Guide to Writing a

Business Plan
The Guide To Writing A Business Plan is designed to help new or existing
business owners take an objective look at their business, identify areas of
strength and weakness, pinpoint needs that otherwise might be overlooked,
spot opportunities early, and begin planning how best to achieve their goals.

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About the Missouri Small Business Start-up Kit Materials
2007 Curators of the University of Missouri

April 2007
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Guide to Writing a Business Plan page 2

Table of Contents
PREFACE.................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................3
WHY WRITE A BUSINESS PLAN? ................................................................................3
WHAT IT INCLUDES ......................................................................................................4

A. The Business Plan Outline .................................................................. 4

1. Business Description ...............................................................................................4
2. Product/Service ........................................................................................................4
3. The Location .............................................................................................................4

B. THE MARKETING PLAN....................................................................... 4

1. Competition...............................................................................................................5
2. Pricing and Sales......................................................................................................5
3. Advertising and Public Relations............................................................................5

C. THE MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................................. 5

D. THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................................. 5
Sample Business Plan Outline ................................................................. 7

PREFACE

The Guide To Writing A Business Plan is designed to help new or existing business owners take an
objective look at their business, identify areas of strength and weakness, pinpoint needs that otherwise
might be overlooked, spot opportunities early, and begin planning how best to achieve their goals.

Guide to Writing a Business Plan page 3

INTRODUCTION

he process of putting together a business

plan forces you to take an objective,
critical, unemotional look at your
business project in its entirety. The business
plan is an operating tool that, if properly used,
will help you manage the business more
effectively in order to achieve success.
By taking an objective look at your business,
you can identify areas of weakness and
strength, pinpoint needs you might otherwise
overlook, spot opportunities early, and begin
planning how to best achieve your business
goals. The business plan also helps you see
problems before they grow large and helps you
identify their source, thus suggesting ways to
solve them. A well-prepared business plan will
even help avoid some problems altogether.
The business plan also provides information
needed by others to evaluate your venture,
especially if you will need to seek outside
financing. A thorough business plan can
quickly become a complete financing proposal
that will meet the requirements of most lenders.
Since many business plans are submitted to
banks or other sources of financing, it is
important to realize how a banker analyzes a
business plan and what questions will be asked
during this analysis. A bankers job is to assess
the degree of risk for each proposed loan and to
be satisfied that the loan can be repaid by the
borrower while still allowing the business to
operate profitably. This analysis is based on
factors such as: the nature of the business, the
purpose of the loan, the amount of the loan, the
ability to repay the loan and the character and
management skills of the business owner.
Bankers, lawyers and certified public
accountants are professionals in their fields and
should be included in the planning at whatever
point their knowledge and expertise can be
helpful. Hiring a professional to prepare a
business plan wont do you any good if you

dont thoroughly understand it. There are

numerous software packages on the market that
will assist you in preparing your business plan.
However, you should not rely on the software
and simply filling in the blanks you must
understand the document and avoid preparing a
document and the meaning of its content.
If you are a start-up business seeking financing,
you will not have a demonstrated track record
that shows the companys ability to run
profitably. A well organized, insightful
business plan must convince a banker or other
funder of your ability to understand your
market, demonstrate your technical knowledge
required in the field, and the companys ability
to understand and respond to customer needs.
The plan must ultimately show your ability to
manage the business so it can be operated in a
profitable way and repay the loans.

WHY WRITE A BUSINESS PLAN?

A business plan is a road map for the
development of your company. It includes a
written description of your business and
corresponding financial data. The goals of a
business plan are:
1. To develop and implement your ideas
into actual business practices, products
or services.
2. To identify the strengths and
weaknesses of your company and its
competitors, and to provide a strategy to
further your company's growth.
3. To develop guidelines for the operation
of your company.
4. To assist you to obtain money from
lenders or investors.

Guide to Writing a Business Plan page 4

WHAT IT INCLUDES
The body of the business plan can be divided
into four distinct sections: 1) the description of
the business, 2) the marketing plan, 3) the
operations plan and 4) the financial plan.
Additional sections of the business plan should
include the executive summary, supporting
documents and financial projections.

A. The Business Plan Outline

1. Business Description
Explain the following when describing your
business:
1. Legal structure is it a sole
proprietorship, partnership, Limited
Liability Company (LLC) or a
corporation?
2. Business type. For example: retail,
wholesale, construction, manufacturing
or service.
3. The products or services offered.
4. The business history.
5. Why your business will be profitable
both in the near-term and long-term.
6. When your business will be open
(days, hours)?
7. Your strategy to be successful in the
market you plan to operate.
8. The business goals and objectives.
Attach a cover sheet before the description that
includes the name, address, telephone number,
website and other general information about the
business. An executive summary will list the
names of all the owners and board members if
applicable.
2. Product/Service
Describe the products and services you sell and
the benefits they provide to your customers.

Successful business owners know what their

customers want or expect from them. Describe
your strategies to build customer satisfaction
and loyalty. Include what features you offer
that set your products or services apart from the
competition.
3. The Location
Describe your location or the requirements for
a future location. Consider these questions
when addressing this section of your business
plan:
1. What kind of customer access does the
location need to have?
2. What kind of space is need for the
foreseeable future (about five years)?
3. Describe any features needed such as a
loading dock, display windows, traffic
count, access to transportation (roads,
railroads, etc.), parking, etc.

B. THE MARKETING PLAN

The key element of a successful marketing plan
is to know your customers -- their likes,
dislikes, expectations. By identifying these
factors, you can develop a marketing strategy
that will create interest and meet their needs.
Identify your customers by their age, sex,
income/educational level and residence. At
first, target only those customers who are more
likely to purchase your product or service. As
your customer base expands, you may need to
consider modifying the marketing plan to
include other customers.
Develop a marketing plan for your business by
answering these questions. Your marketing
plan should be included in your business plan
and contain answers to the questions outlined
below.

Guide to Writing a Business Plan page 5

1. Who are your customers? Define your

target market(s).
2. Are your markets growing, steady, or
declining?
3. How large is your market share and
explain how you will capture more of it.
4. How are your markets segmented?
5. Are your markets large enough to
support business expansion?
6. How will you attract, hold, increase
your market share? How will you
promote the business?
7. What is your pricing strategy?
1. Competition
Answer the following questions in your
business plan:
1. Who are your five nearest direct
competitors?
2. Who are your indirect competitors?
3. Explain your competitors strategies
used to pursue their markets. How will
yours compete with theirs?
4. What are their strengths and
weaknesses?
5. How does their product or service differ
from yours?
2. Pricing and Sales
Describe your pricing strategy and how it
compares to the competitors in your market.
Explain how you will price your products or
services to be profitable while keeping the
prices attractive to customers.
3. Advertising and Public Relations
Devise a plan that uses advertising and
networking as a means to promote your
business. Develop short, descriptive copy (text
material) that clearly identifies your goods or
services, its location and price. Make sure the
advertisements you create are consistent with
the image you want to project for your
business. In your business plan, describe your

advertising budget and how it will be spent to

promote your business.

C. THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Answer the following in the management
section of your business plan:
How does your background/business
experience help you in this business?
What are your weaknesses and how can
you compensate for them?
Who will be on the management team?
What are their strengths/weaknesses?
What are their duties?
Are these duties clearly defined?
What are your current personnel needs?
What are your plans for hiring and
training personnel?
What salaries, benefits, vacations, and
holidays will you offer?

D. THE FINANCIAL PLAN

To effectively manage your finances, plan a
sound, realistic budget by determining the
actual amount of money needed to open your
business (start-up costs) and the amount needed
to keep it open (operating costs). The first step
to building a sound financial plan is to devise a
start-up budget. Your start-up budget will
usually include such one-time-only costs as
major equipment, utility deposits, down
payments, etc. It should allow for these
expenses:

Personnel (costs prior to opening)

Legal/professional fees

Occupancy

Licenses/permits

Equipment

Insurance

Supplies

Advertising/promotions

Guide to Writing a Business Plan page 6

Salaries/wages
Accounting
Income
Utilities
Payroll expenses

An operating budget is prepared when you are

actually ready to open for business. The
operating budget will reflect your priorities in
terms of how you spend your money, the
expenses you will incur and how you will meet
those expenses (income). Your operating
budget also should include money to cover the
first three to six months of operation. It should
allow for these expenses:

Personnel

Insurance

Rent

Depreciation

Loan payments

Advertising/promotions

Legal/accounting

Miscellaneous expenses

Supplies

Payroll expenses

Salaries/wages

Utilities

Dues/subscriptions fees

Taxes

Repairs/maintenance
The financial section of your business plan
should include any loan applications youve
filed, a capital equipment and supply list,
balance sheet, breakeven analysis, pro-forma
income projections (profit and loss statement)
and a pro-forma cash flow. The income
statement and cash flow projections should
include a three-year summary, detailed by
month for the first year, and detailed by quarter
for the second and third years.
The accounting system and the inventory
control system that you will be using is
generally addressed in this section of the
business plan also. If a franchise, the franchisor
may stipulate in the franchise contract the type

of accounting and inventory systems you may

use. If this is the case, he or she should have a
system already intact and you will be required
to adopt this system. Whether you develop the
accounting and inventory systems yourself,
have an outside financial advisor develop the
systems or the franchisor provides these
systems, you will need to acquire a thorough
understanding of each segment and how it
operates. Your financial advisor can assist you
in developing this section of your business
plan.
The following questions should help you
determine the amount of start-up capital you
will need to purchase and open a franchise.

How much money do you have?

How much money will you need to
purchase the franchise?
How much money will you need for
start-up?
How much money will you need to stay
in business?

Other questions that you will need to consider

are:

What type of accounting system will

you use? Is it a single entry or dual
entry system?

What will your sales goals and profit

goals for the coming year be? If a
franchise, will the franchisor set your
sales and profit goals? Or, will he or she
expect you to reach and retain a certain
sales level and profit margin?

What financial projections will you

need to include in your business plan?

What kind of inventory control system

will you use?

Guide to Writing a Business Plan page 7

Your plan should include an explanation of all

projections. Unless you are thoroughly familiar
with financial statements, get help in preparing
your cash flow and income statements and your
balance sheet. Your aim is not to become a
financial wizard, but to understand the financial
tools well enough to gain their benefits. Your
accountant or financial advisor can help you
accomplish this goal.

B. History
If new, say so. If existing, discuss age
of business, prior owners, how acquired
and length of time operated by you,
image or reputation; number of
employees, last years sales volume and
profit and any significant events that
have affected the companys
development.

Sample Business Plan Outline

C. Office/Plant
Give addresses and description of area
and building.
State whether rented, leased or owned.
If rented or leased, state from whom
and under what conditions. State size
(square footage).
Describe type of access to building
(major roads, freeways, walking,
parking, etc.).
Is the location a good one that is
convenient to customers? State
business hours.

1. Name of Firm
State the businesss legal name

2. Owner or Owner-to-be
State owner(s) name, as well as the form
and percent of ownership

3. Information on the Business

A. Type of Business and Product or
Service
State the general and specific nature of
the business, (i.e., restaurant, catering,
farming, ice cream parlor, day care,
craft - birdhouses). State the type of
business (manufacturing, service,
construction, wholesale, retail, other).
State the companys goals and
objectives
Describe your product and/or services.
Briefly state who buys the
product/service and who the final users
are (you will discuss your customers
very thoroughly under Market
Analysis).
Describe how the product/service is
sold to customers (walk-in stores, sales,
representatives, mail order catalogs,
telephone orders, etc.).
Describe how and where buyers get the
product/service (walk-in stores, mail
delivery, etc.).
Comment on the quality of the
product/service.
Estimate average price of
product/service.

D. Personnel
For the present and future, state number
of employees, type of labor (skilled and
unskilled, etc.), sources of labor
(especially minorities, handicapped
veterans or other socially or
economically disadvantaged grouped),
timing of hiring (or layoffs).
Comment on the quality of the staff.
E. Economic/Accounting
Describe how this business makes
money.
State how prices are or will be
determined and by whom.
F. Inventory, Supplies, Suppliers, and
Equipment
Describe what inventory, raw materials
and/or supplies the business uses (initial
and continuing).
List your suppliers: name, address, type
and percent of supplies furnished and
length of time you have been buying

Guide to Writing a Business Plan page 8

from each, reliability and frequency of

purchase.
How easy or difficult is it to get
necessary supplies? If it is difficult,
how will you deal with potential or
actual shortages?
Are the prices of your supplies steady
or fluctuating? If fluctuating, how do
you deal with changing costs?
List the equipment used by the business
and comment on its condition. If the
equipment has been appraised, include
values and state who did the appraisal.

G. Legal
State form of business (sole
proprietorship, partnership, LLC,
corporation) and status (already formed
or in process of formation).
State licensing requirements (type and
licensing sources) and status (not yet
applied, applied and pending, obtained).
State zoning requirements and status.
State insurance requirements (type,
source) and status.
Have building codes been complied
with?
State any health code requirements.
Describe any other laws and regulations
that affect the business.
Describe lease, if any.
Trademarks, patents, licenses and
copyrights should be checked for
legality.
H. Future Plans
What are your plans for the future
(maintain, expand, diversify, sell, etc.)?

4. Market Analysis
A. Customers (market)
What is your market, or, who are your
customers (wholesalers, retailers,
consumers, government, etc.).
Why does this market NEED your
product/service? (All markets are

created on the basis of need). One

product/service often satisfies several
needs.
How long will this market need your
product/service? If your
product/service a fad or continuing
need; being phased out or created by
new technology?
List the characteristics of your average
customers: age, location (market area),
average income/sales, sex, life style
(family or single), working and other
important information. The more you
understand about your market, the
better your can see to it.
What do customers like and dislike
about your product/service or business?
Estimate how much the total market
will spend on this or similar
products/services in the next year.

B. Environment
Discuss any environmental factors
(economic, legal, social or
technological) that affect your market
or product/service. Environmental
factors are those which have significant
effects on your operation, but over
which you have no control (i.e., county
growth, rising energy costs, prices,
etc.).
C. Competition
Discuss your competition; number of
competitors (director or indirect), type
of company (i.e., product or service),
location, age, reputation, size (sales or
customers), market share.
Estimate how much of your
product/service ALL the competitors
will provide in the next year.
List major competitors (names and
addresses). Discuss their
product/service, features, age of
business, price, location/distribution,
reputation/image, market share, size,
product/service quality and marketing
strategy.

Guide to Writing a Business Plan page 9

D. Competitive Advantages and

Disadvantages
Discuss how your product/service meets
market needs and how you can compare
with the competition in terms of
product/service features, location,
distribution, price, other.
Compare your estimates of the markets
demand and the competitions supply.
The relationship of supply and demand
will affect your marketing and sales
strategy. High demand with low supply
usually means less competition and less
advertising. Low demand and high
supply indicates a very competitive
situation and a need for extensive
marketing.
E. Projections
Give your projections in terms of either
the number of customers, items sold, or
contracts obtained, etc.

5. Market Strategy
A. Sales Strategy
Present your marketing strategy. In
other words, tell how you will get the
edge on your competition and get
customers. This is your action plan to
get business.
Your product/service will sell because
one or more of the following is
attractive: advertising, pricing (high,
medium, low), distribution system
(limited, widespread, etc.) and
promotion.

B. Promoting Strategy
Describe how you plan to promote your
product/service. State how you will
promote: advertising, direct mail,
personal contacts, sponsoring events or
other word of mouth, trade associations,
etc.).
If you plan to advertise what media you
will use: radio, television, newspaper,
magazines, telephone book yellow
pages, Internet, and/or other (billboard,
etc.). State why you consider the media
you have chosen to be the most
effective.
State the content of your promotion or
advertising: what your product/service
is, why it is attractive, business
location, business hours, business phone
number, web site, and other. When you
are designing your advertising,
remember you are selling to satisfy
someones needs. Refer back to your
Market Analysis on need.

6. Management

Why have you chosen this type of

business?
For key management personnel (e.g.,
the owners), include the following:
resumes, personal financial statements,
tax returns for the last three years and
personal family budget.
Describe prior experience that qualifies
management to run this type of
business. State why you can run this
business. State how much time
management will devote to running this
business. Discuss local contacts that
may assist you in your business.

Guide to Writing a Business Plan page 10

7. Financial
A. Source and Uses
Describe the project to be financed.
State where the money to pay for the
project will come from (sources) and
show in detail how it will be used
(uses). The most common uses are
equipment, leasehold improvements,
inventory and working capital.
B. Statement
If business is an existing one, include
business tax returns and financial
statements for the last three years.
Financial statements should include:
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Accounts Receivable and Aging
Accounts Payable and Aging
Debt Schedule
Reconciliation of Net Worth
For both existing and new businesses,
project the following financial
statements for the next three years
(monthly for the 1st year, quarterly for
2nd and 3rd years).
Operating (or Income) Statement with
explanation (sales, expenses, profit):
Balance Sheet
Reconciliation of Net Worth
Cash Flow with Explanation
Break-even Analysis

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