Glycemic Control and Radiographic Manifestations of Tuberculosis in Diabetic Patients
Glycemic Control and Radiographic Manifestations of Tuberculosis in Diabetic Patients
0093397
Introduction
The International Diabetes Federation has estimated that there were 382 million people
living with diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide in 2013 and the numbers will rise to 592
million by 2035 . The association between DM and tuberculosis (TB) has been recently
reviewed. Random effects meta-analysis of cohort studies showed that DM was
associated with an increased risk of TB (relative risk 3.11, 95% CI 2.274.26), while
risk estimated by case-control studies was heterogeneous with odds ratios ranging from
1.16 to 7.83. The rising epidemic of DM may have a significant impact on global TB
control. Thus it is instructive to investigate the influence of diabetes on the
manifestations of TB.
Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary TB in patients with DM have previously
been reported. However, the results reported by different researchers have not been
consistent. Several studies reported that TB patients with DM had an increased
frequency of lower lung field lesions as compared TB patients without DM , but others
did not . Some studies reported that TB patients with DM had a higher frequency of
cavitation as compared with TB patients without DM, while others did not . Agrawal
and Chang reported that extent of disease was more advanced among TB patients with
DM but Alisjahbana did not . A major limitation of these studies has been that the
number of TB patients with DM assessed was usually small and that the influence of
sex and age on radiographic manifestations of pulmonary TB was not consistently
addressed.
As radiographic manifestation of pulmonary TB is likely to be associated with immune
status and the risk of developing TB among patients with DM is likely dependent on
glycemic control, we hypothesized that glycemic control has an impact on radiographic
manifestations of tuberculosis in patients with DM. We report the results of a study that
addressed the association of DM and the influence of glycemic control on radiographic
manifestations of tuberculosis.
Materials and Methods
This study was approved by the Joint Institute Review Board of Taipei Medical
University and patients written informed consent was waived. Patient information was
anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis.
The study was conducted in three tertiary-care hospitals located in Northern, Eastern
and Southern Taiwan at which the investigators work. A list of all TB patients treated at
the three hospitals notified to health authorities from 20052010 was obtained from the
national TB registry at Taiwan Center for Disease Control. Notification data and
patients medical records maintained at hospitals were reviewed to identify all culturepositive pulmonary TB patients. Age, sex and type of TB were recorded from the
notification record. Type of TB was defined as new or previously treated, according to
what was recorded. A new TB patient was defined as a patient who has never been
previously treated with anti-TB drugs for as long as one month. A previously treated TB
patient was defined as a patient who has been previously treated with anti-TB drugs for
one month or more. Their clinical records were reviewed to determine their recorded
smoking habits, investigations for DM and whether or not they had a chest radiograph.
Patients with DM were defined as those who 1) were treated with insulin or diabetesspecific hypoglycemic agents, 2) had been assigned an ICD-9 code related to DM
during admission, 3) had been assigned an ICD-9 code related to DM 2 times or more
on outpatient visits, or 4) had a history of DM. Patients who had transitory
hyperglycemia at the initiation of anti-TB treatment were not included.
In order to determine the association of chest radiographic abnormalities with DM, a
culture-positive pulmonary TB patient without DM who was notified to the health
authority immediately prior to each culture-positive pulmonary TB patient with DM
was selected for comparison. These patients were those who had never been
documented to have 1) HbA1C >6.5%, or 2) fasting plasma glucose >126 mg/dl, or 2)
post-prandial plasma glucose >200 mg/dl, or 3) random plasma glucose >200 mg/dl.
Medical charts were reviewed for data collection by using a structured questionnaire.
Glycemic control was assessed by glycated haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) measured
within 3 months of the initiation of TB treatment; diabetes patients were categorized
into 3 groups: HbA1C<7%, HbA1C 79%, HbA1C>9%.
A pre-treatment postero-anterior chest radiograph (taken within 30 days of initiation of
TB treatment) of each patient was collected by research assistants and read by two
qualified pulmonologists (readers) at each hospital.
Reading of the chest radiographs focused on lung parenchymal opacity and cavitation.
Recording of abnormal opacity of the lung parenchyma includes location (right upper,
right lower, left upper, and left lower) and extent of disease (minimal, moderatelyadvanced, and far advanced). For the purpose of this study, these were defined as
follows. Both right and left lung parenchyma were divided into upper and lower lung
field by a horizontal line across the mid-point of a vertical line from apex to diaphragm
without taking the anatomy of the lung into consideration. Extent of disease was
estimated by the sum of all areas of abnormality in which a boundary of abnormal
opacity could be drawn. Minimal lesions were defined as an area less than that above a
horizontal line across the 2nd chondrosternal conjunction of one lung; moderatelyadvanced lesions were defined as an area more than minimal lesions but less than one
entire lung; far advanced lesions were defined as an area equivalent to or greater than
one lung. Recording of cavitation included location (right upper, right lower, left upper,
and left lower), number (single or multiple) and size of the largest cavity. A cavity was
defined as lucency with a diameter of at least one centimeter which was generally
rounded shape and could not be explained by overlapping structures (ribs, vessels or
opacities). The size of the largest cavity was dichotomized into small and large by the
median diameter.
The reading environment was standardized at each hospital. The default image of
electronic chest radiograph was used for reading; zooming of image was discouraged.
Reading was independent without discussion between readers blinded to patients
diabetic status. Films with any discordant reading were read by a third reader, who was
a senior pulmonologist at each hospital. After reading a set of 100 films, discordant
films were discussed among the three readers of each hospital aiming at achieving
consensus on reading. After discussion, the second set of 100 films was read
independently by 2 readers and discordant films were again read by a third senior reader
followed by discussion. This exercise was continued till all films of enrolled patients at
each hospital were read.
Reading of chest radiographs was recorded on an electronic standard reading form using
EpiData Entry 3.1 (The EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark). STATA Version 12
(StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The
presence of abnormal parenchymal opacity, location of opacity, extent of disease,
presence of cavity, location of cavity, number of cavities and size of the largest cavity in
were analyzed in relation to diabetes and glycemic control by Pearson Chi-square test.
Logistic regression models were constructed for outcome variables with 2 categories
and multinomial logistic regression for that with 3 categories or more and adjusted for
sex, age and smoking. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
A total of 797 culture-positive pulmonary TB patients with probable DM were identified
and 797 culture-positive TB patients without DM were selected. Of the 797 patients
with probable DM, 717 were confirmed to have DM. Of them, 1209 (79.9%) had a
pretreatment chest radiograph available for assessment, 581 (81.0%) with DM and 628
(78.8%) without DM. Of the 1209 patients, 895(74.0%) were male; 1050(86.9%) were
new TB patients; 535(44.3%) were ever smokers. Sex, age, and smoking were
statistically significantly associated with DM. Of the 581 patients with DM, 470
(80.9%) were diagnosed with DM prior to the diagnosis of TB; 65 (11.2%) had pretreatment HbA1C<7%, 117 (20.1%) 7%9%, 233 (40.1%) >9%, and 166 (28.6%) had
no information of HbA1C at the initiation of anti-TB treatment.
Of the 1209 chest radiographs, 1192(98.6%) had abnormal opacity of the lung
parenchyma; 1126 (93.1%) of them had opacity over upper lung fields; 862 (73.1%) had
opacity over lower lung fields; 66(5.5%) had isolated lower lung field lesions without
upper lung field lesions. The extent of opacity was determined; 380 (31.4%) had
minimal parenchymal lesions, 572 (47.3%) moderately-advanced and 240(19.9%) far
advanced. Cavitation was recorded; 490(40.5%) had cavitary lesions; 455 (37.6%) had
cavities over upper lung field, and 106 (8.8%) had cavities over lower lung field; 237
(19.6%) had a cavity >3.0 cm.
Radiographic manifestations of TB differed by sex and age. Males were significantly
more likely to have any opacity on lung parenchyma (male 99.3% vs female 97.6%, p=
0.019), opacity over upper lung field (male 95.8% vs female 86.9%, p<0.001), but not
opacity over lower lung field (male 74.0% vs female 69.2%, p=0.115).
Females were
significantly more likely to have isolated lower lung field opacity (male 3.5% vs female
10.7%), with an adjusted odds ratio 2.5 (95% CI 1.44.5, adjusted for age, DM and
smoking). Males were significantly more likely to have far advanced parenchymal
lesions (male 23.0% vs female 14.5%, p<0.001), any cavitary lesion (male 46.3% vs
female 31.5%, p<0.001) and cavitary lesions over upper lung fields (male 43.2% vs
female 28.7%, p<0.001) but not cavitary lesions over lower lung fields (male 10.0% vs
female 6.9%, p=0.116).
The proportion of patients with upper lung field opacity did not differ by age group (p=
0.380). Those aged 65 years or older were significantly more likely to have lower lung
field opacity than those <65 years old (75.3% vs 68.6%, adjusted OR 1.42, 95% CI
1.091.85, adjusted for sex, diabetes and smoking). In all age groups, the proportion of
patients with upper lung field opacity was higher than those with lower lung field
opacity. The difference between the proportion with upper and that with lower lung field
opacity was particularly striking in those aged <35 years but less so in those aged 75
years or more because the proportion of patients with lower lung field opacity was
highest among patients aged >75 years (80.4%) and lowest among those aged <35
years(53.1%) (p<0.001). Those aged 65 years or older were significantly less likely to
have cavitary lesions than those <65 years old (27.6% vs 49.3%, p<0.001). The
proportion of patients with cavitary lesions was highest among those aged 3544 years
(58.1%). In all age groups, the proportion of patients with upper lung field cavity was
higher than that with lower lung field cavity. Age group was significantly associated
with upper lung field cavity (p<0.001) and lower lung field cavity (p=0.001).
When
stratified by DM, the proportion of patients with upper lung field opacity was higher
than that with lower lung field opacity in all age groups in both those with and without
DM; the same for cavitary lesion. However, due to the increased proportion of patients
with lower lung field opacity among those with DM in those aged <55 years old, the
association between age group and lower lung field opacities was no longer statistically
significant among diabetes (p=0.550).
(figure 1) In terms of cavity, there was an
increased proportion of both patients with upper lung field cavity and patients with
lower lung field cavity among those with DM in those aged <65 years old (figure 2).
Age group was significantly associated with upper lung field cavity in both those with
(p<0.001) and without DM (p<0.001); age group was significantly associated with
patients and was related to glycemic control. Diabetes with A1C<7% did not have an
increased frequency of lower lung field involvement. Perez-Guzman reported that the
proportion of patients with tuberculosis with lower lung field involvement progressively
increased with age and proposed that age-induced changes in increased alveolar
ventilation and reduced perfusion favor multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in
lower lung zones. As lower lung field involvement was common in all ages in diabetes,
Perez-Guzman further suggested that diabetes and aging predispose to similar radiologic
changes in patients with tuberculosis. Our data concur with findings of Perez-Guzman
but we found that diabetes-related radiographic change in lower lung field opacities
occurred mainly among the younger patients and was driven by glycemic control. It is
possible that tight glycemic control might be able to reduce diabetes-related
radiographic change in lower lung field.
In terms of cavity, Perez-Guzman reported that in patients with tuberculosis alone,
cavitation became less common with age, whereas the frequency of cavitation remained
high in diabetics of all ages. Our data did not concur with Perez-Guzmans observations.
We observed that the proportion of patients with cavitary lesions was highest among
those aged 3544 years and decreased progressively with age. Diabetes did not obscure
but aggravated the differential risks of cavitary lesions between the elderly and younger
patients. Diabetes increased the risk of cavitary lesions, especially among younger
patients, likely through a mechanism that is different from the one causing increased
lower lung field involvement, and the risk of cavity among diabetes patients is driven by
glycemic control. Park also reported that diabetic patients with poor glycemic control
had an increased frequency of cavity but not diabetic patients with proper glycemic
control. The increased frequency of pulmonary cavitary lesions in diabetic patients with
poor glycemic control is probably related to reduced expression of Th1-related
cytokines. It is possible that proper glycemic control will not only reduce the risk of
tuberculosis among diabetes patients but also attenuates the risk of cavitary lesions of
pulmonary TB in diabetic patients.
TRADUCCION
CONTROL GLUCMICO Y RADIOGRFICOS LAS MANIFESTACIONES
DE LA TUBERCULOSIS EN PACIENTES DIABTICOS
Introduccin
COMENTARIO
Este estudio ha reportado una asociacin entre la diabetes y las
manifestaciones radiogrficas de la tuberculosis pulmonar. La mayora
de los estudios tenan un tamao relativamente pequeo de la
muestra. En consecuencia, los resultados de las manifestaciones
radiogrficas de la tuberculosis pulmonar fueron influidos
sustancialmente por las variaciones al azar, y la influencia de la edad
y el sexo en las manifestaciones radiogrficas de la tuberculosis
pulmonar no se tuvieron en cuenta. Nuestro estudio incluy a
pacientes con TB pulmonar positivos 581 de cultivo con la diabetes y
los compar con un nmero similar que no tiene diabetes. El tamao
relativamente grande de la muestra proporciona una mejor potencia
en el anlisis de la influencia del sexo, la edad y la diabetes en las
manifestaciones radiogrficas de la tuberculosis pulmonar.