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    Cable Engineering in Substation and Power Plant

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    Vasudev Agrawal
    1. Single core cables should use non-ferromagnetic armor to prevent eddy current losses from induced magnetic fields. Three core cables can use standard galvanized steel wire armor since the magnetic fields cancel out. 2. Cable armor selection depends on cable diameter - galvanized round steel wire armor for diameters below 13mm, and galvanized steel strip or wire armor for larger diameters. 3. There are two main types of cable faults - series faults which impair conductor continuity, and shunt faults which damage insulation. Shunt faults include high resistance, low resistance, and flashing faults. Faults are diagnosed using protection operation, insulation testing, and fault resistance measurement.

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    Cable Engineering in Substation and Power Plant

    Uploaded by

    Vasudev Agrawal
    144 views7 pages
    1. Single core cables should use non-ferromagnetic armor to prevent eddy current losses from induced magnetic fields. Three core cables can use standard galvanized steel wire armor since the magnetic fields cancel out. 2. Cable armor selection depends on cable diameter - galvanized round steel wire armor for diameters below 13mm, and galvanized steel strip or wire armor for larger diameters. 3. There are two main types of cable faults - series faults which impair conductor continuity, and shunt faults which damage insulation. Shunt faults include high resistance, low resistance, and flashing faults. Faults are diagnosed using protection operation, insulation testing, and fault resistance measurement.

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    1. Single core cables should use non-ferromagnetic armor to prevent eddy current losses from induced magnetic fields. Three core cables can use standard galvanized steel wire armor since the magnetic fields cancel out. 2. Cable armor selection depends on cable diameter - galvanized round steel wire armor for diameters below 13mm, and galvanized steel strip or wire armor for larger diameters. 3. There are two main types of cable faults - series faults which impair conductor continuity, and shunt faults which damage insulation. Shunt faults include high resistance, low resistance, and flashing faults. Faults are diagnosed using protection operation, insulation testing, and fault resistance measurement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    144 views7 pages

    Cable Engineering in Substation and Power Plant

    Uploaded by

    Vasudev Agrawal
    1. Single core cables should use non-ferromagnetic armor to prevent eddy current losses from induced magnetic fields. Three core cables can use standard galvanized steel wire armor since the magnetic fields cancel out. 2. Cable armor selection depends on cable diameter - galvanized round steel wire armor for diameters below 13mm, and galvanized steel strip or wire armor for larger diameters. 3. There are two main types of cable faults - series faults which impair conductor continuity, and shunt faults which damage insulation. Shunt faults include high resistance, low resistance, and flashing faults. Faults are diagnosed using protection operation, insulation testing, and fault resistance measurement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Cable Engineering in Substation and Power Plant

    http://electrical- engineering- portal.com/cable- substation- power- plant

    January 21, 2013

    Cable Engineering in Subst at ion and Power Plant (on phot o: Sealing of power cables
    t hrough t he out er wall in subst at ion; by Roxt ec Lt d. @ Flickr)

    Single core cable should be unarmored?


    Is it true that single core cable should be unarmored because eddy currents are induced in
    armor of single core cable which will cause additional losses? If true then why not three core
    cables also unarmored and why single core armored cables manufactured at all.
    In this scenario one phase induces eddy current in the armor and in three phases it is not
    there as the flux of all the three phases cancel each other so armoring is required what is the
    solution, we can use non Ferromagnetic substance for armoring.
    A detailed description is given below:
    1. Aluminium Wire Armor (AWA) and Galvanized Steel Wire (GSW) are of f ered as
    standard mechanical protection f or single and three core cables respectively.

    2. Non f erromagnetic materials must be used on single core cables. As the magnetic f ield
    travels through any protection layers on single core cables, a f erromagnetic material such
    as steel will have signif icant eddy current losses induced in the wires causing signif icant
    heating of the cable and subsequent derating of its current carrying capacity.
    The same principle applies when selecting cable clamps.
    3. Even if a single core cable is armored with f erromagnetic material like steel then three
    single core cable has to be laid in tref oil arrangement so that the f lux of all the three
    single core cable cancel each other as happens in three core cable.

    What type of armor should be used, wire or strip armor and when?
    As per bureau of Indian standards no 7098 part-2 clause 16.2 Type of Armor Where the
    calculated diameter below armoring does not exceed 13 mm, the armor shall consist of
    galvanized round steel wires.
    The armor of cables having calculated diameter below armoring greater than 13 mm shall
    consist of either galvanized round steel wires or galvanized steel strips.

    What are the required conditions for earthed system?


    Earthed System An electric system which fulfils any of the following conditions:
    1. Neutral point or the mid-point connection is earthed in such a manner that, even under
    f ault conditions, the maximum voltage that can occur between any conductor and the
    earth does not exceed 80 percent of the nominal system voltage.
    2. The neutral-point or the mid-point connection is not earthed but a protective device is
    installed which automatically cuts out any part of the system which accidently becomes
    earthed.
    3. In case of ac systems only, the neutral-point is earthed through an arc suppression coil
    with arrangement f or isolation within 1 h of occurrence of the f ault f or the non-radial f ield
    cables and within 8 hours f or radial cables, provided that the total of such periods in a
    year does not exceed 125 hours.

    What are the required conditions for unearthed system?


    An electric system which does not f ulf ill the requirement of the earthed system is
    unearthed system.

    What is meant by earth grade of cables?


    Earth grade of a cable is parameter which governs the degree of suf f icient separation
    between the conductor and the nearest electrical ground to preclude dielectric f ailure and
    makes sure that the required thickness of insulation, to physically protect the conductor,
    is more than adequate f or required dielectric strength.
    For cables to be used in solidly earthed system, the phase conductor to armor insulation
    has to be rated f or VL/3 volts that is phase to ground voltage only. This earth grade is
    to be adopted when the system is solidly earthed without any intentional resistance or
    inductance in neutral circuit.
    In case the system is resistance/inductance earthed or unearthed, the phase to ground
    voltage of two healthy phases rises to approximately phase to phase voltage when earth
    f ault occurs in the third phase.
    The phase to ground voltage of healthy phase comes very close to or attains phase to
    phase value depending upon the degree of ef f ectiveness of system neutral earthing.
    Hence phase conductor to armor insulation of cables used in unearthed or
    resistance/inductance earthed system should be rated f or f ull phase to phase voltage
    instead of VL/3.
    For example in case of 6.6kV unearthed or resistance earthed system 6.6kV/6.6kV UE
    class cables should be used while 6.6kV/3.85kV E class cables are adequate f or solidly
    earthed system.
    So insulation class of cables of any particular voltage level f or unearthed system is
    equivalent to insulation class of next voltage level of earthed system.
    So now question is f or 6.6kV resistance earthed system can we use 11kV/6.35kV E class
    cables?
    Since f or the selected cable phase to phase voltage is 11kV and phase to ground voltage
    is 11kV/3=6.35kV, which is lesser than the phase to phase voltage of 6.6kV system and
    hence during earth f ault in one phase the insulation of healthy phase may prove to be
    insufficient.
    AS PER IS-IS 7098, Indian Standard Specif ication f or cross linked polyethylene insulated
    PVC sheathed cables part-2 f or working voltage f rom 3.3kV up to and including 33kV
    (7098 part-2) gives the f ollowing clause f or the same:The standard covers the requirements of f ollowing categories of cross linked
    polyethylene insulated and PVC sheathed power cables f or single phase or three phase
    (earthed or unearthed) systems f or electricity supply purposes:
    a) Types of Cables
    1. Single-core unscreened, unarmored (but non-magnetic metallic tape covered)

    2. Single-core screened, unarmored


    3. Single-core armored (non-magnetic) screened or unscreened
    4. Three-core armored, screened or unscreened
    b) Voltage Grade (UO/U)
    1. Earthed System 1.9/3.3 kV, 3.8/6.6 kV, 6.35/11 kV, 12.7/22 kV and 19/33 kV
    2. Unearthed System 3.3/3.3 kV and 11/11 kV
    NOTES:
    Cables of 6.35/11 kV grade (earthed system) are suitable f or use on 6.6/6.6 kV
    (unearthed system) also.
    The cables conf orming to this standard may be operated continuously at a power
    f requency voltage 10 percent higher than rated voltage.
    Under Rule 54 of the Indian Electricity Rules 1956, in case of high voltage, the
    permissible variation of declared voltage at the point of commencement of supply is
    +6 & -9 percent.

    How many types of cable faults are there & how are they
    diagnosed?
    Faults can be divided into two types:
    1. Series type cable f ault
    2. Shunt type cable f ault

    1. Series type cable faults


    Series f ault occur where the continuity one or more of metallic element (i.e. conductor or
    sheath) of cable is impaired. Usually series f aults only become apparent when continuity
    has been completely lost at least in one conductor, to cause an open circuit f ault.

    2. Shunt type cable faults


    Shunt f ault occur where the insulation of one or more conductor is damaged. The most
    common type of shunt f ault is single phase to earth f ault. On screened cables, all shunt
    f aults are earth f aults.
    Depending on the degree of carbonization of the dielectric, the shunt fault could be of
    following types:

    1. High Resistance f ault


    2. Low Resistance f ault
    3. Flashing f ault

    Diagnosis:
    Usually the first indication of the possible existence of a fault is given by the automatic
    operation of the circuit protection. The f aulty cable should be disconnected f rom the
    other electrical equipments and is retested f or conf irmation of f ault in insulation by
    applying D.C. High voltage or by Megger.
    If the insulation indicates a healthy result, cable continuity should be checked.
    In case the insulation shows a f aulty cable, the value of f ault resistance should be
    measured with a multimeter.
    Facts about interf ace cabling between control & instrumentation and electrical f or any
    power plant or process plant.
    Regarding C&I cables for any power or process plants, please note that there are two
    categories of cables:
    1. Those C&I cables which are to be considered by electrical group. They are mainly
    control/indication/annunciation related cables.
    2. Those C&I cables which are to be considered by Instrumentation group.
    The C&I cable supposed to be considered by electrical group:
    1. Special cables f or interf ace between PLC/Relay based control panel (in local control
    room to) and main plant DCS or ECP. In most cases nature of such cables is Fiber
    optics because of large amount of data to be carried over a large distance.
    2. Cables between PLC and MCC f or analog and binary signals. Nature of such cables
    is usually paired cables, which may be twisted or untwisted pair. Engineering
    including scheduling with terminal details and interconnection diagram, procurement
    and erection of above mentioned two types of C&I cables is carried out by electrical
    group.
    The C&I cables supposed to be considered by Instrumentation group and consequently
    excluded by electrical group:
    1. Paired cable f rom PLC to instrument JB in the local instrument rack or enclosure in
    the f ield.
    2. Paired cables between Instrument JB in the local instrument rack or enclosure to
    f ield instruments.
    3. Paired cable between PLC & packaged vendor panels like VMS (Vibration monitoring

    system), IPR & SOV.


    4. Paired cable between above mentioned packaged vendor panels to Junction box in
    f ield.
    5. Special cables between f ield junction box to individual instruments by packaged
    vendors like vibration sensors.
    6. Paired cable between PLC to modulating drives.
    7. Paired cable between bidirectional drive to PLC.
    8. Cables between GPS clock system (for time synchronization) and PLC/SCADA.
    Please note that the target of such time synchronization of DCS or PLCs (located
    geographically apart) with GPS is that, if we have more than one controller system, by
    def ault each system will have its clock adjusted individually f rom the PC which
    downloaded the program in the system, so if any trip or trouble occur in the system
    and all the system doesnt have the same time, the reports will be messy and
    conf used about at which time the problem occur due to dif f erence in reporting time.
    .
    So a main controller or GPS signal is send to every control system in a specif ied
    time so that every system readjusts its clock and has same time in terms of hour
    minute and seconds.

    Summary
    Cables mentioned in point number-II are the only two types of instrumentation cable
    which electrical group considers and engineering done thereby requires interf ace &
    coordination with C&I department.
    Eight types of cables mentioned in point number-III, should not be considered by
    electrical group of any project. These cables are exclusively C&I cables and entire
    engineering & procurement is to be carried out by C&I department.
    Erection is sometimes carried out by electrical contractor, but in most cases erection is
    carried out by C&I site team on perf orated type cable trays dedicated f or
    instrumentation.

    Cable Block Diagram


    Download cable block diagram in PDF.

    Cable Block Diagram

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