Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert

Minimum Strength at 3000 psi

Minimum covering = 600mm
A.

Sample Computation
1

V=

(k/n)Rh2/3S1/2
HW1-HW2 @ 900MM
85% full
Flowing full
pipe Diam.=
0.9
0.9
k=
1
1
n=
0.012
0.012
A=
0.541
0.636
P=
1.977
2.827
Rh=
0.274
0.225
S=
0.030
0.030

V=
2

Q=

B.

5.3395

7.3688

0.9
0.541
6.083

0.9
0.636
5.339

1.2
0.961
7.369

3.289

3.397

7.084

Q req=
no of barrel=
say=

5.346
1.625
2

5.346
1.574
2

5.346
0.755
1

Using Online calculation

1

V, ft/s=
V, =

15.570
4.746

15.200
4.633

18.560
5.657

Q, ft3/s=
Q=

94.14
2.665

107.46
3.042

187.59
5.311

No of barrel
say

2.01
3

1.76
2

1.01
2

6.0827

Q=
D=
A=
V=

HW1-HW2 @ 1200MM
85% full
1.2
1
0.012
0.961
2.635
0.365
0.030

Size and number of barrels

No of barrel
say

900mm/36in
2

1200mm/48in
1

W1-HW2 @ 1200MM
Flowing full
1.2
1
0.012
1.131
3.770
0.300
0.030

1200mm/48in
1

HW1-HW2 @ 1370MM
85% full
Flowing full
1.37
1.37
1
1
0.012
0.012
1.253
1.474
2.635
4.304
0.475
0.342
0.086
0.086

6.4683

14.8621

11.9431

1.2
1.131
6.468

1.37
1.253
14.862

1.37
1.474
11.943

7.316

18.622

17.606

5.346
0.731
1

5.346
0.287
1

5.346
0.304
1

18.420
5.614

18.560
5.657

18.420
5.614

231.43
6.552

187.59
5.311

231.43
6.552

0.82
1

1.01
2

0.82
1

1200mm/48in
1

Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert

Minimum Strength at 3000 psi
Minimum covering = 600mm
A.

Sample Computation
1

V=

(k/n)Rh2/3S1/2
HW3-JB1
85% full
Flowing full
pipe Diam.=
0.6
0.6
k=
1
1
n=
0.012
0.012
A=
0.240
0.283
P=
1.158
1.885
Rh=
0.208
0.150
S=
0.007
0.007

V=
2

Q=

B.

1.9883

7.6541

3.9766

0.6
0.240
2.469

0.6
0.283
1.988

0.6
0.240
7.654

0.6
0.283
3.977

0.593

0.562

1.840

1.124

Q req=
no of barrel=
say=

0.81
1.365
2

0.81
1.441
2

0.636
0.346
1

0.636
0.566
1

Using Online calculation

1

V, ft/s=
V, =

15.570
4.746

15.200
4.633

18.560
5.657

18.420
5.614

Q, ft3/s=
Q=

94.14
2.665

107.46
3.042

187.59
5.311

231.43
6.552

No of barrel
say

0.30
1

0.27
1

0.12
1

0.10
1

2.4686

Q=
D=
A=
V=

JB6-JB5
85% full
Flowing full
0.6
0.6
1
1
0.012
0.012
0.240
0.283
0.600
1.885
0.401
0.150
0.029
0.029

Size and number of barrels

No of barrel
say

600mm/24in
1

600mm/24in
1

JB7-HW8
85% full
Flowing full
0.9
0.9
1
1
0.012
0.012
0.541
0.636
1.920
2.827
0.282
0.225
0.036
0.036

6.7662

5.8259

0.9
0.541
6.766

0.9
0.636
5.826

3.659

3.706

1.92
0.525
1

1.92
0.518
1

18.560
5.657

18.420
5.614

187.59
5.311

231.43
6.552

0.36
1

0.29
1

900mm/36in
1

The Manning formula is also known as the GaucklerManning formula, or GaucklerManningStrickler formul
in practice, it is very frequently called simply Manning's Equation. The Manning formula is an empirical formula es
liquid flowing in a conduit that does not completely enclose the liquid, i.e., open channel flow. All flow in so-called op
was first presented by the French engineer Philippe Gauckler in 1867,[1] and later re-developed by the Irish engineer
The GaucklerManning formula states:
where:
V is the cross-sectional average velocity (L/T; ft/s, m/s);
n is the GaucklerManning coefficient. Units for values of n are often left off, however it is not dimensionless,
[m1/3]).
Rh is the hydraulic radius (L; ft, m);

Sis the slope of the hydraulic grade line or the linearhydraulic headloss (L/L), which is the same a

k is a conversion factor between SI and English units. It can be left off, as long as you make sure to note and co
you leave "n" in the traditional SI units, k is just the dimensional analysis to convert to English. k=1 for SI units, a
(1 m)1/3/s = (3.2808399 ft) 1/3/s = 1.4859 ft1/3/s)
NOTE: Ks strickler = 1/n manning. The coefficient Ks strickler varies from 20 (rough stone and rough surface) to 80
iron).

The discharge formula, Q = A V, can be used to manipulate GaucklerManning's equation by substitution for V. Solv
of the volumetric flow rate(discharge) without knowing the limiting or actual flow velocity.

The GaucklerManning formula is used to estimate the average velocity of water flowing in an open channel in locat
construct a weir or flume to measure flow with greater accuracy. The friction coefficients across weirs and orifices ar
natural (earthen, stone or vegetated) channel reach. Cross sectional area, as well as n', will likely vary along a natur
is expected in estimating the average velocity by assuming a Manning's n, than by direct sampling (i.e., with a curren
across weirs, flumes or orifices. Manning's equation is also commonly used as part of a numerical step method, su
for delineating the free surface profile of water flowing in an open channel.[3]

The formula can be obtained by use of dimensional analysis. Recently this formula was derived theoretically using th
of turbulence.[4]
Hydraulic radius[edit]

The hydraulic radius is a measure of a channel flow efficiency. Flow speed along the channel depends on its cross
factors), and the hydraulic radius is a characterisation of the channel that intends to capture such efficiency. Based o
boundary' assumption,[5] hydraulic radius is defined as the ratio of the channel's cross-sectional area of the flow to its
the cross-section's perimeter that is "wet"):

where:
Rhis the hydraulic radius (L);
A is the cross sectional area of flow (L2);

Pis thewetted perimeter(L).

The greater the hydraulic radius, the greater the efficiency of the channel and the more volume it can carry. For chan
hydraulic radius is greater for the deeper channels.
The hydraulic radius is not half the hydraulic diameter as the name may suggest. It is a function of the shape of the
water is flowing. In wide rectangular channels, the hydraulic radius is approximated by the flow depth. The measure
to move water and sediment) is used by water engineers to assess the channel's capacity.
GaucklerManning coefficient[edit]

The GaucklerManning coefficient, often denoted asn, is an empirically derived coefficient, which is d

In natural streams, n values vary greatly along its reach, and will even vary in a given reach of channel with different
shows that n will decrease with stage, at least up to bank-full. Overbank n values for a given reach will vary greatly d
the velocity of flow. Summer vegetation will typically have a significantly higher n value due to leaves and seasonal v
however, that n values are lower for individual shrubs with leaves than for the shrubs without leaves.[6] This is due to
streamline and flex as the flow passes them thus lowering the resistance to flow. High velocity flows will cause some
forbs) to lay flat, where a lower velocity of flow through the same vegetation will not.[7]

In open channels, the DarcyWeisbach equation is valid using the hydraulic diameter as equivalent pipe diameter. It
estimate the energy loss in man-made open channels. For various reasons (mainly historical reasons), empirical res
GaucklerManningStrickler) were and are still used. TheChzy coefficient was introduced in 1768 while the Gauckl
developed in 1865, well before the classical pipe flow resistance experiments in the 19201930s. Historically both th
Manning coefficients were expected to be constant and functions of the roughness only. But it is now well recognised
constant for a range of flow rates. Most friction coefficients (except perhaps the DarcyWeisbach friction factor) are
they apply only to fully rough turbulent water flows under steady flow conditions.

One of the most important applications of the Manning equation is its use in sewer design. Sewers are often constru
been accepted that the value of n varies with the flow depth in partially filled circular pipes.[8] A complete set of explic
calculate the depth of flow and other unknown variables when applying the Manning equation to circular pipes is ava
for the variation of n with the depth of flow in accordance with the curves presented by Camp.

Show

Manning's n Values
Reference tables for Manning's n values for Channels, Closed Conduits Flowing Partially Full, and
Corrugated Metal Pipes.

Manning's n for Channels (Chow, 1959).

Type of Channel and Description
Natural streams - minor streams (top width at floodstage < 100 ft)
1. Main Channels
a. clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools
b. same as above, but more stones and weeds
c. clean, winding, some pools and shoals
d. same as above, but some weeds and stones
e. same as above, lower stages, more ineffective
slopes and sections
f. same as "d" with more stones
g. sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools
h. very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways
with heavy stand of timber and underbrush

2. Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks usually steep, trees and brush along banks submerged at hig
a. bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders
b. bottom: cobbles with large boulders
3. Floodplains
a. Pasture, no brush
1.short grass
2. high grass
b. Cultivated areas
1. no crop
2. mature row crops
3. mature field crops
c. Brush
1. scattered brush, heavy weeds
2. light brush and trees, in winter
3. light brush and trees, in summer
4. medium to dense brush, in winter
5. medium to dense brush, in summer
d. Trees
1. dense willows, summer, straight
2. cleared land with tree stumps, no sprouts
3. same as above, but with heavy growth of sprouts

4. heavy stand of timber, a few down trees, little

undergrowth, flood stage below branches
5. same as 4. with flood stage reaching branches
4. Excavated or Dredged Channels
a. Earth, straight, and uniform
1. clean, recently completed
2. clean, after weathering
3. gravel, uniform section, clean
4. with short grass, few weeds
b. Earth winding and sluggish
1. no vegetation
2. grass, some weeds
3. dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep channels
4. earth bottom and rubble sides
5. stony bottom and weedy banks
6. cobble bottom and clean sides
c. Dragline-excavated or dredged
1. no vegetation
2. light brush on banks
d. Rock cuts
1. smooth and uniform
2. jagged and irregular
e. Channels not maintained, weeds and brush uncut
1. dense weeds, high as flow depth
2. clean bottom, brush on sides
3. same as above, highest stage of flow
4. dense brush, high stage
5. Lined or Constructed Channels
a. Cement
1. neat surface
2. mortar
b. Wood
1. planed, untreated
2. planed, creosoted
3. unplaned
4. plank with battens
5. lined with roofing paper
c. Concrete
1. trowel finish
2. float finish
3. finished, with gravel on bottom
4. unfinished
5. gunite, good section

6. gunite, wavy section

7. on good excavated rock
8. on irregular excavated rock
d. Concrete bottom float finish with sides of:
1. dressed stone in mortar
2. random stone in mortar
3. cement rubble masonry, plastered
4. cement rubble masonry
5. dry rubble or riprap
e. Gravel bottom with sides of:
1. formed concrete
2. random stone mortar
3. dry rubble or riprap
f. Brick
1. glazed
2. in cement mortar
g. Masonry
1. cemented rubble
2. dry rubble
h. Dressed ashlar/stone paving
i. Asphalt
1. smooth
2. rough
j. Vegetal lining

Manning's n for Closed Conduits Flowing Partly Full (Chow, 1959).

Type of Conduit and Description
1. Brass, smooth:
2. Steel:
Lockbar and welded
Riveted and spiral
3. Cast Iron:
Coated
Uncoated
4. Wrought Iron:
Black
Galvanized
5. Corrugated Metal:
Subdrain
Stormdrain

6. Cement:
Neat Surface
Mortar
7. Concrete:
Culvert, straight and free of debris
Culvert with bends, connections, and some debris
Finished
Sewer with manholes, inlet, etc., straight
Unfinished, steel form
Unfinished, smooth wood form
Unfinished, rough wood form
8. Wood:
Stave
Laminated, treated
9. Clay:
Common drainage tile
Vitrified sewer
Vitrified sewer with manholes, inlet, etc.
Vitrified Subdrain with open joint
10. Brickwork:
Glazed
Lined with cement mortar
Sanitary sewers coated with sewage slime with bends and connections
Paved invert, sewer, smooth bottom
Rubble masonry, cemented

Manning's n for Corrugated Metal Pipe (AISI, 1980).

Type of Pipe, Diameter and Corrugation Dimension
1. Annular 2.67 x 1/2 inch (all diameters)
2. Helical 1.50 x 1/4 inch
8" diameter
10" diameter
3. Helical 2.67 x 1/2 inch
12" diameter
18" diameter
24" diameter
36" diameter
48" diameter
60" diameter
4. Annular 3x1 inch (all diameters)
5. Helical 3x1 inch
48" diameter

54" diameter
60" diameter
66" diameter
72" diameter
78" diameter and larger
6. Corrugations 6x2 inches
60" diameter
72" diameter
120" diameter
180" diameter

FishXing Version 3.0 Beta, 2006

Minimum

Normal

Maximum

0.025

0.03

0.033

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.033

0.04

0.045

0.035

0.045

0.05

0.04

0.048

0.055

0.045

0.05

0.06

0.05

0.07

0.08

0.075

0.1

0.15

ks submerged at high stages

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.04

0.05

0.07

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.03

0.035

0.05

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.025

0.035

0.045

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.035

0.05

0.07

0.035

0.05

0.06

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.045

0.07

0.11

0.07

0.1

0.16

0.11

0.15

0.2

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.08

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.1

0.12

0.16

0.016

0.018

0.02

0.018

0.022

0.025

0.022

0.025

0.03

0.022

0.027

0.033

0.023

0.025

0.03

0.025

0.03

0.033

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.028

0.03

0.035

0.025

0.035

0.04

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.025

0.028

0.033

0.035

0.05

0.06

0.025

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

0.05

0.05

0.08

0.12

0.04

0.05

0.08

0.045

0.07

0.11

0.08

0.1

0.14

0.01

0.011

0.013

0.011

0.013

0.015

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.011

0.012

0.015

0.011

0.013

0.015

0.012

0.015

0.018

0.01

0.014

0.017

0.011

0.013

0.015

0.013

0.015

0.016

0.015

0.017

0.02

0.014

0.017

0.02

0.016

0.019

0.023

0.018

0.022

0.017

0.02

0.022

0.027

0.015

0.017

0.02

0.017

0.02

0.024

0.016

0.02

0.024

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.035

0.017

0.02

0.025

0.02

0.023

0.026

0.023

0.033

0.036

0.011

0.013

0.015

0.012

0.015

0.018

0.017

0.025

0.03

0.023

0.032

0.035

0.013

0.015

0.017

0.013

0.013

0.016

0.016

0.03

0.025

0.5

Minimum

Normal

Maximum

0.009

0.01

0.013

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.013

0.016

0.017

0.01

0.013

0.014

0.011

0.014

0.016

0.012

0.014

0.015

0.013

0.016

0.017

0.017

0.019

0.021

0.021

0.024

0.03

0.01

0.011

0.013

0.011

0.013

0.015

0.01

0.011

0.013

0.011

0.013

0.014

0.011

0.012

0.014

0.013

0.015

0.017

0.012

0.013

0.014

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.015

0.017

0.02

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.015

0.017

0.02

0.011

0.013

0.017

0.011

0.014

0.017

0.013

0.015

0.017

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.011

0.013

0.015

0.012

0.015

0.017

0.012

0.013

0.016

0.016

0.019

0.02

0.018

0.025

0.03

n
0.024
0.012
0.014
0.011
0.014
0.016
0.019
0.02
0.021
0.027
0.023

0.023
0.024
0.025
0.026
0.027
0.033
0.032
0.03
0.028