Game-Based Learning in Singapore Higher Education A Pilot Study

PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899
Raymond tham and Lesley tham
Special Issue Vol.1 Issue 1, pp. 571-581
GAME-BASED LEARNING IN SINGAPORE HIGHER

EDUCATION A PILOT STUDY
Raymond Tham
University of Newcastle, Australia, [email protected]
Lesley Tham
Rag Com International, Singapore, [email protected]
Abstract
Todays IT-savvy students are accustomed to multi-tasking, graphics, fun, and fantasy. They are
said to have short attention span. Educators are finding it challenging to engage and motivate
students with the traditional mode of teaching. They are increasingly seeking to tap the potential
of game-based learning to engage and motivate learners. Game-based learning is also catching
on in schools and higher education in Asia. Universities in Singapore are beginning to explore
new ways to engage students in learning. This paper examines whether game-based learning is
an effective instructional strategy for engaging students in higher education in Singapore. It will
examine how game-based learning motivates and engages students and whether game-based
learning is an effective instructional strategy for engaging students in higher education in
Singapore.
Keywords
Educational Technology; Game-based Learning; Learning; Pedagogy
1. Introduction
Good teaching is open to change: it involves constantly trying to find out what the
effects of instruction are on learning, and modifying the instruction in the light of the evidence
collected (Ramsden, 2003, p. 102).
2015 The author and GRDS Publishing. All rights reserved.

Available Online at: http://grdspublishing.org/PEOPLE/people.html
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Educators in the 21st century are in the midst of a paradigm shift. They are recognizing
the growing need to redesign pedagogical practices to engage the 21st century students, who are
accustomed to multi-tasking, graphics, fun, fantasy, and the Internet, and are incredibly bored by
the traditional mode of teaching (Jukes et al., 2010). Todays students would prefer to construct
their own learning, and gather information, tools, etc from multiple sources. They prefer
technological and collaborative experiences that exhibit clear goals, enhance motivation, and
involve authentic activities (Brown, 2000; Frand, 2000; Oblinger, 2003). In view of this,
educators are increasingly seeking to tap the potential of game-based learning to engage and
motivate learners.
This paper seeks to examine whether game-based learning is an effective instructional
strategy for engaging students in higher education in Singapore. It will examine whether
instructional games can stimulate student interest and boost their learning motivation. It will also
examine what aspects of game-based learning are engaging to students in Singapore.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Engaging the Digital Generation
Student engagement has been a key focus of educational research as it is a key factor in
effective learning and a predictor of learning development (Carina et al., 2006; Li, 2011; Mason,
2011; Wong & Li, 2011). Effective educational delivery consists in getting learners engaged in
learning activities or the learning process. This is particularly important given todays internet
generation who are exposed to computer games, twitter, face book and other social networks.
Recent research suggests that students who have grown up in a digital environment are
neurologically different from the generation of baby boomers (Small & Vorgon, 2008). This is
because the digital world offers a direct connection between the effort expended and the
immediate reward received.
In contrast, rewards in class are often deferred until formal
assessments or examinations are conducted. Students find such distant or deferred rewards too
far in the future to motivate them to learn. Digital learners also prefer learning that is relevant,
active, instantly useful and fun. To engage them, it is essential to present work in the form of
games and game play.
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Renowned psychiatrist, William Glasser, asserted that there is a strong connection between fun
and learning. Grassers Choice Theory identifies fun as a basic need that drives human behavior.
Students learn best when they enjoy what they are being taught. They have a strong need to
connect and have fun (Glaser, 1998). Strauss (2010), in an article in The Washington Post, noted
that brain researchers have suggested that fun is required for authentic learning and long-term
memory. Neurologist and educator Judy Willis highlighted the learning benefits of fun. She
noted that when joy, comfort and spontaneity are replaced by homogeneity and conformity,
students brains are disengaged from effective information processing and long-term memory
storage. The joy of learning and discovery is the well-spring for the highest-level of executive
thinking, making of connections, and aha moments (Willis, 2006). In the educational context,
computer games have been known to offer several benefits such as engage learners in learning
environments, increase motivation, intensify retention of information, and improve problemsolving skills. In addition, computer games also allow groups of learners to share knowledge,
skills, resources, and cooperate for solving problems (Chiong, 2010). In these aspects they are
consistent with constructivist, situated learning and collaborative learning theories (Them &
Tham, 2011). In these theories it is stressed that learning is an active social process in which
meaning emerges from experiences while solving situated realistic problems.
2.2 Game-based learning
There are many definitions of game-based learning. For the purpose of this study, the
author has adopted the definition of game-based learning used by Carson Learning Services
(2006, page 1) namely Game-based learning is the process of taking an idea and creating an
activity to deliver that idea in a manner that is motivating, challenging and fun, and has a
measurable learning objective as a foundation. Game-based learning tools would include digital
games, simulations, educational videos (where students would watch the video and discuss
answers to the questions), and in-class group competitive games such as quizzes and crossword
puzzles.
According to Marc Prensky (2001), there are six key characteristics of games which lead
to strong engagement of students: rules; goals and objectives; outcomes and feedback;
conflict/competition/challenge/opposition; interaction and representation or story. Computer
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games can be categorized as adventure games, simulation games, competition games,

cooperation games, programming games, puzzle games, and business management games
(Hogle, 1996).
2.3 Game-based Learning as an Instructional Strategy in Asia
Some universities around the globe are beginning to utilize game-based learning to
motivate students. This is evidenced in the recent work of Ebner & Hollinger (2007); Virvou &
Katsionis (2004), where competitive games and virtual reality games were used to support the
learning and practice of civil engineering, and geography, respectively.
Game-based learning is also catching on in schools and institutes of higher education in
Asia. A study conducted by Zhi Han and Zhang Zhenhong (2008) on a large university in
Nankai, China, showed that students learnt more from quasi-game-based learning than from
purely face-to-face classroom instruction. The study involved 150 third-year undergraduate
computer majors (aged between 19 to 22) enrolled in the Software Engineering course at Nankai
University.
In Singapore, however, the use of game-based learning as an instructional strategy to
engage students is largely confined to schools. Two recent studies by Chee & Lee (2009) as well
as Gwee et al., (2010), showed the effectiveness of game-based learning in engage students aged
14 to 15 years in deeper learning. Chee & Lee (2009) noted that the use of well-designed gamebased learning promoted learning and the acquisition of problem-solving skills and collaborative
knowledge building skills among students.
However, universities in Singapore are beginning to explore new ways to engage students
in learning.
Three large local universities, National University of Singapore; Nan yang
Technological University and Singapore Management University have introduced the use of the
clicker (a hand-held palm-sized device) in their weekly graded lecture quizzes (Lei, 2011).
Multiple choice quizzes are flashed on a screen and students will select the answer using their
individual clickers. Lecturers noted that the clickers encourage students to become more
involved during lessons. Students felt they were playing a game. One lecturer said that students
found the lessons to be more fun with the clicker. The use of the clicker in lecture quizzes
incorporates two essential elements of games in education which motivate student learning,
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namely, making learning fun and learning through doing (Kirriemuir & McFarlane, 2004, p.
10).
3. Method
3.1 Qualitative study
3.1.1 Background
The researcher taught a course at an institute of higher learning in Singapore. The course
was on the Contemporary Issues in IT. The researcher was informed that previous cohorts who
studied this course have found the lectures boring and consequently class attendance was poor.
The course was structured around lectures using power point slides. Against this backdrop, the
researcher decided to introduce game-based learning to trigger student interest in the subject, to
boost class attendance and ultimately to achieve good learning outcome.
3.1.2 Method
To engage the students, the instructor introduced game-based learning using a blend of
multimedia tools such as educational videos (where students watch the video and discuss
answers to the questions) to facilitate understanding of concepts taught, as well as team
competition in solving quizzes, puzzles and games requiring students to search for information
using internet sources. The games usually last about half an hour and are intended to engage
students in the subject taught, enhance retention of information, as well as improve problemsolving and team skills. Scores are awarded to each team and the winning team is awarded a
mystery prize. Before the game-based learning session, students were briefed on the goals and
rules of the game.
A focus group interview was conducted at the end of the course. The focus group
interview was conducted with a group of 36 young adult Singaporean full-time students aged
between 20 to 25 years enrolled at an institute of higher learning in Singapore. These Year 3
students comprised 11 females and 25 males. They were from the same class and familiar with
each other.

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The following questions were posed to the focus group:
Did you enjoy the game-based learning introduced in this course? Please provide reasons
for your reply.
Which aspect of game-based learning do you find most effective in engaging your
interest: challenge, fun, or reward?
Has the game-based learning trigger your interest in the subject taught?
Does game-based learning motivate you to engage in self-regulated learning?
Apart from game-based learning, what other factors would motivate you to study and do well
in this course?
4. Findings
The focus group interview showed positive results. Twenty-two of the 36 students said
they enjoyed the game-based learning. They like being involved in finding their own answers
and learning from peers during group discussions. They felt that the instructional games provided
an enjoyable learning experience compared to merely and taking notes during a lecture. Four
students however felt that the games did not affect their motivation to study the course. They
said that achieving good grades for the course was the key motivator. They would be attentive in
class even in the absence of games. As for which aspects of game-based learning was most
engaging, all students agreed that it was the team work, inter-team competition, instructor
feedback and recognition which motivated them most. They deemed game-based learning
enjoyable in that it connected them with other students socially and provided a new non-stressful
environment for learning. Students enjoyed the collaborative team work in solving puzzles and
quizzes as it gave them a higher sense of social belonging.
The game-based learning approach acted as a good trigger in getting students interested
in the lessons. Students felt that the use of games stimulated their interest in the subject. Active
participation in games and related activities reinforced their learning and helped sustain their
interest in a boring subject. The outcome was good class attendance throughout the 13 week
course. Students said they look forward to the class.

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Students felt that the 30-minute game session was sufficient as an interest trigger. It would
however not affect their motivation to engage in self-regulated learning, which is determined
more by the need to achieve good academic results to enhance their future career prospects.
Apart from games, students said that their personal aspirations and ambitions play a vital role in
motivating them to study hard. Some students mentioned that gaining their parents approval and
recognition were the most important factors motivating them to study and perform well
academically.
4.1 Discussion
This paper seeks to examine whether instructional games can stimulate student interest
and boost their learning motivation and identify aspects of game-based learning which are
engaging to students. One major finding of this research is that competition or challenge plays a
major role in making instructional games enjoyable (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) and motivating
(Malone, 1981; Malone & Lepper, 1987). Our instructional games required students to interact
and compete as a team. The competitive element created a lively atmosphere in class- there was
enthusiasm, attentiveness and excitement among students. This friendly, lively atmosphere and
the rapport built set the right mood for the instructor to introduce the subject at the end of the
game session. Students said that the recognition gained in winning the game enhanced
cooperation within their teams. The findings of this research are in line with the observations of
Malone & Lepper (1987) that games appear to strongly motivate players to engage in problem
solving and critical thinking, due to three interpersonal motivating factors: cooperation,
competition and recognition. Learners would be much more highly motivated if the success of
independent tasks (highly desired) would be dependent on the efforts of group members.
Endogenous competition and recognition are also strong motivators in fostering learning.
In our study, students found the instructional games beneficial as they were able to garner
new information or knowledge. The game-based learning was scaffolded by instructor guidance,
support and feedback. Students also expressed that the briefing, clear learning goals and pitching
the games at the right level is not too difficult to attempt were important. Debriefing and
feedback from the instructor at the end of each game session were valuable. They could learn
from their mistakes and gain new knowledge through the instructional games. It was not playing
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games for the sake of fun alone. The importance of instructional support and debriefing is also
discussed by de Jong & van Joolingen (1998); Crook all (1992); Garris et al., (2002). Debriefing
and feedback give the learners the opportunity to reflect on their experience with the game and
understand how this experience supported the instructional objectives of the course or program
of instruction.
4.2 Conclusion
This study showed that game-based learning can be used as a transformative pedagogy to
motivate students to engage in learning at a deep, personal level (Chee & Lee, 2009). It is
however, important to ensure that instructional games embody sound educational principles and
offer learners an experiential, immersive, and engaging, problem-based learning experience. As
noted by Oblinger (2006), games carry an enormous potential to create immersive, experiential
learning environments, draw students into a project, and enhance their capabilities in information
processing, decision making, knowledge application, problem solving and group collaboration.
Ignoring the educational power of games dismisses a potential valuable learning tool. Gamebased learning can be a useful learning resource to initiate and/or sustain a learning process.
One limitation of this study is that learning gains were not measured. While students
were able to provide the right answers during the game-based learning, the degree of learning
was not established. In addition, the findings of this study are based on one group of students in a
tertiary institute in Singapore, future study involving a larger cohort of undergraduates from
different universities in Singapore would provide a more conclusive study on whether gamebased learning is an effective instructional strategy to engage and motivate students in learning.
Future work is also needed to examine which instructional design aspects of game-based
learning motivate students to engage in deep, personal learning.
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PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences

Raymond tham and Lesley tham

Special Issue Vol.1 Issue 1, pp. 571-581