Assignment No.

1
Subject: ADVANCE OPERATING SYSTEM
To: Sir ZAFAR

From:
Name: Junaid
arshad
Section: MPHIL
Cs

University Of Gujrat Hafiz hayat campus Gujrat

Types of Operating System:

List of All Modern Operating Systems
1-Windows 8
2-Windows 10
3-Linux
4-Unix
Description of Operating Systems:
Windows 8:Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Windows comes
preloaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the popular operating system.

Windows 8 operating system developed by Microsoft.Windows 8 includes major changes to the

operating system's platform and user interface is improved for good user experience. These
changes included a touch based optimized Windows shell,the Start screen (updated content on a
grid of tiles) with online, and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing
new software. More Advanced security features were included in windows 8, such as antivirus
software, Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI (Unified
Extensible Firmware Interface) Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI (Unified Extensible
Firmware Interface), to prevent malware from infecting.It need only 30-35 seconds to boot the
system by hibernating the kernel session without shutdown.
It Still supports USB 1.0 and USB 2.0 devices. And USB 3.0 will offer 10 times faster than USB
2.0 and much good power management. It also included support for ARM(Advance Risc(reduced
instruction set computer) devices.
The minimum requirements for window 8 are 1GHZ x86 processor,1GB RAM and 2 GB on x86
64bit and graphic card DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver and 16GB
Hard Disk.
Windows 10:Windows 10 operating system developed by Microsoft.Windows 10 includes bigger changes to
the operating system's platform and user interface to improve user experience. It supports an
extension of the Windows Runtime platform of Windows 8 known as the Universal Windows
Platform or UWP.UWP includes a core set of APIs that is common to all changes of the
operating system, for different device families and states, including desktops and laptops, tablets,
Xbox One, and other new device classes such as Surface Hub and HoloLens. Information can be
synchronized between versions of an app for different devices.

Windows 10 has Cortana which appears as a search pane on the taskbar and can be changed into
a button, like in tablet mode, and can be activated by voice command. Using Cortana users can
ask questions about the weather, calendar events, and other types of notifications with online
information. Cortana currently requires a Microsoft Account to function.
Linux:Linux Is an open source Operating system used for computer hardware, software and games
development, tablet, Mainframes etc. Linux is freely distributed and downloaded freely.. There
are priced versions for Linux also, but they are cheaper than Windows. Linux is a UNIX variant
that runs on several different hardware platforms. Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of
Helsinki in Finland, initially created it as a hobby. The kernel of all Linux systems, is developed
and released under the General Public License (GNU), and its source code is free. There are now
hundreds of thousands of companies and individuals that have released their own versions of
operating systems based on the Linux kernel.
Because of its functionality, adaptability, and robustness, Linux is better than Unix and Microsoft
operating systems. IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and other computer giants have embraced Linux and
support its ongoing development. More than a decade after its initial release, Linux is being
adopted worldwide mainly as a server platform. More and more people are starting to use Linux
as a home and office desktop operating system. The operating system can also be incorporated
directly into microchips in a process called embedding. Many appliances and devices are now
starting to use operating systems in this way.
The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions, such as Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux
Mint and Google's Android.
UNIX:UNIX is a multi-user, multitasking operating system, and was designed to be a small, flexible
system for computer programmers.Due to its design,UNIX is not very user-friendly. For ease of
use issue, graphical user interfaces have been developed for UNIX. The Unix system had great
impact on other operating systems
The following four basics concepts of Unix are

Kernel: The kernel is the heart of the operating system and interacts with hardware and
do tasks like memory management, tash scheduling and file management.

Shell: The shell processes your requests. When you type in a command at your terminal,
the shell interprets the command and calls the program that you want.

Commands and Utilities: There are over 250 standard commands plus numerous others
provided through 3rd party software. All the commands are with various optional options.

Files and Directories: All data in UNIX is organized into files. All files are organized
into directories and these directories are organized into a tree-like structure called the
filesystem.

There are various Unix variants available in the market. Solaris Unix, AIX, HP Unix and BSD
are few examples. Linux is also a flavor of Unix which is freely available.Several people can use
a UNIX computer at the same time; hence UNIX is called a multiuser system. A user can also
run multiple programs at the same time; hence UNIX is called multitasking.
Advantage and Disadvantage:Advantage of Windows 8:1-It is good for touch devices.
2-It supports low power ARM architecture. And also possess advance security feature.
3-Short boot time.
4-The system that can run window 7 can upgrade to windows 8 without hardware upgrade.
5- The main features of Window 8 is the app platform. With Windows Store you can download
number of apps that are built for Windows 8.
Disadvantages of Windows 8:1- Its a big problem that to switch among Metro applications and desktop applications is
not user-friendly and can also produce confusion for the users and the developers.
2- You cant turn the home screen tiles into icons.
3- Disadvantage of Windows 8 is the Metro multitasking. In Windows 8, in the Metro
interface for tablets, the screen display two applications are lined.
4- It doesnt support any flash content on Tablet PC. It has been done in order to save
battery of the Tablet. It also protects our privacy and enhance the security of the Tablet.
Advantage of Windows 10:1-It has new generation design.
2-It has two browsers IE11 and Spartran.

3-Windows 10 include extended built-in mobile device management ( MDM ) capabilities

making it easier to manage device from the cloud , Windows 10 interface will adapt via
Continuum which will allow the Windows 10 interface to adapt based on the hardware it is
running in .
4-It is good for gaming DirectX 12 API which promises faster , closer-to-the-metal gaming
performance and greater efficiency , Windows 10 will also include a game DVR mode to allow
recordings of the last 30 seconds of play , all better for the social gaming .

Disadvantages of Windows 10:1-Windows 10 cannot upgrade oldest windows versions such as windows 2000 , windows
2001etc
2- Touch friendly features has been removed from windows 10.
3- You cannot resize windows using the handle bars which were present in most of the previous
versions of Windows , Grabbing edges of the windows is very difficult if you are using a pen .
4-Windows 10 has removed the functionality to change the volume level using the scroll button
present in the taskbar.
Advantages of Linux:1-Linux is very stable.
2-Less vulnerable to malware.
3-It does not slow with time.
4-Access to free softwares.
Disadvantages of Linux:1-Many windows programs will not run in Linux.
2- Smaller selection of peripheral hardware drivers for Linux.
Advantages of Unix:1- Supports Multitasking with protected memory.

2- Efficient virtual memory.

3- Access controls and security is available.
4- A rich set of small commands and utilities that do specific tasks well.
5- It is Optimized for program development, and thus for the unusual circumstances that are
the rule in research.
Disadvantages of Unix:1-Command line interface is made for programming and research purposes and it is not for
ordinary users.
2- Commands often have cryptic names and give very little response to tell the user what they
are doing.
3- Documentation is short on examples and tutorials to help you figure out how to use the many
tools provided to accomplish various kinds of tasks.

Different types of Operating System:Operating systems are since from first computer generation. Operating systems keep on changing
from time to time. Following are some of the important types of operating system which are
mostly used.

Batch operating system

The batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each users job is
processed using on an off-line device like punch cards and submitted to the computer operator.
To speed up processing, similar jobs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers
leave their programs with the operator. The operator sorts programs into batches on the basis of
similar jobs.
The problems with Batch Systems are following.

Lack of interaction between the user and job.

CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than CPU.

Difficult to provide the desired priority.

Time-sharing operating systems

Time sharing technique enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a specific
computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logically extend
multiprogramming. Processor's time is shared among multiple users simultaneously is timesharing. The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing
Systems is that in case of Multiprogrammed batch systems maximize processor use, whereas in
Time-Sharing Systems minimizes response time.
Multiple of jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occurs
very frequently.The user receives an immediate response. OS uses CPU scheduling and
multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time. Computer systems that
were designed specifically as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing systems.
Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are following

Provide advantage of quick response.

Avoids duplication of software.

Reduces CPU idle time.

Disadvantages of Timesharing operating systems are following.

Problem of reliability.

Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.

Problem of data communication.

Distributed operating System

Distributed systems uses multiples central processors to serve multiples real time applications
and also multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among processors accordingly to the
one can perform jobs most efficiently.
The processors in distributed systems communicate with one another through communication
lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are known as loosely coupled systems
or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed systems differ in size and function. These
processors are referred as sites or nodes and so on.
The advantages of distributed systems are following.

With resource sharing facility user at one site may be able to use the resources available
at another.

Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.

If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue
operating.

Better service to the customers.

Reduction of the load on the host computer.

Reduction of delays in data processing.

Network operating System

Network Operating System are the one that runs on a server and make server capable of
managing data, users, groups, security, applications etc. The specific purpose of the network
operating system is to permit shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a
network,a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks. There are several
examples of network operating systems such as Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux,
Mac OS X etc.
The advantages of network operating systems are following.

Centralized servers are highly stable.

Security is server managed.

Upgrades to new technologies and hardwares can be easily integrated into the system.

Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.

The disadvantages of network operating systems are following.

High cost of buying and running a server.

Dependency on a central location for most operations.

Regular maintenance and updates are required.

Real Time operating System

Real time system are data processing system in which the time interval required to process and to
respond to inputs is very small. Real time processing are always on line while on line system
need not be real time. Response time is the time taken by the system to respond to an input and

display of required updated informatio. So response time is very less as compared to the online
processing.
Real-time systems are used when there are tough time requirements on the processors operation
or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated
application. Real-time operating system has well-defined, fixed time constraints otherwise
system will fail.For example Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control
systems, weapon systems, robots, and home-applicance controllers, Air traffic control system etc.
History of Operating Systems:Historically operating systems have been tightly related to the computer architecture,Here is
small description of operating systems on the basis of their architecture.Operating systems have
evolved through a number of phases or generations.
The 1940's - First Generations
The earliest electronic digital computers had no operating systems. Machines of the time were
primitive that programs were often entered one bit at time on rows of mechanical switches (plug
boards). Programming languages were unknown (not even assembly languages). Operating
systems were unheard of.
The 1950's - Second Generation
By the early 1950's, the routine had improved somewhat with the introduction of punch cards.
The General Motors Research Laboratories implemented the first operating systems in early
1950's for their IBM 701. The system of the 50's generally ran one job at a time. These were
called single-stream batch processing systems because programs and data were submitted in
groups or batches.
The 1960's - Third Generation
The systems of the 1960's were also batch processing systems, but they were able to take better
advantage of the computer's resources by running several jobs at once. So operating systems
designers developed the concept of multiprogramming in which several jobs are in main memory
at once; a processor is switched from job to job as needed to keep several jobs advancing while
keeping the peripheral devices in use.
For example, on the system with no multiprogramming, when the current job paused to wait for
other I/O operation to complete, the CPU simply sat idle until the I/O finished. The solution for
this problem that evolved was to partition memory into several pieces, with a different job in
each partition. While one job was waiting for I/O to complete, another job could be using the
CPU.

Another major feature in third-generation operating system was the technique called spooling
(simultaneous peripheral operations on line). In spooling, a high-speed device like a disk
interposed between a running program and a low-speed device involved with the program in
input/output. Instead of writing directly to a printer, for example, outputs are written to the disk.
Programs can run to completion faster, and other programs can be initiated sooner when the
printer becomes available, the outputs may be printed.
Note that spooling technique is much like thread being spun to a spool so that it may be later be
unwound as needed.
Another feature present in this generation was time-sharing technique, a variant of
multiprogramming technique, in which each user has an on-line (i.e., directly connected)
terminal. Because the user is present and interacting with the computer, the computer system
must respond quickly to user requests, otherwise user productivity could suffer. Timesharing
systems were developed to multiprogram large number of simultaneous interactive users.
Fourth Generation
With the development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits, chips, operating system entered
in the system entered in the personal computer and the workstation age. Microprocessor
technology evolved to the point that it become possible to build desktop computers as powerful
as the mainframes of the 1970s. Two operating systems have dominated the personal computer
scene: MS-DOS, written by Microsoft, Inc. for the IBM PC and other machines using the Intel
8088 CPU and its successors, and UNIX, which is dominant on the large personal computers
using the Motorola 6899 CPU family.