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MATH F112 (Mathematics-II) : Matlab

Lecture 19

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38 views67 pages

MATH F112 (Mathematics-II) : Matlab

Lecture 19

Uploaded by

Hrithik Piyush
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

MATH F112 (Mathematics-II)


MATLAB

Introduction of MATLAB & Its


Applications
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Dr Trilok Mathur,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mathematics

MATLAB is a high-level language and interactive


environment for numerical computation,
visualization and programming.
Using MATLAB you can be able to analyze data,
develop algorithms, and create models and
applications.

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The language, tools, and built-in math functions


enable you to explore multiple approaches.
Developed by MathWorks, in 1984, Full Name:
MATrix LABoratory.

The MathWorks Inc., branded as simply


MathWorks, is a privately held, multi-national
corporation that specializes in mathematical
computing software.
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MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data


element is an array/matrix. It considers all data
elements as an array and results are also shown in
form of arrays.
This allows you to solve many technical computing
problems, especially those with matrix and vector
formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take
to write a program in a scalar non-interactive
language such as C or Fortran.
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MathWorks Web site:


1.www.mathworks.com
2.www.mathworks.com/education
3.www.mathworks.com/support/Books
Through these website you will be able to access:
1.Information about MathWorks products
2.How they are used?
3.Demos
4.MATLAB based books/documents
5.Technical support in form of m-files
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This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use:
1. MATLAB functions and files,
2. MATLAB Editor,
3. A Command Window,
4. A Command History,
5. The workspace,
6. Current Directory,
7. Array Editor,
8. Help,
9. Toolbar,
10. Shortcuts
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6. Current Directory

9. Toolbar
10. Shortcuts

8.Help

5. Workspace

3. Command Window
2. MATLAB Editor

1. MATLAB functions

7. Array Editor

4. Command History

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clc: Clears the command window


clear: Clears the workspace
clear x y: Clear variables x and y only from work space
disp(A): displays the value of A
whos (A): displays all the details related to variable A
stored in workspace
who: List known variables
help: displays all the topics you need to know about
help------: help for using a particular keyword
(for example >> help sqrt
Help on using sqrt) 9
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Orange line indicates the warring


Red line indicates the error in program
Save project before running your program
If you are using button to run the program it will
automatically save your program
Use break points to debug large program

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Matrix/Arrays are used in MATLAB very


frequently, one can specify the way to generate a
Matrix/Arrays according to the need .
Various ways are available with MATLAB for the
generation of Matrix/Arrays.

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Some most commonly used approaches are:


User defined
Using pre-defined operators
Using pre-defined function
Random Generation

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A matrix can be created in MATLAB as follows


(note the commas AND semicolons):
matrix = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9]
matrix =
1 2
4 5
7 8

3
6
9
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Specify Range

Row Separator

Column Separator

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MATLAB has some built-in functions for the generation


of matrix.
One can use such built-in functions, according to the
need.
These function can mainly be used initialize a
matrix/array.

Also, the matrix created through such functions are


useful in logical operations.
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This function creates an array of all zeros, that is


all the elements of such created matrix are zero.
B = zeros(n) returns an n-by-n matrix of zeros.
B = zeros(m,n) or B = zeros([m n]) returns an
m-by-n matrix of zeros.
B = zeros(m,n,p,...) or B = zeros([m n p ...])
returns an m-by-n-by-p-by-... array of zeros.
B = zeros(size(A)) returns an array the same
size as A consisting of all zeros.
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Note: The size inputs m, n, p, ... should be nonnegative integers. Negative integers are
treated as 0.

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Y = ones(n) returns an n-by-n matrix of 1s. An


error message appears if n is not a scalar.
Y = ones(m,n) or Y = ones([m n]) returns an
m-by-n matrix of ones.
Y = ones(m,n,p,...) or Y = ones([m n p ...])
returns an m-by-n-by-p-by-... array of 1s.
Y = ones(size(A)) returns an array of 1s that is
the same size as A.
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Note The size inputs m, n, p, ... should be nonnegative integers. Negative integers are
treated as 0.

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Y = eye(n) returns the n-by-n identity matrix.


Y = eye(m,n) or eye([m n]) returns an m-by-n matrix
with 1's on the diagonal and 0's elsewhere.
Y = eye(size(A)) returns an identity matrix the same
size as A.

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Note The size inputs m and n should be nonnegative integers.


Negative integers are treated as 0.

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To generate a random scalar


Syntex: randn
>> randn
>> randn
To generate m x n matrix with random entries
randn(m x n) :
>> randn(4, 4)
>> randn(4)
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A matrix having at least one dimension equal to


zero is called an empty matrix.
The simplest empty matrix is 0-by-0 in size.
Examples of more complex matrices are those of
dimension 0-by-5 or 10-by-0.

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Addition / subtraction of two vectors


>> v1 = [ 1, 3, 4 ]
>> v2 = [ 2, 5, 3 ]
>> v1 + v2
>> v1 v2
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Scalar multiplication of a vector


>> v = [ 2, 3, 4]
>> k = 10
>> k * v
ans =
20 30 40
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Vector cross product. w = u x v


>> u = [2 4 7]
>> v = [10 20 30]
>>w = cross(u, v)
NOTE: u and v must be
3 element vectors
Try for
>> help dot
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Ex:

Let p(t ) = 2 t3 + 5 t2 + t 2
q(t ) = t3 + 3 t + 5
Find 1. p(t) + q(t)
2. 5 p(t)
3. 3 p(t) 4 q(t)
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>> p = [ 2, 5, 1, -2]
>> q = [ 1, 0, 3, 5]
>> p + q
ans = 3 5 4

>> 5 * p
>> 3 * p - 4 * q
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Ex: Let V = R3 and W = {(2, a , b ) | a,b R } Is W


a subspace of V?
Sol: >> a1 = randn
>> b1 = randn
>> x = [2, a1, b1]
>> a2 = randn
>> b2 = randn
>> y = [2, a2, b2]
>> x + y
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>> 5 * x
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Multiplication of
Matrices
If A is an m-by-p and B is a p-by-n matrix,
the i, j entry of C is defined by

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Multiplication of
Matrices
3x2

2x3

3x3
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Multiplication of
Matrices

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Let A be Matrix, Calculate A3


>> A^3

Let A = (aij)
Find matrix B = (bij) such that bij=(aij2)
>>B = A . ^ 2
Dot
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Appending a Row or Column


>> [A v]
append column vector v to
columns of A
>> [A;u]

append row vector u to


rows of A
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Ex:
1

A 4

7
u [10

2
5
8
20

6,

9
11

30 ], v 22

33

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>>A = [1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]


>>u = [10 20 30]
>>v = [11 22 33]
>> [ A v ]
ans

1
4
7

2
5
8

3
6
9

11
22
33
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>> [ A ; u ]
ans
1
4
7
10

2
5
8
20

3
6
9
30
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You can delete rows and columns from a matrix


using just a pair of square brackets.
This can be done by using colon (:) operator and
an empty matrix.
For example if you want to delete column i / row
i of a matrix A, than following expression can be
used:
A(:, i) = []
B(i, :)= []
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If you delete a single element from a matrix, the


result is not a matrix anymore.
So, expressions like X(1,2) = [] result in an error.

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Extract diagonal of matrix A


>>A=[ 1 2; 3 4]
>> diag(A)
ans
1
4
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Generate a diagonal matrix with v as


diagonal
>> v = [1, 2]
>> diag(v)
ans
1
0
0
2
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Syntax Y=inv(X)
Description

Y = inv(X) returns the inverse of the square matrix


X.

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Syntax d = det(X)
Description
d = det(X) returns the determinant of the square
matrix X.

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To find Row Reduced Echelon form of


matrix A: rref(A)

>> A=rand(3)
>> rref(A)

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To find Rank of matrix A: rank(A)


>> A=rand(3)
>> rank(A)

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Ex. Let S = {(1, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1, 1)},


Check (0, 1, 1, 1) is in Span(S)
SOL:>> v1 = [1, 0, 0, 1]
>> v2 = [0, 1, 1, 0]
>> v3 = [1, 1, 1, 1]
>> v = [0, 1, 1, 1]
>> Ab = [v1 , v2, v3, v ]
>> rref(Ab)
If System is consistent, then v [ S ]
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Ex. Let S = {(1, 0, 0, 1), (0,1, 1, 0),(1, 1, 1, 1) }


Check S is LI or LD
Sol.: >> v1 = [ 1, 0, 0, 1]
>> v2 = [ 0, 1, 1, 0]
>> v3 = [ 1, 1, 1, 1]
>> b = zeros(4, 1)
>> A = [ v1, v2, v3]
>> Ab = [A, b]
>> rref(Ab) OR >>rref([A, b])
Rank(Ab) = no. of vectors, then LI
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Ex. Let S = { (1, 1, 0, 0), (-2, -2, 0, 0), (1, 0, 2, 1),


(2, 1, 2, 1), (0, 1, 1, 1) }
Find dim (Span S )
Sol. >> v1 = [ 1, 1, 0, 0]
Vectors
>> v2 = [ -2, -2, 0, 0]
corresponding to
>> v3 = [ 1, 0, 2, 1] leading 1s
>> v4 = [ 2, 1, 2, 1] will be basis of [S]
>> v5 = [ 0, 1, 1, 1]
>> rref([ v1 , v2, v3, v4 , v5])
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Example: Check the consistency for

1
0

x1
21

x
2 8
x 3
16
x 4
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>>A = [1 2 4 -1;
0 1 2
0;
3 1 1 -2 ]
>> b = [21, 8, 16]
>> rank (A) - rank( [A , b] )
If output is 0 then system is consistent
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Ex. Let V = R4
S={(1, 2, 3, 0), (0, 1, 2, 3), (3, 0, 1, 2),
(2, 3, 0, 1) }
T={ e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 }
Find Transition matrix PS

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>>A = [1, 2, 3, 0; 0, 1, 2, 3;
3, 0, 1, 2; 2, 3, 0, 1 ]
>> B = eye(4) (WHY)!!
>> rref( [A, B] )
Transpose
>>P = ans(: , 5 : 8)

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Ex. Let L : R3
L( v ) = C v,

R4

1
2
C
3

0
1

2
1
1
0

Find matrix of L with respect to bases

1
2
0

S s1 0 , s 2 0 , s3 1

1
1
2


and

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T w1 , w 2
1

1
0
0
1
1
0

, w3
, w4

1
1
1



0
1
0

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>>C=[ 1 2 0; 2
>>s1=[1 0 1]
>>s2=[2 0 1]
>>s3=[0 1 2]
>>w1 = [1 1 1
>>w2 = [1 1 1
>>w3 = [0 1 1
>>w4 = [0 0 1

1 -1; 3 1 0; -1 0 2]

2]
0]
-1]
0]

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>>Ls1 = C * s1
>>Ls2 = C * s2
>>Ls3 = C * s3
>>M=[ w1 w2 w3 w4
Ls1 Ls2 Ls3 ]
>>rref( M )
>>A = ans(: , 5 : 7 )
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Ex. L(x) = A x be a LinearTransformation


Find basis of Ker L , Range L

1
A
2

2
3

5
8

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>> A = [1, 2, 5, 5; -2, -3, -8, -7]


>>rref( A ) further simplify to get
basis of ker L

Each non-zero column of this matrix


having non zero pivot is a basis of
Range L
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