Visual

__________________________________________________________________________
Visual Communication Bibliography

Available online at http://www.ivla.org/resources.htm
by
Sandra E. Moriarty
University of Colorado
Keith Kenney
University of South Carolina
__________________________________________________________________________
-A Working DraftI. Basic Visual Communication References, Textbooks
Barnhurst, Kevin G. "Curriculum and Instruction in Visual Communication." Journalism
Educator. 46 (1991): 4-8.
Barnhurst, Kevin G. (Ed.) "Visual Communication and Teaching." A special issue of
Journalism Educator, 46 (Spring 1991).
Berger, Arthur Asa. Seeing is Believing: An Introduction to Visual communication.
(Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1989).
Curtiss, Deborah Pratt. Introduction to Visual Literacy: A Guide to the Visual Arts and
Communication. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987).
Davis, Howard and Paul Walton, (Eds.) Language, Image and Media. (New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1983).
Dondis, Donis A. A Primer of Visual Literacy. (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1973).
Fransecky, Roger B. and John L. Debes. Visual Literacy: A Way to Learn--A Way to Teach.
(Washington: Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 1972).
Kolers, Paul A., M. F. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma. (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language: Vol.
2 (New York: Plenum Press, 1980): 113-124.
Lester, Paul Martin. Visual Communication: Images with Messages. (Belmont CA:
Wadsworth Publishing, 1995).
Messaris, Paul. Visual "Literacy": Image, Mind & Reality. (Boulder CO: Westview Press,
1994).
Moore, David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning.
Englewood Cliffs NJ: (Educational Technology Publications, 1994).
Morgan, John and Peter Welton. See What I Mean? (London: Edward Arnold, 1992).
Pettersson, Rune. Visual Information. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology
Publications, 1993).
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Schamber, Linda. "Visual Literacy in Mass Communications: A Proposal for Educators,"

ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN JOURNALISMMC Conference, San Antonio,
1987.
Thompson, Philip and Peter Davenport. The Dictionary of Visual Language. (London:
Bergstrom and Boil Books Ltd, 1980).
Wilde, Judith and Richard Wilde. Visual Literacy: A Conceptual Approach to Graphic
Problem Solving. (New York: Watson-Guptill, 1991).
Wilde, Richard. Problems: Solutions. Visual Thinking for Graphic Communicators. (New
York: Van Nostrand, 1986).
Wileman, Ralph. Visual Communicating. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology
Wileman, Ralph. Exercises in Visual Thinking. (New York: Hastings House, 1980).
II. Visual Communication: General Theory/Philosophy
Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. (London: Penguin Books, 1977)S.
Berger, John. About Looking. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980).
Goodman, Nelson. Languages of Art: An Approach to the Theory of Symbols. (Indianapolis:
Hackett Publishing, 1976).
Gross, Larry. "Sol Worth and the Study of Visual Communications," Studies in Visual
Communication , 6:3 (1980): 2-19.
Gross, Larry, Sol Worth: Studying Visual Communication. (Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1981).
Hochberg, Julian. "Some of the Things That Pictures Are." In Calvin Nodine and Dennis
Fisher (Eds.) Views of Pictorial Representation: Making, Perceiving and Interpreting.
(New York: Praeger, 1979.
Hudak, G. "On the Limits of Visual Communication: A Case Study." Journal of
Visual/Verbal Languaging. 7:1 (1987): 28-51.
Ingle, David J., M. A. Goodale, and R. J. W. Mansfield. (Eds.) Analysis of Visual Behavior.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982).
Ivins, William H. Prints and Visual Communication. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1953).
Moriarty, Sandra. "The Function of Visuals in Mass Communication." In Roberts A.
Braden, Darrel G. Beauchamp, and LaVerne W. Miller (Eds.) Visible & Viable. IVLA
1986 Conference Proceedings, 1987.
Pettersson, Rune. "Image Functions." Visual Literacy Review. 20 (February, 1991): 2-3.
II A. Images, Content and Meaning
Akert, Robert U. Photoanalysis: How to Interpret the Hidden Psychological Meaning of
Personal Photos. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973).
Craven, George M. Object and Image. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1975.)
Freedberg, David. The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Responses.
(Chicago" The University of Chicago Press, 1989)
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Gombrich, E.H. "The Visual Image." Scientific American. 227 (September, 1972): 8296.
Knowlton, John. "On the Definition of A 'Picture'." AV Communication Review. 14
(1966): 157-183.
Kolors, P.A. and W. E. Smythe. "Images, Symbols, and Skills." Canadian Journal of
Psychology. 33 (1979): 158-184.
McMahon, C. E. "Images as Motives and Motivators: A Historical Perspective."
American Journal of Psychology. 86 (1973): 465-490.
Pettersson, Rune. "Image Format." Visual Literacy Newsletter 17 (1988): 5.
Pettersson, Rune. "Image Formats: The Multidimensional Representation of Reality."
EP Journal, (September, 1988): 3-7.
Pettersson, Rune. "interpretation of Image Content." Educational Communications
Technology Journal 36:1 (1988): 45-55.
Reed, Stephen K. "Structural Descriptions and the Limitation of Visual Images."
Memory and Cognition 2 (April, 1974): 329-336.
Sekula, Allan. "On the Invention of Photographic Meaning." Art Forum. 13 (January
1975): 36-45.
Stonehill, Brian. "The Debate Over 'Ocularcentrism'." Journal of Communication.
45:1 (Winter 1995): 147-152.
II A1. Representation and Realism
Allen, Richard. "Representation, Illusion, and the Cinema." The Cinema Journal.
32 (winter, 1993): 21-48.
Arrel, Douglas. "What Goodman Should Have Said about Representation." The
Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 46 (Fall, 1987): 41-49. Discussion 46
(Summer, 1988): 509-511.
Batchen, Geoffrey. "For an Impossible Realism: An Interview with Victor
Burgin." Afterimage. 16 (February 1989): 4-9.
Brand, Myles and Robert M. Harnish (Eds.) The Representation of Knowledge and
Belief. (Phoenix, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 1986).
Brook, Donald. "Painting, Photography, and Representation." Journal of Aesthetics
and Art Criticism. 42 (Winter 1983): 171-180.
Dyer, Richard. The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation (New York:
Routledge, 1992).
Egan, D. E. and D. D. Grimes-Ferrow. "Differences in Mental Representations
Spontaneously Adopted for Reasons." Memory and Cognition. 10 (1982): 297307.
Eisner, Elliot W. "On the Relationship of Conception to Representation." Art
Education. 36:2 (March 1983): 53.
Erdman, Barbara. "See You in the Funnies! An Analysis of Representation."
Journal of Visual Literacy. 13:2 (Autumn, 1993): 51-60.
Gibson, J. J. Reasons for Realism: Selected Essays of James J. Gibson. In E. Reed and
R. Jones, (Eds.) (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1982).
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Goodrich, R. A. "Goodman on Representation and Resemblance." The British

Journal of Aesthetics. 28 (Winter, 1988): 48-58.
Grigg, Robert. "Relativism and Pictorial Realism." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art
Criticism. 42 (Summer, 1984): 397-408.
Korsmeyer, Carolyn. "Pictorial Assertion." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art
Criticism. 43 (spring, 1985): 257-265.
McDonnell, Neil. "Are Pictures Unavoidably Specific?" Synthese 57 (1983): 83-98.
Mitchell, W. J. Thomas. "Realism, Irrealism, and Ideology: A Critique of Nelson
Goodman." The Journal of Aesthetic Education. 25 (Spring, 1991): 23-35.
Perkins, D. N. "Pictures and the Real Thing." In P. A. Kolers, M. R. Wrolstad, and
H. Bouma (Eds.) Processing Visible Language: Vol. 2 (New York: Plenum Press,
1980): 259-278.
Scruton, Roger. "Photography and Representation." Critical Inquiry 7 (Spring
1981): 577-603.
Snodgrass, J. G. "Concepts and Their Surface Representations." Journal of Verbal
Learning and Verbal Behavior. 23 (1984): 3-22.
Snyder, Joel and Neil W. Allen. "Photography, Vision, and Representation."
Critical Inquiry 2 (Autumn 1975): 143-169.
Tagg, John. "The Proof of the Picture." Afterimage. 15 (January, 1988): 11-13.
Wartofsky, Marx W. "Rules and Representation: The Virtues of Constancy and
Fidelity Put in Perspective." Erkenntniss. 2 (1978): 17-36.
Watzlawich, Paul. How Real is Real? (New York: Vintage Books, 1977).
Weiss, Audrey, Dorothy Mirich and Barbara Wilson. "Prior Exposure to
Creatures From a Horror Film: Live Versus Photographic Representations."
Communication Research. (September 1993): 41-66.
Zabala, Horacio. "The Image of Duplication: Theoretical Perspective Behind
Artistic Production and Viewers' Notions of Reality and Appearance."
Leonardo. 25:1 (1992): 47-50.
II A2. Pictorial Representation
Caroll, J. M., J. C. Thomas, and A. Malhotra. "Presentation and Representation in
Design Problem-Solving." British Journal of Psychology. 71 (1980): 143-153.
Gombrich, E. H. "Representation and Misrepresentation." Critical Inquiry. 11
(1984): 195-201.
Gombrich, E. H. "Mirror and Map: Theories of Pictorial Representation."
Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society. (London, Royal Society, 1975):
119-149.
Gombrich, E. H., Julian Hochberg, and M. Black (Eds.) Art, Perception and Reality.
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1972).
Harris, Jonathan. "The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and
Histories." Art History. 12 (June, 1989): 247-256.
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Hochberg, Julian. "The Representation of Things and People: In E. H. Gombrich,

Julian Hochberg, and M. Black (Eds.) Art, Perception and Reality. (Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins Press, 1972).
Huckle, Nicholas. "On Representation and Essence: Barthes and Heidegger." The
Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 43 (Spring, 1985): 275-280.
Hurt, J.A. "Assessing Functional Effectiveness of Pictorial Representations Used
in Text." Educational communication Technology. 35:2 (1987): 85-94.
Kelter, S., H. Grotzbach, R. Frieheit, B. Hohle, S. Wutzig and E. Diesch. "Object
Identification: The Mental Representation of Physical and Conceptual
Attributes." Memory and Cognition. 12 (1984): 123-133.
Neander, Karen. "Pictorial Representation: A Matter of Resemblance." The British
Journal of Aesthetics. 27 (Summer, 1987): 213-226.
Nichols, Bill. "The Analysis of Representational Images." In Corner, John and
Jeremy Hawthorn (Eds.) Communication Studies: An Introductory Reader. 3rd
ed. (London: Edward Arnold, 1989).
Peetz, Dieter. "Some Current Philosophical Theories of Pictorial Representation."
The British Journal of Aesthetics. 27 (Summer, 1987): 227-237. Discussion. 28
(Summer, 1988): 278-80.
Roupas, T.G. "Information and Pictorial Representation." In D. Perkins and B.
Leondar (Eds.) The Arts and Cognition. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1977).
Savedoff, Barbara E. "Transforming Images: Photographs of Representations."
The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 50 (Spring 1992): 93-106.
Tagg, John. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories.
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988).
Todd, Jennifer. "The Roots of Pictorial Reference." Journal of Aesthetics and Art
Criticism 39 (1980): 47-58.
Ujlaki, Gabriella. "The Logic of Representation." The British Journal of Aesthetics.
33 (April, 1993): 121-131.
Warburton, Nigel. "Varieties of Photographic Representation: Documentary,
Pictorial, and Quasi-Documentary. History of Photography. 15 (Autumn, 1991):
203-210.
Warburton, Nigel. "Photographic Communication." British Journal of Aesthetics 28
(Spring 1988): 173-181.
Wartofsky, Marx W. "Cameras Can't See: Representation, Photography and
Human Vision." Afterimage. 7:9 (April, 1980): 8-9.
Wartofsky, Marx W. "Picturing and Representing." In Calvin Nodine and Dennis
Fisher. (Eds.) Perception and Pictorial Representation. (New York: Praeger,
1979).
II A3. Visual Illusions/Ambiguities
Carraker, R. G. and J. B. Thurston. Optical Illusions and the Visual Arts. (New York:
Van Nostrand-Reinhold, 1966).
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Coren, S. and J. S. Girgus. "Principles of Perceptual Organization and Spatial

Distortion: The Gestalt Illusions." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human
Perception and Performance. 7 (1980): 404-412.
Coren, S. and J. S. Girgus. Seeing is Deceiving: The Psychology of Visual Illusions.
(Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1978).
Gregory, R. L. "Visual Illusions." Scientific American. (November, 1968).
Halpern, D. F. "The Determinants of Illusory-contour Perception." Perception. 10
(1981): 199-214.
Luckiesh, M. Visual Illusions. (New York: Dover, 1965).
Parks, T. E. "Illusory Figures: A (Mostly) A Theoretical Review." Psychological
Bulletin. 95 (1984): 282-300.
Reardon, M. E. and T. E. Parks. "The Ponzo Illusion Without Suggested Depth."
Teuber, M.L. "Sources of Ambiguity in the Prints of Maurits C. Escher." Scientific
American. (July, 1974).
Terouanne, E. "'Impossible Figures' and Interpretations of Polyhedral Figures."
Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 27 (1983): 370-405.
Tolanksy, S. Optical Illusions. (Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1964).
II A4. Bizarre Images
Kroll, N. E. A., E. M. Schepeler, and K. T. Anglin. "Bizarre Imagery: The
Misremembered Mnemonic." Journal of Experimental Psychology: learning,
Memory, and Cognition. 12 (1986): 42-53.
Marshall, P. H., K. Nau and C. K. Chandler. "A Functional Analysis of Common
and Bizarre Visual Mediators." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 15 (1980):
375-377.
McDaniel, M.A. and G. O. Einstein. "Bizarre Imagery as an Effective Memory
Aid: The Importance of Distinctiveness." Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 12 (1986): 54-65.
O'Brien, E. J. and C. R. Wolford. "Effect of Delay in Testing on Retention of
Plausible versus Bizarre Mental Images." Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Webber, S. M. and P. H. Marshall. "Bizarreness Effects in Imagery as a Function
of Processing Level and Delay." Journal of Mental Imagery. 2 (1978): 291-300.
II B. Mental Imagery/Visualization
Anderson, J. R. "Arguments Concerning Representations for Mental Imagery.
Psychological Review. 85 (1978): 249-277.
Block, Ned. (Ed.) Imagery. (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1981).
Bullock, D. and S. Severe. "Using Fantasy and Guided Visual Imagery." Academic
Therapy. 16 (1982): 311-316.
Cartwright, Desmond S., Mary E. Marks, and John H. Durrett, Jr. "Definition and
Measurement of Three Processes of Imagery Representation: Exploratory Studies
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of Verbally Stimulated Imagery." Multivariate Behavioral Research. 13:4 (1978): 449473.

Clark, R.L. "Media, Mental Imagery, and Memory." Educational Communication and
Technology Journal. 26 (4): 355-363.
Di Vesta, F. J., Ingersoll, G. and P. Sunshine. "A Factor Analysis of Imagery Tests."
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 10 (1971): 471-479.
Farah, M. J. "Psychophysical Evidence for a Shared Representation Medium for
Mental Images and Percepts." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 114
(1985): 91-103.
Finke, Ronald A. Principles of Mental Imagery. (Cambridge Mass: The MIT Press,
1989).
Finke, Ronald A. "Visual Functions of Mental Imagery." In K.R. Boff, L. Kaufman,
and J. P. Thomas (Eds.) Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. (New
York: Wiley, 1986).
Fleming, M. L. "The Picture in Your Mind." AV Communication Review. 25 (1977): 4362.
Fodor, Jerry A. "Imagistic Representation in Imagery." In Ned Block (Ed.) Imagery.
Cambridge: Mass, The MIT Press, 1981).
Glass, A. L., J. K. Eddy, and P. J. Schwanenflugel. "The Verification of High and Low
Imagery Sentences." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and
Memory. 6 (1980): 692-704.
Gombrich, E. H. The Image and the Eye. (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1982.)
Gordon, R. "A Very Private World.: In Sheehan. P. W. (Ed.) The Function and Nature
of Imagery. (New York: Academic Press, 1972): 63-80.
Holt, R. R. "Imagery: The Return of the Ostracized." American Psychologist. 19 (1964):
254-264.
Hortin, John A. "Imagery in Our Daily Lives." In R.A. Braden and A. D. Walker
(Eds.). Seeing Ourselves: Visualization in a Social Context. (Blacksburg, VA: The
International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1983).
Katz, Albert N. "What Does it Mean to be a High Imager?" In J.C. Yuille (Ed.)
Imagery, Memory and Cognition. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1983): 39-63.
Khatena, J. "Analogy Imagery and the Creative Imagination." Journal of Mental
Imagery. 7 (1983): 127-134.
Kosslyn, Stephen M. Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate.
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994).
Kosslyn, Stephen M. "Mental Imagery." In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen M. Kosslyn,
and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2 (Cambridge
MA: The MIT Press, 1992): 73-97.
Kosslyn, Stephen M., C. Seger, J.R. Pani, and L. A. Hillger. "When Is Imagery Used
in Everyday Life? A Dairy Study." Journal of Mental Imagery. 14 (1990): 131-152.
Kosslyn, Stephen. M. "Stalking the Mental Image." Psychology Today. 19 (1985):23-28.
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Kosslyn, Stephen M., J. Brunn, K. R. Cave, and R. W. Wallach. "Individual

Differences in Mental Imagery Ability: A Computational Analysis." Cognition 18
(1984): 195-243.
Kosslyn, Stephen M. Ghosts in the Mind's Machine: Creating and Using Images in the
Brain. (New York: Norton, 1983).
Kosslyn, Stephen M., Steven Pinker, George E. Smith, Steven P. Shwartz. "On the
Demystification of Mental Imagery." In Ned Block (Ed.) Imagery. Cambridge:
Mass, The MIT Press, 1981).
Kosslyn, Stephen M. "The Medium and the Message in Mental Imagery."
Psychological Review. 88:1 (1981): 46-66. Also in Ned Block (Ed.) Imagery.
Cambridge: Mass, The MIT Press, 1981).
Kosslyn, Stephen M. Image and Mind. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1980).
Kosslyn Stephen M. and P. Jolicoeur. "A Theory-Based Approach to the Study of
Individual Differences in Mental Imagery." In R. E. Snow, P. A. Federico, and W.
E. Montague (Eds.) Aptitude, Learning, and Instruction: Cognitive Process Analysis of
Aptitude. Vol. 1 (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1980).
Kosslyn, Stephen M. and J. R. Pomerantz. "Imagery, Propositions, and the Form of
Internal Representations." Cognitive Psychology. 9 (1977): 52-76.
McKellar, P. "The Investigation of Mental Images." In S. A. Barnet and A. McLaren
(Eds.) Penguin Science Survey. (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1965).
Miller, Helen and John Burton. "Images and Imagery Theory." In Moore, David and
Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Englewood
Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1994, 65-84.
Morris, Peter E. and Peter J. Hampson. Imagery and Consciousness. (NY/London:
Academic Press, 1983).
Neisser, Ulric. "Changing Conceptions of Imagery." In Peter W. Sheehan, (Ed.) The
Function and Nature of Imagery. (New York: Academic Press, 1972): 233-251.
Paivio, A. and M. Cohen. "Eidetic Imagery and Cognitive Abilities." Journal of Mental
Imagery. 3 (1979): 53-64.
Paivio, Allen. "Imagery as a Private Audiovisual Aid." Instructional Science. 9 (1980):
295-309.
Paivio, Allan. "Perceptual comparisons Through the Mind's Eye." Memory and
Cognition. 3:6 (1975): 635-647.
Pinker, S. "Mental Imagery and the Third Dimension." Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General. 109 (1980): 354-371.
Pylyshyn, Zenon. "What the Mind's Eye Tells the Mind's Brain: A Critique of Mental
Imagery." Psychological Bulletin 80 (July, 1973): 1-24.
Pylyshyn, Zenon. "The Imagery Debate: Analogue Media Versus Tacit Knowledge."
Reed, S. K. "Structural Descriptions and the Limitations of Visual Images." Memory
and Cognition 2 (1974): 329-336.
Richardson, A. Mental Imagery. (New York: Springer, 1969)
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Samuels, M. and N. Samuels. Seeing With the Mind's Eye: The History, Techniques, and
Uses of Visualization. (New York: Random House, 1975).
Sheehan, Peter W. (Ed.) The Function and Nature of Imagery. (New York: Academic
Press, 1972).
Sheikh, Anees A. Imagery: Current Theory, Research, and Application. (New York, John
Wiley & Sons,, 1983).
Shepard, Roger N. "The Mental Image." American Psychologist. 33 (1978): 125-137.
Shepard, Roger N. and Lynn A. Cooper. Mental Images and Their Transformations.
(Cambridge Mass: The MIT Press, 1986).
Simon, H.A. "What Is Visual Imagery: An Information Processing Interpretation." In
L. W. Gregg (Ed.). Cognition in Learning and Memory. (New York: Wiley, 1972).
Wicker, F. W. "Our Picture of Mental Imagery: Prospects for Research and
Development." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 26 (1978): 1524.
II B1. Imagery and Perception
Baddeley, A. D., S. Grant, E. Wight, and N. Thomson. "Imagery and Visual
Working Memory." In P.M. A. Rabbitt and S. Dornic (Eds.) Attention and
Performance. Vol. 5. (London: Academic Press, 1974).
Banks, W. P. "Assessing Relations Between Imagery and Perception." Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 7 (1981): 844-847.
Brown, Polly, Janice M. Keenan, and George R. Potts. "The Self-Reference Effect
with Imagery Encoding." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51:5
(1986): 897-906.
Finke, Ronald A. "Levels of Equivalence in Imagery and Perception" Psychological
Review. 87 (1980): 113-132.
Groninger, L. D. and L. K. Groninger. "Function of Images in the EncodingRetrieval Process." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition. 8 (1982): 353-358.
Hilgard, E. R. "Imagery and Imagination in American Psychology." Journal of
Mental Imagery. 5 (1981): 5-66.
Horowitz, Mardi J. Image Formation and Cognition. (New York, Appleton-CenturyCrofts, 1978).
Lord, Charles G. "Schemas and Images as Memory Aids: Two Modes of
Processing Social Information." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38:2
(1980): 257-269.
MacInnis, Deborah J. and Linda L. Price. "The Role of Imagery in Information
Processing: Review and Extensions." Journal of Consumer Research. 13 (March,
1987): 473-491.
Paivio, Allan. "Imagery Ability and Visual Perception of Verbal and Nonverbal
Stimuli." Perception and Psychophysics. 10 (1971): 429-432.
Paivio, A. and J. de Linde. "Imagery, Memory, and the Brain." Canadian Journal of
Psychology. 36 (1982): 243-272.
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Richardson, J. T. E. Mental Imagery and Human Memory. (London: MacMillan

Press, 1980).
Segal, S. J. and V. Fusella. "Influence of Imaged Pictures and Sounds on Detection
of Visual and Auditory Signals." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 83 (1970):
458-464.
Wallace, B. "Apparent Equivalence Between Perception and Imagery in the
Production of Various Visual Illusions." Memory and Cognition. 12 (1984: 156162.
Winn, W. "Visual Information Processing: A Pragmatic Approach to the 'Imagery
Question'." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 28 (1980): 120133.
Yuille, J.C. and M. G. Catchpole. "The Role of Imagery in Models of Cognition."
Journal of Mental Imagery. 1 (1977): 171-180.
II B2. Imagery and Education
Bower, G. H. "Imagery as a Relational Organizer in Associative Learning." Journal
of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1970 (9): 529-533.
Couch, Richard A. "Mental Imagery, Cognitive Style and Their Effects on
Learning Different Levels of Learning Objectives." In Darrell G. Beauchamp,
Judy C. Baca and Roberts A. Braden (Eds.) Investigating Visual Literacy.
(Blacksburg VA: International Visual Literacy Assocation, 1990).
Ernest, C. H. "Imagery Ability and Cognition: A Critical Review." Journal of
Mental Imagery. 1977 (1): 113-132.
Fleming, M. L. and D. Hutton. (Eds.) Mental Imagery and Learning. (Englewood
Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1983).
McCarty, D. L. "Investigation of a Visual Imagery Mnemonic Device for
Acquiring Face-Name Associations." Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Learning and Memory. 6 (1980): 145-155.
Sheikh, Anees A. and Katherine S. Sheikh. Imagery in Education. (Farmingdale
NY: Baywood Publishing, 1985).
Speidel, G. E. and M. E. Troy. "The Ebb and Flow of Mental Imagery In
Education." In A. A. Sheikh and K. S. Sheikh. (Eds.). Imagery in Education.
(Farmingdale NY: Baywood, 1985).
Winn, W. "Visualization in Learning and Instruction." Educational Communication
and Technology Journal. 30 (1982): 3-25.
II B3. Vividness
Dickel, M. J. and S. Slak. "Imagery Vividness and Memory for Verbal Material."
Journal of Mental Imagery. 7 (1983): 121-126.
Rhodes, John Wiley. "Relationships Between Vividness of Mental Imagery and
Creative Thinking." Journal of Creative Behavior. 15:2 (1981): 9-98.
Taylor, S. E. and S. C. Thompson. "Stalking the Elusive 'Vividness' Effect."
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II C. Philosophy: Epistemology
Denis, M. and M. Carfantan. "People's Knowledge about Images." Cognition. 20
(1985): 49-60.
Dretske, Fred. "Seeing, Believing, and Knowing." In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen M.
Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2
(Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992).
Dretske, Fred. Seeing and Knowing. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).
Paivio, Allan. "On Exploring Visual Knowledge." In B. S. Randhawa and W. E.
Coffman (Eds), Visual Learning, Thinking and communication. New York:
Academic Press, 1978: 113-131.
Rancourt, R. "Epistemology: A Forgotten Factor in the Learning-Teaching Process."
Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 3:2 (1983): 29-44.
Spelke, Elizabeth S. "Origins of Visual Knowledge. In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen
M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2
(Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992): 99-128.
II C1. Visual Thinking
Arnheim, Rudolph. Visual Thinking. (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1974).
Arnheim, Rudolf. Review essay of Picasso's Guernica: The Labyrinth of Narrative
and Vision (by Frank D. Russell). Studies in Visual Communication. 7:2 (Spring
1981): 84-88.
Curtiss, Deborah. "Visual Thinking: How Do We Define, Identify and Facilitate
It?" In Judy Clark Baca and Roberts Braden (Eds.). Investigating Visual Literacy,
(Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc. 1990).
Dake, Dennis. "Visual Thinking Skills for the Digital Age." In Darrell G.
Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual
Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc.,
1995).
Dake, Dennis. "Visual Links: Discovery in Art and Science." In Roberts Braden,
Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art and Science. (Blacksburg, VA:
The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).
Hortin, John A. "Introspection and Visual Thinking for Instructional
Technology." Educational Technology. 13:6 (1982).
McKim, Robert H. Experiences in Visual Thinking. (Monterey CA: Brooks/Cole,
1980).
McKim, Robert H. Thinking Visually. (Belmont CA: Wadsworth, 1980).
Osherson, Daniel N., Stephen M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual
Cognition and Action. Vol. 2 (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992).
Paivio, Allan. "Imagery and Synchronic Thinking." Canadian Psychological Review.
16 (1975): 147-163.
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Randhawa, Bikkar S. and William E. Coffman (Eds.). Visual Learning, Thinking

and Communication. (New York: Academic Press, 1978).
Renk, Jeffrey M., Robert C. Branch, Echeol Chang. "Visual Information Strategies
in Mental Model Development." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden,
Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference
Proceedings, 1995.
Wolf, H. Visual Thinking: Methods for Making Images Memorable. (New York:
Rizzoli, 1988).
II C2. Visual Interpretation
Couch, Richard, Edward J. Caropreso and Hellen Miller. "Making Meaning From
Visuals: Creative Thinking and Interpretation of Visual Information." In
Moore, David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual
Learning. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1994):
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Curtiss, Deborah. "From Iconic to Lingual: Interpreting Visual Statements." In
Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery
and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Curtiss, Deborah. "An Eclectic Approach to the Interpretation of Visual
Statements." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca
(Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1994.
Messaris, Paul and Michael Pallenik. "Attribution and Inference in the
Interpretation of Candid and Staged Film Events." Studies in Visual
Communication 4 (Spring 1977): 51-58.
Messaris, Paul and Larry Gross. "Interpretations of a Photographic Narrative by
Viewers in Four Age Groups." Studies in Visual Communication 4 (Winter
1977): 99-111.
Moriarty, Sandra. "Abduction and a Theory of Visual Interpretation,"
Communication Theory, forthcoming.
Pettersson, Rune. "Intended and Perceived Image content." In L.W. Miller (Ed.)
Creating Meaning. Pomona: :International Visual Literacy, 1985).
Pettersson, Rune. "Interpretation of Image Content." In R.A. Braden, B. Braden,
D.G. Beauchamp. and L. Miller (Eds.) Visual Literacy in Life and Learning.
(Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1988).
Ruby, Jay. "In a Pic's Eye: Interpretative Strategies for Deriving Significance and
Meaning from Photographs." Afterimage (March 1976): 5-7.
Russell, Anne L. "Viewers' Contributions to a Photograph." In Darrel G.
Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the
Digital Age .(Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association,
Inc., 1994).
Ullman, S. The Interpretation of Visual Motions. (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1980).
II D. Visual Information
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Gibson, James J. "The Information Available in Pictures, Leonardo 4 (Winter 1971):

27-35.
Friedman, Alinda and L. E. Bourne Jr.. "Encoding the Levels of Information in
Pictures and Words." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 105 (1976): 169190.
Kosslyn, Stephen M. "Information Representation in Visual Images." Cognitive
Psychology. 7 (1975): 341-370
Lee, D. N. "Visual Information During Locomotion." In R. B. MacLeod and H.L. Pick
(Eds.). Perception: Essays in Honor of James J. Gibson. (Ithaca: Cornell University
Press, 1974).
Loftus, G. R. and S. M. Bell. "Two Types of Information in Picture Memory." Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 1 (1975): 103-113.
II E. The Language Metaphor
Barbatsis, Gretchen and Keith Kenney. "Pictorial Language: Meaning in Form"
International Communication Association Conference, Chicago, 1986.
Barbatsis, Gretchen. "Pictorial Language Structure: Theoretical Framework and
Description." Speech Communication Association Conference. Washington D.C.,
November, 1983.
Barbatsis, Gretchen and Lori S. Owen. "Pictorial Language: Explorations of a
Universal or Culturally Bound Code." Speech Communication Association,
Boston, November, 1987.
Bayer, Jonathan. "In Search of a Photographic Language." Artscribe. (July 1977): 2330.
Debes, John L. "Some Aspects of the Reading of Visual Languages." National
Conference on Visual Literacy, Cincinnati, OH, 1972.
Hennis, R.S. "Needed: Research in the Visual Language." English Journal. 70:1 (1981):
79-82.
Kaha, C. W. "Toward a Syntax of Motion." Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 10
(December, 1993): 339-348.
Kepes, Gyorgy. The Language of Vision, (New York: George Brazille, 1944).
Kepes, Gyorgy. (Ed.) Education of Vision. (New York: George Braziller, 1965).
Mandler, J. M. and N. S. Johnson. "Some of the Thousand Words a Picture is Worth."
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 2 (1976): 529-540.
Metallinos, Nikos. "The Syntax of Moving Images: Principles and Applications." In
Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and
Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1995).
Mitchell, W. J. T. (Ed.) The Languages of Images. (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1980).
Moriarty, Sandra. "Visual Communication as a Primary System." Journal of Visual
Communication, forthcoming.
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Muffoletto, Robert. "The Reading of Pictures: A consideration for Developing a

Critical Model." In R.A. Braden and A.D. Walker (Eds.). Television and Visual
Literacy. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, 1982).
Pettersson, Rune. "Picture Legibility, Readability, and Reading Value." In A.D.
Walker, R.A. Braden, and L.H. Dunker (Eds.). Visual Literacy: Enhancing Human
Potential. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, 1984).
Pettersson, Rune. "Verbal/Visual Literacies: Their Languaging Relationships."
Reading Psychology: An International Quarterly 9:4 (1988): 295-314.
Searle, Leroy. "Language Theory and Photographic Praxis." Afterimage. (Summer
1979): 26-34.
Stewig, J.W. "Reading Pictures." Journal of Visual Literacy. 9:1 (1989): 70-82.
Sucy, James. "Why Do visual Literacy Projects Fail?" In N.J. Thayer and S. ClaytonRandolph (Eds.). Visual Literacy: Cruising into the Future. (Bloomington, IN:
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Szlichcinski, K. P. "The Syntax of Pictorial Illustrations." In P.A. Kolers, M. F.
Wrolstad, and H. Bouma. (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language: Vol. 2 (New York:
Plenum Press, 1980): 113-124.
Tiemens, Robert K. and S. R. Acker. "Image Size as an Element of Visual Language."
Speech Communication Association, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Tiemens, Robert K. and R. K. Avery. "The Syntax of Visual Messages: An Empirical
Investigation of the Asymmetry of the Frame Theory." Speech Communication
Association Conference, Washington, D.C., 1975.)
Turbayne, C.M. "The Syntax of Visual Language." In C.M. Williams and J.L. Debes
(Eds.) Proceedings of the First National Conference on Visual Literacy. (New York,:
Pitman Publishing, 1970).
Wendt, P. R. "The Language of Pictures," In S.I. Hayakawa (Ed.), The Use and Misuse
of Language, (Greenwich CN: Fawcett, 1962): 175-193..
II E1. Visual/Verbal Comparisons
Anderson, R. E. "Short-term Retention of the Where and When of Pictures and
Words." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 105 (1976): 378-402.
Anglin, G.J. "Prose-relevant Pictures and Older Learners' Recall of Written
Prose." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 34 (2): 131-136.
Anglin, G.J. "Effect of Pictures on Recall of Written Prose: How Durable are
Picture Effects?" Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 35 (19): 2530.
Braden, Roberts A. "Examining Visual Verbal Relationships." In Roberts Braden,
Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science and Visual Literacy.
(Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).
Braden, Roberts A. "Visualizing the Verbal and Verbalizing the Visual." In R.A.
Braden and A.D. Walker (Eds.), Seeing Ourselves: Visualization in a Social
Context. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc.,
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Childers, Terry L., Susan E. Heckler and Michael J. Houston. "Memory for the
Visual and Verbal Components of Print Advertisements." Psychology and
Marketing, 3 (Spring, 1986): 137-150.
Constantine, Mildred. (Ed.) Text by Alan M. Fern. Word and Image. (New York:
The Museum of Modern Art, 1968).
Corcoran, F. "Processing Information from Screen Media: A Psycholinguistic
Approach." Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29 (2): 117-128.
Culbertson, Hugh M. "Words vs. Pictures: Perceived Impact and Connotative
Meaning," Journalism Quarterly, 51 (Summer 1974), 226-237.
Davies, Duncan, Diana Bathurst and Robin Bathurst. The Telling Image: The
Changing Balance Between Pictures and Words in a Technological Age. (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1990).
Dewhurst, S. A. and M. A. Conway. "Pictures, Images, and Recollective
Experience." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition. 10:5 (1994): 1088-1098.
Durso, F.T. and J. K. Johnson. "Facilitation in Naming and Categorizing Repeated
Pictures and Words." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and
Memory. 5:5 (1979): 449-459.
Dwyer, F.M. "Examining the Symbiotic Relationship Between Verbal and Visual
Literacy in Terms of Facilitating Student Achievement." Reading Psychology 9
(1988): 365-380.
Gehring, R. E., M.P. Toglia and G. A. Kimble. "Recognition Memory for Words
and Pictures at Short and Long Retention Intervals." Memory and Cognition. 4
(1976): 256-260.
Geisser, Maura J. "Logical Reasoning: With Pictures...Not Without Words," In
Judy Clark Baca, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Roberts A. Braden, Visual
Communication: Bridging Across Cultures, IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1991:
173-182.
Gentner, D. and E. F. Loftus. "Integration of Verbal and Visual Information As
Evidenced by Distortions in Picture Memory." American Journal of Psychology.
92 (1979). 363-375.
Guenther, R. K. "Conceptual Memory for Pictures and Prose Episodes." Memory
and Cognition. 1980 (8): 563-572.
Heckler, Susan E. and Terry L. Childers. "The Role of Expectancy and Relevancy
in Memory for Verbal and Visual Information: What is Incongruency?"
Journal of Consumer Research. 18 (March, 1992): 475-492.
Hobbs, R. "Visual-Verbal Synchrony and Television News: Decreasing the
Knowledge Gap." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 7:2 (1987): 6-20.
Intraub, H. "The Role of Implicit Naming in Pictorial Encoding." Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 5 (1979): 78-87.
Kolers, P. A. and S. J. Brison. "Commentary: On Pictures, Words, and Their
Mental Representation." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 23
(1984): 105-113.
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Kunen, S. and E. M. Duncan. "Do Verbal Descriptions Facilitate Visual

Inferences?" Journal of Educational Research. 76 (1983): 370-373.
Loftus, E. F., D. G. Miller and H. J. Burns. "Semantic Integration of Verbal
Information Into a Visual Memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human
Learning and Memory. 4 (1978): 19-31.
Lupton, Ellen . "Reading Isotype." In Victor Margolin, (Ed.) Design Discouse:
History, Theory, Criticism. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989):145156.
Lutz, W. J. and C. J. Scheirer. "Coding Processes for Pictures and Words." Journal
of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 13 (1974): 316-320.
Mandler, J. M and N. S. Johnson. "Some of the Thousand Words a Picture is
Worth." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 2
(1976): 529-540.
Mayer, R.E. and J.K. Gallini. "When is an Illustration Worth Ten Thousand
Words?" Journal of Educational Psychology. 82:6 (1990): 715-726.
Nelson, D. L. "Remember Pictures and Words: Appearance, Significance, and
Name." In L. S. Cermak and F. I. M. Craik (Eds.) Levels of Processing in Human
Memory. (Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1979).
Nelson, D. L. and D. Castano. "Mental Representations for Pictures and Words:
Same or Different?" American Journal of Psychology. 97 (1984): 1-15.
Nelson, D. L., V. S. Reed and C. L. McEvoy. "Learning to Order Pictures and
Words: A Model of Sensory and Semantic Encoding." Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 3 (1977): 485-497.
Orwig, G. W. "Effects of Verbal Shadowing on the Recognition of Visually
Presented Verbal and Nonverbal Information." Educational Communication and
Paivio, Allan. "The Relationship Between Verbal and Perceptual Codes. In E. C.
Carterette and M. P. Friedman (Eds.) Handbook of Perception Vol. 9: Perceptual
Processing. (New York: Academic Press, 1978).
Paivio, Allan. Imagery and Verbal Processes. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1971).
Paivio, Allan and I. Begg. "Concrete-Image and Verbal Memory Codes." Journal of
Experimental Psychology. 1969 (80): 279-285.
Paivio, Allan, T. B. Rogers, and P. C. Smythe. "Why are Pictures Easier to Recall
than Words?" Psychonomic Science. 1968 (11): 137-138.
Peterson, M. J. and S. H. McGee. "The Effects of Imagery Instructions, Imagery
Ratings, and the Number of Dictionary Meanings Upon Recognition and
Recall." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1974 (102): 1007-1014.
Pettersson, Rune. "Image-Word-Image." In R.A. Braden, D.G. Beauchamp, and
L.W. Miller (Eds.). Visible and Viable: The Role of Images in Instruction and
Communication. (Commerce, TX: The International Visual Literacy
Association, 1987); also in Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 6:2 (Fall, 1986):
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Pettersson, Rune. "Interplay of Visuals and Legends." Visual Literacy Newsletter.

14:5 (1985): 1-3.
Pryluck, Calvin B. "The Film Metaphor: The Use of Language Based Models in
Film Study." Literature/film Quarterly. 3 (1975): 117-123.
Pullen, Terri G. "East Moves West: Questioning the Verbal Supremacy of
Traditional Literary Studies: The Visual/Verbal Interaction in Salman
Rushdie's The Satanic Verses." In Judy Clark Baca, Darrel G. Beauchamp and
Roberts A. Braden (Eds). Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures. IVLA
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Quine, W. V. O. Word and Object. (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1960).
Smith, M. C., and L. E. Magee. "Tracing the Time Course of Picture-Word
Processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 109 (1980): 373-392.
Smith, Ruth Ann, Michael J. Houston, and Terry L. Childers. "Verbal versus
Visual Processing Modes: An Empirical Test of the Cyclical Processing
Hypothesis." In Thomas Kinnear (Ed.) Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 11.
(Ann Arbor MI: Association for Consumer Research, 1984): 75-80.
Smith, S. L. "Exploring Compatibility with Words and Pictures." Human Factors.
23 (1981): 305-315.
Snodgrass, J. G. "Towards a Model for Picture and Word Processing. In P. A.
Kolers, M. R. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma. (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language:
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Snodgrass, J. G. "Towards a Model for Picture and Word Processing." In Kolers,
M., F. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language: Vol. 2.
(New York: Plenum Press, 1980): 565-584.
Standing, L. and P. Smith. "Verbal-Pictorial Transformations in Recognition
Memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology. 29 (1975): 316-356.
Willows, D.M. "A Picture is Not Always Worth a Thousand Words: Pictures as
Distractors in Reading." Journal of Educational Psychology. 70 (1978): 155-162.
Wiseman S., C. M. MacLeod and P. J. Lootsteen. "Picture Recognition Improves
with Subsequent Verbal Information." Journal of Experimental Psychology:
II E2. Pictorial Superiority Effect
Childers, Terry L. and Michael J. Houston. "Conditions for a Picture Superiority
Effect on Consumer Memory." Journal of Consumer Research. 11 (September,
1984): 552-563.
Intraub, H. and S. Nicklos. "Levels of Processing and Picture Memory: The
Physical Superiority Effect." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Kobayashi, S. "Theoretical Issues Concerning Superiority of Pictures Over Words
and Sentences in Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 63 (1986): 783-792.
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Nelson, Douglas L. V. S. Reed, and J.R. Walling. "Pictorial Superiority Effect."

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 2 (1976): 523528.
Paivio, Allan and A. K. Csapo. "Picture Superiority in Free Recall: Imagery or
Dual Coding?" Cognitive Psychology. 1973 (5): 176-206.
II E3. Visual/Verbal/Audio Interaction
Begg, I. "Imagery and Integration in the Recall of Words." Canadian Journal of
Psychology. 1973 (27): 159-167.
Benson, Philippa Jane. "Problems in Picturing Text." In Roberts Braden, Judy
Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science. and Visual Literacy
(Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993)
Bosley, Rhody. "Radio Study Tells Imagery Potential." Advertising Age,
September 6, 1992: R3.
Bryce, Wendy J. and Richard Yalch, "Hearing Versus Seeing: A Comparison of
Consumer Learning of Spoken and Pictorial Information in Television
Advertising." Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising. 15: 1 (spring,
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Crigler, A. N., M. Just and W.R. Neuman. "Interpreting Visual Versus Audio
Messages in Television News." Journal of Communication. 44 (1994): 132-149.
Ferrington, Gary. "Audio Design: Creating Multi-Sensory Images for the Mind.:
Journal of Visual Literacy. 14:1 (Spring, 1994): 61-67.
Lang, Annie. "Defining Audio/Visual Redundancy from a Limited Capacity
Information Processing Perspective." Communication Research. 22:1 (February
1994): 86-115.
Linton, James, J. Schemelefske and W. Liffy. "Dominance and Compatibility in
Musical-Visual Combinations in Video Communication." Canadian
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Pettersson, Rune. "The Use of Visuals in Oral Presentations. Educational
Technology Research and Development. 40:2 (1992): 109-116.
Segal, S. J., and V. Fusella. 'Influence of Imaged Pictures and Sounds on
Detection of Visual and Auditory Signals." Journal of Experimental Psychology.
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Willemen, Paul. "Cinematic Discourse: The Problem of Inner Speech." In Stephen
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III. Bio/Physical Factors and Processes
III A. Vision/Physiology/Optics
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Biederman, Irving. "Higher-Level Vision." In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen M.

Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2
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Gibson, J. J. "Pictures, Perspective and Perception." Daedalus 89 (1960): 216-227.
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III B. Neural Processing
Ragan, J. M. and T. J. Ragan. "Working Effectively with People: Contributions of
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) to Visual Literacy." Journal of Visual/Verbal
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Whitaker, H. A. "Neurolinguistics: Past, Present, and Future Trends." Journal of
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IV. Psychology
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IV A. Psychology of Art
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California Press, 1972).
Gombrich, E. H., Julian Hochberg, and M. Black. Art, Perception and Reality.
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Gombrich, E. H. Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation.
(New York: Parthenon, 1960).
Hochberg, Julian and V. Brooks. "Compression of Pictorial Space Through
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Perkins, D. and Leondar, B. (Eds.) The Arts and Cognition. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
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Wartofsky, Marx W. "The Paradox of Painting: Pictorial Representation and the
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IV B. Perception
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Broadbent, D. E. Perception and Communication. New York: Pergamon, 1958.
Churchland, P. "Perceptual Plasticity and Theoretical Neutrality." Philosophy of
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Epstein, W. "The Process of 'Taking-into-account' in Visual Perception." Perception 2
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Fodor, J. and Z. Pylyshyn. "How Direct is Visual Perception?: Some Reflections on
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Foerstel, Lenora Shargo. "Cultural Influence on Perception." Studies in Visual
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Gibson, James J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence
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Gibson, James J. "A Theory of Direct Visual Perception." In J. R. Royce and W. W.
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Gregory, Richard. "Choosing a Paradigm for Perception." In E. C. Carterette and M.
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Haber, Ralph N. "The Power of Visual Perceiving." Journal of Visual/Verbal

Languaging. 3:1 (1983): 9-20.
Haber, Ralph N. and Maurice Hershenson. The Psychology of Visual Perception. New
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Haber, Ralph N. (Ed.) Contemporary Theory and Research in Visual Perception. (New
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Hagen, Margaret A. "James J. Gibson's Ecological Approach to Visual Perception." In
S. Koch and D.E. Leary (Eds.), A Century of Psychology as a Science. New York:
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Harris, C. S. "Insight or Out of Sight? Two Examples of Perceptual Plasticity in the
Human Adult." In C. S. Harris (Ed.) Visual Coding and Adaptability. (Hillsdale:
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Heil, J. Perception and Cognition. (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1983).
Hochberg, Julian. "Sensation and Perception" In Eliot Hearst (Ed.) The First Century
of Experimental Psychology. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1979).
Hochberg, Julian. Perception. 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliff NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978).
Hochberg, Julian. "The Perception of Motion Pictures" and "Art and Visual
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Hyssop, Alec. "Seeing Through Seeing-In." The British Journal of Aesthetics. 26
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Kolers, P. A. "Perception and Representation." Annual Review of Psychology. 34 (1983):
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IV B1. Pictorial Perception
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IV B2. Gestalt Perception
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IV B3. Attention/Selection
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IV B4. Pictorial/Image Recognition
Barnard, W. A., M. Breeding and H. A. Cross. "Object Recognition as a Function
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Leibrich, J. and K. G. White. "Recognition Memory for Pictorial Events." Memory
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Levie, W. Howard. "Picture Recognition Memory: A Review of Research and
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Loftus, G. R. and H. J. Kallman. "Encoding and Use of Detail Information in
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IV B5. Memory
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Baggett, P. "Memory for Explicit and Implicit Information in Picture Stories."
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Coulter, R. G. M.L. Coulter, and J. A. Glover. "Details and Picture Recall." Bulletin
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Franken, R. W. and G. L. Rowland. "Organizational Factors in Picture
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Gillund, G. and R. M. Shiffrin. "Free Recall of Complex Pictures and Abstract
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Goldstein, A. G., J. E. Chance, M. Hoisington and K. Buescher. "Recognition
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Haber, R. N. and B. L. Myers. "Memory for Pictograms, Pictures, and Words

Separately and All Mixed Up." Perception 11 (1982): 57-64.
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Hodes, Carol L. "The Effect of Visual Mental Imagery on Speed and Accuracy of
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Intraub, H. "Conceptual Masking: The Effects of Subsequent Visual Events on
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Katz, Elihu., Hanna Adoni and Pnina Parness. "Remembering the News: What
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Kerst, S. M and J. H. Howard, Jr. "Memory Psychophysics for Visual Area and
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Kieras, D. "Beyond Pictures and Words: Alternative Information-Processing
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Leibrich, J. and K. G. White. "Recognition Memory for Pictorial Events." Memory
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Tabachnick, B. and S. J. Brotsky. "Free Recall and Complexity of Pictorial Stimuli.
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IV B6. Visual Perception Cues
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Carroll, J. M. "Structure in Visual Communication." Semiotica 40 (1982): 371-392.
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Hagen, Margaret A., and R. K. Jones. "Differential Patterns of Preference for
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Hagen, Margaret A. and R. Glick. "Pictorial Perspective: Perception of Size,
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IV B7. Subliminal Perception
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IV. B8 Hemispheres and Visual Perception
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IV C. Information Processing/Cognition
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Dwyer, Francis M. and David M. (Mike) Moore. "Effect of Color Coding and Test
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Nelson, W.W. and G. R. Loftus. "The Functional Visual Field During Picture
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Osherson, Daniel (Ed.) Visual Cognition and Action. (Cambridge Mass: The MIT
Press, 1990).
Osherson, Daniel N., Stephen M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual
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Seymour, Philip H. Human Visual Cognition. (London: Collier Macmillan, 1979).
Shaw, Carla Cooper. "Schema Construction: A Visual Tool for the Organization of
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Snyder, Robert. "Information Processing: A Visual Theory for Television News."
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1970).
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Watkins, M. J., Z. F. Peynircioglu, and D. J. Brems. "Pictorial Rehearsal." Memory and
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IV D. Codes/Decoding/Encoding
Biocca, Frank. "The Role of Communication Codes in Political Ads." In Frank Biocca,
(Ed.) Television and Political Advertising, Vol. 2 (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum,
1991).
Bisplinghoff, Gretchen. "Decoding 'Field of Dreams': Movies, Baseball, and the
American Dream." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.)
Art, Science and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual
Cobb, N. J. S. Tanhauser and R. Johnston. "Conceptual Encoding of Pictures and
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Gardner, Howard and Leona Jaglom. "Cracking the Codes of Television: The Child
as Anthropologist." In Peter D'Agostino, (Ed.) Transmission. (New York: Tanam
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Hall, Stuart. Encoding/Decoding. In Hall, Hobson, Lowe and Willis (Eds.) Culture,
Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-1979. (London:
Hutchinson, 1990).
Hodgkinson, A. W. "Teaching the Screen Language: A Basic Method." Journal of
Visual Verbal Languaging. 5:1 (1985): 17-28.
Jaglom, Leona and Howard Gardner. "Decoding the World of Television." Studies in
Visual Communication, 7:1 (1981): 33-47.
Lutz, Catherine A. and Jane L. Collins. Reading National Geographic. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1993).
Meyrowitz, Joshua. "Television and Interpersonal Behavior: Codes of Perception and
Response." In G. Gumpert and R. Cathcart (Eds.) Inter/Media: Interpersonal
Communication in a Media World. (3rd. ed.) (New York: Oxford University Press,
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Moriarty, Sandra E. "Visual Codes and Conventions." Association for Education in
Journalism and Mass Communication Convention, San Antonio, 1987.
Nelson, Douglas L. and David H. Brooks. "Functional Independence of Pictures and
Their Verbal Memory Codes." Journal of Experimental Psychology 98 (April, 1973):
44-48.
Nelson, Douglas L. and V.S. Reed. "On the Nature of Pictorial Encoding, A Levels of
Processing and Cueing: Sensory vs Meaning Features." Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 2:1 (1976): 49-57.
Reaves, Sheila. "Visual Information in the Age of Electronics & Entertainment: A
Suggestion for Theoretical Codes." Association for Education in Journalism and
Mass Communication Conference, Montreal, 1992.
Ruby, Jay. In a Pics Eye: Interpretive Strategies for Deriving Significance and
Meaning From Photographs. Afterimage. (March 1976): 5-7.
Scott, Linda M. "For the Rest of Us: A Reader-Oriented Interpretation of Apple's
1984 Commercial." Journal of Popular Culture . 25 (Summer 1991): 67-81.
IV D1. Dual Coding/Channels
Babbitt, B. D. "Effect of Task Demands on Dual Coding of Pictorial Stimuli."
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 8 (1982):
73-80.
D'Agostino, P. R., B. J. O'Neill and Allan Paivio. "A Memory for Pictures and
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Cognition. 5:2 (1977): 252-256.
Hanson, LuEtt. "Perceptions of Between-Channel Redundancy in Television
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,Science. and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual
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Hartan, F. R. "Recognition Learning Under Multiple Channel Presentations and

Testing Conditions." AV Communication Review. 9 (1961): 24-43.
Mayer, R.E. and R. B. Anderson. "Animations Need Narrations: An Experimental
Test of a Dual-Coding Hypothesis." Journal of Educational Psychology. 83:4
(1991): 484-490.
Paivio, Allan. "dual coding Theory: Retrospect and Current Status." Canadian
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Paivio, Allan. Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1986
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Paivio, Allan and W. Lambert. "Dual Coding and Bilingual Memory." Journal of
Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1981 (20): 532-539.
Paivio, Allan and A. Desrochers. "A Dual-coding Approach to Bilingual
Memory." Canadian Journal of Psychology. 1980 (34): 390-401.
Paivio, Allan. "Dual Coding: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Evidence." In J. M.
Scandura and C. J. Brainerd. (Eds.) Structural/Process Models of Complex Human
Behavior. (Leiden: Nordhoff, 1978).
Paivio, Allan. "Coding Distinctions and Repetition Effects in Memory." In G. H.
Bower (Ed.) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Vol. 9 (New York:
Paivio, Allan. Imagery and Verbal Processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston. 1971
Pellegrino, J.W., A. W. Siegel, and M. Dhawan. "Short Term Retention of Pictures
and Words: Evidence for Dual Coding Systems." Journal of Experimental
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Hypothesis." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin.
(Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Snodgrass, J. G., B. Wasser, M. Finkelstein and L. B. Goldberg. "On the Fate of
Visual and Verbal Memory Codes for Pictures and Words: Evidence for a
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Sonnenschein, S. and G. J. Whitehurst. "The Effects of Redundant
Communications on the Behavior of Listeners: Does a Picture Need a
Thousand Words? Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 11 (1982): 115-125.
V. Education/Teaching/Learning
V A. Learning
Alesandrini, K.L. "Pictorial-verbal and Analytic-holistic Learning Strategies in Science
Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology. 73 (1981): 358-368.
Alesandrini, K.L. "Pictures and Adult Learning." Instructional Science. 13 (1984): 63-77.
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Bedford, R. "Constraints on Learning New Mappings Between Perceptual Dimensions."

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Dwyer, F. M. Strategies for Improving Visual Learning. State College, PA: Learning
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Martin, D. S. and C. Williams. "A Cognitive Skill Development Program: Possible
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Royer, J. M. and G. W. Cable. "Illustrations, Analogies, Facilitative Transfer in Prose
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V A1. Comprehension/Understanding
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Goldsmith, E. "Comprehensiblity of Illustration: An Analytical Model." Information

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Context." Child Development. 49 (1978): 327-331.
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Sentences." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 10 (1981): 135-153.
Pailliotet, Ann Watts. "Understanding Visual Information Through Deep Viewing." In
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Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Pettersson, Rune. "Comprehensibility." In Nikos Metallinos, (Ed.) Verbo-Visual Literacy.
International IVLA Symposium, Delphi Greece, 1993.
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Wartofsky, Marx W. Models--Representation and the Scientific Understanding.
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V A2. Development/Children's Learning
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Acker, S. R. and R. K. Tiemens. "Children's Perception of Changes in Size of Televised
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Ackerman, B. P. "The Effects of Specific and Categorical Orienting on Children's
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Buettner, S. "John Dewey and the Visual Arts in America." The Journal of Aesthetics and
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Cann, A. and S. R. Newbern. "Sex Stereotype Effects in Children's Picture Recognition."
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Comuntzis-Page, Georgette. "Please Won't You Be My Neighbor: Investigating Young
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Comuntzis-Page, Georgette. "Perspective-Taking Theory: Shifting Views from Sesame
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DePaulo, B. M. and R. Rosenthal. "Age Changes in Nonverbal Decoding as a Function of
Increasing Amounts of Information." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 26
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Dirks, J. and Ulrich Neisser. "Memory for Objectives in Real Scenes: The Development
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Fredette, Barbara. "Issues in Identifying Visually Gifted Young Children." In Darrell G.
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Fredette, Barbara. "Identifying the Visually Gifted: A Case Study." In Roberts Braden,
Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art ,Science and Visual Literacy
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Gardner, Howard. The Arts and Human Development. (New York: Wiley, 1973).
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Guttman, J., J.R. Levin and M. Pressley. "Pictures, Partial Pictures, and Young Children's
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Haring, M.J. and M. A. Fry. "Effect of Pictures on Children's comprehension of Written
Text." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 27:3 (1979): 185-190.
Held, R. M. "Binocular Vision: Behavioral and Neuronal Development." In J. Mehler and
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Higgins, L.C. "A Factor Analysis Study of Children's Picture Interpretation Behavior."
Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 26:3 (1978): 215-232.
Higgins, L.C. "Literalism in the Young Child's Interpretation of Pictures." Educational
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Houston, Aletha, D. Greer, J. C. Wright, R. Welch and R. Ross. "Children's
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Levin, J. R., E. S. Ghatala, T. M. DeRose, and L. A. Makoid. "Image Tracing: An
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Levin, J.R. and J. K. Berry. "Children's Learning of All the News That's Fit to Picture."
Levin, J.R. P. Divine-Hawkins, S. Kerst and J. Guttman. "Individual Differences in
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V B. Visual Literacy
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Convention, Anaheim CA, 1990.
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Dwyer, F., H. DeMelo and M. Szabo. "Visual Testing: Visual Literacy's Second Dimension."
Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 1:1 (1981): 37-48.
Kerns, H. Dan. "Improving Visual Literacy in Television Production Courses." In Darrel G.
Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and Roberts Branden (Eds.).Visual Communication,
Lamberski, R. J. "Visual Literacy: Emerging and Diverging Points of View." AECT Research
and Theory Newsletter 5:3 (1976): 1.
Leahy, Susan B. "Visual Literacy: Investigation of Visual Literacy Concepts as Historically
Developed in the Writings of Selected Western Philosophers from the Pre-Socratics to
Commenius." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and Roberts A. Braden, (Eds.)
Investigating Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy
Association, Inc., 1990).
Messaris, Paul. "Visual Literacy and Visual Culture." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A.
Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The
Messaris, Paul. "Analog, Not Digital: Roots of Visual Literacy and Visual Intelligence." In
Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the
Digital Age. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc.,
1994).
Messaris, Paul. "Visual 'Literacy': A Theoretical Synthesis." Communication Theory. 4
(1993): 277-294.
Messaris, Paul. Visual Literacy vs. Visual Manipulation." Critical Studies in Mass
Communication, 11 (June 1994), 181-203
Messaris, Paul. "Perceptual Bases of Visual Literacy." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca,
Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art ,Science. and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The
Messaris, Paul. "To What Extent Does One Have to Learn to Interpret Movies?" In S.
Thomas (Ed.). Film/Culture: Explorations of Cinema in its
Messaris, Paul. "Cognitive Consequences of Visual-'Literacy" Curricula: A Whorfian
Perspective." Visual Communication 6, Flagstaff AZ, 1992.
Messaris, Paul. "Visual 'Literacy'" What is It? How Do We Measure It? visual
Communication 5, Breckenridge CO, 1991.
Messaris, Paul. "Viewers' Interpretations of Associational Montage: The Influence of 'Visual
Literacy' and Educational Background." Association for Education in Journalism and
Mass Communication Annual Conference, Washington D.C., 1989.
Miller, LaVerne. "Fun With Pictures, Puns and American Idioms--or Madison Avenue Helps
Teach Visual, Verbal, and Cultural Literacy." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrel G.
Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA:
Pettersson, Rune. "Visual Literacy." In The International Encyclopedia of Education. 2nd ed.
(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1994).
Pettersson, Rune. "Visual Literacy." Frame Work: A Journal of Images and Culture. 2:1
(1988): 34-42.
Robinson, Rhonda. "Investigating Visual Literacy: Developing Skills Across the
Curriculum." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.)
Investigating Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy
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Schallert-Lawrie, Patricia. "Visual Literacy and Communications." In Roberts A. Braden,

Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy.
Schamber, Linda. "A Content-Driven Approach to Visual Literacy: Gestalt Rediscovered."
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Conference, Norman
OK, 1986.
Schamber, Linda. "Core Course in Visual Literacy for Ideas, not Techniques." Journalism
Educator 46 (1991): 16-21.
Seels, Barbara. "Visual Literacy: The Definition Problem." In Moore, David and Francis
Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Englewood Cliffs NJ:
(Educational Technology Publications, 1994): 97-112.
Semali, Ladislaus. "Integrating Visual Literacy Across the Curriculum." In Darrell G.
Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy.
Spitzer, D.R. and T. O. McNerny. "Operationally Defining 'Visual Literacy,' A Research
Challenge." Audiovisual Instruction. 20:7 (1975): 30-31.
Sutton, Ronald E. "Subliminal Seduction or Visual Illiteracy?" In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell
G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy.
Walker, Alice D. "Developing the Schemata of Visual Literacy." Journal of Visual Literacy.
12:2 (Autumn, 1992): 75-87.
Griffin, R. E. and J. A. Whiteside. "Visual Literacy: A Model for Understanding the
Discipline." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging 4:2 (1984): 65-74.
Zettl, Herb. "The Age of Pixels: A Call for Visual Literacy." In Nikos Metallinos (Ed.),
Verbo-Visual Literacy, IVLA International Symposium Conference Proceedings, Delphi
Greece, 1993 : 5-9.
V B1. Media Literacy
Anderson, Neil. "Impact & Images: Making A Case for Media Literacy in the
Classroom." Media & Values. 57 (Winter, 1992): 16-17.
Hobbs, Renee. "The Development of Teachers' Media Literacy Skills: A Report on the
Billerica Initiative." Visual Communication 9. Flagstaff AZ: 1995.
Salomon, Gavriel. "Television Literacy vs. Literacy. Journal of Visual/Verbal
Languaging. 2, Fall, 1982: 7-16.
Streibel, M. J. "Visual Literacy, Television Literacy and Computer Literacy: Some
Parallels and a Synthesis." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 5:2 (1985): 5-14.
Sutton, Ronald E. "Information Literacy Meets Media Literacy and Visual Literacy." In
Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science and Visual
Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc.,
1993).
V B2. Critical Viewing
Adams, D. M. and M. Hamm. "Teaching Students Critical Viewing Skills." Curriculum
Review 26 (3): 29-31.
Brown, J. Television Critical Viewing Skills Education: Major Literacy Projects in the
United States and Selected Countries. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1991).
Couch, Rich. "Critical Viewing of Television." The Visual Literacy Review. 25:2 (April,
1995): 5,7.
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Desmond, R. J. and S. Jeffries-Fox. "Elevating Children's Awareness of Television

Advertising: The Effects of a Critical Viewing Program." Communication Education.
32 (1983): 107-115.
Finn, P. "Developing Critical Television Viewing Skills." Educational Forum. 44 (1980):
473-482.
Gnizak, Eleanor P. and Rita Girshman. "Critical Thinking-Visual Thinking: Applications
for Research and Production." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and
Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. 1989 Annual Conference
Proceedings. 1990.
Hefzallah, I.M. Critical Viewing of Television. Lanhan, MD: University Press of
America, 1987).
Lloyd-Kolkin, D. "Teaching Students to Become Television Viewers." Journal of
Educational Television. 8 (1982): 88-108.
Metallinos, Nikos. "Approaches to Visual Communication Media Criticism and Their
Application to Television Genres." In d. G. Beauchamp, R. A. Braden, and R. E.
Griffin, (Eds.). Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual
Literacy Association, 1995).
Rood, Carrie Marie. "Critical Viewing and the Relevance of the Emotional Experience."
Visual Communication 9. Flagstaff AZ, 1995.
Shutkin, D. S. "Video Production Education: Towards a Critical Media Pedagogy."
Sutton, Ronald E. "Watch: Critical Viewing Guide for Children." In R.A. Braden, D.G.
Beauchamp, and L.W. Miller (Eds.). Visible and Viable: The Role of Images in
Instruction and Communication. (Commerce TX: International Visual Literacy
Association, 1987).
Watkins, L.T., J. Sprafkin, K.D. Gadow, and I. Sadetsky. "Effects of a Critical Viewing
Skills Curriculum on Elementary School Children's Knowledge and Attitudes about
Television. Journal of Educational Research, 81 (1988): 165-170.
White, N. Inside Television: A Guide to Critical Viewing. (Palo Alto, CA: Science and
Behavior Books, 1980).
V C. Teaching
DeMelo, H. and F. M. Dwyer. "The Effect of Visual Testing in Assessing the Instructional
Potential of Variables Associated with Visualized Instruction." Journal of Instructional
Psychology. 10 (3): 126-138.
Hortin, John A. and Gerald D. Bailey. "Visualization: Theory and Applications for
Teaching." Reading Improvement. 20:1 (1983): 70-74.
Pettersson, Rune, Nikos Metallinos, Robert Muffoletto, J. Shaw. and Yasuo Takakuwa. "The
Use of Verbo-Visual Information in Teaching of Geography--Views from Teachers." In
J. Clark-Baca, D. G. Beauchamp and R. A. Braden (Eds.) Visual Communication:
Bridging Across Cultures. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association,
1992: 211-222. Also published in Educational Technology Research and Development
41:1 (1993): 101-107.
V C1. Instructional Media/Ed Tech
Bennett, L. "The Effect of Varying Visual Activities to Impact Cognitive Processing and
the Achievement of Educational Objectives." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca,
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Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.)Visual Communication, (Blacksburg, VA: The International

Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1991).
Blinn, Lynn M. "Pre- and Post-Definitions of Family: A Method for Testing Effects of
Visual and Verbal Instructional Strategies." AECT, Anaheim CA, 1985.
Cohen, P. A. , B. J. Ebeling, and J. A. Kulik. "A Meta-analysis of Outcome Studies of
Visual-based Instruction." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 29
(1981): 26-36.
Dwyer F. "The Effect of Visualized Instruction and Varied Rehearsal and Evaluation
Strategies (Verbal and Visual) in Facilitating Students' Long-term Retention on Tests
Measuring Different Instructional Objectives." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging.
5:2 (1985): 15-28.
Dwyer, F. and H. DeMelo. "A Systematic Assessment of the Effects of Visual Testing of
Visualized Instruction: A Justification for Instructional Congruency." Journal of
Gueulette, David G. "Curriculum: Managed Visual Reality." In Darrell G. Beauchamp,
Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual
Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Hunter, John M. , David M. Moore, and Edward H. Sewell. "The Effects of Teaching
Strategy and Cognitive Style on Student Interpretations of Editorial Cartoons."
Kervin, Denise. "Structure as a Source of Meaning Within Audiovisual Messages."
Association for Educational Technology. Dallas, 1984.
Lenze, James S. "Learner Generated Versus Instructor Induced Visual Imagery." In
Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science. and Visual
Literacy Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.)
Levin, J. R. "Educational Applications of Mnemonic Pictures: Possibilities Beyond Your
Wildest Imagination." In A. Sheikh and K. S. Sheikh. (Eds.) Imagery in Education
(Farmingdale NY: Baywood, 1985): 63-87.
Pettersson, Rune. "Combined Learning." Axiom. 5 (April 1995): 37-58.
Pettersson, Rune. "Teachers, Students and Visuals." Journal of Visual Literacy 10:1
(Spring, 1990): 45-62.
Ramsey, I. "Primary Children's Ability to Distinguish Between Illustrative Styles."
Sheikh, A. and K. S. Sheikh. (Eds.) Imagery in Education (Farmingdale NY: Baywood,
1985): 63-87.
Smith, Patricia L. and Tillman J. Ragan. "Designing Visual Analogies for Instruction."
Journal of Visual Literacy. 10:2, 60-83.
Stredney, Don. "Visual Perception in the Arts and Design: Curricular Issues and Other
Musings." In Judy Clark Baca, Darrel G. Beauchamp and Roberts A Braden (Eds.)
Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures. IVLA Conference Proceedings,
1991. Also in Journal of Visual Literacy. 13:1 (Spring, 1993): 35-52.
Zavotka, S. L. "Spatial Visualization Instruction and the Spatial Ability of College
Students." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging 8:1 (1988): 46-55.
V C2. Reading and Writing
Agnew, G. Reed. "Writing Backwards: The Use of Visual Models in Writing." Visible
Language. 20:2 (Spring, 1986): 233-243.
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Arlin, M., M. Scott and J. Webster. "The Effects of Pictures on Rate of Learning Sight
Words: A Critique of the Focal Attention Hypothesis." Reading Research Quarterly.
14:(1978/79): 645-657.
Brooks, L. R. "The Suppression of Visualization in Reading." The Quarterly Journal of
Danberg, S. D. "The Interaction of Picture and Print in Reading Instruction." Reading
Research Quarterly. 12 (1976/77): 176-189.
Darlington, Sonjja. "Visual Literacy as the Basis for Writing Experience: A Summer
Gifted and Talented Program." Journal of Visual Literacy. 11:2 (Autumn, 1991): 7791.
Grow, Gerald. "The Writing Problems of Visual Thinkers." Association for Journalism
and Mass Communication Conference, Boston, 1991.
Haber, Ralph N. and L. R. Haber. "Visual Components of the Reading Process." Visual
Language 15:2 (1981).
Sinatra, R. Visual Literacy Connections to Thinking, Reading, and Writing. Springfield,,
IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1986).
Sinatra, "Visual/Spatial Strategies for Writing and Reading Improvement." In A.D.
Walker and R.A. Braden (Eds.) Visual Literacy: Enhancing Human Potential.
Singer, H. "Sight Word Learning With and Without Picture: A Critique of Arlin, Scott,
and Webster's Research." Reading Research Quarterly. 15 (1980): 290-310.
Whiteside, J. Alan, Mary F. Whiteside, and Robert E. Griffin. "The Structured Writing
Technique of Visually Organizing Content: Its Roots and Fruits." In Roberts A.
Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual
Willows, D. M. "A Picture is Not Always Worth A Thousand Words: Pictures as
Distractors in Reading." Journal of Educational Psychology. 70 (1978): 255-262.
V C3. Text and Illustrations
Brody, P.J. "Research on Pictures in Instructional Texts: The Need for a Broadened
Perspective." Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29:2 (1981): 93100.
Brody, P.J. "Affecting Instructional Textbooks Through Pictures." In D. H. Jonassen,
(Ed.). The Technology of Text. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology
Donald, D. R. "The Use and Value of Illustrations as Contextual Information for Readers
at Different Progress and Developmental Levels." British Journal of Educational
Psychology. 53 (1983): 175-185.
Duchastel, P. C. "Illustrating Instructional Texts." Educational Technology 18 (11): 3639.
Duchastel, P. and R. Waller. "Pictorial Illustration in Instructional Texts." Educational
Technology 19 (11): 20-23.
Haring, M. J. and M. A. Fry. "Effect of Pictures on Children's Comprehension of Written
Text." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 27 (1979): 185-190.
Hartley, J. Designing Instructional Text. 2nd ed. (New York: Nichols, 1985).
Hayes, D. A. and J. E. Readence. "Transfer of Learning from Illustration-Dependent
Text." Journal of Educational Research. 76 (1983): 195-232.
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Holliday, L.. G. "Textbook Illustrations: Fact or Filler?" The Science Teacher

(December, 1990): 27-29.
Hurt, J.A. "Assessing Functional Effectiveness of Pictorial Representations Used in
Text." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 35:2 (1987): 85-94.
Levie, W. H. and R. Lentz. "Effects of Text Illustrations: A Review of Research."
Levin, J. R. "On Functions of Pictures in Prose." In F. J. Pirozzolo and M. C. Wittrick
(Eds.). Neuropsychological and Cognitive Processes in Reading. (New York:
Levin, J. R. and A. M. Lesgold. "On Pictures in Prose." Educational Communication and
Macdonald-Ross, M. "Graphics in Text." In L.S. Shulman (Ed.). Review of Research in
Education. (Itasca, Il: Peacock, 1977).
Mayer, R.E. "Systematic Thinking Fostered by Illustrations in Scientific Text." Journal
of Educational Psychology. 81:2 (1989): 240-246.
Pressley, M., J.R. Levin, S. Piggott, M. LeComte and D.J. Hope. "Mismatched Pictures
and Children's Prose Learning." Educational Communication and Technology
Journal. 31:3 (1983): 131-143.
Reid, D. J., N. Briggs, and M. Beveridge. "The Effect of Picture Upon the Readability of
a School Science Topic." British Journal of Educational Psychology. 53 (1983): 327335.
Schallert, D. L. "The Role of Illustrations in Reading Comprehension. In R. J. Spiro, B.C.
Bruce, and W. F. Brewer (Eds.) Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension.
(Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1980): 503-524.
V C4. Textbook/Instructional Materials Design
Hartley, James. Designing Instructional Text. (London: Nichols, 1978).
Jonassen, D. H. and P. Hawk. "Using Graphic Organizers in Instruction." Information
Design Journal. 4 (1984): 58-68.
Leonard, A. "Developing Print Materials in Mexico for People Who Do Not Read."
Educational Broadcasting International. 13 (1980): 168-173.
Macdonald-Ross, M. "Graphics in Texts." Review of Research in Education. 5 (1977):
49-85.
Macdonald-Ross, M. "How Numbers are Shown: A Review of Research on the
Presentation of Quantitative Data in Texts." AV Communication Review. 25 (1977):
359-410.
Moxley, R. "Educational Diagrams." Instructional Science. 12 (1983): 147-160.
Samuels S. J., E. Biesbrock and P. R. Terry. "The Effect of Pictures on Children's
Attitudes Toward Presented Stories." Journal of Educational Research. 67 (1974):
243-246.
Schiferl, Ellen. "Designing Visual Methods of Communicating Visual Content with Art
History Software." In Nikos Metallinos, (Ed.), Verbo-Visual Literacy, International
IVLA Symposium, Conference Proceedings, Delphi Greece, 1993:.
Sitz, Robert. "Media's Affair With Visuals: Is It Sizzle, or Substance?" Western Social
Science Association Annual Conference, 1992.
Zimmerman, M.L. and G. W. Perkin. "Instructing Through Pictures: Print Materials for
People Who Do Not Read." Information Design Journal. 3 (1982): 119-134.
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V C5. Educational TV/Film/Multi-Media

Baggett, P. and A. Ehrenfeucht. "Encoding and Retaining Information in the Visuals and
Verbals of an Educational Movie." Educational Communication and Technology
Journal. 31 (1983): 23-32.
Baron, L.J. "Televised Literacy Curriculum in Action: A Long-Term Study." Journal of
Educational Television. 11 (1): 49-55.
Burke, K. "Windows and Frames: Another Approach Toward a Theory of Multi-Image."
International Journal of Instructional Media. Part I 18 (3): 243-254; Part II 18 (4):
313-325.
Erdman, Barbara E. "A Formal Analysis of the Teaching Film" Journal of Visual
Literacy. 11:1 (Spring, 1991): 38-74.
Ferrington, Gary. "Audio Design: Creating Multi-Sensory Images for the Mind." Journal
of Visual Literacy. 14:1 (Spring, 1994): 61-68.
Goldstein, E. B. "The Perception of Multiple Image." AV Communication Review. 23
(1975): 34-68.
Griffin, Michael. "Defining Visual Communication for a Multi-media World."
Journalism Educator. 16:1 (Spring 1991): 9-15.
Jonassen, D. H. "Implications of Multi-Image for Concept Acquisition." Educational
Leifer, A. D. "Teaching With Television and Film." In N. L. Gage (Ed.) The Psychology
Teaching Methods. 75th Yearbook. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).
Marchant, H. "Increasing the Effectiveness of Educational Films: A Selected Review of
Research." British Journal of Educational Psychology. 8 (1977): 89-96.
Nadaner, D. "Toward an Analysis of the Educational Value of film and Television."
Interchange. 1983: 43-55.
Pettersson, Rune. "Classification of Navigational Principles in Multimedia Systems."
Multimedia Information, The Second International Information Research Conference,
Churchill College, Cambridge, UK, 1991.
Whiteside, H. Custer. "Can Multi-Image Presentations Be Affective and Effective in
Education?" In R.A. Braden, D.G. Beauchamp, and L.W. Miller (Eds.). Visible and
Viable: The Role of Images in Instruction and Communication. (Commerce, TX: The
V C6. Computers in Education
Alesandrini, K.L. "Computer Graphics in Learning and Instruction." In H.A. Houghton
and D. M. Willows (Eds.). The Psychology of Illustration, Volume 2: Instructional
Issues. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987).
Allen, B.S., R. P. Hoffman, J. Kompella and T. G. Sticht. "Computer-based Mapping for
Curriculum Development." In M.R. Simonson and K. Abu-Omar (Eds.). 15th Annual
Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations (RTD/AECT).
(Ames, IA: Iowa State University, 1993.)
Baek, Y. and B. Layne. "Color Graphics and Animation in a Computer Assisted Learning
Tutorial Lesson." Journal of Computer-Based Instruction. 15 (4): 131-135.
Baker, P. R. and S. L. Zavotka. "Spatial Cognition as an Enabling Tool for the
Production of Three dimensional Computer Generated Animation: An Issue for
Educational Researchers." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 4:1 (1984): 41-46.
Duchastel, P.C. "Display and Interaction Features of Instructional Texts and Computers."
British Journal of Educational Technology. 19:10 (1988): 58-65.
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Duin, A.H. "Computer-Assisted Instructional Displays: Effects on Students' computing

Behaviors, Prewriting, and Attitudes." Journal of Computer Based Instruction. 15:2
(1988): 48-56.
Friedhoff, R.M. Visualization: The Second Computer Revolution. (New York: Abrams,
1989).
Grabinger, R. S. "Screen Layout Design: Research into the Overall Appearance of the
Screen." Computers in Human Behavior 5 (1989): 175-183.
Grabinger, R.S. "Computer Screen Designs: Viewer Judgments." Educational
Technology Research and Development 41:2 (1993): 35-73.
Hartley, J. "Designing Electronic Text: The Role of Print-Based Research." Educational
Communications and Technology Journal. 35:1 (1987): 3-17.
Jones, M.G. "Visuals for Information Access: A New Philosophy for Screen and
Interface Design." In D.G. Beauchamp, R.A. Braden and R.E. Griffin (Eds.). Imagery
and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg VA: International Visual Literacy Association,
1995).
Lee, C. "Computer Literacy and Visual Literacy: The Education of the Artist." Journal of
Visual Verbal Languaging. 7:2 (1987).
Lester, Paul. Computer Aids Instruction in Photojournalism Ethics. Journalism
Educator. 44 (Summer 1989): 13-17, 49.
Nathan, Tracy. "Computer Visualization: Changing the Way We Think." The Futurist.
(May-June, 1980), 29-32.
Pettersson, Rune. "Using Digital Image Elements to Produce Schematic Pictures." In D.
G. Beauchamp, R.A. Braden and J. Clark-Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital
Age. (Blacksburg VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1994).
Pettersson, Rune. "Image Data Bases in Art and Science." In R. A. Braden, J. ClarkBaca, and D. G. Beauchamp (Eds.) Art, Science and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg
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Reiber, L.P. Computers, Graphics, and Learning. (Dubuque, IA: WCB Brown, 1994).
Reiber, L.P. "Effects of Visual Grouping Strategies of Computer Animated Presentations
on Selective Attention in Science." Educational Technology Research and
Development. 39:4 (1991): 5-15.
Reiber, L.P. "computer Animation, Incidental Learning, and Continuing Motivation."
Journal of Educational Psychology. 83:3 (1991): 318-328.
Reiber, L.P. and A. Kini. "Theoretical Foundations of Instructional Applications of
Computer-Generated Animated Visuals." Journal of Computer-Based Instruction.
18:3 (1991): 83-88.
Reiber, L.P. "Animation in Computer-based Instruction." Educational Technology
Research and Development. 38:1 (1990): 77-86.
Snetsinger, Wendy and Barabara Grabowski. "Use of Humorous Visuals to Enhance
Computer-Based-Instruction." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy
Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. IVLA Conference Proceedings,
1994.
VI. Audience Factors/ Effects
Alesandrini, K. L., J. J. Langstaff and M. C. Wittrock. "Visual-verbal and Analytic-holistic
Strategies, Abilities, and Styles." Journal of Educational Research 77(1984): 151-157.
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Beauchamp, Darrel G. and Sandra R. Dowd. "From Conception to Completion: What Art
Students Visualize." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and Roberts Branden (Eds.)
Visual Communication. IVLA conference proceedings, 1991.
Gardner, Howard. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences." New York: Basic
Books, 1983.
Grady, Ann M. "Layered Worlds: A Metaphor of Time, Visualizing the Experience of
Alzheimer's." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.)
Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Keitz, S. M. and R. B. Gounard. "Age Differences in Adult's Free Recall of Pictorial and Word
Stimuli." Educational Gerontology. 1 (1976): 237-240.
Kirby, J., P. Moore and N. Shofield. "Verbal and Visual Learning Styles." Contemporary
Levin, J. R., P. Divine-Hawkins, S. M. Kerst and J. Guttmann. "Individual Differences in
Learning from Pictures and Words." Journal of Educational Psychology. 66 (1974): 296-303.
Lombard, Matthew. "Direct Responses to People on the Screen: Television and Personal Space."
Communication Research. 22:3 (June 1995): 288-324.
Lovana-Kerr, J. "Cognitive Style Revisited: Implications for Research in Art Production and Art
Criticism." Studies in Art Education. 24 (1983): 195-205.
Messaris, Paul and K. Nielsen. "Viewers' Interpretations of Associational Montage: The
Influence of Visual 'Literacy' and Educational Background." Association for Education in
Journalism and Mass Communication Conference, Washington D.C., 1979.
Moore, David. M. "Visual Attributes and Cognitive Style: A Program of Research." In Judy
Clark Baca and Roberts Braden (Eds.) Investigating Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA:
Moore, D.M and D. Bedient. "Effects of Presentation Mode and Visual Characteristics on
Cognitive Style." Journal of Instructional Psychology. 13 (1986): 19-24.
Olia, Fatemeh. "Visualization and Deafness: A Review of Research." In Roberts A. Braden,
Pollack I. and D. Spence. "Subjective Pictorial Information and Visual Search." Perception &
Psychophysics. 1968 (3): 41-44.
Powers, P. A., J. L. Andriks, and E. F. Loftus. "Eyewitness Accounts of Females and Males."
Journal of Applied Psychology. 64 (1979): 339-347.
Richardson, A. "Verbalizer-Visualizer: A Cognitive Style Dimension." Journal of Mental
Imagery. 1 (1977): 109-126.
Rossiter, John R and Larry Percy. "Visual Imagining Ability as a Mediator of Advertising
Response." In Keith Hunt (Ed.), Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 5,. (Ann Arbor MI:
Association for Consumer Research, 1978).
Schiffman, Carole B. "Visual Dialect: Ethnovisual and Sociovisual Elements of Design in Public
Service Communication." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin.
(Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Sinatra, R. "How Learning Style and Brain Processing Contribute to a Richer Understanding of
Visual Literacy." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 3:2 (1983): 61-68.
Slattery, Karen. "Visual Information in Viewer Interpretation and Evaluation of Television
News Stores." Journal of Visual Literacy, 10 (1, 1990) 26-44.
Slee, J. A. "Individual Differences in Visual Imagery Ability and the Retrieval of Visual
Appearances." Journal of Mental Imagery. 4 (19890): 93-113.
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Smith, Ron F. "A Re-Evaluation of Readers' Reactions to Spot Color, Soft-News Pictures and
Design Characteristics." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
Conference, Portland, 1988.
Wanta, Wayne and Dandan Gao. "Young Readers and the Newspaper: Information Recall and
Perceived Enjoyment, Readability, and Attractiveness." Journalism Quarterly 71:4) (Winter
1994): 926-936.
Woodhead, M. M and A. D. Baddeley. "Individual Differences and Memory for Faces, Pictures,
and Words." Memory and Cognition. 9 (1981): 368-370.
VI A . Attitudes and Beliefs
Alexander, B. and L. E. Marks. "Aesthetic Preference and Resemblance of Viewer's
Personality to Paintings." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 21 (1983): 384-386.
Chevrier, J. and A. DeLorme. "Aesthetic Preferences: Influence of Perceptual Ability, Age,
and Complexity of Stimulus. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 50 (1980): 839-849.
Frost, A. G. and M. S. Lindauer. "Preferences for Figural Complexity as a Function of
Cognitive Style." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 16 (1980): 221-224.
Hardiman, G. W. and T. Zernich. "The Relative Influence of Parts and Wholes in Shaping
Preference Responses to Paintings." Studies in Art Education. 23 (1982): 31-41.
Hurt, Jeffry A. "Visual Preferences of Children: An Analytical Comparison." Journal of
Visual Literacy. 11:1 (Spring 1991): 85-99.
Myatt, B. and J. M. Carter. "Picture Preferences of Children and Young Adults." Educational
Communication and Technology Journal. 27 (1979): 45-53.
Ramsey, I.L. "Effect of Art Style on Children's Picture Preferences." Journal of Educational
Research, 75 (1982): 237-240.
Reid, Leonard N. and David Hann. "Key Visuals As Correlates of Interest in TV Ads."
Journalism Quarterly 56 (Winter, 1979): 865-868.
Seiler, W. "The Effects of Visual Materials on Attitudes, Credibility and Retention." Speech
Monographs. 38 (1971): 331-334.
Stewig, J. W. "Children's Preferences in Film." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 8:1
(1988): 74-78.
Tyler, Ann C. "Shaping Belief: The Role of the Audience in Visual Communication."
Design Issues, 9 (Fall, 1992): 21-29.
Whalen, D. H. and F. A. Blanchard. "Effects of Photographic Evidence on Mock Juror
Judgment." Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 12 (1982): 47-61.
VI B. Arousal and Emotion
Effran, J. S. and T. J. Spangler. "Why Grown-ups Cry: A Two-Factor Theory and Evidence
from 'The Miracle'." Motivation and Emotion. 3 (1979): 63-78.
Evans, T. and M. R. Denny. "Emotionality of Pictures and the Retention of Related and
Unrelated Phrases." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 11 (1978): 149-152.
Parrott, A. C. "Effects of Paintings and Music, Both Alone and in Combination on Emotional
Judgments." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 54 (1982): 635-641.
VI C. Creativity/Imagination
Ainsworth-Land, Wayne. "Imaging and Creativity: An Integrating Perspective," Journal of
Creative Behavior 16 (Spring 1982): 5-28.
January 20, 2005
50
Booth, Wayne C. "The Company We Keep: Self-Making In Imaginative Art, Old and New."
In Horace Newcomb. Television: The Critical View. 4th ed. (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1987)
Couch, Richard. "Synectics and Imagery: Developing Creative Thinking Through Images."
In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art Science. and Visual
Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).
Cupchik, G. C. "The Scientific Study of Artistic Creativity." Leonardo. 16 (1983): 1983-195.
Dake, Dennis. "The Visual Definition of Visual Creativity." Journal of Visual Literacy. I
11:1 (Spring, 1991): 100-118.
Dake, Dennis. "New Art Basics: A Visual Approach to Visual Creativity." In Darrel G.
Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and Roberts Branden (Eds.) Investigating Visual Literacy.
Daniels-McGhee, Susan and Gary A. Davis. "The Imagery-Creativity Connection." Journal
of Creative Behavior. 28 (3) 1994, 151-176.
Durio, H. F. "Mental Image and Creativity." Journal of Creative Behavior. 9:4 (1975): 233244.
Dwyer, Carol A., Mike Moore, and Francis Dwyer. "Covert and Overt Rehearsal Strategies
Used to Complement Visualization." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell
Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International
Finke, Ronald. Creative Imagery. (Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990).
Flowers, J. H. and C. P. Garbin. "Creativity and Perception." In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning,
and C. R. Reynolds (Eds.). Handbook of Creativity. (New York: Penum Press, 1989).
Forisha, B. Y. "Mental Imagery and Creativity: Review and Speculations." Journal of Mental
Imagery. 2 (1978): 209-238.
Garchik, Morton. Creative Visual Thinking. (New York: Art Direction, 1985).
Gibson, J. J. "Visualizing Conceived as Visual Apprehending Without any Particular Point
of Observation." Leonardo. 1974 (7): 41-42.
Goff, Kathy and E. Paul Torrance. "Healing Qualities of Imagery & Creativity." Journal of
Creative Behavior. 25:4 (1991): 296-303.
Gordon, William J.J. and Tony Poze. "Conscious/Subconscious Interaction in a Creative
Act." Journal of Creative Behavior. 15:1 (1981): 1-10.
Gowon, J. C. "The Production of Creativity through Right Hemisphere Imagery." Journal of
Herrmann, Ned. "The Creative Brain." Journal of Visual Literacy. 25:4 (1991): 275-295.
Jampole, E. S., B. C. Konopak, J. E. Readance and J. E. Moser. "Using Mental Imagery to
Enhance Gifted Elementary Students' Creative Writing." Reading Psychology. 122
(19910: 183-197.
Kennett, Dorothy H. "Discovering Creativity." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G.
Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg,
VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1990).
Kennett, Dorothy H. "Discovering Creativity." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell E. Beauchamp,
Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The
Khatena, Joe. Imagery and Creative Imagination. (Buffalo, NY: Creative Education
Foundation, 1984.)
Khatena, Joe. "Identification and Stimulation of Creative Imagination Imagery." Journal of
January 20, 2005
51
Khatena, Joe. "Creative Imagination Imagery: Where Is It going?" Journal of Creative

Behavior. 10:3 (1976): 189-209.
Koole, Wim. "Imagination Depends on Images." Media Development, 38 (April 1991), 16-17
Lightfoot, Thomas R. "The Shamanic Journey: Direct Access to the Muse." In Roberts A.
Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual
Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1990).
Long, S. and E. H. Hiebert. "Effects of Awareness and Practice in Mental Imagery on
Creative Writing of Gifted Children." In J.A. Niles and R. Lalik (Eds.) Issues in Literacy:
A Research Perspective. Thirty-fourth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference.
(Rochester NY: National Reading Conference, 1985).
Miller, A. I. "Imagery and Intuition in Creative Scientific Thinking: Albert Einstein's
Invention of the Specific Theory of Relativity." In D. B. Wallace and H. E. Gruber
(Eds.). Creative People at Work: Twelve Cognitive Case Studies. (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1989): 170-187.
Moriarty, Sandra. "Advertising Creativity and ELSIE Scores, Journal of Creative
Behavior, 22:1 (First Quarter,1988): pp. 71-72.
Parnes, Sidney J. "Visioneering--State of the Art." Journal of Creative Behavior. 21:4
(1987).
Rosenberg, Marvin. "Releasing the Creative Imagination." Journal of Creative Behavior.
10:3 (Third Quarter, 1976): 103-209.
Runco, Mark A. and Michael D. Bahleda. "Implicit Theories of Artistic, Scientific, and
Everyday Creativity." Journal of Creative Behavior. 20:2 (Second Quarter, 1986): 93-98.
Roth, Susan King. "Visualization in Science and the Arts." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark
Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art and Science. IVLA Annual Conference
Proceedings, 1993.
Suler, John R. and Joseph Rizziello. "Imagery and Verbal Processes in Creativity." Journal
of Creative Behavior. 21:1 (First Quarter, 1987): 1-6.
Taylor, Irving A. "Psychological Sources of Creativity." Journal of Creative Behavior. 10:3
(1976): 193-202, 218.
Wheeler-Brownlee, George. "Imagination: The Connection Enigma." Journal of Creative
Behavior. 19:4 (1985): 155-269
Winters, Arthur A. and Shirley F. Milton. The Creative Connection. (New York: Fairchild,
1975).
VII. Art/Illustration
Ades, Dawn. The Twentieth Century Poster: Design of the Avant Garde. Mildred Freidman,
(Ed.) (New York: Abbeville Press, 1984)
Becker, Howard S. Art Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).
Bell, Clive. Art. (New York: Capricorn Books, 1958).
Benjamin, Walter. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, "In Hannah
Arendt (Ed.) Illuminations. (New York: Schocken Books, 1969); Also in Curran, J., M.
Gurevitch and J. Woollacott. Mass Communication and Society. (London: Edward Arnold,
1976).
Boselie, F. "Ambiguity, Beauty, and Interestingness of Line Drawings." Canadian Journal of
Psychology. 37 (1983): 287-292.
Bouwsma, O.K. "The Expression Theory of Art." In Morris Philipson and Paul J. Gudel. (Eds).
Aesthetics Today. (New York: Meridian/New American Library, 1980).
January 20, 2005
52
Breder, Hans and Herman Rapaport. "The Luminous Object: Video Art and Theory." Visible
Language 29:2 (1995): 116-121.
Bryson, Norman, Michael Ann Holly and Keith Moxey, eds. Visual Theory: Painting and
Interpretation. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
Christopherson, R. "Making Art with Machines: Photography's Institutional Inadequacies."
Urban Life and Culture. 3 (April 1974).
Clarke, David J. "The Gaze and the Glance: Competing Understandings of Visuality in the
Theory and Practice of Late Modernist Art." Art History 15 (March 1992): 80-98.
Clifton, Jack. The Eye of the Artist. (Cincinnati, OH: North Light Publishers, 1973).
Fredette, Barbara. "What is the Relationships Between Artistic performance and Visual
Proficiency?" In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.)
Gardner, Howard, D. Wolf and A. Smith. "The Birth of Artistic Activity: The Symbols of Max
and Molly." New York University Education Quarterly. 6 (1975): 13-21.
Goldsmith, E. "Complexability of Illustration: An Analytical Model." Information Design
Journal 2 (1984): 245-339.
Gombrich, E. H. The Story of Art. (London: Phaidon, 1972).
Goodman, Nelson. "Art and Authenticity." In Morris Philipson and Paul J. Gudel. (Eds).
Goodman, Nelson. "Art and Inquiry." In Morris Philipson and Paul J. Gudel. (Eds). Aesthetics
Today. (New York: Meridian/New American Library, 1980).
Goodman, Nelson. "When is Art?" In D. Perkins and B. Leondar (Eds.) The Arts and Cognition
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977).
Grigg, Robert. "Invincible Ambiguity." The British Journal of Aesthetics. 27 (Winter, 1987): 6269.
Hanhardt, John G. "Film Image/Electronic Image: The Construction of Abstraction, 1960-1990."
Visible Language 29:2 (1995): 138-159.
Henderson, Sally and Robert Landau. Billboard Art. Michelle Feldman (Ed.). (San Francisco:
Chronicle Books. N.D.
Herzogenrath, Wulf. "Notes on Video as an Artistic Medium." In Douglas Davis and Allison
Simmons (Eds.) The New Television: A Public/Private Art. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1977).
Kunzle, David. "Pop Art as Consumerist Realism." Studies in Visual Communication. 10:2
(Spring, 1984): 16-33.
Langer, Susanne. Problems of Art. (New York: Scribner's, 1957).
Langer, Susanne. Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art. (New York: Charles Scribner's, 1953).
Lidov, David. "Rethinking the Fine Arts from a Semiotic Perspective." In John Deely and Terry
Prewitt (Eds.) Semiotics 1991. (Lanham, NY: University Press of America, 1993).
Lightfoot, Thomas R. "Dr. Artist." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp
(Eds.) Art , Science. and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy
Lippard, Lucy R. Pop Art (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966).
Marin, Louis. "The Order of Words and the Order of Things in Painting." Visible Language. 23
(Spring/Summer, 1990): 188-203.
Moholoy-Nagy, Laszlo. The New Vision and Abstract of an Artist. 4th ed. (New York: George
Wittenborn, 1947).
Munsterberg, Marjorie. "The World Viewed: Works of Nineteenth-Century Realism." Studies in
Visual Communication 8:3 (Summer, 1982): 455-69.
January 20, 2005
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Roth, Susan King. "An Investigation into Cognitive Factors Involved in the Drawing Process."
Rothschild, Lincoln. Forms and Their Meanings in Western Art. New York: S.A. Barnes, 1976.
Schneider, Ira and Beryl Korot (Eds.). Video Art: An Anthology. (New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1976).
Sircello, Guy. "Arguing About 'Art.' In Morris Philipson and Paul J. Gudel. (Eds). Aesthetics
Today. (New York: Meridian/New American Library, 1980).
Staniszewski, Mary Anne. Believing is Seeing: Creating the Culture of Art. (New York: Penguin
Books, 1995).
Taylor, Joshua C. Learning to Look: A Handbook for the Visual Arts. (Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press, 1957).
Toogood, A. F. "A Framework for the Exploration of Video as a Unique Art Form." Journal of
the University Film Association. 20 (1978): 15-19.
Wolff, Robert Jay. Essays on Art and Learning. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1971).
Zurbrugg, Nicholas. "Jameson's Complaint Video-Art and the Intertextual 'Time-Wall'." Visible
Language 29:2 (1995): 214-237.
VII A. Aesthetics
Aschenbrenner, Karl and Arnold Isenberg. (Eds.) Aesthetic Theories: Studies in the
Philosophy of Art. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1965).
Becker, Howard S. "Aesthetics, Aestheticians, and Critics." Studies in Visual
Communication. 6 (Spring, 1980): 58-68.
Binder D. "The Controversy over Conventionalism" Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism.
41 (1983): 253-264.
Brochmann, Odd. Good or Bad Design? (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970)
Carter, Curtis. "Aesthetics, Video Art and Television." Leonardo 12:4 (Autumn 1979): 289293.
Currie, Gregory. "Photography, Painting and Perception." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art
Criticism. 49 (Winter 1991): 23-29.
Danto, Arthur. "Artworks and Real Things." In Morris Philipson and Paul J. Gudel. (Eds).
Danto, Arthur. Beyond the Brillo Box: The Visual Arts in Post-Historical Perspective. (New
York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1992).
Dickie, George. Aesthetics: An Introduction. (New York: Pegasus/Bobbs-Merille, 1971)
Dickie, George. Evaluating Art. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, 1988)
Fiedler, Conrad. On Judging Works of Visual Art. Berkeley CA: University of California
Press, 1957).
Farley, F. H., A. Cohen, and A. Sanfeliz. "Aesthetic Dimensions and Picture Memory: A
Structural Re-Analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 498 (1979); 729-730.
Gombrich, E. H. "Meditations on a Hobby Horse: or, the Roots of Artistic Form." In Morris
Philipson and Paul J. Gudel. (Eds). Aesthetics Today. (New York: Meridian/New
American Library, 1980).
Gordon, Stephan and Jennifer Wyman. Primer of Perception: Handbook for Artists and
Teachers. (New York: Reinhold, 1967).
Hochberg, Julian and E. McAlister. "A Quantitative Approach to Figural "Goodness."
Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1953 (46): 361-364.
January 20, 2005
54
Kennick, W.E. "Does Traditional Aesthetics Rest on a Mistake?" In Morris Philipson and
Paul J. Gudel. (Eds). Aesthetics Today. (New York: Meridian/New American Library,
1980).
Langer, Suzanne K. "On Artistic Sensibility." Daedalus. 89 (1960): 242-244.
Maquet, Jacques. The Aesthetic Experience: An Anthropologist Looks at the Visual Arts.
(New Haven CN: Yale University Press, 1986).
Maquet, Jacques. "Perennial Modernity: Forms as Aesthetic and Symbolic." The Journal of
Aesthetic Education. 24 (1990).
Margolis, Joseph. Philosophy Looks at the Arts: Contemporary Readings in Aesthetics. (New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1962).
McManus, I.C. "The Aesthetics of Simple Figures." British Journal of Educational
Psychology. 71 (1980): 505-524.
Merrill, David. "What's Good Design?" Folio. 14 (November 1985): 146-153.
Meynell, Hugo A. The Nature of Aesthetic Value. (Albany NY: State University of New
York Press, 1986).
Moriarty, Sandra. "The Marketplace Power of Aesthetics: A Model, with Carl Walston,
Proceedings of the 1992 Conference of the American Academy of Advertising, Leonard
N. Reid, (Ed.), pp. 214-221.
Moriarty, Sandra. "Badvertising," Advertising Division, Association for Education in
Journalism and Mass Comunication, August 1993, Kansas City.
Moriarty, Sandra. "Advertising as Art?" Popular Culture Association, San Antonio TX,
March 1991
Newton, Eric. The Meaning of Beauty. (Baltimore MD: Penguin Books, 1962)
Philipson, Morris and Paul J. Gudel. (Eds). Aesthetics Today. (New York: Meridian/New
American Library, 1980).
Pye, David. The Nature and Aesthetics of Design. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1982).
Schapiro, Meyer. "Style." In Morris Philipson and Paul J. Gudel. (Eds). Aesthetics Today.
(New York: Meridian/New American Library, 1980).
Scheffler, Israel. "Reference and Play: E. H. Gombrich's Meditations on a Hobby Horse."
The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 50 (Summer, 1992): 211-216.
Schroeder, Fred. "Video Aesthetics and Serial Art." In Horace Newcomb (Ed.) Television:
The Critical View. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979): 544.
Tarroni, Evelina. "The Aesthetics of Television." In H. Newcomb (Ed.). Television: The
Critical View. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979)
Vacker, Barry. "The Marlboro Man as a Twentieth Century David: A Philosophical Inquiry
into the Aristotelian Aesthetic of Advertising." In John F. Sherry, Jr. and Brian Sternthal
(Eds.). Advances in Consumer Behavior: Diversity in Consumer Behavior. Vol. 19
(1992): 746-755.
Taylor, Joshua C. Design and Expression in the visual Arts. (New York: Dover, 1964).
Thompson, C. "Why Do You Need to See the Original Painting Anyway?" Visual Resources.
2 (1982): 21-36.
Zangwill, Nick. "Metaphor and Realism in Aesthetics." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art
Criticism. 49 (Winter, 1991): 57-62.
VII A1. Perceptual Aesthetics
January 20, 2005
55
Barry, Ann Marie. "Perceptual Aesthetics and Visual Language." In Visual Literacy: A
Spectrum of Visual Learning. David M. Moore and Francis M. Dwyer, eds.
Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1994, 113-132.
Barry, Ann Marie. "Eisenstein's Perceptual Aesthetic: Integrating Film Semiotics and
Political Ideology," Framework. 3 (1): 11-22.
Biaggio, M. K. and K. A. Supplee. "Dimensions of Aesthetic Perception." Journal of
Psychology. 114 (1983): 29-35.
VII A2. Audience Evaluation/Aesthetic Judgment
Bledsoe, J. C., M. L. Perkins, and D. H. Hoffman. "Comparison of Selected Methods of
Measuring Change in Judgment of Art Design." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 51
(1980): 23-28.
D'Onofrio, A. and C. F. Nodine. "Children's Responses to Paintings." Studies in Art
Education. 23:1 (1981): 14-23.
Ellis, A. W. and D. Miller. "Left and Wrong in Adverts: Neuropsychological Correlates
of Aesthetic Preference." British Journal of Educational Psychology. 72 (1981): 225229.
Eysenck, H. J. "A New Measure of 'Good Taste' in Visual Art." Leonardo. 16 (1983):
229-231.
Foss, S. K. and A. J. Radich. "The Aesthetic Response to Nonrepresentational Art: A
Suggested Model." Review of Research in Visual Arts Education. 12 (1980): 40-49.
Nicki, R. M., P.L. Lee, and V. Moss. "Ambiguity, Cubist Works of Art, and Preference."
Acta Psychologica. 49 (1981): 27-41.
Pittenger, J. B., D. F. Johnson and L. S. Mark. "Aesthetic Equivalence of Three
Representations of the Face." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 21 (1983): 111114.
Rush, J. C. and D. L. Sabers. "The Perception of Artistic Style." Studies in Art Education.
23 (1982): 24-32.
Taunton, M. "Aesthetic Responses of Young Children to the Visual Arts: A Review of
the Literature." Journal of Aesthetic Education. 16 (1982): 93-109.
VII A3. Aesthetic Education
Alesandrini, K. L. "Pictures and Adult Learning." Instructional Science. 13 (1984): 6377.
Clements, Robert. "The Inductive Method of Teaching Visual Art Criticism." Journal of
Aesthetic Education. 12:3 (July 1979): 67-78.
Fredette, Barbara. "Aesthetics for the 21st Century: Another Challenge for Education." In
Nikos Metallinos, (ed). International IVLA Symposium Conference Proceedings,
Delphi Greece, 1993: 57-67.
Rush, J. C. and J. Lovano-Kerr. "Aesthetic Education Research, Teaching Art, and
Harvard Project Zero: Some Observations." Journal of Aesthetic Education. 16
(1982): 81-91.
Williams, Brian and Woody Goulart. "The Study of Television Aesthetics and Criticism
in American Higher Education." Journal of Aesthetic Education 15:1 (January 1981):
93-105.
VII B. Composition
January 20, 2005
56
Arnheim, Rudolf. The Power of the Center: A Study of Composition in the visual Arts.
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
Bang, M. Picture This: Perception and Composition. (Boston: Bullfinch Press, 1991).
Clements, Ben and David Rosenfeld. Photographic Composition. (New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1979).
Harlan, C. Vision and Invention. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1970).
Herbener, G. F., G. N. Van Tubergen, and S. S. Whitlow. "Dynamics of the Frame in Visual
Composition." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 27:2 (1979): 83-88.
Metallinos, Nikos and Robert K. Tiemens. "Asymmetry of the Screen: The Effect of Left
versus Right Placement of Television Images." Journal of Broadcasting. 21:1 (1977).
Poore, H. R. Pictorial Composition and the Critical Judgment of Pictures. (New York:
Sterling, 1967).
VII C. Graphic Design/Layout
Baird, Russell, Duncan McDonald, Ronald Pittman, and Arthur T. Turnbull. The Graphics of
Communication. 6th ed. (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993).
Barnhurst, Kevin G. and D. Charles Whitney. "Visual Literacy Training: Changing How
Journalism Students Reason About Layout." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A.
Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Investigating Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The
Berryman, Gregg. Notes on Graphic Design and Visual Communication. (Los Altos, CA:
William Kaufman, 1979).
Blanchard, Russell. Graphic Design. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984).
Buchanon, Richard and Victor Margolin. Discovering Design: Explorations in Design
Studies. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
Conover, Theodore E. Graphic Communication Today. 2nd. ed. (St. Paul, MN: West, 1990).
Craig, Robert. "Ideological Aspects of Publication Design." Design Issues 6 (Spring 1990):
18-27.
Crow, Wendell. Communication Graphics. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1986).
Denton, Craig. Graphics for Visual Communication. (Dubuque IA: Wm. C. Brown, 1992).
Gill, Bob. Forget All the Rules About Graphic Design. (New York: Watson Guptill, 1985).
Gotschall, Edward M. Graphic Communication '80s. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
1981).
Hanks, Kurt, Larry Belliston and Dave Edwards. Design Yourself! (Los Altos CA: William
Kaufmann, 1978).
Hornung, G. P. Handbook of Design and Devices. (New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
1959).
Huh, Hyun-Joo. "The Effect of Newspaper Picture Size." Visual Communication Quarterly.
1 (Spring, 1994): 14-18.
Hurlburt, Allen. The Design Concept. (New York: Watson-Guptill, 1981).
Kepes, Gyorgy. Module, Proportion, Symmetry, Rhythm. (New York: George Braziller,
1966).
Korngay, V. "How Teaching Informs Research in Graphics Field Experience." Journalism
Educator 48 (Spring, 1991): 38-45.
Knupfer, Nancy N. and Marina S. McIsaac. "The Effects of Varying White Space Around
Graphics Within Text." Journal of Visual Literacy 10:1 (Spring 1990: 63-74.
Kosslyn, Stephen M. "Graphics and Human Information Processing." Journal of the
American Statistical Association. 80 (1985): 499-512.
January 20, 2005
57
Laing, John. Do-it-yourself Graphic Design. (London: Swallow, 1984).

Maier, Manfred. Basic Principles of Design. (Switzerland: Verlag Paul Haupt Berne, 1977).
Margolin, Victor. Design Discourse: History, Theory, Criticism. (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1989).
Mukherjee, Prachee and Gerald S. Edmonds. "Screen Design: A Review of Research." In
Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual
Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1995).
Pile, John F. Design. (Amherst MA: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1979).
Rand, Paul. A Designer's Art. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985)
Rand, Paul. Thoughts on Design. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970).
Seidman, Steven A. "A Study of the Visual Design of Corporate Annual Reports." Journal of
Visual Literacy. 12:2 (Autumn, 1992): 58-74.
Self, Charles C. and Charles L. Groover, "Form Versus Function: The Philosophy of
Speaking to the Human Eye." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication Convention, Houston, Texas, 1979.
Thompson, Merton E. "Design Considerations of Visuals." In Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of
Visual Learning. David M. Moore and Francis M. Dwyer, (Eds.) (Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Educational Technology Publications, 1994): 165-182.
Wills, F. H. Fundamentals of Layout. (New York: Sterling/Dover, 1965).
VII C1. Advertising Design
Bockus, H. William. Advertising Graphics. 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1979.)
Borgman, Harry. Advertising Layout and Techniques. (New York: Watson Guptill,
1983).
Feasley, Florence G. and Elnora W. Stuart. "Magazine Advertising Layout and Design:
1932-1982." Journal of Advertising. 16:2 (1987): 20-25.
Nelson, Roy Paul. The Design of Advertising. (Dubuque IA: Wm. C. Brown, 1985).
VII C2. Publication Design
Amert, Kay. "The Problem of Style in Publication Design." Association for Education in
Journalism and Mass Communication Convention, 1979.
Ames, Steven. Elements of Newspaper Design. (New York: Praeger, 1989).
Bain, Chic and David Weaver. Readers Reaction to Newspaper Design. Newspaper
Research Journal . 2 (July 1979): 48-59.
Barnhurst, Kevin. Seeing the Newspaper (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994).
Barnhurst, Kevin. "Layout as Political Expression: Visual Literacy and the Peruvian
Press." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual
Literacy in the Digital Age. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy
Barnhurst, Kevin. "News as Art." Journalism Monographs (December 1991.
Barnhurst, Kevin G. and Alan L. Ellis. "Effects of Modern & Postmodern Styles on
Reader Perceptions of News," In Judy Clark Baca, David G. Beauchamp and Roberts
N. Braden (Eds.) Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures, (Blacksburg,
Bohle, Robert. Publication Design for Editors. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1990).
Caputi, Jane. Charting the Flow: The Construction of Meaning Through Juxtaposition
in Media Texts. Journal of Communication Inquiry. 15 (1991): 32-47.
January 20, 2005
58
Click, J. W. and Guido H. Stempel III. Reader Response to Newspaper Front Page
Format. Journal of Typographical Research. 2 (1968): 127-141.
Click, J. W. and Guido H. Stempel III. Rate of Adoption of Modern Format by Daily
Newspapers. ANPA News Research Report. 22 (September 1979): 6-10.
Dorn, Raymond. How to Design and Improve Magazine Layouts. 3rd. ed. (Chicago:
nelson-Hall, 1980).
Finberg, Howard and Bruce D. Itule. Visual Editing: A Graphic Guide for Journalists.
(Belmont CA: Wadsworth, 1990).
Garcia, Mario and Pegie Stark. Eyes on the News. (St. Petersburg, FL: Poynter Institute,
1991).
Garcia, Mario. Contemporary Newspaper Design: A Structural Approach. (Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987).
Geraci, Philip C. Comparison of Graphic Design and Illustration Use in Three
Washington, D. C., Newspapers. Newspaper Research Journal. 5 (Winter 1983): 2939.
Geraci, Philip C. Newspaper Illustrations and Readership: Is USA Today on Target?
Journalism Quarterly. 61 (Summer 1984): 409-413.
Hall, Peter. "Daily Design." U&lc. (Winter 1993): 12-17.
Harrower, Tim. The Newspaper Designer's Handbook. (Dubuque: William C. Brown,
1992).
Heller, Rob. "Great Small Paper Designs." Visual Communication Quarterly. 1 (Summer,
1994): 4-7.
Hollander, Barry A. "Newspaper Graphics and Inadvertent Persuasion." Visual
Communication Quarterly. 1 (Winter, 1994): 8-9.
Hurlburt, Allen. The Grid: A Modular System for the Design and Production of
Newspapers, Magazines, and Books. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978).
Hurlburt, Allen. Layout: The Design of the Printed Page. (New York: Watson-Guptill,
1977).
Hurlburt, Allen. Publication Design. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976).
Lockwood, Robert and John Finneman. Newspaper Design 2000 and Beyond. (Reston
VA: American Press Institute, 1988).
Lockwood, Robert. News By Design: A Survival Guide for Newspapers. (Denver CO:
Quark Press, 1992).
Moen, Daryl. Newspaper Layout and Design. 2nd ed. (Ames, IA: Iowa State University
Press, 1989).
Nelson, Roy Paul. Publication Design. (Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown, 1987).
Ogan, Christine, Ida Plymale, D. Lynn smith, William H. Turpin and Donald L. Shaw,
The Changing Front Page of The New York Times, 1900-1977. Journalism
Quarterly. 52 (1975): 340-344.
Parker, Roger C. Looking Good in Print: A Guide to Basic Design for Desktop
Publishing. 2nd. ed. (Chapel Hill, NC: Ventana Press, 1990).
Pasternack, Steve and Sandra H. Utt, Subject Perceptions of Newspaper Characteristics
Based on Front Page Design. Newspaper Research Journal. 8 (Fall 1986): 29-35.
Peterson, Becky K. Tables and Graphs Improve Reader Performance and Reader
Reaction. Journal of Business Communication. 20 (Spring 1983): 20, 47-55.
Roller, Beverly V. Graph Reading Abilities of 13-year-olds. In Paul A. Kolers, Merald
E. Wrolstad and Herman Bouma (Eds) Processing of Visible Language 2. (New
York: Plenum Press, 1980): 305-314.
January 20, 2005
59
Schweitzer, John C., David H. Weaver and Gerald C. Stone. Morning-Evening

Newspaper Circulation: What Effect Do Appearance and Content Have?
Journalism Quarterly. 54 (1977): 515-522.
Schweitzer, John C. Newspaper Front Pages Revisited: Reader Reactions. Newspaper
Research Journal. (October 1980): 12-18.
Siskind, Theresa G. The Effect of Newspaper Design on Reader Preferences.
Sissors, Jack Z. Some New Concepts of Newspaper Design. Journalism Quarterly. 42
(1965): 236-242.
Sissors, Jack Z. Do Youthful, College-Educated Readers Prefer Contemporary
newspaper Designs? Journalism Quarterly. 71 (Summer 1974): 307-313.
Smith. How Design & Color Affect Readers Judgment of Newspapers. Newspaper
Research Journal. 10 (Winter 1989): 75-85.
Starett, Marilyn. "The Impact of Publication Cover Design on Readers." Visual
Communication 9, Flagstaff AZ, June 1995.
Stanton, James C. Newspaper Design Preferences Among Students Revisited.
Stone, Gerald C., John C. Schweitzer and David H. Weaver. Adoption of Modern
Newspaper Design. Journalism Quarterly. 55 (1978): 761-766.
Utt, Sandra H. and Steve Pasternack, Front Pages of U.S. Daily Newspapers.
Utt, Sandra H. and Steve Pasternack. Use of Graphic Devices in a Competitive
Situation: A Case Study of 10 Cities. Newspaper Research Journal.. 7 (Winter
1985): 7-16.
Utt, Sandra H. and Steve Pasternack. How They Look: An Updated Study of American
Newspaper Front Pages. Journalism Quarterly. 66 (Autumn 1989): 621-627.
Vernon, M. D. Learning from Graphical Material. The British Journal of Psychology.
36 (September 1946): 145-158.
Wainer, Howard. Making Newspaper Graphs Fit to Print. In Paul A. Kolers, Merald E.
Wrolstad and Herman Bouma (Eds) Processing of Visible Language 2. (New York:
Plenum Press, 1980): 125-142.
Weaver, David H. and L. E. Mullins. Content and Format Characteristics of Competing
Daily Newspapers. Journalism Quarterly. 52 (Summer 1975): 257-264.
White, Jan. Designing for Magazines. (New York: R.R. Bowker, 1976)
White, Jan. Editing by Design. (New York: R.R. Bowker, 1982)
White, Jan V. The Grid Book. (Paramus, NJ: Letraset, 1987).
VII C3: Corporate Design
Murphy, John and Michael Row. How to Design Trademarks and Logos. (Cincinnnati
OH: North Light Books, 1988).
Opie, Robert. The Art of the Label. (Secaucus NJ: Chartwell Books, 1989).
Savell, Lawrence. "Trademarks 101: The Basics." Editor & Publisher. (December 4,
1993): 23T-26T.
Selame, Elinor and Joe Selame. Developing a Corporate Identity: How to Stand Out in
the Crowd. (New York: Chain Store Age Books, 1975).
VII D. Information Graphics
January 20, 2005
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Amlund, Jeane, Janet Gaffney and Raymond Kulhavy. Map Feature Content and Text
Recall in Good and Poor Readers. Journal of Reading Behavior. 17:4 (1985): 317-330.
Arkin, Herbert and Raymond R. Colton. Graphs: How to Make and Use Them. (New York:
Harper and Brothers, 1940).
Carswell, C. M., S. Frankenberger and D. Bernhard. Graphing in Depth: Perspectives on
the Use of Three-dimensional Graphs to Represent Lower-dimensional Data. Behavior
& Information Technology. 10 (1991): 459-474.
Cleveland, William S. and Robert McGill. Graphical Perception: Theory, Experimentation
and Application to the Development of Graphical Methods. Journal of the American
Statistical Association. 79 (September 1984): 531-554.
Cleveland, William S. and Robert McGill. The Many Faces of a Scatterplot. Journal of the
American Statistical Association. 79 (1984): 807-822.
Cleveland, William S. and Robert E. McGill. Dynamic Graphics for Statistics. (Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth, 1988).
Cleveland, William S. The Elements of Graphing Data. (Summit, NJ: Hobart Press, 1994).
Culbertson, Hugh M. and Richard D. Powers. A Study of Graph Comprehension
Difficulties. Audio Visual Communication Review. 7 (Spring 1959): 97-110.
David, Prabu. Accuracy of Visual Perception of Quantitative Graphics: An Exploratory
Study. Journalism Quarterly. 69 (1992): 273-292.
David, Prabu. "Criteria for Evaluating Quantitative Graphics in the Mass Media: A
Theoretical Framework for Research." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication Conference, Boston, 1991.
Eells, Walter C. The Relative Merits of Circles and Bars for Representing Component
Parts. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 21 (June 1926): 132.
Feliciano, Gloria D., Richard D. Powers and Bryant E. Kearl. The Presentation of
Statistical Information. AV Communication Review. 11 (May-June 1963): 32-39.
Gentry, James K. and Barbara Zang. Characteristics of Graphics Managers at Metropolitan
Dailies. Newspaper Research Journal. 10:4 (1989): 85-95.
Griffin, Jeffrey L. and Robert L. Stevenson. "The Effectiveness of Locator Maps in
Increasing Reader Understanding of the Geography of Foreign News." Journalism
Quarterly. 72 (Winter 1995): 937-846.
Griffin, Jeffrey L. and Robert L. Stevenson. "The Effectiveness of 'How Graphics' and Text
in Presenting the News." Visual Communication Quarterly. 1 (Spring, 1994): 10-11, 16.
Griffin, Jeffrey L. and Robert L. Stevenson. "Influence of Text and Graphics in Increasing
Understanding of Foreign News Content." Newspaper Research Journal. 13 (1992): 8499.
Griffin, Robert E. "Using Graphs Correctly: What are the Basic Elements for the Language
of Graphs." In R.A. Braden, D. G. Beauchamp, L.W. Miller and D. M. Moore (Eds.)
About Visuals: Research, Teaching, and Applications. Proceedings of the (Blacksburg,
Hardin, Pris. "A Theoretical Framework for Diagrams and Information Graphics in Research
and Education." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.)
Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy
Hilliard, R. D. The Graphics Explosion: Questions Remain About Roles. Journalism
Quarterly. 66 (1989): 192-194.
Hollands, J. G. and Ian Spence. Judgments of Change and Proportion in Graphical
Perception. Human Factors. 34 (1992): 313-334.
January 20, 2005
61
Holmes, Nigel. Designers' Guide to Creating Charts and Diagrams. (New York: Watson
Guptill, 1984).
Kelly, James D. "The Effects of Display Format and Data Density on Time Spent Reading
Statistics in Text, Tables, and Graphics." Journalism Quarterly 70 (1993): 140-149.
Kelly, James D. "The Graph Makers: A Survey of the Newspaper Editorial Workers Who
Create Charts and Graphs."Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication Conference, Minneapolis MN, 1990.
Kelly, James D. "The Data-Ink Ratio and Accuracy of Information Derived From Newspaper
Graphs: An Experimental Test of the Theory."Association for Education in Journalism
and Mass Communication Conference, Portland, OR, 1988.
Kosslyn, Steven M. Graphics and Human Information Processing. Journal of the
American Statistical Association. 80 (September 1985): 499-512.
Kosslyn, Stephen M. Understanding Charts and Graphs. Applied Cognitive Psychology. 3
(July 1989): 185-226.
Kosslyn, Stephen. Elements of Graphing. (New York: Freeman, 1994).
Lenk, Krzysztof and Paul Kahn. "To Show and Explain: The Information Graphics of Stevin
and Comenius." Visible Language. 26:3/4 (Summer/Autumn, 1991): 273-280.
Macdonald-Ross, Michael. How Numbers Are Shown: A Review of Research on the
Presentation of Quantitative Data in Texts. AV Communication Review. 25 (Winter
1977): 359-409.
McGregor, Donald and Paul Slovic. Graphic Representation of Judgmental Information.
Human-Computer Interaction. 3 (1986): 179-200.
Miller, Christine. "(Re)Presenting Reality Visually: Maps as Info-mercials." Speech
Communication Association Convention, Miami, FL, 1993.
Miller, Christine, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again: Representing Reality in Cartography."
Visual Communication 7, Jackson Hole, WY, 1993.
Miller, Christine. "Cartography and Critical Thinking: The Implications of Visually
Abstracting Reality." Speech Communication Association Convention, Atlanta GA,
1991.
Modley, Rudolf and Dyno Lowenstein. Pictographs and Graphs: How to Make and Use
Them. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952).
Monmonier, Mark and Val Pipps. Weather Maps and Newspaper Design: Response to USA
Today? Newspaper Research Journal (Summer 1987): 31-42.
Pasternak, Steve and Sandra H. Utt. "Reader Use & Understanding of Newspaper
Infographics." Newspaper Research Journal (Spring, 1990): 28-41.
Peterson, Lewis V. and Wilbur Schramm. How Accurately Are Different Kinds of Graphs
Read? Audio Visual Communication Review. 2 (Summer 1954): 178-189.
Pettersson, Rune. "Information Graphics at the Turn of Two Centuries." Visual
Communication 9, Flagstaff AZ, June 1995.
Pinker, S. A Theory of Graph Comprehension. In R. Friedle (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence
and the Future of Testing. (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1990): 73-126.
Poggenpohl, Sharon H. and Dietmar R. Winkler. "Diagrams as Tools for Worldmaking."
Journal of Visible Language. 26:3/4 (Summer/Autumn, 1992): 252-269.
Ramaprasad, Jyotika. Informational Graphics in Newspapers. Newspaper Research
Journal. 12 (Summer 1991): 92-103.
Richards, C. and R. Johnson. "Graphic Codes for Flow Charts." Informational Design
Journal. 4 (1980): 261-270.
Schmid, C. F. Statistical Graphics. (New York: John Wiley, 1983).
January 20, 2005
62
Schutz, Howard G. An Evaluation of Formats for Graphic Trend Displays: Experiment II.
Human Factors. 3 (April 1961: 99-107.
Simkin, D. and Reid Hastie. An Information-processing Analysis of Graph Perception.
Journal of the American Statistical Association. 82 (1987): 454-465.
Smith, Edward J. and Donna J. Hajash. "Informational Graphics in 30 Daily Newspapers."
Journalism Quarterly. 65:3 (Fall, 1988): 714-718.
Spence, Ian. and S. Lewandowsky. Graphical Perception. In J. Fox and S. Long (Eds.)
Modern Methods of Data Analysis. (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1990): 13-57.
Spence, Ian. Visual Psychophysics of Simple Graphical Elements. Journal of
Spence, Ian and P. Krizel. Childrens Perception of Proportion in Graphs. Child
Development. 65 (1994): 1193-1213.
Spence, Ian. Graphs and Psycho-physics. Visual Communication Quarterly. 2 (Fall 1995):
8-11,
Stark, M. Pegie and Barry A. Hollander. "Information Graphics: Do They Help Readers
Understand News Events?" Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication Conference, Minneapolis, MN, 1990.
Storkerson, Peter. "Explicit and Implicit Graphs: Changing the Frame." Visible Language.
26:3/4 (Summer/Autumn, 1981): 389-433.
Tankard, James W. Jr. "Visual Crosstabs: A Technique for Enriching Information Graphics."
Mass Communication Review. 21: 1/2 (1994): 49-66.
Tankard, James W. Jr. "Effects of Chartoons & Three-dimensional Graphs on Interest &
Information Gain." Newspaper Research Journal. (Spring, 1989): 91-103.
Tankard, James W. Jr. "Quantitative Graphics in Newspapers." Journalism Quarterly, 64
(1987): 406-415.
Tufte, Edward. Envisioning Information, (Cheshire CT: Graphics Press, 1990).
Tufte, Edward. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. (Cheshire CT: Graphics
Press, 1983).
Utt, Sandra H. and Steve Pasternack. Infographics Today: Using Qualitative Devices to
Display Quantitative Information. Newspaper Research Journal. 14: 3&4 (Summer-Fall
1993): 146-157.
Vernon, Magdalen D. The Visual Presentation of Factual Material. British Journal of
Educational Psychology. 20 (November 1950): 174-185.
Vernon, Magdalen D. The Use and Value of Graphical Material in Presenting Quantitative
Data. Occupational Psychology. 26 (1952): 22-34.
Vernon, Magdalen D. The Use and Value of Graphical Materials with a Written Text.
Occupational Psychology. 26 (1952): 96-100.
Wagner, David. "Ethical Considerations in the Visual Display of Quantitative Information."
Visual Communication 5, Breckenridge, 1991.
Wainer, Howard. Making Newspaper Graphs Fit to Print. In Paul A. Kolers, Merald E.
Wrolstad and Herman Bouma (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language. vol. 2. (New York:
Plenum, 1980).
Wainer, Howard. How to Display Data Badly. American Statistician. 38 (May 1984): 137147.
Ward, Douglas B. "The Effectiveness of Sidebar Graphics." Journalism Quarterly. 69:2
(Summer, 1991): 318-328.
White, Jan V. Using Charts and Graphs: 1000 Ideas for Visual Persuasion. (New York: R.
R. Bowker, 1984).
January 20, 2005
63
Wilcox, Walter. Numbers and the News: Graph, Table or Text? Journalism Quarterly. 41
(Winter 1964): 38-44.
Winn, W. and W. Holliday. "Design Principles for Diagrams and Charts." In D. H. Jonassen
(Ed.) The Technology of Text. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology
Publications, 1982): 227-229.
VII E. Computergraphics/Videotex/Electronic Publishing
Bove, Toney, et. al. The Art of Desktop Publishing: Using Personal Computers to Publish it
Yourself. (New York: Bantam Books, 1987)
Grabinger, R. S. "Relationships Among Text Format Variables in Computer Generated
Text." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging 6:3 (1987.
Jones, Beverly. "Computer Imagery: Imitation and Representation of Realities." Leonardo.
Vsupp. (1989): 31-38.
Knupfer, Nancy and Marina S. McIsaac. "Designing Instructional Materials with Desktop
Publishing software: The Effects of White-Space Variations on Learning. Journal of
Research on Computing in Education. 25:1 (1992): 75-87.
Knupfer, Nancy and Marina S. McIsaac. "Desktop Publishing: The Effects of Computerized
Formats on Reading Speed and comprehension." Journal of Research on Computing in
Education. 22:2 (Winter, 1989): 127-136.
Lester, Paul. "Videotex Design: Color Graphics Versus Text Only." Videodisc and Optical
Disk. 4:6 (November-December, 1984): 468-474.
Lester, Paul. "Research on Videotext and Journalism" Videodisc and Optical Disk. 4:5
(September-October, 1984): 372-378.
Misanchuk, E. R. Preparing Instructional Text: Document Design Using Desktop
Publishing. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, Inc., 1992).
Meyer, R. C. and b. Knight. "Menu Formatting: A Method for Media Literacy." Journal of
Romiszowski, A.J. "Educational Systems Design Implications of Electronic Publishing."
Educational Technology. 34:7 (1994): 6-12.
Wilson, S. "Computer Art: Artificial Intelligence and the Arts." Leonardo 16 (1983): 15-20.
VII F. Typography
Barnhurst, Kevin. "Legibility Science and the Visual Design of Newspapers." In Roberts
Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art ,Science. and Visual Literacy
Beaumont, Michael. Type (Cincinnnati OH: North Light, 1987).
Carter, Rob, Ben Day and Philip Meggs. Typographic Design: Form and Communication.
(New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985).
Craig, James. Designing with Type. (New York: Watson-Guptill, 1980).
Davenport, J.S. and S. A. Smith. "Effects of Hyphenation, Justification, and Type Size on
Readability. Journalism Quarterly, 42 (1965): 381.
Ernst, Sandra Moriarty. ABCs of Typography. (New York: Art Direction, 1977).
Gilreath, Charles T. "Graphic Cueing of Text: The Typographic and Diagraphic
Dimensions." Visible Language. 27:3 (1993): 336-361.
Gotshall, Edward M. Typographic Communications Today. (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press,
1989).
Hooper, S and Hannafin, M.J. "Variables Affecting the Legibility of Computer Generated
Text." Journal of Instructional Development. 9:4 (1986): 22-28.
January 20, 2005
64
Kolers, P. A., M. R. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma. (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language: Vol. 2.
(New York: Plenum Press, 1980).
Labuz, Ronald. Typography and Typesetting. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1988).
Lawson, Alexander. Printing Types. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971).
Lieberman, J. Ben. Types of Typefaces and How to Recognize Them. (new York: Sterling
Publishing, 1967).
Martin, Solomon. The Art of Typography. (New York: Art Direction, 1994).
Miles, Tinker. Legibility of Print. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1963)
Moriarty, Sandra. "Legibility in Advertising Typography, Voice of a Nation at Work,
Proceedings of the 1980 AAA Conference, James E. Haefner, ed., pp. 75-80.
Moriarty, Sandra. "Line Lengths and Starch Scores, Visible Language, 20:4, Autumn 1987,
pp. 448-455.
Moriarty, Sandra. "The Search for the Optimum Line Length, Journalism Quarterly, 63: 2,
Summer, 1986, pp. 337-340.
Moriarty, Sandra and Ed Scheiner. "A Study of Close Set Type, Journal of Applied
Psychology, 69:4, 1984, pp. 700-702.
Moriarty, Sandra. "Novelty vs Practicality in Advertising Typography, Journalism
Quarterly, 61:1, Spring, 1984, pp. 188-190.
Rehe, Rolf. Typography: How to Make it Most Legible. (Carmel IN: Design Research
International, 1974).
Richardson, Margaret. "Timeless Typefaces." U&lc. 21:2 (Fall, 1994): 24-31.
Ruegg, Ruedi and Godi Frohlich. Basic Typography. (Switzerland: ABC Verlag Zurich,
1972).
Salen, Katie. "Speaking in Text: The Resonance of Syntactic Difference in Text
Interpretation." Visible Language. 27:3 (1993): 281-302.
Sutherland, S. W. "The Forgotten Research of Miles Albert Tinker." Journal of Visual
Literacy 9:1 (1989): 10-25.
Turbayne, C.M. "Visual Language from the Verbal Model." The Journal of Typographic
Research. III:4 (1969): 345-370.
VII G. Color
Albers, Joseph. Interaction of Color. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975).
Berry, L. and F. M. Dwyer. "Interactive Effects of Color Realism and Learners' I.Q. in
Effectiveness of Verbal Instruction." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 54 (1983): 1087-1091.
Birren, Faber. Color Perception in Art. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold co., 1976).
Birren, Faber. Principles of Color. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969).
Bohle, Robert H. and Mario R. Garcia. "Reader Response to Color Halftones and Spot Color
in Newspaper Design." Journalism Quarterly. 64 (1987): 731-739.
Christ, R. E. "Review and Analysis of Color Coding Research for Visual Displays." Human
Factors. 17 (1975): 542-570.
Chute, A. G. "Analysis of the Instructional Functions of Color and Monochrome Cueing and
Media Presentations." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 27 (1979):
251-263.
Click, J.W. and Guido H. Stempel III. "Reader Response to Newspaper Front Pages with
Four-Color Halftones." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication Conference, University of Maryland, 1976.
January 20, 2005
65
Dwyer, F.M and D. M. Moore. "Effect of Color on Visually and Verbally Oriented Tests
with Students of Different Field Dependence Levels. Journal of Educational Systems
Technology. 20:4 (1992): 311-320.
Garcia, Mario R. and Don Fry. (Eds.). Color in American Newspapers. (St. Petersburg FL:
The Poynter Institute, 1986).
Garcia, Mario and Pegie Stark. "Color: Let Your Content Be Your Guide." The Poynter
Report (Spring, 1992): 6-7.
Gilbert, Kathy. "Effects of Color and Complexity in Still Photographs on Mental Effort and
Memory." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
Conference, Portland, 1988.
Itten, Johannes. The Art of Color. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973).
Johnson, Edward A. "Preliminary Exploration of the Chromatic Differential: The
Measurement of the Meaning of Color." Visual Communication 8, Feather River CA,
1994.
Loftus, E. F. "Shifting Human Color Memory." Memory and Cognition 5 (1977): 696-699.
Mante, Harold. Color Design in Photography. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold , 1972).
McGann, Anthony F. and David Snook-Luther. "Color Quality in Print Advertising."
Journalism Quarterly. 70 (Winter, 1993): 934-938.
Moore, D. M. and F. M. Dwyer. "Effect of Color Coded Information on Students' Levels of
Field Dependence." Journal of Instructional Psychology. 13 (1986): 19-24.
Pratt, F. "The Contribution of Color to Three-Dimensional Ambiguities in Paintings and
Drawings. Perception 8 (1979): 157-173.
Pruisner, Peggy A. "The Role of Color in Remembering Graphically Presented
Information." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.)
Pruisner, Peggy A. "From Color Code to Color Cue: Remembering Graphic Information." In
Digital Age. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1994).
Pruisner, Peggy A. "The Effects of a Color Code Used in Graphics on the Recall of Verbal
Material." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art ,Science.
and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association,
Inc., 1993).
Pruisner, Peggy A. "The Effects of a Color Code in Graphic Presentation and Assessment on
Remembering Visual Material." In J.C. Baca, D.G. Beauchamp, and R.A. Braden, (Eds.)
Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures. (Blacksburg, VA: The International
Visual Literacy Association, 1992).
Rosch, E. "The Nature of Mental Codes for Color Categories." Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1975 (1): 303-322.
Sparkman, Richard Jr. and Larry M. Austin. "The Effect on Sales of Color in Newspaper
Advertisements." Journal of Advertising. 9:4 (1980): 39-42.
Telford, Anne. "Color Predictions." Communication Arts. (January/February 1994) 90.
VII H. Cartoons
Anderson, John. "Political Cartoons: A Semiotic Analysis." Association for Education in
Journalism and Mass Communication Annual Convention, Boston Mass., August, 1990.
Bedient, D. and D. M. Moore. "Student Interpretations of Political Cartoons." Journal of
January 20, 2005
66
Berger, Arthur Asa. "Scratches From the Secret Agent: A Personal Perspective on the Art of
Comic Illustration and the Creative Process."Visual Communication Quarterly. 2:3
(Summer, 1995): 8-10.
Caswell, Lucy Shelton. "A Repository for Editorial Cartoons, the Funny Papers, and Other
Journalistic Graphics: The Ohio State CGA Collection." American Journalism. (Winter
1994): 4-10.
DeSousa, Michael A. and Martin J. Medhurst. "Political Cartoons and American Culture:
Significant Symbols of Campaign 1980." Studies in Visual Communication. 8:1 (Winter,
1982): 84-97.
DeSousa, Michael A. and Martin J. Medhurst. "The Editorial Cartoon as Visual Rhetoric:
Rethinking Boss Tweed." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 2:2 (1982): 52-61.
Goldman, Mitchel and Margaret Hagen. "The Forms of Caricature: Physiognomy and
Political Bias." Studies in Visual Communication. 5:1 (Fall, 1978): 30-36.
Harrison, R. P. The Cartoon: Communication to the Quick. (Beverely Hills: Sage, 1981).
Harrison, r. P. "Cartoon Communication: Research, Appreciation, and Training." Journal of
Kerns, Dan. "Decoding Photocopy Humor." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden,
Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. IVLA Conference
Proceedings, 1994.
Medhurst, J. J. and M. A. DeSousa. "Political Cartoons as Rhetorical Form: A Taxonomy of
Graphic Discourse." Communication Monographs. 48 (1981): 197-236.
Penner, Maurice and Susan Penner. "Publicizing, Politicizing, and Neutralizing
Homelessness: Comic Strips." Communication Research. 21:6 (December 1994): 766781.
Perkins, David. "A Definition of Caricature and Caricature and Recognition." Studies in
Visual Communication. 2:1 (Spring, 1975): 1-24.
Perkins, David and M. A. Hagen. "Convention, Context and Caricature." In M. A. Hagen
(Ed.) The Perception of Pictures (New York: Academic Press, 1980).
Sewell, Edward H. Jr. "A Visual Rhetoric of the Protestant Reformation: The Use of
Cartoons to Spread Literacy." Association for Educational Communications and
Technology annual conference, Dallas, 1984.
Sewell, E. H. Jr., and R. L. Moore. "Cartoon Embellishments in Informative Presentations."
Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 28 (1980): 39-46.
Steakley, James D. "Iconography of a Scandal: Political Cartoons and the Eulenburg Affair."
Studies in Visual Communication 9:2 (Spring, 1983): 20-51.
Tversky, B. and D. Baratz. "Memory for Faces: Are Caricatures Better than Photographs?"
Weschler, Judith. "Caricature, Newspapers, and Politics--Paris in the 1830s." Studies in
Visual Communication 7:4 (Fall, 1981): 2-29.
VIII. Communication Studies
Motley, Michael T. "Facial Affect and Verbal Context in Conversation: Facial Expression as
Interjection (ya gotta read beyond the title!)." Human Communication Research. (September,
1993): 3-40.
VIII A. Rhetoric/Myth/Persuasion
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Autrey, K. "Toward a Visual/Verbal Rhetoric." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 4:1

(1984): 5-8.
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Fontana, 1977).
Bouse, Derek. "The visual Rhetoric of Wilderness: Contemporary Environmentalism and the
Depiction of Nature." Investigating Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International
Doughty, Dick. "Constructing Palestinians: Visual Rhetoric and Work Organization in a
News Magazine Documentary," Visual Sociology, 8 (2): 4-20.
Flory, Joyce. "Visual Literacy: A Vital Skill in the Process of Rhetorical Criticism" Southern
Speech Communication Association, Atlanta GA, April 1978.
Glassman, Carl and Keith Kenney. "Myths & Presidential Campaign Photographs." Visual
Communication Quarterly. 1 (Fall, 1994): 4-7.
Lule, Jack. "The Myth of My Widow: A Dramatistic Analysis of News Portrayals of a
Terrorist Victim," Political Communication and Persuasion, 5, (1988):101-120.
Margolin, V. "The Visual Rhetoric of Propaganda." Information Design Journal. 1 (1979):
107-122.
McGee, Michael Calvin. "The 'Ideograph': A Link Between Rhetoric and Ideology." In Carl
R. Burchardt (Ed.) Readings in Rhetorical Criticism. (State College, PA: Strata, 1995):
442-456.
Miller, Christine. "'A Kiss is Just a Kiss:' The Visual Rhetoric of Kissing." Visual
Communication 8, Feather River CA, 1994.
Olson, Lester. "Portraits in Praise of a People: A Rhetorical Analysis of Norman Rockwell's
Icons in Franklin D. Roosevelt's 'Four Freedoms' Campaign." Quarterly Journal of
Speech, 69, 1983: 15-24
Scott, Linda. "Toward Visual Rhetoric," American Academy of Advertising Conference,"
Orlando FL, 1990.
Timberg, Bernard. "The Rhetoric of the Camera in Television Soap Opera." In Horace
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VIII A1. Visual Metaphors
Durden, Joan Smyly. "Incongruous Imagery in Art and Advertising." In Darrel G.
Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Investigating Visual
Literacy. IVLA conference proceedings, 1990.
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Hatcher, Evelyn. Visual Metaphors: A Methodological Study in Visual Communication.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.
Kaplan, Stuart Jay. "An Empirical Investigation of Tension in Visual Metaphors," Sixth
Annual Visual Communication Conference, Flagstaff, AZ, 1992.
Kaplan, Stuart Jay. "A Conceptual Analysis of Form and Content in Visual Metaphors,"
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Kaplan, Stuart Jay. "Visual Metaphors in the Representation of Communication

Technology." Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7 (1), 1990: 37-47.
Kennedy, J. A. "Metaphor in Pictures." Perception 11 (1982): 589-605.
Turbayne, Colin. The Myth of Metaphor. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1970;
Whittock, Trevor. Metaphor and Film. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
VIII B. Kinesics/Body Language/Signing
Bellugi, U. and E. S. Klima. "From Gesture to Sign: Deixis in a Visual-Gestural Language."
Kendon. A. "Gesture." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 3:1 (1983): 21-36.
Ratner, N. E. and R. B. Wilbur. "Another Look at Memory Strategies in Deaf Signers."
Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging 4:2 (1984): 55-64.
VIII C. Literary/Literature
VIII C1. Postmodern Studies
Campbell, R. and R. Freed. "'We Know It When We See It:' Postmodernism and
Television." Television Quarterly. 26 (1993): 75-87.
Hlynka, Denis. ""Reflections on 'Comments on Hlynka's Much Ado About Educational
Technology: A Response to Moore and Garrison: An Existential, Postmodern and
Postliterate Visual Parable." Journal of Visual Literacy. 12: 1 (Spring, 1992): 73-80.
Hlynka, Denis. "Much Ado About Educational Technology: A Response to Moore and
Garrison." Journal of Visual Literacy. 9:1 (1989): 47-57.
McKinzie, Bruce W. "Modernism, Postmodernism, and the Music Video Audience."
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Comunication Conference,
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Ma, Yan. "A Reader-Response Analysis of A Book From the Sky: A Postmodern
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Sayre, Shay and Sandra Moriarty. "Technology and Art: A Postmodern Reading of
Orwell as Advertising. In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp
(Eds.) Art , Science and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual
Scott, Linda. "Playing with Pictures: Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, and Advertising
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David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning.
(Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1994): 311-336
VIII D. Symbols/Symbolization
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Dreyfuss, H. Symbol Sourcebook. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972).
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Griffin, Robert E., Rune Pettersson, Ladislaus Semali, Yasuo Takakuwa. "Using Symbols in
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(Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1995)
Griffin, Robert E. "Using Symbols in Business Presentations: How Well are They
Understood?" In D. G. Beauchamp, R.A. Braden, and J.D. Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in
the Digital Age. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc.,
1994).
Griffin, Robert E. and W. J. Gibbs. "International Icon Symbols: How Well are These
Symbols Understood?" In R. A. Braden, J.C. Baca, and D. G. Beauchamp (Eds.) Art,
Science and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy
Gross, Larry. "Modes of Communication and the Acquisition of Symbolic Competence." In
George Gerbner, Larry Gross, and William Melody (Eds.) Communications Technology
and Social Policy. (New York: Wiley, 1973): 189-203.
Hochberg, Julian and V. Brooks. "Graphic Symbols: Things or Holes?" American Journal of
Psychology. 76 (1963): 326-329.
Hortin, John A. "Symbol Systems and Mental Skills Research: Their Emphasis and Future."
Media Adult Learning. 2:2 (1980): 3-6.
Jung, Carl B. Man and His Symbols. (New York: Dell, 1964).
Mackett-Stout, J. and R. Dewar. "Evaluation of Symbolic Public Information Signs." Human
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Olson, D. (Ed.) Media and Symbols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
Pettersson, Rune. "Symbols--Studies of Color, Shape and Design." In Roberts A. Braden,
Seels, Barbara and Barbara Fredette. "A Dialogue About Mythological Symbols from the
Campfire to the Digital Age." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E.
Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual
Sewell, Edward H. Jr. "Visual Symbols." In David Moore and Francis Dwyer, (Eds.) Visual
Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational
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VIII E. Signs/Semiotics
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(Eds.) Semiotics 1991. (Lanham, NY: University Press of America, 1993).
Ashwin, Clive. "Drawing, Design and Semiotics." In Victor Margolin (Ed.) Design
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Berger, Arthur Asa. "'He's Everything You're Not...': A Semiological Analysis of 'Cheers'."
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Blonsky, Marshall. (Ed.) On Signs. (Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985).
Bopry, Jeanette. "Visual Literacy on Education - A Semiotic Perspective." Journal of Visual
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Carroll, J. Toward a Structural Psychology of Cinema: Approaches to Semiotics. (The
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in Cultural Studies. 3 (Autumn 1972): 103-121.
Eco, Umberto. A Photograph. In Umberto Eco. Travels in Hyper Reality. trans William
Weaver. (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986): 213-218.
Feld, Steve and Carroll Williams. Toward a Researchable Film Language. Studies in
Visual Communication. 2 (Spring 1975): 25-32.
Gross, Larry. "Life vs. Art: The Interpretation of Visual Narratives." Studies in Visual
Communication, 11:4 (Fall, 1985): 2-11.
Hall, Stuart. Encoding/decoding. In Culture, Media, Language. (London: Hutchinson,
1980): 128-138.
Hasenmueller, C. Panofsky, Iconography, and Semiotics. Journal of Aesthetics and Art
Criticism. 36 (1978): 289-301.
Hiraga, Masako. "Iconic Meanings of Visual Repetition in Poetry." In John Deely and Terry
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Hurtig, R. R. "Analytic and Holistic Strategies in the Perception of Sign." Journal of Visual
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Jones, Bryn. The End of the Affair: The Windsors and the Front Page. Working Papers in
Cultural Studies. 3 (Autumn 1972): 89-101.
Kepes, Gyorgy (Ed.) Sign Image Symbol. (New York: George Braziller, 1980).
de Lauretis, Teresa. Alice Doesnt: Feminism, Semiotics, Cinema. (Bloomington: Indiana
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Lupton, Ellen. Reading Isotype. In Victor Margolin (Ed.) Design Discourse: History,
Theory Criticism, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989): 145-156.
Metz, Christian. "The Perceived and the Named." Steven Feld and Shari Robertson, trans.
Studies in Visual Communication 6:3 (Fall, 1980): 56-68.
Metz, Christian. "Problems of Denotation in the Fiction Film." In Philip Rosen (Ed.),
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Metz, Christian. Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema. trans. Michael Taylor. ( New
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Moriarty, Sandra. "Visemics: A Proposal for a Marriage Between Semiotics and Visual
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Moriarty, Sandra and Shay Sayre. "Visual Semiotics and the Production of Meaning in
Advertising. Visual Communication 6, Flagstaff, July 1992.
Moriarty, Sandra. "Literal Versus Symbolic Images in Visual Communication, Proceedings
of the 1985 IVLA Conference, Custer Whiteside, ed.
Nadin, Mihai and Richard D. Zakia. Creating Effective Advertising Using Semiotics. (New
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Porter, Michael J. Applying Semiotics to the Study of Selected Prime Time Television
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IX Cultural/Critical Studies
IX A. Sociology/Anthropology
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Albers, Patricia C. and William R. James. Private and Public Images: A Study of
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Asch, Timothy, John Marshall and P. Spier. Ethnographic Film: Structure and Function.
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Banks, Marcus. Talking Heads and Moving Pictures: David Byrness True Stories and the
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Banks, Marcus. Experience and Reality in Ethnographic Film. Visual Sociology. 5:2 (Fall
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Critios, Costas and Tim Quinlan. Communication That Doesnt Work? Postmodernism and
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Damico, Sandra B. The Two Worlds of School: Differences in the Photographs of Black
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Frese, Pamela R. Artifacts of Gendered Space: American Yard Decoration. Visual
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Friedman, Judith. Suburban Landscape: Views of new Jersey Artists. Visual Sociology.
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Fuchs, Peter. Ethnographic Film in Germany: An Introduction. Visual Anthropology. 1:3
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Gardner, Saundra. "Exploring the Family Album: Social Class Differences in Images of
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Geary, Christraud M. Photographs as Materials for African History: Some Methodological
Considerations. History in Africa. 13 (1986): 89-116.
Geary, Christraud M. Impressions of the African Past: Interpreting Ethnographic
Photographs from Cameroon. Visual Anthropology. 3: 2-3 (1990): 289-315.
Geffroy, Yannick. Family Photographs: A Visual Heritage. Visual Anthropology. 3:4
(1990): 367-409.
Ginsburg, Faye. In Whose Image? Indigenous Media from Aboriginal Central Australia.
CVA Review. (Fall 1989): 16-20.
Glenn, James R. The Growth of an Anthropological Photograph Collection: From Passive
Acceptance to the Imperative for Controlled Growth. Visual Anthropology. 3:2-3
(1990): 157-168.
Gold, Peter. "Returning Photographs to the Indians." Studies in Visual Communication. 9:3
(Summer, 1983): 2-14.
Gold, Steven. Student Critiques and Teaching Visual Sociology. Visual Sociology. 1:1
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Gold, Steven. Photography and Field Contacts. Visual Sociology. 1:1 (Spring 1986): 1314.
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IX A1. Cross-Cultural Studies
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IX B. Critical Studies
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Newcomb, Horace. Television: The Critical View. 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University
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Newcomb, Horace. TV: The Most Popular Art. (Garden City NY: Doubleday/Anchor
Books, 1975).
Metallinos, Nikos. "Approaches to Visual Communication Media Criticism and Their
Application to Television Genres." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert
E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Smith, C. Zoe. "Audience Reception of Diane Arbus' Photographs: A Q-Study." Journal of
American Culture (Spring, 1985): 13-38.
Snyder, Joel. "Picturing Vision." Critical Inquiry. 6 (1980): 499-526.
Spitzer, Leo. "American Advertising Explained as Popular Art." In Anna Hatcher, (Ed.)
Essays on English and American Literature. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press,
19662): 248-277.
Spring, Joel. "Managing Images: Civil Rights and the Anti-War Movement." Chapter. 12 in
Images of American Life: A History of Ideological Management in Schools, Moves,
Radio, and Television. (Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 1992)
Thoman, Elizabeth. "Rise of the Image Culture: Re-Imagining the American Dream." Media
& Values. 57 (Winter, 1992): 7-10.
Zettl, Herb. "The Language of Television: The Language of Television Criticism." Broadcast
Education Association Annual Conference, Washington D.C., 1978.
IX B1 Ideology/Bias
Franz, Karen. "Ideology and the Media: Local Television Coverage on the 'Fall of the
Berlin Wall' in the United States,"Visual Sociology 8 (1): 2-15."
Goldman, Robert, and Gloria Lester Beeker. "Decoding Newsphotos: An Analysis of
Embedded Ideological Values." Humanity and Society 9 (August, 1985): 351-363.
Hall, Stuart. "Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the PostStructuralist Debates." Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 62 (1985): 91-114.
Kenney, Keith. "Ideology and Press Photographs: A Framework for Analysis."
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Convention,
Portland, 1988.
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Kinder, Marsha. "Music Video and the Spectator: Television, Ideology, and Dream." In
Horace Newcomb. Television: The Critical View. 4th ed. (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1987)
Lewis, Charles. "Images and Ideology: A Theoretical Framework for Critical Research in
Visual Literacy," Journal of Visual Literacy 11 (Autumn), 1991: 10-34.
Nichols, B. Ideology and the Image: Social Representation in the Cinema and Other
Media. (Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press, 1981).
Wernick, A. Promotional Culture: Advertising, Ideology and Symbolic Expression.
(Newbury Park CA: Sage Publications, 1991).
Wolf, Bryan. "All the World's a Code: Art and Ideology in Nineteenth-Century American
Painting." Art Journal. 44 (Winter, 1984): 328-337.
IX B2. Gender & Racial Issues/Stereotyping
Atkin, David and Marilyn Fife. "The Role of Race and Gender as Determinants of Local
TV News Coverage." Howard Journal of Communication. (Fall/Winter 1993/94):
123-137.
Armstrong, Carol M. "Edgar Degas and the Female body." In Susan R. Suleiman (Ed.)
The Female Body in Western Culture. (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press,
1986): 223-242.
Artz, Nancy and Alladi Venkatesh. "Gender Representation in Advertising." In Rebecca
H. Holman and Michael H. Solomon (Eds.) Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 18
(1990): 618-623.
Berg, Charles Ramirez. "Stereotyping in Films in General and of the Hispanic in
Particular." Howard Journal of Communication. 2 (1990): 286-300.
Betterton, Rosemary. "How Do Women Look: The Female Nude in the Work of Suzanne
Valadon." In Hilary Robinson (Ed.) Visibly Female: Feminism and Art-- An
Anthology. (New York: Universe Books, 1988): 250-271.
Biren, Joan E. Lesbian Photography--Seeing Through Our Own Eyes. Studies in
Visual Communication. 9:2 (Spring 1981): 81-96.
Butler, Rebecca P. and Ann Devaney. "Gender Perceptions in Instructional Technology."
Journal of Visual Literacy. 14:1 (Spring, 1994): 11-34.
Condron, Linda, Patricia O'Riley, Suzanne Damarin. "Women and the Discourses of the
Visual: Where are Women in this Picture?" In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A.
Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. IVLA Conference
Proceedings, 1994.
Couch, Richard A. "Gender Equity & Visual Literacy: Schools Can Help Change
Perceptions." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.)
Damarin, Suzanne K. "The Ascendancy of the Visual and Issues of Gender: Equality
Versus Difference." Journal of Visual Literacy. 13:2 (Autumn, 1993): 61-71.
Devaney, Ann and Alejandra Elenes. "Square One Television and Gender." In Roberts
A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual
Dyer, Richard. Now You See It: Studies on Lesbian and Gay Film (New York: Routledge,
1990).
Dyer, Richard. (Ed.) Gays and Film (New York: Zoetrope, 1984).
Dyer, Richard. "Seen to Be Believed: Some Problems in the Representation of Gay
People as Typical." Studies in Visual Communication 9:2( (Spring, 1983): 2-19.
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Elterman, H. "Using Films to Teach Gender Roles: Three Theoretical Approaches.:"

Entman, Robert M. "Blacks in the News: Television, Modern Racism and Cultural
Change." Journalism Quarterly. 69:2 (Summer 1992): 341-361.
Friedman, Lester D. Unspeakable Images: Ethnicity and the American Cinema. (Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1991).
Gamian, L. and M. Marshment (Eds.). The Female Gaze. (London: The Women's Press,
1988).
Goffman, Erving. Gender Advertisements. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
Hagan, Tracey D. "Drawn by Desire: A Study of the Female Image in Modern Art
History." In John Deely and Terry Prewitt (Eds.) Semiotics 1991. (Lanham, NY:
University Press of America, 1993).
Hooks, Bell. Black Looks: Race and Representation. (Boston: south End Press, 1992).
Kenrick, Douglas T. and Sarra E. Gutierres. "Contrast Effects and Judgments of Physical
Attractiveness: When Beauty Becomes a Social Problem." Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology. 38 (January, 1980): 131-140.
Kervin, Denise. "Gender Ideology in Television Commercials." In Leah R. Vande Berg
and Lawrence A. Wenner. (Eds.) Television Criticism. (New York: Longman, 1991).
Kervin, Denise. "Advertising Masculinity: The Representation of Males in Esquire
Advertisements. Journal of Communication Inquiry. 14 (1990): 51-69.
Kervin, Denise. "Gender Coding in Magazine Advertisements." Journal of Visual/Verbal
Languaging. 7:1 (1987): 52-59.
Leibowitz, Flo. "A Note on Feminist Theories of Representation: Questions Concerning
the Autonomy of Art." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 48 (Fall, 1990):
361-364.
Lester, Paul, ed. Images That Injure forthcoming.
Lester, Paul. "African-American Photo Coverage in Four U.S. Newspapers, 1937-1990."
Journalism Quarterly. 71 (Summer, 1994): 380-394.
McNally, Coleen and Arnold S. Wolfe. In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and
Roberts Braden (Eds.) "Deconstructing Images: Understanding the Role of Images in
the Social Production of Meaning." In Investigating Visual Literacy, IVLA
Conference Proceedings, 1990: 291-300.
Muffoletto, Robert. "Representations: You, Me, and Them." In Moore, David and Francis
Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Englewood Cliffs NJ:
(Educational Technology Publications, 1994): 295-310.
Mulvey, Laura. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (Autumn 1975): 618.
Mulvey, Laura. Visual and Other Pleasures. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
1989.
Parker, Rozsika and Griselda Pollock. Old Mistresses: Women, Art and Ideology. (New
York: Pantheon, 1981.)
Pollock, Griselda. Vision and Difference: Femininity, Feminism, and Histories of Art.
(New York: Routledge 1988).
Prather, J.M and M. J. Einerson. "Jill in a Box: Figure-Ground Differences in Magazine
Advertisement Photographs." Speech Communication Association, 1994, New
Orleans, LA.
Rakow, Lana F. and Kimberlie Kranich. "Woman as Sign in Television News." Journal
of Communication. 41:1 (Winter, 1991): 8-23.
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Rakow, Lana F. "Don't Hate Me Because I'm Beautiful: Feminist Resistance to

Advertising's Irresistible Meanings." Southern Communication Journal. 57:2 (Winter,
1992): 132-142.
Richins, Marsha L. "Social Comparison and the Idealized Images of Advertising."
Journal of Consumer Research. 18 (June 1991): 71-83.
Ruffo, M.M. "Changing Advertising Images: The 'Male Gaze' Turns on Itself." Speech
Communication Association, 1992, Chicago, Il.
Russo, Vito. The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies. 2nd ed. (New York:
Harper, 1987).
Scott, Linda. "Fresh Lipstick: A New Look at Images of Women in Advertising." Media
Studies Journal. 7:1-2 (Winter/Spring, 1993): 141-156.
Seiter, Ellen. "Stereotypes and the Media: A Re-evaluation." Journal of Communication.
36 (1986): 14-26.
Walker, Alice. "Giving the Party: Aunt Jemima, Mammy, and the Goddess Within." MS.
(May/June 1994): 22-25.
Warlaumont, Hazel G. "Visual Grammars of Gender: The Gaze and Psychoanalytic
Theory in Advertisements." Journal of Communication Inquiry. (Spring, 1993): 4-19.
IX B3. Ethics/Social Responsibility
Ahlhauser, John. A History of Photojournalism Ethics. In Paul M. Lester (Ed.) The
Ethics of Photojournalism. (Durham: National Press Photographers Association,
1990): 2-5.
Bailey, George A. and Lawrence W. Lichty. "Rough Justice on a Saigon Street: A
Gatekeeper Study of NBC's Tet Execution Film." Journalism Quarterly. 49 (Summer,
1972): 221-225.
Baker, Robert L. Portraits of a Public Suicide; Photo Treatment by Selected
Pennsylvania Dailies. Newspaper Research Journal 9 (Summer 1988): 13-23.
Beckman, Rich. Research on Photojournalism Ethics. In Paul M. Lester (Ed.) The
Ethics of Photojournalism. (Durham: National Press Photographers Association,
1990): 80-93.
Becker, Howard S. Foreword: Images, Ethics, and Organizations. In Larry Gross,
John S. Katz, and Jay Ruby (Eds.) Image Ethics: The Moral Rights of Subjects in
Photographs, Film and Television. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990):xixvii.
Beloff, Halla. Social Interaction in Photographing. Leonardo. 16:3 (Summer 1983):
165-171.
Boorstin, Daniel J. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. (New York:
Harper & Row, 1961).
Bossen, Howard. "Zone V: Photojournalism, Ethics, and the Electronic Age." Studies in
Visual Communication. 11:3 (1985): 22-32.
Brink, Ben. Question of Ethics: Where Does Honesty in Photojournalism Begin?
News Photographer (June 1988): 21-33.
Brown, Cindy. "They Do It Differently in Canada: How Law Enforcement Agents Seek
Photographic Evidence from Media Outlets." Visual Communication Quarterly. 1
(Winter, 1994): 6-7.
Brown, Jennifer E. News Photographers and the Pornography of Grief. Journal of
Mass Media Ethics. 2 (Spring/Summer 1987): 75-81.
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Braun, Joseph A. Jr. Recognizing Bias: A Visual Literacy Lesson From Beijing." In
Darrell G. Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and Roberts Braden (Ed.) Investigating
Visual Literacy. IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1990 : 367-373.
Bryant, Garry. 10-50 P.I.: Emotion and the Photographer. Journal of Mass Media
Ethics. 2 (Spring/Summer 1987): 32-39.
Coleman, A. D. "Private Lives, Public Places: Street Photography Ethics." Journal of
Mass Media Ethics. 2:2 (1987): 60-66.
Craig, Robert L. "Universal Pragmatics: A Critical Approach to Image Ethics." In Darrell
G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual
Eaton, Marcia. "Truth in Pictures." Columbia University Forum 9 (1966): 1, 27-31.
Fiedler, Fred, Tim Counts and Paul Hightower. "Changes in Wording of Cutlines Fail to
Reduce Photographs' Offensiveness." Journalism Quarterly. 59 (Winter, 1982): 633637.
Gold, Steven J. "Ethical Issues in Visual Field Work," In Grant Blank, James L.
McCartney, Edward Brent (Eds.) Practical Applications in Research and Work (New
Brunswick: Transaction Publications, 1989): 99-107.
Goodwin, H. Eugene. "That's Shocking," In Groping for Ethics in Journalism. (Ames
Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1987.)
Gross, Larry. "The Ethics of (Mis)representation." In Larry Gross, John S. Katz, and Jay
Ruby (Eds.) Image Ethics: The Moral Rights of Subjects in Photographs, Film and
Television. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990): 188-202.
Hansen, C., C. Needham, and Bill Nichols. "Pornography, Ethnography, and the
Discourse of Power. In Bill Nichols (Ed.) Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts
in Documentary. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991): 201-228.
Hartley, Craig. H. "Ethical Newsgathering Values of the Public and Press
Photographers." Journalism Quarterly. 60:2 (1983): 301-305.
Henderson, Lisa. "Access and Consent in Public Photography." In Larry Gross, John S.
Katz, and Jay Ruby (Eds.) Image Ethics: The Moral Rights of Subjects in
Photographs, Film and Television. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990): 91107.
Jay, Bill. The Photographer as Aggressor. In David Featherstone (Ed.) Observations
Essays on Documentary Photography, (Carmel: The Friends of Photography, 1984):
7-23.
Kochersberger, Robert C. Survey of Suicide Photos Use in Newspapers in Three
States. Newspaper Research Journal. 9 (Summer 1988): 1-12.
Lester, Paul. Photojournalism: An Ethical Approach. (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, 1991).
Lester, Paul (Ed.). The Ethics of Photojournalism. (Durham: National Press
Photographers Association, 1990).
Lester, Paul and Ron Smith. "African-American Photo Coverage in Life, Newsweek and
Time, 1937-1988."Journalism Quarterly, 67 (Spring, 1990): 128-136.
Lester, Paul. "Computer Aids Instruction in Photojournalism Ethics." Journalism
Educator. 44:2 (Summer, 1989): 13-17, 49.
Lester, Paul. "Photojournalism Ethics: Timeless Issues." In Michael Emery and Ted
Smythe (Eds.) Customized Readings in Mass Communication. (Dubuque, IA: WCB:
Brown and Benchmark, 1995).
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Lester, Paul. "Military Censorship of Photographs." In Philip Patterson and Lee Wilkins
(Eds.), Media Ethics: Issues and Cases. (Dubuque IA: WCB: Brown and Benchmark,
1995).
Lester, Paul (Ed.). Images That Injure: Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media. (Westport CT:
Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996).
Linton, James. "'Smile You're on Candid Camera': Some Ethical Issues in Visual
Research." First International Conference on Visual Sociology, Windsor, Ontario,
1983.
MacDougall, Curtis D. News Pictures Fit to Print. . . Or Are They? (Stillwater, OK:
Journalistic Services, 1971).
Marshall, Ernest C. "Artistic Convention and the Issue of Truth in Art." The Journal of
Aesthetic Education. 23 (Fall 1989): 301-305.
Martin, Edwin. The Rights of Those Pictured. In Paul M. Lester (Ed.) The Ethics of
Photojournalism. (Durham: National Press Photographers Association, 1990): 28-34.
Michaels, Eric. A Primer of Restrictions on Picture-Taking in Traditional Areas of
Aboriginal Australia. Visual Anthropology. 4:4 (1991): 259-275.
Myers, Philip N. Jr. and Frank Biocca, "The Elastic Body Image: The Effect of
Television Advertising and Programming on Body Image Distortions on Young
Women." Journal of Communication. 43:3 (Summer 1992): 108-133.
Newton, Julianne. Why Ethics? In Paul M. Lester (Ed.) The Ethics of
Photojournalism. (Durham: National Press Photographers Association, 1990): 6-9.
O'Brien. "Eye on Soweto: A Study of Factors in News Photo Use." Journal of Mass
Media Ethics. 3: 2 (1991): 69-87.
Padgett, George. "Codes Should Address Exploitation of Grief by Photographers."
Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 1:1 (Fall/Winter 1985/86): 50-56.
Pinney, C. Other Peoples Bodies, Lives, Histories? Ethical Issues in the Use of a
Photographic Archive. Journal of Museum Ethnography. 1 (1989): 57-68.
Parsons, P. and W. Smith. R. Budd Dwyer: A Case Study in Newsroom Decision
Making. Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 3:1 (1988): 84-94.
Roskill, Mark and David Carrier, Truth and Falsehood in Visual Images, (Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press, 1983).
Ruby, Jay. The Ethics of Image Making. In A. Rosenthal (Ed.). Documentary
Challenge. (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1987).
Rynkiewitch, Michal A. and James P. Spradley, (Eds.) Ethics and Anthropology,
Dilemmas in Fieldwork. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976).
Sanders, B. "Invasion of Privacy...Your Decision or Theirs?" News Photographer.
(March, 19896): 12-13.
Schwartz, Dona. "To Tell the Truth: Codes of Objectivity in Photojournalism."
Communication. 13:2 (1992): 95-109.
Sherer, Michael. "Manipulating 'Forrest Gump.' Single Code of Ethics Would Better
Serve Press, Public." Quill. November/December, 1994: 34.
Smith, Conrad. "Oiled Otters, File Footage and Visual Symbolism: A Case Study in the
Ethics of Television News." Visual Communication 5, Breckenridge CO, 1991.
Steele, Robert M. Video Ethics: The Dilemma of Value Balancing. Journal of Mass
Media Ethics 2. (Spring/Summer 1987): 7-17.
Viera, John D. Images as Property. In Larry Gross, John S. Katz, and Jay Ruby (Eds.)
Image Ethics: The Moral Rights of Subjects in Photographs, Film and Television.
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990): 135-162.
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Wischmann, Lesley. "Dying on the Front Page: Kent State and the Pulitzer Prize."
Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 2:2 (Sprint/Summer, 1987): 67-74.
Zemp, Hugo. Ethical Issues in Ethnomusicological Filmmaking. Visual Anthropology.
3:1 (1990): 49-64.
IX B4. Image Manipulation

Brand, S., K. Kelly, and J. Kinney. "Digital Retouching: The End of Photography as
Evidence of Anything." Whole Earth Review. (July, 1985): 42-49.
Harris, Christopher R. "Digitalization and Manipulation of News Photographs." Journal
of Mass Media Ethics. 6 (1991): 164-174.
Jaubert, A. Making People Disappear: An Amazing Chronicle of Photographic
Deception. (Washington: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1989).
Kelly, James E. and Diona Nace. "Digital Imaging and Believing Photos." Visual
Communication Quarterly. 1 (Winter 1994): 4-5, 18.
Lasica, J. D. "Photographs That Lie." Washington Journalism Review. 11 (1989): 22-25.
Lester, Paul. "Faking Images in Photojournalism" Media Development. 35 (January,
1988): 41-42.
Martin, Edwin. "Against Photographic Deception." Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 2:2
(Spring/Summer, 1987): 49-59.
Martin, Edwin. "On Photographic Manipulation." Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 6
(1991): 156-163.
Mitchell, W. J. The Reconfigured Eye: Visual Truth in the Post-Photographic Era.
Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1992).
Parker, Douglas. "Ethical Implications of Electronic Still Camera and Computer Digital
Imaging in the Print Media." Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 3:2 (Fall, 1988): 47-59.
Reaves, Sheila. "Magazines vs. Newspapers: Editors Have different Ethical Standards on
the Digital Manipulation of Photographs." Visual Communication Quarterly. 2:1
(Winter, 1995): 4-7.
Reaves, Sheila. "Digital Alteration of Photographs in Consumer Magazines." Journal of
Mass Media Ethics. 6 (1991): 175-181.
Reaves, Sheila. "Photography, Pixels, and New Technology: Is There a 'Paradigm Shift'?"
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Conference,
Reaves, Sheila. "Digital Retouching: Is There a Place For It In Newspaper
Photography.?" Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 2:2 (Spring/Summer, 1987): 40-48.
Ritchin, Fred. In Our Own Image: The Coming Revolution in Photography. (New York:
Apertures, 1990).
Slattery, Karen and J. T. Tiedge. "The Effect of Labeling Staged Video on the Credibility
of TV News Stories." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 36 (1992): 279286.
Sutton, Ron. "Image Manipulation: Then and Now," In Nikos Metallinos, (Ed.) VerboVisual Literacy, International IVLA Symposium, Delphi Greece, 1993.
Terry, Danal and Dominic L. Lasorsa. "Ethical Implications of Digital Imaging in
Photojournalism." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
Conference, Washington D.C., 1989.
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Tomlinson, Don E. "Computer Manipulation and Creation of Images and Sounds:

Assessing the Impact." Washington DC: The Annenberg Washington Program, 1993.
Wheeler, Tom and Tim Gleason. "Photography or Photofiction: An Ethical Protocol for
the Digital Age." Visual Communication Quarterly. 2:1 (Winter, 1995): 8-12.
Zelle, Ann, Terry Gips, David Adamson, and Charles Ossola. "Image Manipulation: Four
Points of View on the Future of 'Reality.' Visual Communication, IVLA, Annual
Conference Proceedings, 1991.
Zelle, Ann and Ronald Sutton. "Image Manipulation: The Zelig Phenomenon." Journal
of Visual Literacy, 11 (1), 1991: 10-37.
X. Professional Practice/Disciplines
X A. Moving Image Media (General)
Allan, David W. "Aural-Visual-Kinesthetic Imagery in Motion Media." In Roberts Braden,
Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science. and Visual Literacy
Baggett, P. "Role of Temporal Overlap of Visual and Auditory Material in Forming Dual
Media Associations." Journal of Educational Psychology. 76 (1984): 408-417.
Fletcher, James E. "Assessment of the Visual Image in Film, Television and the New Visual
Media: Research Design," in Nikos Metallinos, (Ed.) Verbo-Visual Literacy,
International IVLA Symposium Conference Proceedings, Delphi Greece, 1993.
Kaha, C.W. "Towards a Syntax of Motion." Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 10
(1993): 339-348.
Madsen, Roy Paul . The Impact of Film: How Ideas Are Communicated Through Cinema
and Television. (NY: Macmillan, 1973)
Pryluck, Calvin. Sources of Meaning in Motion Pictures and Television.. (New York: Arno
Press, 1976.)
Tiemens, R. K. "Some Relationships of Camera Angles to Communication Credibility."
Journal of Broadcasting. 17 (1970): 353-362.
X A1. Film/Cinema
Arnheim, Rudolf. Film As Art. (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1966).
Balazs, Bela. Theory of the Film: Character and Growth of a New Art, New York:
Dover, 1970;.
Bazin, Andre. 1867. What Is Cinema? Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1967.
Bazin, Andre. "The Ontology of the Photographic Image." In What is Cinema?, trans.
Hugh Gray (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).
Boggs, Joseph M. The Art of Watching Films. 2nd ed. (Mountain View CA: Mayfield,
1985)
Bordwell, David and Kristin Thompson. Film Art: An Introduction, 2nd ed. New York:
Knopf, 1986.
Braudy, Leo. The World in a Frame: What We See in Films. Garden City NY: Anchor
Books, 1977).
Carroll, John. Toward a Structural Psychology of Cinema. (The Hague: Mouton, 1980).
Chatman, Seymour B. "What is Description in the Cinema?" Cinema Journal. 23
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Davies, R. A., J. M. Farrell and S. S. Mathews. "The Dream World of Film: A Jungian
Perspective of Cinematic Communication." Western Journal of Speech. 46 (1982):
326-343.
Eisenstein, Sergei. Film Form. (New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1949).
Eisenstein, Sergei. The Film Sense. Rev. ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovich,
1975).
Giannetti, L.D. Understanding Movies. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1972).
Hochberg, Julian and V. Brooks. "The Perception of Motion Pictures." In E. C. Carterette
and M. P. Friedman (Eds.) Handbook of Perception, Vol. 10. (New York: Academic
Press, 1978).
Jesionowski, J. E. Thinking in Pictures: Dramatic Structure in D. W. Griffith's Biograph
Films. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
Kawin, B. How Movies Work. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
Linton, James and G. Jowett. Movies as Mass Communication. 2nd ed (Beverly Hills,
CA: Sage, 1989).
Mayne, J. Cinema and Spectatorship. (New York: Routledge, 1993).
Messaris, Paul. "The Film Audience's Awareness of the Production Process." Journal of
the University Film Association. 33 (1981): 53-56.
Montagu, Ivor. Film World: A Guide to Cinema. (Baltimore MD: Penguin Books, 1967)
Sauzier, Bertrand. "An Interpretation of 'Man with the Movie Camera'." Studies in Visual
communication 11:2 (Fall, 1985): 30-53.
Stephenson, Ralph and J.R. Debrix. The Cinema as Art. (Baltimore MD: Penguin Books,
1969.
X A2. Television/Video
Antin, David. "Video: The Distinctive Features of the Medium." In Ira Schneider and
Beryl Korot (Eds.) Video Art: An Anthology. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
1976): 180.
Aufderheide, Patricia. "Vernacular Video." Columbia Journalism Review.
(January/February 1995): 46-48.
Baggaley, J. P., M. Ferguson and F. Brooks. Psychology of the TV Image. (New York:
Praeger, 1980)
Banks, Anna. "Frontstage/Backstage: Loss of Control in Real-Time Coverage of the War
in the Gulf." Visual Communication 5, Breckenridge, 1991; Also in Communication.
13:2 (1992); 111-119.
Barbatsis, Gretchen and Yvette Guy. "Analyzing Meaning in Form: Soap Opera's
Compositional Construction of 'Realness." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic
Media, 35 (Winter, 1991): 59-74.
Barbatsis, Gretchen, Keith Kenney and Lori Owen. "Television Program Logos:
Pictorially Encoding Storytelling Themes." Speech Communication Association
Conference, Boston, November 1986.
Barker, David. "'It's Been Real': Forms of Television Representation." Critical Studies in
Mass Communication. 5:1 (March, 1988): 42-56.
Carey, James W. (Ed.) Media, Myths, and Narratives: Television and the Press.
Newbury Park CA: Sage, 1988).
Collins, W. A. and M. Wiens. "Cognitive Processes in Television Viewing: Description
and Strategic Implications." In M. Pressley and J. R. Levin (Eds.) Cognitive Strategy
Research: Psychological Foundations. (New York: Spinger-Verlag, 1983): 79-201.
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Ellis, John. "Broadcast TV as Sound and Image." In John Corner and Jeremy Hawthorne,
(Eds.), Communication Studies. (London: Edward Arnold, 3rd ed. 1989).
Feuer, Jane. "The MTM Style." In Horace Newcomb. Television: The Critical View. 4th
ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987)
Fiske, J. and J. Hartley. Reading Television. London: Metheum, 1978)
Gitlin, Todd. (Ed). Watching Television. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1987.
Hazard, Patrick D. (Ed.) TV as Art. Champaign IL: National Council of Teachers of
English, 1966).
Himmelstein, Hal. Television Myth and the American Mind. (New York: Praeger, 1984)
Kaminsky, Stuart with Jeffrey H. Mahan. American Television Genres. (Chicago:
Nelson-Hall, 1984).
Kinder, Marsha. "Music Video and the Spectator: Television, Ideology, and Dream."
Film Quarterly, 38 (Autumn, 1984): 2-15.
Kipper, Phil. 'Television Camera Movement as a Source of Perceptual Information."
Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 30 (1986).
Metallinos, Nikos. "Visual Literacy: Suggested Theories for the Study of Television
Pictures Perception." Journal of Visual Literacy, 12 (Spring 1992): 57-72.
Metallinos, Nikos. "Three Dimensional Video: Perceptual and Aesthetic Drawbacks." In
Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions
of Visual Literacy. 1989 Annual Conference Proceedings. 1990.
Metallinos, Nikos. "Computerized Television: New Developments in Television
Production Techniques." Journal of Verbal Visual Languaging 7 (1987): 21-32.
Metallinos, Nikos. "Empirical Studies of Television Composition." In J.R. Dominick and
J.C. Fletcher (Eds.) Broadcasting Research Methods. (Warton, MA: Allyn & Bacon,
1985)
Metallinos, Nikos "The Idiosyncracies of Television: An Overall View. Journal of Visual
Verbal Languaging. 5 (1985): 41-43.
Metallinos, Nikos. "Composition of the Television Picture: Some Hypotheses to Test the
Forces Operating Within the Television Screen." Educational Communication and
Metallinos, Nikos. "Asymmetry of the Screen: The Effect of Left Versus Right
Placement of Television Images." Journal of Broadcasting. 21 (1977): 21-33.
Olson, Alan M., Christopher Parr, and Debra Parr. Video Icons & Values. (Albany NY:
State University of New York Press, 1991)
Robinson, R. S. "Comprehension of Narrative Television: Factors of Visual Literacy."
Schwartz, Dona. "Superbowl XXVI: Reflections on the Manufacture of Appearance."
Visual Sociology, 8 (1): 23-33.
Vande Berg, Leah R. and Lawrence A. Wenner. (Eds.) Television Criticism. (New York:
Longman, 1991).
X A3. Film/TV Aesthetics/Language of Film
Barker, David. "Television Production Techniques as Communication." Critical Studies
in Mass Communication. 2:3 (September, 1985): 234-246; Also in Horace
Newcomb. Television: The Critical View. 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University
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Carey, John. "Conventions and Meaning in Film." In Film Culture: Explorations of

Cinema in Its Social Context. Sari Thomas, ed. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 110125.
Cook, Russell. "The Phenomenology of Zettl's Television Space," Fifth Annual Visual
Communication Conference, Breckenridge CO, 1991.
D'Agostino, P. (Ed.) Transmission: Theory and Practice for a New Television Aesthetic.
(New York: Tanam Press, 1985)
Degge, R. M. "A Model for Visual Aesthetic Inquiry in Television. The Journal of
Aesthetic Education. 19 (1985): 85-102.
Frith, Uta and Jocelyn Robson. "Perceiving the Language of Films." Perception. 4
(1975): 97-103.
Gibbs, William J. and Robert E. Griffin. "Visual Effects in Video Production and Their
Effect on Attitude and Cognition," In Judy Clark Baca, Darrel G. Beauchamp and
Roberts N. Braden (Eds.) Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures.
Proceedings of the IVLA Conference, 1991.
Hedges, I. Breaking the Frame: Film Language and the Experience of Limits.
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991).
Hobbs, R., R. Frost, A. Davis, and J. Stauffer. "How First-Time viewers Comprehend
Editing Conventions." Journal of Communication. 38 (Autumn, 1988): 50-60.
Hochberg, Julian and V. Brooks. "Film Cutting and Visual Momentum." In R. A. Monty
and J. W. Senders (Eds.) Eye Movement and Psychological Processes, II. (Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum, 1978).
Hundley, Heather. "Seinfeld and Ellen: Is There a Significant Difference? A Content
Analysis of Framing, Shot Type and Screen Depth." Visual Communication 9,
Flagstaff AZ, 1995.
Huston, Aletha C. John C. Wright, Ellen Wartella, Mabel L. Rice, B.A. Watkins, T.
Campbell, and R. Potts. "Communicating More Than Content: Formal Features of
Children's Television Programs." Journal of Communication 31 (Summer, 1981): 3248.
McCain, T.A., J. Chilberg and J. Wakshlag. "The Effect of Camera Angle on Source
Credibility and Attraction." Journal of Broadcasting. 17 (1977): 35-46.
Metallinos, Nikos. "Television Aesthetics in Education." Educational Technology. 31
(1991): 48-53.
Metallinos, Nikos. "Perceptual Factors in the Study of Television Aesthetics." In J.D.
Baca, D.G. Beauchamp, and R. A. Braden (Eds.). Visual Communications: Bridging
Across Cultures. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association,
1992).
Monaco, James. How to Read a Film. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
Newcomb, Horace. "Toward a Television Aesthetic." In Horace Newcomb. Television:
The Critical View. 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987)
Spottiswoode, R. A Grammar of the Film: An Analysis of Film Technique. (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1950).
Tarroni, E. "The Aesthetics of Television." In H. Newcomb. (Ed.) Television: The
Critical view. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
Thorburn, David. "Television as an Aesthetic Medium." In James W. Carey (Ed.) Media,
Myths, and Narratives: Television and the Press. Newbury Park CA: Sage, 1988).
Zettl, Herb. "A Rare Case of Television Aesthetics." Journal of the University Film
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Zettl, H. "Toward a Multi-Screen Television Aesthetic: Some Structural Considerations."

Journal of Broadcasting. 21 (1977): 5-19.
Zettl, Herb. Sight, Sound, Motion: Applied Media Aesthetics. 2nd. ed. (Belmont CA:
Wadsworth, 1990).
X A4. Documentary Media
Barry, Ann Marie. "Reading the Television Political Documentary: A Retrospective Look
at the Interaction of Visual and Verbal Content and Rhetoric of "Teddy, '" British
Film Institute and International Visual Literacy Association Symposium, London,
July, 1990.
Brooks, Virginia Loring. "Why Dance Films do Not Look Right: A Study in the Nature
of the Documentary of Movement as Visual Communication." Studies in Visual
Communication. 10:2 (Spring 1984): 44-67.
Corner, John. (Ed.) Documentary and the Mass Media. (London: Edward Arnold, 1986).
Himmelstein, Hal. "Television News and the Television Documentary." In Horace
Newcomb. Television: The Critical View. 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1987)
Linton, James M. "Documentary Film Research's Unrealized Potential in the
Communication field." Communication. 13:2 (1992): 85-93.
Linton, James. "The Moral Dimension in Documentary." Journal of the University Film
Association. 28:2 (Spring, 1976): 17-22.
Linton, James. "The 'Reel World" of the Courtroom: An Analysis of a Television
Documentary About a Murder Trial." Canadian Communication Association
Conference, 1988.
Richter, Richard. "Producing Documentaries for Network Television." Studies in Visual
Communication. 8:1 (Winter, 1982): 55-60.
Rosenthal, Alan. "Documentary Film on Television: An Introduction." Studies in Visual
Communication. 8:1 (Winter, 1982): 2-6.
Salcedo, A. "The Uses of Documentary Film" Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging 7:2
(1987): 46-60.
Snyder, Joel. "Documentary Without Ontology." Studies in Visual Communication. 10:1
(Winter, 1984): 78-95.
X A5. Broadcast Journalism
Barry, A. M. and Am Leaver. "Literature and Television Production: 1984 Newscast
Project--An Interdisciplinary Project Based on the Power of Visual and Verbal
Language. Journal of Visual Literacy. 10:1 (1990): 75-98.
Brosius, Hans-Bernd. "The Effects of Emotional Pictures in Television News."
Communication Research. 20:1 (February, 1993): 105-124.
Brosius, Hans-Bernd. "Format Effects on Comprehension of Television News."
Journalism Quarterly. 68:3 (Autumn, 1991): 396-401.
Coon, Stephen and Eric Hing-Tat Tse. "Negativity and Visualization as Criteria for News
Selection in Local Television Newscasts." Association for Education in Journalism
and Mass Communication Conference, Boston, MA, 1991.
Donsbach, Wolfgang, Hans-Bernd Brosius and Axel Mattenklott. "How Unique is the
Perspective of Television? A Field Experiment on the Perception of a Campaign
Event by Participants and Television Viewers." Political Communication. 10:1
(January/March, 1993): 37-53.
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Doremus, Mark E. "The Use of Visuals to Clarify Ambiguous Verbal Information in a

Television News Story." Journal of Visual Literacy. 12:1 (Spring, 1991);23-34.
Drew, Dan G. and Thomas Grimes. "Audio-visual Redundancy and TV News Recall."
Communication Research. 14:4 (August, 1987): 452-461.
Edwardson, M., D. Grooms, and P. Pringle. "Visualization and TV News Information
Gain." Journal of Broadcasting 20 (1976): 373-380.
Ericson, Richard, Patricia Baranek and Janet Chan. "Visualizing the News." In John
Corner and Jeremy Hawthorn (Eds.) Communication Studies. London: Edward
Arnold, 3rd ed. 1989.
Foote, Joe S. and Ann C. Saunders. "Graphic Forms in Network Television News."
Journalism Quarterly, 67 (Autumn 1990): 501-507.
Frank, Robert. "The 'Grammar of Film' in Television News." Journalism Quarterly. 51
(1973): 245-250.
Gorney, Carole. "Numbers Versus Pictures: Did Network Television Sensationalize
Chernobyl Coverage?" Journalism Quarterly, 69 (Summer 1992),: 455-465.
Graber, Doris. "Seeing is Remembering: How Visuals Contribute to Learning from
Television News. " Journal of Communication. 40 (1990): 134-155.
Griffin, Michael. "Looking at TV News: Strategies for Research." Communication. 13:2
(1992): 121-141.
Grimes, Thomas. "Mild Auditory-visual Dissonance in Television News May Exceed
Viewer Attentional Capacity." Human Communication Research. 18:2 (December,
1991): 268-298.
Gunter, B. "Remembering Television News: Effects of Picture Content." Journal of
General Psychology. 102 (1980): 127-133.
Kepplinger, Hans. "Visual Bias in Television Campaign Coverage." Journalism
Quarterly. 57 (1980): 432-446.
Kunz, William. "Network News and the Myths of the Vietnam War." Visual
Communication Quarterly. 1 (Winter, 1994): 10-12.
Kellner, Douglas. The Persian Gulf TV War. (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1992).
Lewis, Charles. "Exploring Context in the Viewing of Local TV News." In Darrel G.
Age. IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1994.
Mandell, L. M. and Shaw, D. L. "Judging People in the News--Unconsciously: Effect of
Camera Angle and Bodily Activity." Journal of Broadcasting. 17 (1973): 353-362.
Newhagen, John and Byron Reeves. "The Evenings' Bad News: Effects of Compelling
Negative Television News Images on Memory." Journal of Communication 42
(Spring, 1992): 25-41.
Slattery, Karen F. "Visual Information in Viewer Interpretation and Evaluation of
Television News Stories." Journal of Visual Literacy. 10:1 (Spring, 1990): 26-44.
Smith, Conrad. "Visual Symbols of Disasters in Network TV News." Visual
Communication 6, Flagstaff AZ, 1991.
Zettl, Herbert. "The Graphication and Personification of Television News." In Gary
Burns and Robert J. Thompson (Eds.) Television Studies: Textual Analysis. (New
York: Praeger, 1989): 137-163.
X A6. MTV
Aufderheide, Pat. "Music Videos: The Look of the Sound." In Todd Gitlin. (Ed).
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Baxter, Richard L., Cynthia De Riermer, Ann Landini, Larry Leslie, and Michael W.
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Maher, Daniel R. "MTV and Sesame Street: Visual Images and Language," In Darrell G.
Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and Roberts A. Braden, (Eds.) Investigating Visual
Literacy . IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1990:145-150.
Sherman, Barry L. "Perceiving and Processing Music Television." In Jennings Bryant
and Dolf Zilman (Eds.) Responding to the Screen. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1991)
Signorelli, Nancy, Douglas McLeod and Elaine Healy. "Gender Stereotypes in MTV
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Voelker, David H. and Gary R. Pettey. "Schema-Triggered Cognitive and Affective
Response to Music: Applying an Information-Processing Model to Rock 'N' Roll."
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Convention,
Willinsky, J. M. "The Rock Video: A New Frontier for Visual Literacy." Journal of
X A7. New Media/Multi Media/Virtual Media
Borger, G. Ferwerda. The World of 3-D: A Practical Guide to Stereo Photography. 2nd
ed. (The Netherlands: 3-D Book Publication, 1987).
Braden, R. A. and J. F. Moore. "Interactive Video: A Delivery System for Electronic
Imagery." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 3:2: 55-60.
Horibuchi, Seiji. (Ed.) Stereograms. (San Francisco: Cadence, 1994).
Jaber, William E. and Feng Hou. "Visual Resources on the Internet." In Darrell G.
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Studies in Mass Communication. 10 (September, 1993): 238-252.
Lloyd R. Scott. "An Introduction to Educational Holography." In Roberts Braden, Judy
Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science. and Visual Literacy
Lockee, Barbara and Tom Hergert. "Learning Visual Design Through Hypermedia:
Pathways to Visual Literacy." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert
E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International
Mahoney, Diana Phillips. "Virtual Science." Computer Graphics World. (July, 1994): 2026.
McLellan, Hilary. "From Cubism to Holography." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G.
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McLellan, Hilary. "Magical Stories: Blending Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence."
In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and
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McLellan, Hilary. "Avatars, Affordances, and Interfaces: Virtual Reality Tools for
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Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual
McLellan, Hilary. "Virtual Reality: Visualization in Three Dimensions." In Roberts
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Moore, David M. (Mike), Robert J. Myers, John K. Burton. "Multimedia: Promise,
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Reaves, Sheila. "The Unintended Effects of New Technology (And Why We Can Expect
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X A8. TV Commercials
Barbatsis, Gretchen. "Negative Campaign Commercials and Media Rage: Understanding
that Pictures Cannot Lie," Speech Communication Association Annual Meeting,
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Gronbeck, Bruce E. "Mythic Portraiture in the 1988 Iowa Presidential Caucus Bio-Ads."
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Hirschman, Elizabeth C. "Point of View: Sacred, Secular and Mediating Consumption
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X B. Photography
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Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. (New York: Hill and Wang.
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Bayer, Jonathan (Ed.). Reading Photographs: Understanding the Aesthetics of Photography.
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Zakia, Richard D. Perception and Photography. (Rochester NY: Light Impressions Corp.,
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Zakia, Richard D. and H. N. Todd. 101 Experiments in Photography (Dobbs Ferry, NY:
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Zakia, Richard D. Perceptual Quotes for Photographers, (Rochester: Light Impressions
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X B1. Photojournalism
Baynes, Ken. Scoop, Scandal and Strife. (New York: Hastings House, 1971).
Becker, Karin E. To Control Our Image: Photojournalists and New Technology.
Media, Culture and Society. 13 (1991): 381-387.
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Bethune, Beverly (Ed.). Women in Photojournalism. (Durham: National Press
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Bethune, Beverly M. Profile of Photojournalists on Two metropolitan Newspapers.
Journalism Quarterly 58 (1981): 106-108.
Bethune, Beverly M. A Sociological Profile of the Daily Newspaper Photographer.
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Blackwood, Roy E. International News Photos in U.S. and Canadian Papers.
Bourke-White, Margaret. Portrait of Myself. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963).
Brown, Theodore M. Margaret Bourke-White: Photojournalist. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
Buell, Hal and Saul Pett. The Instant it Happened. (New York: Associated Press, 1975).
Caldwell, Erskine and Margaret Bourke-White. You Have Seen Their Faces. (New
York: Viking Press, 1937).
Callahan, Sean. The Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White. (New York: New York
Graphic Society, 1972).
Capa, Cornell. The Concerned Photographer. (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1968).
Capa, Cornell. The Concerned Photographer 2. (New York: Grossman Publishers,
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Capa, Robert. Images of War. (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1964).
Chapnick, Howard. Truth Needs No Ally: Inside Photojournalism. (Columbia, MO:
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Coldwell, Thomas. Professionalism and Performance Among Newspaper
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Duncan, David Douglas. This Is War! (New York: Bantam, 1967).
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Edom, Clifton Cedric. Photojournalism: Principles and Practices, 2nd ed. (Dubuque,
IA: W.C. Brown Co., 1980).
Edom, Clifton. Photo-propaganda: The History of Its Development. Journalism
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Evans, Harold, ed. Pictures on a Page: Photo-Journalism, Graphics and Picture

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Evans, Walker and James Agee. Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. (Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1960).
Fosdick, James A. Photography in War and Peace. Journalism Quarterly. 24
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Fosdick, James A. Picture Content and Source in Four Daily Newspapers. Journalism
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Frank, Robert. The Americans. (New York: Aperture, 1969).
Freedman, Jill. Circus Days. (New York: Harmony Books, 1975).
Freedman, Jill. Firehouse. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978).
Freedman, Jill. Street Cops. (New York: Harper and Row, 1981).
Gernsheim, Helmut and Allison Gernsheim. Roger Fenton, Photographer of the
Crimean War. (London: Secker and Warburg, 1954).
Goldberg, Vicki. Margaret Bourke-White: A Biography. (New York: Harper and Row,
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Griffiths, Philip Jones. Vietnam Inc. (New York: MacMillan, 1971).
Hall, Stuart. The Determinations of News-photographs. Working Papers in Cultural
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Hayes, Susan. Photographing Hunger: Paving the Way with Good Intentions.
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Hicks, Wilson. Words and Pictures. 1952 Reprint (New York: Arno Press, 1973).
Hine, Lewis. America and Lewis Hine: Photographs 1904-1940. (Millerton, NY:
Aperture, 1977).
Hurley, F. Jack. Russell Lee Photographer. (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Morgan & Morgan,
1978).
Jay, Bill. "The Romantic Machine: Towards a Definition of Humanism in Photography."
Massachusetts Review (Winter, 1978): 647-662.
Johnson, William S. (Ed). W. Eugene Smith: Master of the Photographic Essay. (New
York: Harper and Row, 1981).
Joly, Martine. Information and Argument in Press Photographs. Visual Sociology. 8:1
(Spring 1993): 16-22.
Kalish, Stanley and Clifton C. Edom. Picture Editing. (New York: Rinehart, 1951).
Kennerly, David Hume. Shooter. (New York: Newsweek Books, 1980).
Kobre, Kenneth. Photojournalism: The Professionals' Approach,. (Somerville MA:
Curtin & London, 1980).
Knightley, Phillip. The First Casualty. (London: Andre Deutsch, 1975).
Kozol, Wendy. Lifes America. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
LaBelle, David. The Great Picture Hunt. Bowling Green, KY: Western Kentucky
University, 1989).
Lange, Dorothea and Paul S. Taylor. An American Exodus. New York: Reynal and
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Langston, Loup M. Photo Coverage of the Third World in Four Prestige U.S.
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Lester, Paul Martin. Front Page Mug Shots: A Content Analysis of Five U.S.
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Lindekugel, D. M. Shooters: TV News Photographers and Their Work. (Westport CT:
Praeger, 1994).
Linton, James. "Camera Access to Courtrooms: Canadian, U.S. and Australian
Experiences." Canadian Journal of Communication. 18:1 (1993): 15-32.
Luebke, Barbara F. Out of Focus: Images of Women and Men in Newspaper
Photographs. Sex Roles 20 (1989): 121-133.
McCullin, Donald. Is Anyone Taking Any Notice? (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1973).
McCullin, Donald. Hearts of Darkness. (London: Secker and Warburg, 1980).
McDougall, Angus and Veita Jo Hampton. Picture Editing and Layout. (Columbia MO:
Viscom Press, 1990).
Marcus, Adrianne. Photojournalism: Mary Ellen Mark and Annie Leibovitz. (Los
Angeles: Alskog/Petersen Publishing Co., 1974).
Meiselas, Susan. Carnival Strippers. (New York: Pantheon, 1976).
Meiselas, Susan. Nicaragua: June 1978-July 1979. (New York: Pantheon, 1981).
Moeller, Susan D. Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat.
(New York: Basic Books, 1989).
Nesterenko, Alexander and C. Zoe Smith. Contemporary Interpretations of Robert
Franks The Americans. Journalism Quarterly. 61 (Autumn 1984): 567-577.
Ohrn, Karin Baker. "How Photographs Become News: Photojournalists at Work."
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Conference,
Corvallis OR, 1983
Pasternack, Steve and Don R. Martin. Daily Newspaper Photojournalism in the Rocky
Mountain West. Journalism Quarterly 62 (1985): 132-135, 222.
Patterson, Oscar, III. Televisions Living Room War in Print: Vietnam in News
Magazines. Journalism Quarterly. 61 (Spring 1984): 35-39.
Perlmutter, David. "Opening Up Photojournalism." Visual Communication Quarterly 2
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Rayfield, Stanley. How LIFE Gets the Story: Behind the Scenes in Photojournalism.
(Garden City: Doubleday, 1955).
Rothstein, Arthur. Photojournalism. (Garden City, NY: Amphoto, 1979).
Sanders, Keith P. Research in Photojournalism. In Clifton C. Edom, Photojournalism.
(Dubuque, IA: W.C.. Brown Co., 1976).
Schuneman, R. Smith (Ed.). Photographic Communication: Principles, Problems and
Challenges of Photojournalism. (New York: Hastings House, 1972).
Sentman, Mary Alice. Black and White: Disparity in Coverage by Life Magazine from
1937 to 1972. Journalism Quarterly 60 (1983): 501-508.
Sherer, Michael D. "Vietnam War Photos and Public Opinion." Journalism Quarterly
(Summer 1989): 391-395, 530.
Sherer, Michael D. Invasion of Poland Photos in Four American Newspapers.
Sherer, Michael D. The Problem of Trespass for Photojournalists. Journalism
Quarterly 62 (1985): 154-56, 222.
Sherer, Michael D. The Problem of Libel for Photojournalists. Journalism Quarterly
63 (1986): 618-623.
Sherer, Michael D. A Survey of Photojournalists and Their Encounters with the Law.
Journalism Quarterly 64 (1987): 499-502, 575.
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Sherer, Michael D. Comparing Magazine Photos of Vietnam and Korean Wars.

Sherer, Michael D. Photojournalism and the Infliction of Emotional Distress.
Communications and the Law 8 (April 1986): 27-37.
Siebert, Frederick S. Trends in the Use of Pictures by Three Newspapers. Journalism
Quarterly. 29 (1952): 212-213.
Singletary, Michael W. and Chris Lamb. "News Values in Award-Winning Photos."
Journalism Quarterly. 61 (Spring 1984): 104-108, 233.
Singletary, Michael W. Newspaper Photographs: A Content Analysis, 1936-76.
Slattery, Karen and Jim Fosdick. Professionalism in Photojournalism: A Female/Male
Comparison. Journalism Quarterly. 56 (Summer 1979): 243-247.
Smith, W. Eugene. Minamata. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975).
Stolley, Richard B. "People Pictures." Columbia Journalism Review.
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Streitmatter, R. The Rise and Triumph of the White House Photo Opportunity.
Stephenson, William. Principles of Selection of News Pictures. Journalism Quarterly.
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Taylor, John. War Photography: Realism in the British Press. (London: Routledge,
1991).
Thompson, Kenrick S. and Alfred C. Clarke. Photographic Imagery and the Vietnam
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Thompson, Kenrick S., Alfred C. Clarke and Simon Dinitz. Reactions to My-Lai: A
Visual-Verbal Comparison. Sociology and Social Research. 58 (January 1974):
122-129.
Trachtenberg, Alan. America and Lewis Hine. (New York: Aperture, 1977).
Trayes, Edward J. and Bruce I. Cook. Picture Emphasis in Final Editions of 16
Dailies. Journalism Quarterly. 54 (Autumn 1977): 595-598.
Tsang, Kuo-Jen. News Photos in Time and Newsweek. Journalism Quarterly 61
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Vitray, Laura and John Mills, Jr. and Roscoe Ellard. Pictorial Journalism. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1939).
Wanta, Wayne. "The Effects of Dominant Photographs: An Agenda-Setting Experiment."
Journalism Quarterly. 65:1 (Spring, 1988): 107-111.
Wanta, Wayne and Dawn Leggett. Gender Stereotypes in Wire Service Sports Photos.
Newspaper Research Journal 10 (Spring 1989): 105-114.
Wayne, Ivor. American and Soviet Themes and Values: A Content Analysis of Pictures
in Popular Magazines. Public Opinion Quarterly. 20 (Spring 1956): 197-211.
Weinberg, Adam D. On the Line: The New Color Photojournalism. (Minneapolis:
Walker Art Center, 1986).
Whelan, Richard. Robert Capa: A Biography. (New York: Knopf, 1985).
White, Frank William. Cameras in the Courtroom: A U.S. Survey. Journalism
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Woo, Jisuk. "Journalism Objectivity in News Magazine Photography." Visual
Communication Quarterly. 1 (Summer, 1994): 9-11.
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Quarterly. 63 (Winter 1986): 850-853.
X C. Journalism/News
Gerbner, George. "Persian Gulf War, the Movie." In Hamid Mowlana, George Gerbner, and
Herbert I. Schiller. (Eds.)Triumph of the Image: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf-- A
Global Perspective. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1992).
Glassman, Carl and Keith Kenney. "Myths and Presidential Campaign Photographs." Visual
Communication Quarterly 1:4 (Fall, 1994).
Graber, Doris. Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide. 2nd. ed.
(White Plains NY: Longman, 1988).
Hagaman, Dianne. "The Joy of Victory, the Agony of Defeat: Stereotypes in Newspaper
Sports Feature Photographs," Visual Sociology 8 (2): 48-66.
Kenski, Henry C., Sharon Jarvis and Tom Reichert. "'Here's the Deal, See:' What Viewers
Actually Saw of Perot in 1992 Media Coverage." Visual Communication 9, Flagstaff AZ,
June 1995.
Lester, Paul. "Use of Visual Elements on Newspaper Front Pages." Journalism Quarterly.
65:3 (Fall, 1988): 760-763.
Lester, Paul. "Front Page Mug Shots: A Content Analysis of Five U.S. Newspapers, 1986."
Newspaper Research Journal. 9:3 (Spring 1988): 1-9.
Morello, John. "Argument and Visual Structuring in the 1984 Mondale-Regan Debates."
Western Journal of Speech Communication. 52, 1988: 27-290
Morello, John. Visual Structuring of the 1976 and 1984 Nationally Televised Presidential
Debates." Central States Speech Journal. 39 (3-4), 1988: 233-243
Moriarty, Sandra and David Shaw. "An Antiseptic War: Were News Magazine Images of the
Gulf War Too Soft?" Visual Communication Quarterly. 2 (Spring, 1995): 4-8.
Moriarty, Sandra and Mark Popovich. "News Magazine Visuals and the 1992 Presidential
Election," Magazine Division, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication, Kansas City, 1993.
Moriarty, Sandra, Mark Popovich and Beverley Pitts. "News Magazine Coverage of the 1988
Presidential Campaign: Images and Issues," Mass Comm Review 20:1 and 2, (1993): 99111.
Moriarty, Sandra and Mark Popovich. "News Magazine Visuals and the 1988 Presidential
Election," Journalism Quarterly, 68:3 (1991): 371-380.
Moriarty, Sandra and Gina Garramone. "A Study of Newsmagazine Photographs of the 1984
Campaign, Journalism Quarterly, 63: (Winter 1986).
Mowlana, Hamid, George Gerbner, and Herbert I. Schiller. (Eds.)Triumph of the Image: The
Media's War in the Persian Gulf-- A Global Perspective. Boulder CO: Westview Press,
1992).
Mullen, Lawrence J. "Framing the President: An Analysis of Bill Clinton's Visual Image as
Depicted on Nationally Televised Newscasts." Visual Communication 9, Flagstaff AZ,
June 1995.
Newhagen, J. E. and B. Reeves. "The Evening's Bad News: Effects of Compelling Negative
Television News Images on Memory." Journal of Communication. 42 (1992): 25-41.
Snyder, Robert. "Information Processing: A Visual Theory for Television News." Journal of
Visual Literacy. 14:1 (Spring, 1994): 69-76.
Tiemens, Robert, Susa Hellweg, Philip Kipper, and Stephen Phillips. "An Integrative Verbal
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Tiemens, Robert K. "A Visual Analysis of the 1976 Presidential Debates." Speech
Communication Association Conference, Washington, D.C., 1976; Also in
Communication Monographs 45 (1978): 362-370.
Tsang, Kuo-jen. "News Photos in Time and Newsweek." Journalism Quarterly. 61 (1984):
578-584, 723
Wanta, Wayne. "The Effects of Dominant Photographs: An Agenda-Setting Experiment."
Journalism Quarterly. 65:1 (Spring, 1988): 107-111.
X D. PR/Advertising/Consumer Behavior
Alesandrini, Kathy Lutz and Anees A. Sheikh. "Research on Imagery: Implications for
Advertising." In A.A. Sheikh (Ed.) Imagery: Current Theory, Research and Application,
1983: 353-556.
Alexander, Victoria D. "The Image of Children in Magazine Advertisements from 1905 to
1990." Communication Research. 21:6 (December 1994): 742-765.
Babin, Lauri, Alvin C. Burns, and Abhijit Biswas. "A Framework Providing Direction for
Research on Communications Effects of Mental Imagery-Evoking Advertising
Strategies." In John F. Sherry, Jr. and Brian Sternthal (Eds.). Advances in Consumer
Behavior: Diversity in Consumer Behavior. Vol. 19 (1992): 621-628.
Belk, Russell W. and Richard W. Pollay. "Images of Ourselves: The Good Life in Twentieth
Century Advertising." Journal of Consumer Research. 11 (March, 1985): 887-895.
Bone, Paula Fitzgerald and Pam Scholder Ellen. "The Generation and Consequences of
Communication-evoked Imagery." Journal of Consumer Research. 19 (June 1992): 93104.
Craig, Robert. "Advertising as Visual Communication." Communication. 13:3 (December,
1992): 165-179.
Dickson, Peter R., Robert E. Burnkrant, Paul W. Miniard, and H. R. Unnava. "If It Isn't a
Duck Then Why did It Quack? Competing Explanations for an Observed Effect of
Illustrations in an Advertisement." In Richard J. Lutz (Ed.) Advances in Consumer
Research. Vol. 13 (Provo UT: Association for consumer Research): 153-157.
Dobni, Dawn and George M. Zinkhan. "In Search of Brand Image: A Foundations Analysis."
In Marin E. Goldberg, Gerald Gorn, and Richard W. Pollay (Eds.). Advances in
Consumer Behavior: Diversity in Consumer Behavior. Vol. 17 (1989): 110-119.
Edel, Julie A. and Richard Staelin. "The Information Processing of Pictures in Print
Advertisements." Journal of Consumer Research. 10 (June, 1983): 145-161.
Ellen, Pam Scholder and Paula Fitzgerald Bone. "Measuring Communication-evoked
Imagery Processing." In Rebecca H. Holman and Michael R. Solomon (Eds.) Advances
in Consumer Research. Vol. 18. (Provo UT: Association of Consumer Research): 806812.
Golden, Linda L. and Mayur Sirdesai, "Chernoff Faces: A Useful Technique for
Comparative Image Analysis and Representation." In John F. Sherry, Jr. and Brian
Sternthal. (Eds) Advances in Consumer Behavior: Diversity in Consumer Behavior. Vol.
19 (1992): 123-128.
Hecker, Sidney and David W. Stewart. Nonverbal Communication in Advertising.
(Lexington Mass: Lexington Books, 1988).
Hirschman, Elizabeth C. "The Effect of Verbal and Pictorial Advertising Stimuli on
Aesthetic, Utilitarian and Familiarity Perceptions." Journal of Advertising 15:2 (1986):
27-34.
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Homer, Pamela M. and Lynn R. Kahle. "A Social Adaption Explanation of the Effects of
Surrealism on Advertising." Journal of Advertising. 15:2 (1986): 50-60.
Houston, Michael J., Terry L. Childers, and Susan E. Heckler. "Picture-Word Consistency
and the Elaborative Processing of Advertisements." Journal of Marketing Research. 13
(December, 1987): 359-369.
Kervin, Denise. "Advertising and Persuasion: From 'Logical' Argumentation to Seductive
Ambiguity." Journal of Visual Literacy 12:2 (Autumn, 1992): 8-41.
Kidd, Virginia. "An Analysis of The California Tobacco Education Campaign's Visual AntiSmoking Messages." Visual Communication 8, Feather River CA, 1994.
King, Karen W., Leonard N. Reid, Young-Sook Moon, and Debra Ringold. "Changes in the
Visual Imagery of Cigarette Ads, 1954-1986." Journal of Public Policy and Marketing.
10 (1991): 63-80.
Liu, Scott S. "Picture-Image Memory of TV Advertising in Low-Involvement Situations: A
Psycophysiological Analysis." Current Issues and Research in Advertising . 9 (1&2),
1986.
Lutz, Kathy and Richard J. Lutz. "Imagery-eliciting Strategies: Review and Implications of
Research." In H. Keith Hunt (Ed.) Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 5 (Ann Arbor
MI: Association for Consumer Research) 1978: 611-620.
MacInnis, Deborah J. "Constructs and Measures of Individual Differences in Imagery
Processing: A Review." In Melanie Wallendort and Paul Anderson (Eds.) Advances in
Consumer Research. Vol. 14. (Provo UT: Association for consumer Research) 1987: 8892.
MacInnis Deborah J. and Linda L. Price. "The Role of Imagery in Information Processing:
Review and Extensions." Journal of Consumer Research. 13 (March, 1987): 473-491.
MacInnis, Deborah J. and Linda L. Price. "An Exploratory Study of the Effect of Imagery on
Expectations and Satisfaction." In Marin E. Goldberg, Gerald Gorn, and Richard W.
Pollay (Eds.). Advances in Consumer Behavior: Diversity in Consumer Behavior. Vol. 17
(1989): 41-47.
Messaris, Paul. "Associational Imagery in Magazine Advertisements." Visual
Communication 3, Park City UT, June 1989.
Mick, David. "Consumers' Interpretations of Advertising Imagery: A Visit to the Hell of
Connotation," In Elizabeth C. Hirschman, (Ed.) Interpretive Consumer Research,
Association for Consumer Research, 1989.
Miller, Christine. "Picturing the Academy: Visual Representations of Higher Education
Institutions." Visual Communication 9, Flagstaff AZ, June 1995.
Miniard, Paul W., Sunil Bhatla, Kenneth R. Lord, Peter R. Dickson, and H. Rao Unnava.
"Picture-based Persuasion Processes and the Moderating Role of Involvement." Journal
of Consumer Research. 198 (June, 1991): 92-107.
Mitchell, Andrew A. "The Effects of Visual and Emotional Advertising: An Information
Processing Approach." In Larry Percy and Arch Woodside (Eds.) Advertising and
Consumer Psychology. Lexington MA: Lexington Books, 1983): 197-217.
Moriarty, Sandra. "A Content Analysis of Visuals Used in Print Media Advertising,
Journalism Quarterly, 64: 2-3, Summer 1987, pp. 550-554
Moriarty, Sandra. "Visual Communication in Print Advertising, Journal of Visual Verbal
Languaging, 5:2 (Fall, 1985): 37-41
Moriarty, Sandra. "The Role of Visuals in Advertising, In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G.
Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1986 IVLA Conference,
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Nelson, Douglas L. "Remembering Pictures and Words: Appearance, Significance and

Name." In Richard J. Harris (Ed.) Information Processing Research in Advertising.
(Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1983): 45-76.
Pollay, R. W. and Ssteve Mainprize. "Headlining of Visuals in Print Advertising: A
Typology of Tactical Techniques." In Donald R. Glover (Ed.) Proceedings of the
American Academy Advertising, 1984.
Pollay, Richard W. and Steve Mainprize. "Captioned Visuals in Print Advertising: A
Typology of Techniques." In Proceedings of the American Academy of Advertising,
1983.
Reichert, Tom and Susan E. Morgan. "Men are Taking it Off! A Visual Analysis of Male
Portrayal in Magazine Advertising." Visual Communication 9, Flagstaff AZ, June 1995.
Rossiter, John R. "Visual Imagery: Applications to Advertising." In Jerry Olson (Ed)
Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 9. (Ann Arbor MI: Association for consumer
Research, 1982)
Rossiter, John R. and Larry Percy. "Visual Communication in Advertising." In R. J. Harris
(Ed.) Information Processing Research in Advertising. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1983):
83-125.
Rossiter, John. R. "Attitude Change Through Visual Imagery in Advertising." Journal of
Advertising 9 (1980): 10-16.
Sayre, Shay. "Images of Freedom and Equality: A Values Analysis of Hungarian Political
commercials." Journal of Advertising. 23 (March 1994): 97-109.
Smith, Ruth Ann "What You See is Not Necessarily What You Get: The Effects of Visual
and Verbal Advertising Information on Consumers' Inferences." In John F. Sherry, Jr.
and Brian Sternthal (Eds.). Advances in Consumer Behavior: Diversity in Consumer
Behavior. Vol. 19 (1992): 296-298.
Smith, Ruth Ann. "The Effects of Visual and Verbal Advertising Information on Consumers'
Inferences." Journal of Advertising. 20:4 (December, 1991): 13-23.
Unnava, H. Rao and Robert Burnkrant. "An Imagery-Processing View of the Role of Pictures
in Print Advertisements." Journal of Marketing Research, 28 (May, 1991): 226-231.
Warlaumont, Hazel G. "Advertising Images: From Persuasion to Polysemy." Journal of
Current Issues and Research in Advertising. 17:1 (1995).
Young, Charles E. and Michael Robinson. "Visual Connectedness and Persuasion." Journal
of Advertising Research. (March/April 1992): 51-59.
X E. Architecture/Planning
Cleaver, Betty P., Pamela Scheurer, Mary E. Shorey. "Architectural Images Through the
Dual Lens of Picture Books and Creative Dramatics." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark
Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science and Visual Literacy . (Blacksburg, VA:
Eisenman, Peter. "Architecture and the Problem of the Rhetorical Figure." A + U 20:2 (July
1987): 17-22.
Goldberger, Paul. "Houses as Art." The New York Times Magazine. (March 12, 1995).
Hewitt, Mark A. "Representational Forms and Modes of Conception: An Approach to the
History of Architectural Drawing." Journal of Architectural Education. 39 (Winter,
1985/86): 2-9.
Scruton, Roger. The Aesthetics of Architecture. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press,
1979).
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Stange, Maren. "Jacob Riis and Urban Visual Culture: The Lantern Slide Exhibition as
Entertainment and Ideology." Journal of Urban History. 15 (May, 1989): 274-303.
Tractenberg, Alan. "Image and Ideology: New York in the Photographer's Eye." Journal of
Urban History, 10 (August 1984): 453-464
Weihsmann, H. "Avant-garde Film Design vs. Modern Architecture: Parallel and
Contradictions." Journal of Visual Literacy." 9:1 (1989) 26-46.
Woods, John D. and Edward H. Sewell, Jr. "Environmental Linguistics: A Typology of
Visual Factors in Shopping Malls." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell
Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science and Visual Literacy . I (Blacksburg, VA: The
X F. Archaeology
Anati, Emmanuel. "Saving the World's Rock Art." Archaeology, March/April 1983: 24-30.
Clotes, Jean and Jean Courtin, "Stone Age Gallery by the Sea." Archaeology, May/June
1993: 38-43.
Coe, Michael. Breaking the Maya Code. NY: Thames and Hudson, 1992.
Donnan, Christopher. "Ancient Murals From Chrnancap, Peru." Archaeology, May/June
1984: 32-37.
Fairservis, W. "Cave Paintings of the Great Hunters." (New York: Profile, 1955).
Harington, Spencer P.M. "Stone Age Masterpieces Found." Archaeology, March/April 1995:
12-13.
Kaplan, Maureen F. and Mel Adams. "Using the Past to Protect the Future: Marking Nuclear
Waste Disposal Sites." Archaeology (September/October, 1986: 51-54.
Lipton, Barbara. "Artic Vision: Art of the Canadian Inuit." Archaeology, January/February
1985: 54-57
Marschack, Alexander. "Images of the Ice Age." Archaeology, July/August 1995: 28-39.
Thybony, Scott. "Rock Art." Native Peoples (Fall/Winter 1995): 34-40.
Watterson, Barbara and Kathleen M. Picavance. "The Photographs of Frith (1822-1898): A
Journey to the Past Through Archaeological Photography, Archaeology,
November/December 1984: 48-53.
Winter, Irene J. "Royal Rhetoric and the Development of Historical Narrative in NeoAssyrian Reliefs." Studies in Visual Communication. 7:2 (Spring, 1981): 2 -38.
XI. History
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Visual Communication Bibliography

January 20, 2005

Schamber, Linda. "Visual Literacy in Mass Communications: A Proposal for Educators,"

January 20, 2005

January 20, 2005

Goodrich, R. A. "Goodman on Representation and Resemblance." The British

January 20, 2005

Hochberg, Julian. "The Representation of Things and People: In E. H. Gombrich,

January 20, 2005

Coren, S. and J. S. Girgus. "Principles of Perceptual Organization and Spatial

January 20, 2005

of Verbally Stimulated Imagery." Multivariate Behavioral Research. 13:4 (1978): 449473.

January 20, 2005

Kosslyn, Stephen M., J. Brunn, K. R. Cave, and R. W. Wallach. "Individual

January 20, 2005

January 20, 2005

Richardson, J. T. E. Mental Imagery and Human Memory. (London: MacMillan

January 20, 2005

January 20, 2005

Randhawa, Bikkar S. and William E. Coffman (Eds.). Visual Learning, Thinking

January 20, 2005

Gibson, James J. "The Information Available in Pictures, Leonardo 4 (Winter 1971):

January 20, 2005

Muffoletto, Robert. "The Reading of Pictures: A consideration for Developing a

January 20, 2005

January 20, 2005

Kunen, S. and E. M. Duncan. "Do Verbal Descriptions Facilitate Visual

January 20, 2005

Pettersson, Rune. "Interplay of Visuals and Legends." Visual Literacy Newsletter.

January 20, 2005

Nelson, Douglas L. V. S. Reed, and J.R. Walling. "Pictorial Superiority Effect."

January 20, 2005

Biederman, Irving. "Higher-Level Vision." In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen M.

January 20, 2005

Arnheim, Rudolph. Toward a Psychology of Art. (Berkeley CA: University of

January 20, 2005

Haber, Ralph N. "The Power of Visual Perceiving." Journal of Visual/Verbal

January 20, 2005

Sibley, F. N. "Analyzing Seeing." In F. N. Sibley (Ed.) Perception. (London: Methune,

January 20, 2005

January 20, 2005

Houtmans, M. J. M. and A. F. Sanders. "Perception of Signals Presented in the

January 20, 2005

Adelson, E.H. and J. Jonides. "The Psychophysics of Iconic Storage." Journal of

January 20, 2005

Haber, R. N. and B. L. Myers. "Memory for Pictograms, Pictures, and Words

January 20, 2005

McKoon, G. "The Representation of Pictures in Memory." Journal of Experimental

January 20, 2005

Friedman, S. L. and M. B. Stevenson. "Perception of Movement in Pictures." In

January 20, 2005

Moore, David M. "Field Independence-Dependence, Multiple Linear Imagery in

January 20, 2005

from Functional Dissociations in Split Brain Patients." Journal of Experimental

January 20, 2005

Richard W. Pollay (Eds.). Advances in Consumer Behavior: Diversity in Consumer

January 20, 2005

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