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    CE 3220 11 Drilling Rock and Earth PDF

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    MohamedRaahim
    The document provides information on drilling rock and earth, including the history of drilling methods and the development of pneumatic drills. It discusses the key factors that influence drilling rates, such as rock properties (hardness, texture, tenacity), drilling methods (rotary, rotary-percussion, down hole), bit types, and bit size. A 12 step process is outlined for estimating drilling production, which involves calculating the drill depth, penetration rate, drilling time, time for steel changes, moving between holes, and total time to determine the operating rate and estimated hourly production.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CE 3220 11 Drilling Rock and Earth PDF

    Uploaded by

    MohamedRaahim
    198 views67 pages
    The document provides information on drilling rock and earth, including the history of drilling methods and the development of pneumatic drills. It discusses the key factors that influence drilling rates, such as rock properties (hardness, texture, tenacity), drilling methods (rotary, rotary-percussion, down hole), bit types, and bit size. A 12 step process is outlined for estimating drilling production, which involves calculating the drill depth, penetration rate, drilling time, time for steel changes, moving between holes, and total time to determine the operating rate and estimated hourly production.

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    CE 3220 11 Drilling Rock and Earth.pdf

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    The document provides information on drilling rock and earth, including the history of drilling methods and the development of pneumatic drills. It discusses the key factors that influence drilling rates, such as rock properties (hardness, texture, tenacity), drilling methods (rotary, rotary-percussion, down hole), bit types, and bit size. A 12 step process is outlined for estimating drilling production, which involves calculating the drill depth, penetration rate, drilling time, time for steel changes, moving between holes, and total time to determine the operating rate and estimated hourly production.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    198 views67 pages

    CE 3220 11 Drilling Rock and Earth PDF

    Uploaded by

    MohamedRaahim
    The document provides information on drilling rock and earth, including the history of drilling methods and the development of pneumatic drills. It discusses the key factors that influence drilling rates, such as rock properties (hardness, texture, tenacity), drilling methods (rotary, rotary-percussion, down hole), bit types, and bit size. A 12 step process is outlined for estimating drilling production, which involves calculating the drill depth, penetration rate, drilling time, time for steel changes, moving between holes, and total time to determine the operating rate and estimated hourly production.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 67
    At a glance
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    The document discusses the history and process of drilling for rock excavation and construction.

    In the 1850s, hand drills were primarily used but pneumatic drills were later developed and improved drilling efficiency. Charles Burleigh developed the first successful pneumatic drill in 1866.

    The main factors that affect penetration rate are the properties of the rock being drilled (hardness, texture, tenacity), the drilling method used, and the size and type of drill bit.

    Drilling Rock and Earth

    DRILLING
    ROCK & EARTH

    DRILLING ROCK
    When work on the Hoosac Tunnel first
    began in the 1850s hand drills were
    still the primary method used to create
    holes for loading explosives in hard
    rock. Charles Burleigh of Fitchburg,
    Massachusetts developed the first truly
    successful pneumatic drill and in 1866
    it was first used in the Hoosac.

    BURLEIGH DRILL

    Working in
    the Hoosac
    Tunnel.
    Courtesy of the North Adams Public Library

    DRILLING ROCK

    Blast holes for


    removal of rock,
    in a construction
    excavation or
    for quarrying.

    CONSTRUCTION
    DRILLING
    Rock
    anchor/bolts
    in excavations
    and tunnels

    CONSTRUCTION
    DRILLING

    Tunnels

    CONSTRUCTION
    DRILLING

    Foundation

    grouting

    DRILLING PRODUCTION
    ESTIMATE
    To begin a drilling production
    estimate it is first necessary to
    make an assumption about
    the type of equipment that will
    be used. Tables 12.7 & 12.10
    provide information to guide
    that first decision.

    DRILLING PRODUCTION
    ESTIMATE
    The final equipment decision should
    only be made after test drilling the
    formation. Test drilling should help
    to quantify:
    Penetration rate
    Drilling method
    Bit size / Bit type

    PENETRATION RATE

    Penetration rate is a
    function of:
    The rock
    The drilling method
    The size & type of bit

    THE ROCK
    The rock properties which
    effect penetration rate are:

    Hardness
    Texture
    Tenacity
    Formation

    HARDNESS
    A scientific definition of
    hardness is a measure of a
    material's resistance to
    localized plastic deformation.
    It is measured by the MOH
    scale (Friedrich Mohs).

    HARDNESS
    The Moh hardness
    classifications are based on
    the resistance of a smooth
    surface to abrasionthe
    ability of one mineral to
    scratch another.

    HARDNESS
    Mohs scale for rock hardness

    HARDNESS
    Hardness affects drilling speed.
    HARDNESS

    DRILLING SPEED

    1-2

    FAST

    3-4

    FAST - MEDIUM

    MEDIUM

    6-7

    SLOW - MEDIUM

    8-9

    SLOW

    TEXTURE
    Texture is the grain structure of
    the rock.

    A loose grained structure


    (porous, cavities) drills fast.

    Grains large enough to be seen


    individually (granite) will drill
    medium.
    Fine-grained rocks drill slow.

    TENACITY

    Describes how the rock


    breaks
    when
    struck.

    TENACITY
    Shatters - into small pieces from a light
    blow
    Brittle - breaks easily with a light blow
    Shaving - when shaved off in pieces
    they break easily
    Strong - resists breaking when hit hard
    Malleable - flattens instead of breaking

    TENACITY
    Characteristic

    Shatters
    Brittle
    Shaving
    Strong
    Malleable

    Drills

    - fast
    - fast to medium
    - medium
    - slow to medium
    - slow

    FORMATION
    Formation describes how the
    rock mass is structured.

    Solid mass - drills fast


    Horizontal strata (layers) drills fast to medium
    Dipping planes - drill slow
    to medium

    DRILLING METHOD
    ROTARY
    Rotary drilling uses high
    push-down pressure on
    the bit and rotation to
    grind the rock.
    Compressed air, water, or
    drilling mud carry the
    cutting out of the hole.

    DRILLING METHOD
    ROTARY
    Feed pressure and rotation rate
    control drilling speed.

    Soft rock - use lower feed


    pressure and faster rotation.

    Hard rock - use high feed


    pressure and slower rotation.

    ROTARY DRILL
    These drills are
    suitable for drilling
    soft to medium rock,
    such as hard dolomite
    and limestone, but
    are not suitable for
    drilling the harder
    igneous rocks.

    ROTARY DRILLING
    Hardness

    Schist
    Granite
    Dolomite
    Limestone
    Galena
    Potash
    Gypsum

    5.0
    4.0
    3.5
    3.0
    2.5
    2.0
    1.5

    DRILLING METHOD
    ROTARYPERCUSSION
    The piston provides
    striking energy to
    the rock through
    the drill steel. There is
    rotation so the bit strikes
    fresh rock with each blow.

    ROTARY
    PERCUSSION

    Drill
    steel

    DRILLING METHOD
    ROTARY-PERCUSSION
    Compressed air or water is
    used to flush the drill
    cuttings from the hole.
    Drilling penetration (speed)
    decreases with depth.

    PERCUSSION DRILLING
    Hardness

    Quartzite
    Trap Rock
    Schist
    Granite
    Dolomite
    Limestone
    Galena

    7.0
    6.0
    5.0
    4.0
    3.5
    3.0
    2.5

    CUTTINGS
    Flush the
    cuttings
    from the
    hole.

    DRILLING METHOD
    DOWN HOLE (DH)
    The DH drill provides
    striking energy directly to
    the bit. There is rotation so
    the bit strikes
    fresh rock with
    each blow.

    DRILLING
    METHOD

    Down Hole Drill maintains


    constant penetration rate at
    all depths.

    DRILLING METHOD
    DOWN HOLE
    Compressed air conducted
    through the drill steel is used to
    flush the drill cuttings from the
    hole.
    Performance will not decrease
    as depth increases.

    BIT
    SIZE

    BIT TYPE
    Insert bit

    Button bit

    CARBIDE INSERT BITS


    Four grades are usually available.
    Increasing Hardness

    Grade
    Shock
    Intermediate
    Wear
    Extra Wear

    Abrasion
    resistance
    Fair
    Good
    Excellent
    Outstanding

    CARBIDE INSERT BITS


    Susceptibility to breakage
    increases with hardness.
    However, abrasion resistance also
    increases.
    If excess insert breakage occurs, a
    softer grade should be tried.

    BUTTON BITS
    Button bits can yield faster
    penetration rates in a wide
    range of drilling applications.
    Fewer bit changes are required.
    Most button bits are run to
    destruction and never
    reconditioned.

    STEP 1
    DEPTH OF HOLE
    When drilling for blasting
    it is often necessary to
    subdrill the hole below the
    planned final grade
    elevation.
    SUBDRILLING
    FIG 12.3, page 339

    STEP 1
    DEPTH OF HOLE
    DRILL DEPTH (ft) =
    Height of face
    + subdrilling

    STEP 2
    PENETRATION RATE
    The penetration rate will be an
    average rate (ft/min) from the
    field drilling tests based of
    specific equipment, bit type
    and bit size. Do not use an
    instantaneous rate.

    STEP 2
    PENETRATION RATE
    If no project specific data
    is available Table 12.7
    provides order-ofmagnitude guidance.

    STEP 2
    PENETRATION RATE
    EXAMPLE

    What would be the orderof magnitude direct


    penetration rate in granite
    for a 6 in. rotary bit
    with 30,000 lb pulldown.

    STEP 2
    PENETRATION RATE
    EXAMPLE
    Table 12.7
    6 in. rotary bit with 30,000 lb pulldown
    Not recommended, should consider a
    different bit

    STEP 3
    DRILLING TIME
    DRILLING TIME (min) =

    Drill Depth (ft)


    Penetratio n rate (ft/min)

    STEP 4
    CHANGE
    STEEL

    Steel

    STEP 4
    CHANGE STEEL
    Shank (Striking Bar)
    Steel
    Coupling

    Bit

    STEP 4
    CHANGE STEEL

    Steel, approximate weights:

    STEP 4
    CHANGE STEEL

    Steel

    The length of steel


    for rotary drills
    varies considerably,
    in the range of 20 to
    60 ft. These rigs
    have mechanized
    steel handling.

    Steel

    STEP 4
    CHANGE
    STEEL
    The time to
    change steel is
    approximately
    constant for all
    diameters, but
    varies with
    length.

    STEP 5 BLOW HOLE


    After completing the drilling it is
    necessary to clean out all cutting
    from the hole (see discussion
    page 353 and Example 12.1).
    The time to clean out will be
    dependent on the depth of hole.

    STEP 6
    MOVE TO NEXT HOLE
    Travel time depends on distance, terrain, and the type
    of drill mount. A discussion of travel speed is given
    on page 353.

    STEP 6 MOVE
    May have
    to lower
    the mast

    STEP 6
    MOVE TO NEXT HOLE
    If drilling for blasting operations
    distance will be set by the blasting
    pattern. An 8 X 10 pattern means
    8 ft between rows and a 10 ft
    spacing between holes. Therefore,
    the travel distance moving along
    the row is only 10 ft.

    STEP 6
    MOVE TO
    NEXT HOLE
    The travel
    time may not
    be controlled
    by the drill.

    STEP 7 ALIGN STEEL

    Once over the hole location


    it is necessary to position
    the mast or steel for the
    proper angle of attack. This
    is usually vertically but not
    always.

    STEP 7
    ALIGN STEEL
    Time to align is
    discussed on
    page 353.
    Outrigger for
    leveling

    STEP 8 CHANGE BIT


    Bits, shanks,
    couplings and
    steel are all
    high wear
    items that must
    be replaced
    frequently.

    STEP 8 CHANGE BIT


    The time allowance for
    replacement is a factor of both the
    actual time

    to remove and
    replace, and the frequency of
    such changes. Table 12.10
    provides frequency information.

    STEP 8 CHANGE BIT


    CHANGE BIT TIME (min) =
    DRILL DEPTH (ft)
    TIME to CHANGE BIT (min)
    AVE. LIFE of BIT (ft)

    If you do not have any company


    and rock specific data, average
    life of bit data is provided in
    Table 12.10.

    STEP 9 TOTAL TIME


    Total time (min) =
    Drill (min) +
    Change steel (min) +
    Blow hole (min) +
    Move (min) +
    Align Steel (min) +
    Change bit (min)

    STEP 10
    OPERATING RATE
    OPERATING RATE =

    DRILL DEPTH (ft)


    TOTAL TIME (min)

    STEP 11 EFFICIENCY
    Experienced drillers working
    under good conditions should
    have a 50 min-hr efficiency on
    a production job. Under
    sporadic drilling conditions
    efficiency may go down to 40
    min-hr.

    STEP 11
    EFFICIENCY
    Terrain is
    a critical
    factor
    impacting
    efficiency.

    STEP 12 PRODUCTION
    HOURLY
    PRODUCTION (ft/hr) =
    Efficiency (min/hr)
    Operating rate (ft/min)

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