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Reviewer Logic (Prelims)

This document discusses different types of logical fallacies and terms. It outlines 13 common informal fallacies including appeals to emotion, attacking the person, and genetic fallacy. Formal fallacies arise from errors in logical structure or process. Terms are discussed including their comprehension, extension, kinds based on definition and extension. Common fallacies are described like straw man, slippery slope, and begging the question.

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244 views3 pages

Reviewer Logic (Prelims)

This document discusses different types of logical fallacies and terms. It outlines 13 common informal fallacies including appeals to emotion, attacking the person, and genetic fallacy. Formal fallacies arise from errors in logical structure or process. Terms are discussed including their comprehension, extension, kinds based on definition and extension. Common fallacies are described like straw man, slippery slope, and begging the question.

Uploaded by

Marlo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reviewer Logic (Prelims)

Inductive

Argument

(particular

to

general)
Deductive

Argument

(general

to

1.3 Appeal to People = upholds the


need of belongingness
1.4 Argument Against the Person=
attacks the personality of the arguer

particular)

1.5 Genetic Fallacy= attacks the origin

Fallacies

1.6 Fallacy of Accident= general rule


to specific situations, rule is
misapplied to the issue

-instances wherein arguments will fail


to support their conclusion in a variety
of ways. Premises may be true but it
may fail to support the conclusion.
-non-sequitur (it does not follow)
-Latin word fallere (to deceive)
-false argument that has the
appearance of truth
Sophism- fallacy that is intentional
Paralogism- fallacy employed
unknowingly
Formal fallacies= errors due to lack of
skills in logical process, form or
structure, deductive arguments
Informal fallacies= distort reasoning
process, content
Types of Informal Fallacies
Aristotle= De Sophistici Elenchi, 13
types
1. Relevance
2. Weak Induction
3. Presumption
4. Ambiguity
5. Grammatical Analogy
Relevance
=occur when premises of an argument
are irrelevant to the conclusion
=similar to Fallacy of Insufficient
Evidence
1.1 Appeal to Force =arguer makes
use of force, threats
1.2 Appeal to Pity= evokes pity

1.7 Straw-Man Fallacy= distorts the


view of the listener, gives irrelevant
conclusion, same topic
1.8 Missing the Point Fallacy=
premises support a particular
conclusion but then a different
conclusion is drawn
1.9 Red Herring Fallacy (Fallacy of
Irrelevant Conclusion) = draws the
listener off track, gives irrelevant
conclusion, changing the topic, related
topic
1.10 Arithmetical Fallacy= applying
the rules of arithmetic, unacceptable
in reality
Weak Induction
= occur because the premises do not
sufficiently support the conclusion
2.1 Appeal to Inappropriate Authority=
cites inappropriate authority
2.2 Appeal to Ignorance = premises:
issue is not proven to be true,
conclusion: because the issue is not
proven true then it is false.
2.3 Converse Accident= specific
situations to general rule
2.4 False Cause Fallacy= when event A
is identified as the cause of event B.
Post Hoc Fallacy= A is the cause of B
because A occurred before B
Non Causa Pro Causa=cause of
something is not really the cause at all
(temporal succession)

Oversimplified Cause=multitude of
causes is responsible for a certain
effect but the arguer only selects one
2.5 Slippery Slope Fallacy= conclusion
rests upon an alleged chain reaction,
no sufficient reason for the chain
reaction to occur
2.6 Fallacy of Weak Analogy=
conclusion depends on the analogy,
not strong enough to support the
conclusion, inconclusive (A as B)(A as
like B)
Presumption
=premise presumes a conclusion that
they wanted to presume
3.1 Begging the Question Fallacy =
redundant, request for the source,
arguer requests an opponent to grant
what the opponent seeks a proof of,
provides an illusion

4.3 Fallacy of Amphiboly (Fallacy of


Syntactic Ambiguity)= may be true in
one interpretation but false in another,
error is brought about by the lack of
verbal clarity (grammatical error)
Grammatical Analogy
=occur when the arguments are
grammatically analogous to other
arguments that are good in every
respect.
5.1 Fallacy of Composition= part to
whole, taking jointly what should be
taken separately
5.2 Fallacy of Division = whole to part,
treating a collective separately, taking
separately what should be taken
together
Logic of Terms
Term = terminus-endpoint

3.2 Fallacy of Complex Question=


when two (or more) questions are
asked in the guise of a single question
and a single answer is then given to
both questions.

Object =Idea= Term

3.3 Black or White Fallacy = when one


assumes that there are only two
contrary alternatives available,
ignoring the possibility of other
alternatives between the contraries.

-is defined as an articulate sound that


serves as a conventional or arbitrary
sign or concept.

3.4 Fallacy of Suppressed Evidence =


ignores the evidences and end up with
a very different conclusion
Ambiguity
=occur when something does not
have a clear meaning
4.1 Fallacy of 4,5,6 or Fallacy of
Equivocation= given word or phrase
may have more than one meaning
thereby producing a different
conclusion.
4.2 Fallacy of Accent = states an
argument with a misplaced accent,
which then led to a different
conclusion

The term must be defined from two


points:
(1) a sign or a concept

(2) structural element into which a


proposition is resolved.
-is defined as a word or a group of
words that can serve as the subject or
the predicate of the proposition.
A simple term is that which consists of
a single word
A complex term, on the other hand,
consists of a group of words that
signify one thing or group of thing
when they are taken together as a
unit.
Quiddity =the essence or nature of the
thing or things that they stand for.
These terms signify what a thing is, or,
more precisely, what kind of thing a
thing is, It also means whatness.

Significant Terms=these are terms


that signify concepts directly and
immediately.
Non-significant terms=terms merely
point out things without signifying
their quiddity or nature.
(demonstrative pronouns, adjectives,
relative pronouns, proper nouns)
General term= It is a class term that
may be applicable to more than one
object.
Comprehension= the sum total of the
intelligible elements of the quiddity
signify by the term, is not subjective
but objective
Extension=this is the sum total of
subjects of the actual subjects, as
well as the possible subjects whose
quiddity is signified the term or
concept.
Comprehension increases = Extension
decreases (vice versa)(inverse ratio)
Kinds of Terms
1. Extension
Singular= Proper Noun,
Superlatives, Demonstratives,
The, Personal Pronouns(I, you, he,
she, they, we)
Particular= Indefinite Pronouns,
Numbers, Articles a or an,
General Propositions

Universal= Universal,
Expressions/Quantifiers(all, every,
each, whichever, whatever, no one,
none), Universal idea, Articles The
or A or An if the ideas,
expressed are universal.
2. Definition
First Intention=Understanding what
the thing is according to what it is in
reality, whether we think of them or
not.
Second Intention=Understanding what
the thing is in reality and in the mind.
Thinking at a particular situation,
independent of its quiddity or essence.
3. Comprehension
Concrete= outside of the mind of a
knower, all adj, (ex. Student, human
being, president)
Abstract= expresses a nature or
determining attribute that is
considered by the mind as separated
from the subject it inheres. (ex.
Beauty, humanity, parenthood, length,
yellowness)

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