+1)));
m4 = tan((m2+m3)/2);
A = [1,-m4; 1,-m1];
B = [noz(num,2) - noz(num,1)*m4; char(num,num+1,2) char(num,num+1,1)*m1];
iterm(1,:) = inv(A)*B;
noz(num+1,1) = iterm(1,2);
noz(num+1,2) = iterm(1,1);

% Extend char lines to wall

char(num,num+2,1)= noz(num+1,1);
char(num,num+2,2)= noz(num+1,2);
if plotter ==1
% Plot the nozzle shape
figure(1);clf;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(noz(:,1),noz(:,2),'k','LineWidth',3)
hold on;
[a,b] = max(noz);
plot(a(1),A_max/width/2,'g*')
% Plot for loop for char lines
for i = 1 : num
figure(1)
hold on;
plot(char(i,:,1),char(i,:,2))
hold on;
plot(char(i,:,1),-char(i,:,2))
end
% Plot the nozzle shape (bottom side)
figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1)
hold on;
plot(noz(:,1),-noz(:,2),'k','LineWidth',3)
hold on;
plot(a(1),-A_max/width/2,'g*')
title('Max Thrust (minimum length) Nozzle Design')
xlabel('Nozzle length (m)')
ylabel('Nozzle height (m)')
legend('Nozzle shape','Area_e_x_i_t(predicted)','Char. Lines')
else
end
% Find % errors in A/A* and Mexit
error_Area = 100*(width*2*noz(num,2) - A_max)/(A_max)
error_Mach = 100*(M_e - M_ex(num,num))/M_e

% Plot Mach Number and pressure through nozzle using the quasi-1D
% area relations. (Isentropic expansion through nozzle)
Mnoz(1) = 1.0; % Choked Flow
M = Mnoz(1);
for i=1: size(noz,1)
Ae(i) = 2*noz(i,2)*width;

A_Asq = (Ae(i)/A_star)^2;
A_ratio(i)=sqrt(A_Asq);
%Newton Rhapson on Eq. 5.20 - Anderson text
res = 1;
if i > 1
M = Mnoz(i-1);

while res > .001


M2 = M + dM1;
funa1 = -A_Asq + (1/M^2)*((2/(gamma+1))*(1+(gamma1)*M^2/2))^((gamma+1)/(gamma-1));
funa2 = -A_Asq + (1/M2^2)*((2/(gamma+1))*(1+(gamma1)*M2^2/2))^((gamma+1)/(gamma-1));
dv_dm = (funa2-funa1)/dM1;
M = M - funa1/dv_dm;
res = abs(funa1);
end
Mnoz(i) = M;
end
% Find Pressure
Pnoz(i) = P_c*(1+(gamma-1)*Mnoz(i)^2/2)^(-gamma/(gamma-1));
end
figure(1);
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(noz(:,1),Mnoz,'r*')
hold on;
plot(noz(:,1),Pnoz/P_amb,'b*')
hold on;
plot(noz(size(noz,1),1),M_e,'go')
hold on;
plot(noz(size(noz,1),1),1,'go')
xlabel('Nozzle length (m)')
ylabel('Mach number and P/P_c')
legend('Mach Number','P/P_a_m_b','M_e_x_i_t(predicted)','P_a_m_b/P_a_m_b')

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