Dept of E&CE

33333333333333DSP LAB
SUBJECT: DSP LAB

SEM: V

SUBJECT CODE: (10ECL 57)

Branch: E&CE

A List of Experiments Using MATLAB/ Code Composer Studio and

Objectives.
1. Verification of sampling theorem.
2. Impulse response of a given system.
3. Linear convolution of two given sequences.
4. Circular convolution of two given sequences.
5. Autocorrelation of a given sequence and verification of its properties.
6. Cross correlation of given sequences and verification of its properties.
7. Solving a given difference equation.
8. Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence and to plot magnitude
and phase spectrum.
9. Linear convolution of two sequences using DFT and IDFT.
10.Circular convolution of two given sequences using DFT and IDFT
11.Design and implementation of FIR filter to meet given specifications.
12.Design and implementation of IIR filter to meet given specifications.

B. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS USING DSP PROCESSOR

1. Linear convolution of two given sequences.
2. Circular convolution of two given sequences.
3. Impulse response of a given system.
4. Difference Equations.

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Dept of E&CE

PART-A
DSP PROGRAMS USING MAT LAB

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01a.Program to Verify Sampling Theorem. Ex: x(t)=sin(2100t).

dt=.001;
t=.01:dt:.02;
%fm=input('enter i/p signal freq:');
xi=sin(2*pi*100*t);
%fs=input('enter the sampling frequency:');
fs=1000;
ps=1/fs;
n=0:1:50;
xs=sin(2*pi*100*(n*ps));
nps=n*ps;
xr=xs*sinc(fs*(ones(length(n),1)*t-nps'*ones(1,length(t))));
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);plot(t,xi);
subplot(3,1,2);stem(n,xs);
subplot(3,1,3);plot(t,xr);

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Plot:

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1b) Program to Verify Sampling Theorem.

Ex: e(t)=exp(-1000|t|).
clear;
dt=.00005;
t=-.005:dt:.005;
%fm=input('enter i/p sgnl freq:');
xa=exp(-1000*abs(t));
%fs=input('enter i/p sgnl freq:');
fs=5000;
ps=1/fs;
n=-25:1:25;
x=exp(-1000*abs(n*ps));
nps=n*ps;
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xa1=x*sinc(fs*(ones(length(n),1)*t-nps'*ones(1,length(t))));
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);plot(t,xa);
subplot(3,1,2);stem(n,x);
subplot(3,1,3);plot(t,xa1);

Plot:

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Dept of E&CE

1c).Program to verify Sampling Theorem.

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Dept of E&CE
pi=3.141;
tf=0.05;
t=0:0.0005:tf;
fd=input('enter analog frequence:');
xt=cos(2*pi*fd*t);
fs1=1.3*fd;
n1=0:1/fs1:tf;
xn=cos(2*pi*n1*fd);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,xt,'b',n1,xn,'r*-');
title('under sampling plot')
fs2=2*fd;
n2=0:1/fs2:tf;
xn=cos(2*pi*n2*fd);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,xt,'b',n2,xn,'r*-');
title('nyquist plot');
fs3=10*fd;
n3=0:1/fs3:tf;
xn=cos(2*pi*n3*fd);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,xt,'b',n3,xn,'r*-');
title('over sampling plot');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
legend('analog','discrete');
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Dept of E&CE

Result:
Enter analog frequency: 100

Plot:

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2. Program to find Impulse Response of the Given System.

x=input('Enter the Co-efficients of x : ');
y=input('Enter the Co-efficients of y : ');
N=input('Enter the Desired Impulse Response Length : ');
n=0:1:N-1;
d=ones(1, N);
subplot(1, 2, 1)
stem(n, d);
[z, t]=impz (x, y, N);
disp(z);
disp(t);
subplot(1, 2, 2)
stem(t, z);
xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('amplitude ---->');
title('Impulse Response');

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Dept of E&CE

Result:
Enter
Enter
Enter
1
0

the
the
the
-3
1

Co-efficients of x : Enter the Co-efficients of x : [1 2 ]

Co-efficients of y : [1 5 6]
Desired Impulse Response Length: 3
9
2

Plot:

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03. Program to find linear convolution of two finite length sequences.

x=input('enter the value of x(n)=');
h=input('enter the value of h(n)=');
lx=length (x);
lh=length(h);
ly=lx+lh-1;
y=conv(x,h);
disp(x);
disp(h);
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disp(y);
n=0:1:lx-1;
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('x(n)---->');
title('signal x(n)');
n=0:1:lh-1;
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n,h);
xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('x(n)---->');
title('signal h(n)');
n=0:1:ly-1;
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(n,y);
xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('x(n)---->');
title('linear convolution');

Result:
Enter the value of x(n)=[1 2 3 4 5]
Enter the value of h(n)=[5 4 3 2 1]
1
2
3
4
5

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5

14

26

40

1
55

40

26

14

Plot:

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04. Program to find Circular convolution of two finite length sequences.

Main Program:
x1=input('Enter the first sequence: ');
x2=input('Enter the second sequence: ');
y1=conv(x1,x2)
l1=length(x1);
l2=length(x2);
n1=max(l1,l2)
y2=cc29(x1,x2,n1)

Function file cc29.m to compute

circular convolution :
function[y] = cc29(x1, x2, N)
l1=length(x1);
l2=length(x2);
X1 = [x1, zeros(1, N - l1)];
X2 = [x2, zeros(1, N - l2)];
H = zeros(N, N);
for n = 1 : 1 : N
m = n - 1;
p = 0 : 1 : N - 1;
q = mod(p - m, N);
Xm = X2(q + 1);
H(n,:) = Xm;
end

n2=l1+l2-1
y3=cc29(x1,x2,n2)
subplot(3,1,1)
n1=0:1:length(y1)-1;
stem(n1,y1);
xlabel('time------>');
ylabel('amp------>');
title('linear convolution');

y = H' * X1';

subplot(3,1,2)
n2=0:1:length(y2)-1;
stem(n2,y2);
xlabel('time----->');
ylabel('amp----->');
title('circular convolution');
subplot(3,1,3)
n3=0:1:length(y3)-1;
stem(n3,y3);
xlabel('time---->');
ylabel('amp----->');
title('linear conv by circular convolution');

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Dept of E&CE

Result:
Enter the first sequence: [1 2 3 4]
Enter the second sequence: [1 2 3 4]
y1 = 1

10

20

25

24

16

n1 = 4
y2 = 26 28 26 20
n2 = 7
y3 = 1 4 10 20 25 24 16

Plot:

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05. Program to find the Autocorrelation of a given sequence and

verification of its properties.
x=input('enter the sequence:');
Rxx=xcorr(x,x);
figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(x);
xlabel('n----->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(fliplr(Rxx))
disp('Rxx');
fliplr(Rxx);
%verification of its properties%
%property1:rxx"(0) gives the energy of the sequence%
centre=ceil(length(Rxx)/2)
n=-centre+1:1:centre-1
figure,stem(n,Rxx)
E=sum(x.^2)
if(E==Rxx(centre))
disp('Rxx(0) value is equal to the energy of the signal');
else
disp('Rxx(0) value is not equal to the energy of the signal');
end
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%property 2:Rxx(n)=Rxx(-n)
l1=length(Rxx)
Zxx=[Rxx(l1:-1:1)]
if(Zxx==Rxx)
disp('Rxx(n) is equal to rxx(-n)');
else
disp('Rxx(n) is not equal to Rxx(-n)');
end

Result:
Enter the sequence:[1 2 3]
Rxx
Enter the sequence[3 2 1]
x1 = 1
rxx = 3

14

centre = 3
n = -2

-1

E = 14
rxx(0) value is equal to the energy of signal
l1 = 5
zxx = 3

14

rxx(n) is equal to rxx(-n)

Plot:

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Dept of E&CE

Fig:1

Fig : 2

06. Program to find the Cross correlation of a given sequence and

verification of its properties.
x=input('enter the first sequence:');
y=input('enter the second sequence:');
rxy=xcorr(x,y)
l1=length(rxy)
figure,stem(rxy);
ryx=xcorr(y,x)
l=length(ryx)
zyx=[ryx(l:-1:1)]
if(rxy==zyx)
disp('rxy(n) is equal to rxy(-n)');
else
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Dept of E&CE
disp('rxy(n) is not equal to rxy(-n)');
end
ex=sum(x.^2)
ey=sum(y.^2)
rxx=xcorr(x,x);
ryy=xcorr(y,y);
c1=ceil(length(rxx)/2)
c2=ceil(length(ryy)/2)
if sqrt(ex*ey)==sqrt(rxx(c1)*ryy(c2))
disp('energy condition is satisfied');
else
disp('energy condition is not satisfied');
end

Result:
Enter the first sequence:[1 2 3]
Enter the second sequence:[2 3 4 5]
rxy =
l1 =

14

26

20

13

ryx = 0

13

20

26

14

14

26

20

13

l= 7
zyx = 5

rxy(n) is equal to rxy(-n)

ex = 14
ey = 54
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Dept of E&CE
c1 = 3
c2 = 4
Energy condition is satisfied.

Plot:

07. Program to solve a given Difference Equation.

a=input('Enter the Numerator Co-efficient a:');
b=input('Enter the Denominator Co-efficient b:');

[r,p,k]=residuez(a,b)
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[h,t]=impz(a,b,5)

x=input('Enter the Input Sequence x(n):');

y=conv(x,h)

subplot(2,1,1)
stem(t,h)
xlabel('Time->');
ylabel('Amplitude->');
title('Impulse response h(n)');

n=0:1:length(y)-1;
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n,y)
xlabel('Time->');
ylabel('Amplitude->');
title('Output Sequence y(n)');

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Dept of E&CE
Result:
Enter the Numerator Co-efficient a:[1 3]
Enter the Denominator Co-efficient b:[1 3 2]
r = -1

p = -2 -1
k = []
h =1 0 -2

6 -14

t= 0 1

Enter the Input Sequence x(n):[1 1 1]

y = 1 1 -1 4 -10 -8 -14

Plot:

RYMEC, BLY

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Dept of E&CE

08. Program to find N-Point DFT of the given Sequence.

x=input('i/p seq :')
N=length(x)
wn=exp(-j*2*pi/N)
n=0:1:N-1
k=0:1:N-1
nk=n'*k
w=wn.^nk
X=w*x'
figure(1);
stem(n,abs(X));
title('magnitude');
figure(2);
stem(n,angle(X));
title('phase spectrum');

RYMEC, BLY

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Dept of E&CE

Result:
i/p seq :[1 2 3 4]
x=
1
2
3
4
N=
4
wn = 0.0000 - 1.0000i
n=
0
1
2
3
k=
0
1
2
3
nk =
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
0
2
4
6
0
3
6
9
w=
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000 - 1.0000i -1.0000 - 0.0000i -0.0000 + 1.0000i
1.0000
-1.0000 - 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i -1.0000 - 0.0000i
1.0000
-0.0000 + 1.0000i -1.0000 - 0.0000i 0.0000 - 1.0000i
X=
10.0000
-2.0000 + 2.0000i
-2.0000 - 0.0000i
-2.0000 - 2.0000i

Plot:

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Dept of E&CE

Fig: 1

Fig :2

8a) Program to find IDFT of the given sequence.

X=input('i/p seq :')
N=input('Enter the length of the sequence:')
wn=exp(j*2*pi/N)
n=0:1:N-1
k=0:1:N-1
nk=k'*n
w=wn.^nk
x=X*w
x=x/N
figure(1);
stem(n,abs(x));
title('magnitude');
figure(2);

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Dept of E&CE
stem(n,angle(x));
title('phase spectrum');

Result:
i/p seq :[10 -2+2i -2 -2-2i]
X =10.0000 -2.0000+2.0000i -2.0000 -2.0000-2.0000i
Enter the length of the sequence: 4
N=4
x =1.0000 2.0000+0.0000i 3.0000-0.0000i 4.0000-0.0000i

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Dept of E&CE

Plot:

Fig: 1

Fig: 2

09. Program to find Linear Convolution of two sequences using DFT and
IDFT.
x1=input('enter the 1st sequence x1:');
x2=input('enter 2nd sequence x2:');
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Dept of E&CE
l1=length(x1)
l2=length(x2)
n=l1+l2-1;
p=[x1,zeros(1,n-l1)]
q=[x2,zeros(1,n-l2)]
p1=fft(p);
q1=fft(q);
cf=p1.*q1;
s=0:1:n-1
z=ifft(cf,n);
m=z
stem(s,z);
xlabel('time---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('linear convalution using dft & idft');

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Dept of E&CE

Result:
Enter the 1st sequence x1:[1 2 3 4]
Enter 2nd sequence x2:[4 3 2 1]
l1 =

l2 =

p=

q=

s=

m=

4.0000 11.0000 20.0000 30.0000 20.0000 11.0000

Plot:

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4.0000

Dept of E&CE

10. Program to find Circular Convolution of two sequences using DFT

and IDFT.
x1=input('enter the 1st sequence x1:');
x2=input('enter 2nd sequence x2:');
l1=length(x1)
l2=length(x2)
n=max(l1,l2);
p=fft(x1);
q=fft(x2);
y=p.*q;
s=0:1:n-1
z=ifft(y,n);
m=z
stem(s,z);
xlabel('time---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('circular convalution using dft & idft');

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Dept of E&CE

Result:
Enter the 1st sequence x1:[1 2 3 4]
Enter 2nd sequence x2:[4 3 2 1]
l1 = 4
l2 = 4
s=0
m =24

1
22

3
24

30

Plot:

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Dept of E&CE

11a). Design a FIR LPF for N=7, W C=1 radians/Sec using hamming
window.
pi=3.142;
wc=(3*pi)/4;
N=7;
t=(N-1)/2;
w=hamming(N);
n=0;
c=sin(wc*(n-t));
d=pi*(n-t);

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Dept of E&CE
hd=c/d;
h=hd*w(1);
for n=1:1:N-1
if (n==t)
hd1(n)=wc/pi;
else
a=sin(wc*(n-t));
b=pi*(n-t);
hd1(n)=a/b;
end
h1(n)=hd1(n)*w(n+1);
end
hd=[hd hd1];
h=[h h1];
disp(hd)
disp(w)
disp(h)
wm=0:0.1:pi;
hm=freqz(h,1,wm);
m=20*log10(abs(hm));
plot(wm,m);
xlabel('frequency---->');
ylabel('magnitude---->');
title('response of fir low pass filter');

Result:
0.0751 -0.1591

0.2250

0.7500

0.2250 -0.1591

0.0751

0.0800

0.3100

0.7700

1.0000

0.7700

0.3100

0.0800

0.0060 -0.0493

0.1732

0.7500

0.1732 -0.0493

0.0060

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Dept of E&CE

Plot:

11b). Design a FIR HPF for N=7, W C=2 radians/Sec using hamming
window.
pi=3.142;
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Dept of E&CE
wc=2;
N=7;
t=(N-1)/2;
w=hamming(N);
n=0;
c=[sin(pi*(n-t))-sin(wc*(n-t))];
d=pi*(n-t);
hd=c/d;
h=hd*w(1);
for n=1:1:N-1
if (n==t)
hd1(n)=1-(wc/pi);
else
a=[sin(pi*(n-t))-sin(wc*(n-t))];
b=pi*(n-t);
hd1(n)=a/b;
end
h1(n)=hd1(n)*w(n+1);
end
hd=[hd hd1];
h=[h h1];
disp(hd)
disp(w)
disp(h)
wm=0:0.1:pi;
hm=freqz(h,1,wm);
m=20*log10(abs(hm));
plot(wm,m);
xlabel('frequency---->');
ylabel('magnitude---->');
title('response of fir high pass filter');

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Dept of E&CE

Result:
0.0295
0.0800
0.0024

0.1206 -0.2895
0.3100 0.7700
0.0374 -0.2229

0.3635 -0.2895
1.0000 0.7700
0.3635 -0.2229

Plot:

RYMEC, BLY

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0.1206
0.3100
0.0374

0.0295
0.0800
0.0024

Dept of E&CE

11c). Design a FIR Band Pass filter for N=7, W C1=1 radians/Sec & WC2=2
radians/Sec using rectangular window.
pi=3.142;
wc1=1;
wc2=2;
N=7;
t=(N-1)/2;
w=boxcar(N);
n=0;
c=[sin(wc2*(n-t))-sin(wc1*(n-t))];
d=pi*(n-t);
hd=c/d;
h=hd*w(1);
for n=1:1:N-1
if (n==t)
hd1(n)=(wc2-wc1)/pi;
else
a=[sin(wc2*(n-t))-sin(wc1*(n-t))];
b=pi*(n-t);
hd1(n)=a/b;
end
h1(n)=hd1(n)*w(n+1);
end
hd=[hd hd1];
h=[h h1];
disp(hd)
disp(w)
disp(h)
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Dept of E&CE
wm=0:0.1:pi;
hm=freqz(h,1,wm);
m=20*log10(abs(hm));
plot(wm,m);
xlabel('frequency---->');
ylabel('magnitude---->');
title('response of fir band pass filter');

Result:
-0.0446 -0.2651
1

0.0216
1

-0.0446 -0.2651

0.3183

0.0216 -0.2651 -0.0446

0.0216

0.3183

0.0216 -0.2651 -0.0446

Plot:

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Dept of E&CE

11d). Design a FIR Band reject filter for N=7, W C1=1 radians/Sec & WC2=2
radians/Sec using rectangular window.
pi=3.142;
wc1=1;
wc2=2;
N=7;
t=(N-1)/2;
w=boxcar(N);
n=0;
c=[sin(wc1*(n-t))-sin(wc2*(n-t))+sin(pi*(n-t))];
d=pi*(n-t);
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Dept of E&CE
hd=c/d;
h=hd*w(1);
for n=1:1:N-1
if (n==t)
hd1(n)=(pi-wc2+wc1)/pi;
else
a=[sin(wc1*(n-t))-sin(wc2*(n-t))+sin(pi*(n-t))];
b=pi*(n-t);
hd1(n)=a/b;
end
h1(n)=hd1(n)*w(n+1);
end
hd=[hd hd1];
h=[h h1];
disp(hd)
disp(w)
disp(h)
wm=0:0.1:pi;
hm=freqz(h,1,wm);
m=20*log10(abs(hm));
plot(wm,m);
xlabel('frequency---->');
ylabel('magnitude---->');
title('response of fir band reject filter');

Result:
0.0445

0.2653 -0.0217

0.0445

RYMEC, BLY

0.2653 -0.0217

0.6817 -0.0217

0.2653

0.0445

0.6817 -0.0217

0.2653

0.0445

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Dept of E&CE

Plot:

12. A) Design the digital filter using Chebyschev approximation to meet

the following specification with pass band edge at 0.15*pi and stop band
edge at 0.45*pi for a sampling frequency of 1, variation of gain with pass
band 1db and stop band attenuation of 15 db. Use Bilinear
Transformation.
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Dept of E&CE

ap=input('enter pass band attenuation:')

as=input('enter stop band attenuation:')
wp=input('enter pass band edge frequency:')
ws=input('enter stop band edge frequency:')
t=input('enter sampling frequency:')
fs=1/t;
%translation of analog to digital
wp=wp/fs
ws=ws/fs
%pre-wrapping
wpp=(2/t)*tan(wp/2)
wss=(2/t)*tan(ws/2)
%to obtain H(s)
[N,wc]=cheb1ord(wpp,wss,ap,as,'s')
[a,b]=cheby1(N,ap,wc,'s')
%analog to digital transformation
[az,bz]=bilinear(a,b,fs)
%plot of response
k=0:0.01/pi:pi;
h=freqz(az,bz,k);
gain=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(k,abs(h));
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(k,gain);
%grid on;
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(k,angle(h));

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Dept of E&CE

Result:
enter pass band attenuation:1
ap =

enter stop band attenuation:15

as =

15

enter pass band edge frequency:0.15*pi

wp =

0.4712

enter stop band edge frequency:0.45*pi

ws =

1.4137

enter sampling frequency:1

t=

wp =

0.4712

ws =

1.4137

wpp =

0.4802

wss =

1.7082

N=

wc =

0.4802

a=

b=

1.0000

0.2265

0.5271

0.2542

az =

0.0427

0.0854

0.0427

bz =

1.0000 -1.4113

0.6028

Plot:

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12. b) Design the digital Butterworth filter to meet the following

specification with pass band edge at pi/2 and stop band edge at (3*pi)/4
for a sampling frequency of 1, variation of gain with pass band 3db and
stop band attenuation of 14db. Use impulse invariant method.

ap=input('enter the pass band attenuation:');

as=input('enter the stop band attenuation:');
fp=input('enter the pass band frequency:');
fs=input('enter the stop band frequency :');
Fs=input('enter the sampling frequency :');
w1=fp*Fs;
w2=fs*Fs;
[N,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,ap,as,'s')
[b,a]=butter(N,wn,'s')
[Num,Den]=impinvar(b,a,Fs)
freqz(Num,Den)
title('butter worth low pass filter frequency response');
%plot of response
k=0:0.01/pi:pi;
h=freqz(Num,Den,k);
gain=20*log10(abs(h));

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subplot(3,1,1)
plot(k,abs(h));
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(k,gain);
%grid on;
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(k,angle(h));

Result:
enter the pass band attenuation:3
enter the stop band attenuation:14
enter the pass band frequency:pi/2
enter the stop band frequency :3*pi/4
enter the sampling frequency :1
N=

wn =

1.5828

b=

a=

1.0000

0
4.1360

Num = -0.0000
Den =

6.2758

8.5531 10.3612

0.3293

1.0000 -0.4992

0.4271

6.2758

0.0427

0.3965 -0.1198

0
0.0160

Plot:
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PART-B
EXPERIMENTS USING DSP PROCESSOR

1. Program to Find the Linear convolution of two finite length

sequences.
#include<stdio.h>
int y[20];
main()
{
int m=6;
int n=6;
RYMEC, BLY

/*Length of i/p samples sequence*/

/*Length of impulse response Co-efficients */
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Dept of E&CE
int i=0,j;
int x[15]={1,2,3,4,5 };

/*Input Signal Samples*/

int h[15]={5,4,3,2,1};

/*Impulse Response Co-efficients*/

for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
{
y[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
y[i]+=x[j]*h[i-j];
}
for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
printf("%d\n",y[i]);
}

Result:
5 14 26 40 55 40 26 14 5 0 0

2. Program to Find the Circular convolution of two finite length

sequences.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int m,n,x[30],h[30],y[30],i,j, k,x2[30],a[30];
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void main()
{
printf("enter the length of 1st sequence\n");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("enter the length of 2nd sequence\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter the 1st sequence\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
scanf("%d",&x[i]);
printf("enter the 2nd sequence\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&h[j]);
if(m-n!=0)
{
if(m>n)
{
for(i=n;i<m;i++)
h[i]=0;
n=m;
}
else
{
for(i=m;i<n;i++)
x[i]=0;
m=n;
}
}
y[0]=0;
a[0]=h[0];
for(j=1;j<n;j++)
a[j]=h[n-j];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
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y[0]+=x[i]*a[i];
for(k=1;k<n;k++)
{
y[k]=0;
for(j=1;j<n;j++)
x2[j]=a[j-1];
x2[0]=a[n-1];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
a[i]=x2[i];
y[k]+=x[i]*x2[i];
}
}
printf("\n circular convolution\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t",y[i]);
}

Result:
Enter the length of 1st sequence
2
Enter the length of 2nd sequence
4
Enter the 1st sequence
1 2
Enter the 2nd sequence
1234

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Dept of E&CE
Circular convolution
9

10

3. Program to Find the Impulse response of first order and second

order system.
#include<stdio.h>
#define order 2
#define len 3

float Y[len]={0,0,0},sum;
void main()
{
int j,k;
float a[order+1]={1,2};
float b[order+1]={1,5,6};
for(j=0;j<len;j++)
{
sum=0;
for(k=1;k<=order;k++)
{
if(j-k>=0)
sum+=b[k]*Y[j-k];
}
if(j<=order)
{
Y[j]=a[j]-sum;
}
else
Y[j]=-sum;
printf("response[%d]%f\n\n",j,Y[j]);
}
}
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Result:
response[0]1.000000
response[1]-3.000000
response[2]9.000000

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4. Program to implement Difference Equations.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define FREQ 400
float y[3]={0,0,0};
float x[3]={0,0,0};
float z[128],m[128],n[128],p[128];
main()
{
int i=0,j;
float a[3]={0.072231,0.144462,0.072231};
float b[3]={1.000000,-1.109229,0.398152};
for(i=0;i<128;i++)
{
m[i]=sin(2*3.14*FREQ*i/24000);
}
for(j=0;j<128;j++)
{
x[0]=m[j];
y[0]=(a[0]*x[0])+(a[1]*x[1])+(x[2]*a[2])-(y[1]*b[1])-(y[2]*b[2]);
z[j]=y[0];

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Dept of E&CE
y[2]=y[1];
y[1]=y[0];
x[2]=x[1];
x[1]=x[0];
}
}

Result:

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Dept of E&CE

Chose ViewGraphTime/Frequency

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PROCEDURE FOR
CODE COMPOSER STUDIO

Procedure:
Start Code Composer
To Start Code Composer Studio, Double Click the 6713 DSK
CCStudio_v3.1 icon on your desktop.
6713 DSK CCStudio v3.1.lnk

Start Code Composer Studio (ignore this if CCS is already running) by

double-clicking on theC6713 DSK icon on your desktop.

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Dept of E&CE
Use the Debug Connect menu option to open a debug connection to
the DSK board
Procedure to work on Code Composer Studio
Generation of Linear Convolution
1. To create a New Project
Project New (Lin.pjt)

2. To Create a Source files

File New Source file.
Files of type C Source File (*.c,*.ccc)

Type the code in editor window.

Save the file in project folder.(Eg : Lin.c).
3. To Add Source files to Project
Project Add files to ProjectLin.c
Files of type C Source File (*.c,*.ccc)

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4. To Add rts6700.lib file.

Project Add files to Projectrts6700.lib
Files of type C Source File(*.o*,*.1*)
Path : C:\CCStudio_v.3.1\c6000\cgtools\lib\rts6700.lib
5. Add Command and linking file
Project Add files to Project hello.cmd
Files of type Linker command file (*.cmd,8.lcf)
Path: C:CCStudio_v3.1\tutorial\dskhello1\hello.cmd

6. To Compile:
Project Compile File
7. To build or Link:
Project Build,
Which will create the final executable (.out) file.(Eg. Lin.out).
8. Procedure to Load and Run Program:
Load program to DSK:

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Dept of E&CE

File Load Program Lin.out

From Debug Folder

9. To Execute Project:
Debug Run

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C C Studio Installation For

Interfacing

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DSK Hardware Installation Procedure

DSK Hardware Installation

Shut down and power off the PC.

Connect the Supplied USB Port cable to the board.
Connect the other end of the cable to the USB port of PC
Note: if you plan to install a Microphone, Speaker, or Signal Generator/CRO
these must be plugged in properly Before you connect power to the DSK

Plug the power cable into the board

Plug the other end of the power cable into a power outlet
The user LEDs should flash several times to indicate board is operational
When you connect your DSK through USB for the first time on a Windows
loaded PC the new hardware found wizard will come up. So. Install the

Drivers (The CCS CD contains the require drivers for C6713 DSK).
Install the CCS software for C6713 DSK.
DSK Software Installation
You must install the hardware before you install the software on your

system.
The requirements for the operating platform are;
Insert the Installation CD into CD-ROM drive
An install screen appears like below; if not, goes to the windows
Explorer and run setup.exe

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Choose the option to install Code Composer Studio

If you already have C6000 CC Studio IDE installed on your PC, Do not install DSK
software. CC Studio IDE full tools supports the DSK Plot form

Respond to the dialog boxes as the installation program runs.

The Installation program automatically configures CC Studio IDE for
operation with your DSK and creates a 6713 DSK CCStudio_v3.1 IDE
DSK icon on your desktop.

DIAGNOSTIC:

Test the USB port by running DSK port test from the start menu

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Dept of E&CE
Use Start Programs Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio Code
Composer Studio C6713 DSK Tools C6713 DSK Diagnostic Utilities

Select Start Select 6713 DSK Diagnostic Utility

The Screen Look like as below. The below Screen will appear
Select Start Option
Utility Program will test the board
After testing Diagnostic Status you will get PASS

Appendix

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1. Input

INPUT prompt for user input. R = INPUT('How many apples') gives the user
the prompt in the text string and then waits for input from the keyboard. The input
can be any MATLAB expression, which is evaluated, using the variables in the
current workspace, and the result
returned in R. If the user presses the return
key without entering anything, INPUT returns an empty matrix. R = INPUT('What is
your name','s') gives the prompt in the text string and waits for character string
input. The typed input is not evaluated; the characters are simply returned as a
MATLAB string.

2. Figure

FIGURE Create figure window. FIGURE, by itself, creates a new figure

window, and returns its handle. FIGURE(H) makes H the current figure, forces it to
become visible, and raises it above all other figures on the screen. If Figure H does
not exist, and H is an integer, a new figure is created with
handle H. GCF returns
the handle to the current figure.
Execute GET(H) to see a list of figure properties
and their current values. Execute SET(H) to see a list of figure properties and their
possible values.

3. Subplot

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SUBPLOT Create axes in tiled positions. H = SUBPLOT(m,n,p), or
SUBPLOT(mnp), breaks the Figure window into an m-by-n matrix of small axes,
selects the p-th axes for the current plot, and returns the axis handle. The axes are
counted along the top row of the Figure window, then the second row, etc. For
example, SUBPLOT(2,1,1), PLOT(income)
SUBPLOT(2,1,2), PLOT(outgo) plots
income on the top half of the window and outgo on the bottom half.
SUBPLOT(m,n,p),
if
the
axis
already
exists,
makes
it
current.
SUBPLOT(m,n,p,'replace'), if the axis already exists, deletes it and creates a new
axis. SUBPLOT(m,n,P), where P is a vector, specifies an axes position that covers all
the subplot positions listed in P. UBPLOT(H), where H is an axis handle, is another
way of making an axis current for subsequent plotting commands.
SUBPLOT('position',[left bottom width height]) creates an axis at the specified
position in normalized coordinates (in the range from 0.0 to 1.0).If a SUBPLOT
specification causes a new axis to overlap an existing axis, the existing axis is
deleted - unless the position of the new and existing axis are identical. For example,
the statement SUBPLOT(1,2,1) deletes all existing axes overlapping the left side of
the Figure window and creates a new axis on that side - unless there is an axes
there with a position that exactly matches the position of the new axes (and 'replace'
was not specified), in which case all other overlapping axes will be deleted and the
matching axes will become the current axes.
SUBPLOT(111) is an exception to the rules above, and is not identical in behavior to
SUBPLOT(1,1,1). For reasons of backwards compatibility, it is a special case of
subplot which does not immediately create an axes, but instead sets up the figure so
that next graphics command executes CLF RESET in the figure (deleting all children
of the figure), and creates a new axes in the default position. This syntax does not
return a handle, so it is an error to specify a return argument. The delayed CLF
RESET is accomplished by setting the figure's NextPlot to 'replace'.

4. plot

PLOT linear plot. PLOT(X,Y) plots vector Y versus vector X. If X or Y is a

matrix, then the vector is plotted versus the rows or columns of the matrix,
whichever line up. If X is a scalar and Y is a vector, length(Y) disconnected points
are plotted. PLOT(Y) plots the columns of Y versus their index. If Y is complex,
PLOT(Y) is equivalent to PLOT(real(Y),imag(Y)). In all other uses of PLOT, the
imaginary part is ignored. Various line types, plot symbols and colors may be
obtained with PLOT(X,Y,S) where S is a character string made from one element
from any or all the following 3 columns:
b
g
r

blue
green
red

RYMEC, BLY

.
o
x

point
circle
x-mark
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:
-.

solid
dotted
dashdot

Dept of E&CE
c
m
y
k

cyan
magenta
yellow
black

+
*
s
d
v
^
<
>
p
h

plus
star
square
diamond
triangle (down)
triangle (up)
triangle (left)
triangle (right)
pentagram
hexagram

--

dashed

5. stem

STEM Discrete sequence or "stem" plot. STEM(Y) plots the data sequence Y
as stems from the x axis terminated with circles for the data value. STEM(X,Y) plots
the data sequence Y at the values specified in X. STEM(...,'filled') produces a stem
plot with filled markers. STEM(...,'LINESPEC') uses the linetype specified for the
stems and markers. See PLOT for possibilities. H = STEM(...) returns a vector of line
handles.

6. Exp

EXP Exponential. EXP(X) is the exponential of the elements of X, e to the X.

For complex Z=X+i*Y, EXP(Z) = EXP(X)*(COS(Y)+i*SIN(Y)).

7. Ones

ONES
array. ONES(N) is an N-by-N matrix of ones.ONES(M,N) or
ONES([M,N]) is an M-by-N matrix of ones.ONES(M,N,P,...) or ONES([M N P ...]) is an
M-by-N-by-P-by-... array of ones.ONES(SIZE(A)) is the same size as A and all ones.

8. impz

IMPZ Impulse response of digital filter [H,T] = IMPZ(B,A) computes the

impulse response of the filter B/A choosing the number of samples for you, and
returns the response in column vector H and a vector of times (or sample intervals)
in T (T = [0 1 2 ...]'). [H,T] = IMPZ(B,A,N) computes N samples of the impulse
response.If N is a vector of integers, the impulse response is computed only at those
integer values (0 is the origin). [H,T] = IMPZ(B,A,N,Fs) computes N samples and
scales T so that samples are spaced 1/Fs units apart. Fs is 1 by default. [H,T] =
IMPZ(B,A,[],Fs) chooses the number of samples for you and scales T so that samples
are spaced 1/Fs units apart. IMPZ with no output arguments plots the impulse
response using STEM(T,H) in the current figure window.

9. disp

DISP Display array. DISP(X) displays the array, without printing the array
name. In all other ways it's the same as leaving the semicolon off an expression
except that empty arrays don't display. If X is a string, the text is displayed.

10. Title
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Dept of E&CE
TITLE Graph title. TITLE ('text') adds text at the top of the current axis. TITLE
('text','Property1', PropertyValue1,'Property2',Property Value2,...) sets the values of
the specified properties of the title. H = TITLE (...) returns the handle to the text
object used as the title.

11. length

LENGTH of vector. LENGTH(X) returns the length of vector X. It is equivalent

to MAX(SIZE(X)) for non-empty arrays and 0 for empty ones.

12. conv

CONV Convolution and polynomial multiplication. C = CONV(A, B) convolves

vectors A and B. The resulting vector is length LENGTH (A)+LENGTH(B)-1. If A and
B are vectors of polynomial coefficients, convolving them is equivalent to multiplying
the two polynomials.

13. xlabel

XLABEL X-axis label. XLABEL('text') adds text beside the X-axis on the
curren
taxis.
XLABEL('text','Property1',PropertyValue1,'Property2',PropertyValue2,...)
sets
the
values of the specified properties of the xlabel. H = XLABEL(...) returns the handle to
the text object used as the label.

14. ylabel

YLABEL Y-axis label.YLABEL('text') adds text beside the Y-axis on the

currentaxis. LABEL('text','Property1',PropertyValue1,'Property2',PropertyValue2,...)
sets the values of the specified properties of the ylabel. H = YLABEL(...) returns the
handle to the text object used as the label.

15. max

MAX Largest component. For vectors, MAX(X) is the largest element in X. For
matrices, MAX(X) is a row vector containing the maximum element from each
column. For N-D arrays, MAX(X) operates along the first non-singleton dimension.
[Y,I] = MAX(X) returns the indices of the maximum values in vector I. If the values
along the first non-singleton dimension contain more than one maximal element,
the index of the first one is returned.MAX(X,Y) returns an array the same size as X
and Y with the largest elements taken from X or Y. Either one can be a scalar. [Y,I] =
MAX(X,[],DIM) operates along the dimension DIM. When complex, the magnitude
MAX(ABS(X)) is used, and the angle ANGLE(X) is ignored. NaN's are ignored when
computing the maximum.

16. xcorr

XCORR Cross-correlation function estimates. C = XCORR(A,B), where A and

B are length M vectors (M>1), returns the length 2*M-1 cross-correlation sequence
C. If A and B are of different length, the shortest one is zero-padded. C will be a row
vector if A is a row vector, and a column vector if A is a column vector. XCORR
produces an estimate of the correlation between two random (jointly stationary)
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Dept of E&CE
sequences: C(m) = E[A(n+m)*conj(B(n))] = E[A(n)*conj(B(n-m))] It is also the
deterministic correlation between two deterministic signals. XCORR(A), when A is a
vector, is the auto-correlation sequence. XCORR(A), when A is an M-by-N matrix, is
a large matrix with 2*M-1 rows whose N^2 columns contain the cross-correlation
sequences for all combinations of the columns of A. The zeroth lag of the output
correlation is in the middle of the sequence, at element or row M.
XCORR(...,MAXLAG) computes the (auto/cross) correlation over the range of lags:
-MAXLAG to MAXLAG, i.e., 2*MAXLAG+1 lags. If missing, default is MAXLAG = M-1.
[C,LAGS] = XCORR(...)
returns a vector of lag indices (LAGS).
XCORR(...,SCALEOPT), normalizes the correlation according to SCALEOPT: 'biased'
- scales the raw cross-correlation by 1/M. 'unbiased' - scales the raw correlation by
1/(M-abs(lags)). 'coeff'
- normalizes the sequence so that the auto-correlations at
zero lag are identically 1.0. 'none'
- no scaling (this is the default).

17. fliplr

FLIPLR Flip matrix in left/right direction. FLIPLR(X) returns X with row

preserved and columns flipped in the left/right direction.
X= 123
becomes 3 2 1
456
654

18. ceil

CEIL Round towards plus infinity. CEIL(X) rounds the elements of X to the
nearest integers towards infinity.

19. Sum

SUM Sum of elements. For vectors, SUM(X) is the sum of the elements of X. For
matrices, SUM(X) is a row vector with the sum over each column. For N-D arrays,
SUM(X) operates along the first non-singleton dimension. SUM(X,DIM) sums along
the dimension DIM.
Example: If X = [0 1 2
3 4 5]
then sum(X,1) is [3 5 7] and sum(X,2) is [ 3 12];

20. residuez

RESIDUEZ Z-transform partial-fraction expansion. [R,P,K] = RESIDUEZ(B,A)

finds the residues, poles and direct terms of the partial-fraction expansion of
B(z)/A(z),
B(z)
r(1)
r(n)
---- = ------------ +... ------------ + k(1) + k(2)z^(-1) ...
A(z) 1-p(1)z^(-1)
1-p(n)z^(-1)
B and A are the numerator and denominator polynomial coefficients,
respectively, in ascending powers of z^(-1). R and P are column vectors containing
the residues and poles, respectively. K contains the direct terms in a row vector.
The number of poles is n = length(A)-1 = length(R) = length(P) The direct term
coefficient vector is empty if length(B) < length(A); otherwise, length(K) = length(B)-

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Dept of E&CE
length(A)+1 If P(j) = ... = P(j+m-1) is a pole of multiplicity m, then the expansion
includes terms of the form
R(j)
R(j+1)
R(j+m-1)
-------------- + ------------------ + ... + -----------------1 - P(j)z^(-1) (1 - P(j)z^(-1))^2
(1 - P(j)z^(-1))^m
[B,A] = RESIDUEZ(R,P,K) converts the partial-fraction expansion back to B/A form.

21. fft

FFT Discrete Fourier transform. FFT(X) is the discrete Fourier transform

(DFT) of vector X. For matrices, the FFT operation is applied to each column. For ND arrays, the FFT operation operates on the first non-singleton dimension. FFT(X,N)
is the N-point FFT, padded with zeros if X has less than N points and truncated if it
has more. FFT(X,[],DIM) or FFT(X,N,DIM) applies the FFT operation across the
dimension DIM. For length N input vector x, the DFT is a length N vector X, with
elements
N
X(k) =
sum x(n)*exp(-j*2*pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/N), 1 <= k <= N.
n=1
The inverse DFT (computed by IFFT) is given by
N
x(n) = (1/N) sum X(k)*exp( j*2*pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/N), 1 <= n <= N.
k=1

22. ifft

IFFT Inverse discrete Fourier transform. IFFT(X) is the inverse discrete

Fourier transform of X. IFFT(X,N) is the N-point inverse transform. IFFT(X,[],DIM) or
IFFT(X,N,DIM) is the inverse discrete Fourier transform of X across the dimension
DIM.

23. hamming

HAMMING Hamming window. HAMMING(N) returns the N-point symmetric

Hamming window in a column vector. HAMMING(N,SFLAG) generates the N-point
Hamming window using SFLAG window sampling. SFLAG may be either 'symmetric'
or 'periodic'. By default, a symmetric window is returned.

24. fir1

FIR1 FIR filter design using the window method. B = FIR1(N,Wn) designs an
N'th order lowpass FIR digital filter and returns the filter coefficients in length N+1
vector B. The cut-off frequency Wn must be between 0 < Wn < 1.0, with 1.0
corresponding to half the sample rate. The filter B is real and has linear phase. The
normalized gain of the filter at Wn is -6 dB. B = FIR1(N,Wn,'high') designs an N'th
order highpass filter. You can also use B = FIR1(N,Wn,'low') to design a lowpass
filter. If Wn is a two-element vector, Wn = [W1 W2], FIR1 returns an order N
bandpass filter with passband
W1 < W < W2. You can also specify B =
FIR1(N,Wn,'bandpass'). If Wn = [W1 W2], B = FIR1(N,Wn,'stop') will design a
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Dept of E&CE
bandstop filter. If Wn is a multi-element vector, Wn = [W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 ... WN],
FIR1 returns an order N multiband filter with bands 0 < W < W1, W1 < W < W2, ...,
WN < W < 1. B = FIR1(N,Wn,'DC-1') makes the first band a passband. B =
FIR1(N,Wn,'DC-0') makes the first band a stopband. B = FIR1(N,Wn,WIN) designs an
N-th order FIR filter using the N+1 length vector WIN to window the impulse
response. If empty or omitted, FIR1 uses a Hamming window of length N+1. For a
complete list of available windows, see the help for the WINDOW function. KAISER
and CHEBWIN can be specified with an optional trailing argument. For example, B
= FIR1(N,Wn,kaiser(N+1,4)) uses a Kaiser window with beta=4. B =
FIR1(N,Wn,'high',chebwin(N+1,R)) uses a Chebyshev window with R decibels of
relative sidelobe attenuation. For filters with a gain other than zero at Fs/2, e.g.,
highpass and bandstop filters, N must be even. Otherwise, N will be incremented
by one. In this case the window length should be specified as N+2.

25. freqz

FREQZ Digital filter frequency response. [H,W] = FREQZ(B,A,N) returns the N-point
complex frequency response vector H and the N-point frequency vector W in
radians/sample of the filter:
jw
-jw
-jmw
jw B(e) b(1) + b(2)e + .... + b(m+1)e
H(e) = ---- = -----------------------------------jw
-jw
-jnw
A(e) a(1) + a(2)e + .... + a(n+1)e
given numerator and denominator coefficients in vectors B and A. The frequency
response is evaluated at N points equally spaced around the upper half of the unit
circle. If N isn't specified, it defaults to 512. [H,W] = FREQZ(B,A,N,'whole') uses N
points around the whole unit circle. H = FREQZ(B,A,W) returns the frequency
response at frequencies designated in vector W, in radians/sample (normally
between 0 and pi). [H,F] = FREQZ(B,A,N,Fs) and [H,F] = FREQZ(B,A,N,'whole',Fs)
return frequency vector F (in Hz), where Fs is the sampling frequency (in Hz). H =
FREQZ(B,A,F,Fs) returns the complex frequency response at the frequencies
designated in vector F (in Hz), where Fs is the sampling frequency (in Hz).
FREQZ(B,A,...) with no output arguments plots the magnitude and unwrapped
phase of the filter in the current figure window.

26. bilinear

BILINEAR Bilinear transformation with optional frequency prewarping.

[Zd,Pd,Kd] = BILINEAR(Z,P,K,Fs) converts the s-domain transfer function specified
by Z, P, and K to a z-transform discrete equivalent obtained from the bilinear
transformation: H(z) = H(s) || s = 2*Fs*(z-1)/(z+1)
where column vectors Z and P specify the zeros and poles, scalar K specifies the
gain,
and
Fs
is
the
sample
frequency
in
Hz.
[NUMd,DENd]
=
BILINEAR(NUM,DEN,Fs), where NUM and DEN are row vectors containing
numerator and denominator transfer function coefficients, NUM(s)/DEN(s), in
descending powers of s, transforms to z-transform coefficients NUMd(z)/DENd(z).
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[Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd] = BILINEAR(A,B,C,D,Fs) is a state-space version. Each of the above
three forms of BILINEAR accepts an optional additional input argument that
specifies prewarping. For example, [Zd,Pd,Kd] = BILINEAR(Z,P,K,Fs,Fp) applies
prewarping before the bilinear transformation so that the frequency responses
before and after mapping match exactly at frequency point Fp (match point Fp is
specified in Hz).

27. buttord

BUTTORD Butterworth filter order selection. [N, Wn] = BUTTORD(Wp, Ws,

Rp, Rs) returns the order N of the lowest order digital Butterworth filter that loses
no more than Rp dB in the passband and has at least Rs dB of attenuation in the
stopband. Wp and Ws are the passband and stopband edge frequencies, normalized
from 0 to 1 (where 1 corresponds to pi radians/sample). For example,
Lowpass: Wp = .1,
Ws = .2
Highpass: Wp = .2,
Ws = .1
Bandpass: Wp = [.2 .7], Ws = [.1 .8]
Bandstop: Wp = [.1 .8], Ws = [.2 .7]
BUTTORD also returns Wn, the Butterworth natural frequency (or, the "3 dB
frequency") to use with BUTTER to achieve the specifications. [N, Wn] =
BUTTORD(Wp, Ws, Rp, Rs, 's') does the computation for an analog filter, in which
case Wp and Ws are in radians/second.When Rp is chosen as 3 dB, the Wn in
BUTTER is equal to Wp in BUTTORD.

28. butter

BUTTER Butterworth digital and analog filter design. [B,A] = BUTTER(N,Wn)

designs an Nth order lowpass digital Butterworth filter and returns the filter
coefficients in length N+1 vectors B (numerator) and A (denominator). The
coefficients are listed in descending powers of z. The cutoff frequency Wn must be
0.0 < Wn < 1.0, with 1.0 corresponding to half the sample rate. If Wn is a twoelement vector, Wn = [W1 W2], BUTTER returns an order 2N bandpass filter with
passband W1 < W < W2.[B,A] = BUTTER(N,Wn,'high') designs a highpass filter.[B,A]
= BUTTER(N,Wn,'stop') is a bandstop filter if Wn = [W1 W2]. When used with three
left-hand arguments, as in [Z,P,K] = BUTTER(...), the zeros and poles are returned in
length N column vectors Z and P, and the gain in scalar K. When used with four lefthand arguments, as in[A,B,C,D] = BUTTER(...), state-space matrices are returned.
BUTTER(N,Wn,'s'), BUTTER(N,Wn,'high','s') and BUTTER(N,Wn,'stop','s')
design analog Butterworth filters. In this case, Wn is in [rad/s] and it can be
greater than 1.0.

29. impinvar
IMPINVAR Impulse invariance method for analog to digital filter conversion. [BZ,AZ]
= IMPINVAR(B,A,Fs) creates a digital filter with numerator and denominator
coefficients BZ and AZ respectively whose impulse response is equal to the impulse
response of the analog filter with coefficients B and A sampled at a frequency of Fs
Hertz. The B and A coefficients will be scaled by 1/Fs.If you don't specify Fs, it

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defaults to 1 Hz. [BZ,AZ] = IMPINVAR(B,A,Fs,TOL) uses the tolerance TOL for
grouping repeated poles together. Default value is 0.001, i.e., 0.1%.

30. grid on

GRID Grid lines. GRID ON adds major grid lines to the current axes. GRID
OFF removes major and minor grid lines from the current axes. GRID MINOR
toggles the minor grid lines of the current axes. GRID, by itself, toggles the major
grid lines of the current axes. GRID(AX,...) uses axes AX instead of the current axes.
GRID sets the XGrid, YGrid, and ZGrid properties of the current axes.
set(AX,'XMinorGrid','on') turns on the minor grid.

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Dept of E&CE

HOD, E&CE: Dr. Savita Sonoli

R.Y.M.E.C, Bellary.
Established By: Mr. Surendranath .H
Associate Prof, Dept of E&CE
R.Y.M.E.C, Bellary.
&
Established By: Ms. Srividya. J
Lecture, Dept of E&CE
R.Y.M.E.C, Bellary.
Primed By: Mr. Shambulingana Gouda
Asst. Instructor, Dept of E&CE
R.Y.M.E.C, Bellary.

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