A REPORT ON

ANALOG ASSIGNMENT ON TEXAS

INSTRUMENTATION KIT
In partial fulfillment of the course:
Analog Electronics EEE F341

Submitted by:

NITISH MITTAL

2011B3A3373P

HRISHIKESH MUKTE

2011B3A3385P

NANDURI PRABHAKAR
NARASIMHA

2011B1A3742P

Lab Instructors:

Priya Gupta,
Jitendra

Lab Section No: 2

Group No: 1

Assignment Question:

Assignment 2 - Group A

Instructor-in-Charge:

Prof. V.K.CHAUBEY

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

RAJASTHAN, 333031
APRIL, 2015

EXPERIMENT NO. 1: SECOND ORDER MFB BANDPASS FILTER

AIM
Design a second order MFB Band pass filter with a mid frequency of Fm = 1 KHz, a Quality
factor of Q=1, and a Gain of -2.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
To Implement the second order MFB Band pass filter the following circuit design was used.

Fig. 1 - Circuit Diagram for second order MFB Band pass filter
PRINCIPLE
The multiple feedback filters use one op-amp for a two-pole section, injecting signal into the
inverting input of the op-amp, usually with the non-inverting input grounded. This limits the
swing of the common mode input voltage and provides better distortion for larger signal
swings. Gain depends on resistor ratios, so pass-band gain is dependent on the accuracy of
the resistors chosen. It is not possible to build multiple feedback filters with zeros. Multiple
feedback topologies are generally preferred because of better sensitivity to component
variations and better high-frequency behavior and are used in filters to have high quality
factor and require high gain.
TRANSFER FUNCTION:-

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE:

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS

Theoretical values of R2 and R1 are calculated as 3.2k and 795.77, and C=0.1uF. R3 is
calculated as an infinitely large value and thus open circuit.
In TI kit for R1 3.2k (series of 2.2k and 1k) and 1k are put in parallel. For R2 2.2k and 1k are
put in series.
Frequency(in KHz)
0.08
0.213
0.305
0.404
0.495
0.592
0.708
0.81
0.915
1.031
1.13
1.201
1.307
1.411
1.5
1.628
1.747
1.908
2.117
2.341
2.52

Vin(in mV)

Vout (in mV)

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Gain(V/V)
16
41.8
65.6
80
102
126
151
179
195
202
204
208
193
184
176
161
150
132
115
103
94

0.16
0.418
0.656
0.8
1.02
1.26
1.51
1.79
1.95
2.02
2.04
2.08
1.93
1.84
1.76
1.61
1.5
1.32
1.15
1.03
0.94

2.6
2.714
3
3.214
3.528
3.7
4.2
4.524
5.153
6.192
6.571
6.98
7.55
9.122
10.2
20

Gain at Fm = -2.02
Lower cut off frequency = 670 Hz.
Upper cut off frequency = 1.8 kHz
Observed Bandwidth = 1.130 kHz.
Theoretical bandwidth = 994.7 Hz

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

90.5
87.6
76.7
72.9
64.5
60.4
53.7
51.2
43.8
36.7
33.9
32
29.9
24
21.2
11.3

0.905
0.876
0.767
0.729
0.645
0.604
0.537
0.512
0.438
0.367
0.339
0.32
0.299
0.24
0.212
0.113

TI CIRCUITRY

WAVEFORMS
The phase response and bode plot of the transfer function can be seen below.

Ideal Wave Forms

WAVEFORMS FROM DSO

Various waveforms of input output were observed on DSO

CONCLUSION
After conducting the experiment, the gain and center frequency of for second order MFB
Band pass filter are found to be almost equal to their theoretical values. Gain for the pass
stage was around -2 and the center frequency came out to be 1 kHz. The bandwidth was
found to be 1.130 kHz, in close proximity to the theoretical value of 0.994 kHz.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2: 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC using op-amp

AIM
Design a 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC using op-amp. Measure the analog output voltage for digital
input word. Calculate maximum linearity error and accuracy.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 4 - Circuit Diagram for a 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC using op-amp.

PRINCIPLE
The circuit uses only two resistor values. Each switch has its own binary bit of the digital
input word, which controls it. The switch is connected to Vr when the binary bit is 1 and
connected to ground when the binary bit is 0.
The Thevenin of the circuit is computed. The Thevenin on both sides of the circuit gives the
current flowing in the opamp and thus the opamp output voltage can be computed.

EXPERIMENT NO-2

OBJECTIVE :- Design a 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC using op-amp. Measure the analog output
voltage for digital input word. Calculate maximum linearity error and accuracy.

CIRCUITAccuracy
DESIGN
:is a comparison

of the actual output of a DAC with the expected output. It is

expressed as a percentage of a full-scale, or maximum, output voltage. Accuracy is a measure
of what voltage is expected at the output vs. what actually appears.
A linear error is a deviation from the ideal straight-line output of a DAC. A special case is an
offset error, which is the amount of output voltage when the input bits are all zeros.
Advantages

Only two resistor values

Does not need as precision resistors as Binary weighted DACs

Cheap and Easy to manufacture

Disadvantages

Slower conversion rate

The values will be observed using a multimeter.

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE:
From the circuit, the output voltage is:

PROCEDURE :-

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Assume the values of resistances, Vref = 5V.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Choosing the value of Vref = 5V, R = 1 k, 2R = 2.2 k, Rf = 2.2 k.
Decimal Binary
Word

Voutput(in
Volts)
(observed)

Voutput
(in Accuracy (in %)
Linearity (Deviation)
Volts)
(VexpectedVobs-Vtheory
(theoretical)
Vactual)/Vexpected*100

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0
-0.6958
-1.3308
-2.001
-2.53
-3.2
-3.841
-4.524
-4.864
-5.54
-6.175
-6.857
-7.384
-8.063
-8.637
-8.684

0
-0.625
-1.25
-1.875
-2.5
-3.125
-3.75
-4.375
-5
-5.625
-6.25
-6.875
-7.5
-8.125
-8.75
-9.375

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

0
-0.0708
-0.0808
-0.126
-0.03
-0.075
-0.091
-0.149
0.136
0.085
0.075
0.018
0.116
0.062
0.113
0.691

-11.328
-6.464
-6.72
-1.2
-2.4
-2.427
-3.4057
2.72
1.511
1.2
0.262
1.547
0.763
1.29
7.371

V0= -2.2k[b3/2.2k + b2/4.4k + b3/8.8k + b0/19.6k]* Vref

V0= 5[b3 + b2/2 + b1/4 + b0/8]

Vout Analog vs Digital Word

1111

1110

1101

1100

1011

1010

1001

111

110

101

100

11

10

1000

-2

-1

-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

Analog Output Voltage vs. Digital Input Graph

Voutputanalog(observed)
Vout(Theoretical)

Linearity
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

Linearity

0.2
0.1
1110

1111
1111

1101

1110

1100

1011

1010

1001

1000

-0.2

111

110

101

100

11

10

-0.1

Linearity vs. digital output

Accuracy
10
5

1101

1100

1011

1010

1001

1000

-5

111

110

101

100

11

10

0
Accuracy

-10
-15

Accuracy vs. digital output

CONCLUSION
Thus, the R-2R ladder can be used to obtain binary weighted voltages or currents using only a
single-sized resistor (the resistors of size 2R can be made of two resistors of size R, to
improve matching properties.) As a result, this R-2R approach gives better accuracy. Further,
the resistors can be lower in value, giving high speed operation.

EXPERIMENT NO. 3:Aastable multivibrator (Triangular wave generator)

AIM
Design an astable multivibrator (Triangular wave generator), for a frequency of 1 KHz.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The Circuit Diagram for an astable multivibrator (Triangular wave generator), used for
framing the circuit during the experimentation phase is shown below.

Circuit Diagram of an astable multivibrator (Triangular wave generator)

PRINCIPLE
The astable multivibrator has no stable states. Let us assume that the output is at +Vsat at the
instant of switching on the power supplies. The capacitor C will start charging towards +Vsat
through R and the voltage across the capacitor which is also the input to the inverting
terminal will start rising exponentially towards +Vsat with a time constant RC. The moment
the capacitor voltage reaches Vut, the inverting input voltage will exceed the non-inverting
terminal voltage and the output Vo will be switched to Vsat. The capacitor will start
discharging and its voltage will decrease exponentially towards Vsat. This new state will
continue till Vlt. At this instant, the output will again be switched back to +Vsat and the cycle
will repeat. There are two quasi-stable states and the circuit oscillates between +Vsat and Vsat producing a square waveform at the output. The time period is determined by the time
constant of the RC network and the value of the threshold voltages.
The simplest method of forming a triangular waveform generator is to integrate the square
waveform. Thus, by connecting an integrator to a square waveform generator, a triangular
waveform can be generated.

The frequency of the square and the triangular waveforms are identical. R3C1 is chosen equal
to T and R4 resistor shunts the capacitor to obtain a stable triangular waveform.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE
Frequency of triangular waveform, is given as:
F=

2
41

CALCULATIONS
Calculating we get theoretical values of R2 = 4k, R=10k and R1=1k and C=0.1F. These values
give a frequency of 1k Hz theoretically. Or using a capacitance of 1uF gives R 2=4k, R=10k
and R1=100 ohms.
So adjusting these values in the TI kit the desired frequency of 1k is obtained using R 2=3k,
R=10k and R1=1k. The capacitance is kept at 1uF. R3 and R4 = 1k to keep gain as unity. The
appropriate triangular waveform cannot be obtained at C= 0.1uF.
R1 = 1k

R2 = 3k

R3 = 1k

R4 = 1k

C = 1uF
TI KIT CIRCUITRY

R = 10k

WAVEFORMS
Square waveform obtained at output of 1st amplifier (F=1.020Hz)

The square waveform showing Max and Min and Peak to Peak values.

Required Triangular Waveform Obtained at Output with required frequency (f=1.020Hz)

Triangular Waveform - max, min and peak to peak values.

Amplitude of output waveform = 3.64V (pk to pk)

CONCLUSION
A simple astable multivibrator was designed with certain values of R and C and triangular
waveform observed.

READINGS FOR THE EXPERIMENTS (Verified by the lab assistants)

Readings for the second order MFB band Pass Filter

Readings for 4 bits R-2R ladder DAC using op-amp

Readings for Astable Multivibrator (triangular wave generator

References
1) Laboratory Experiments and PSPICE Simulations in Analog Electronics, Maheshwari
L.K., Anand M.M.S., Prentice Hall of India, 2006
2) Analog Electronics, LK Maheshwari and MMS Anand, PHL Learning Private Limited
Delhi, 2013