INTRODUCTION

Despite the various technologies that have been introduced in recent years
to deter car thefts and tracking it,It was reported that as many as cars were stolen
yearly in theworld. According to National Crime Information Center(NCIC), in
2006, 1,192,809 motor vehicles were reportedstolen, the losses were 7.9$
billion.Several security and tracking systems are designed to assist corporations
with large number of vehicles and several usage purposes. A fleet management
system can minimize the cost and effort of employees to finish road assignments
within a minimal time. Besides, assignments can be scheduled in advanced based
on current vehicles location. Therefore, central fleet management is essential to
large enterprises to meet the varying requirements of customers and to improve
the productivity [1]. However, there are still so e security gaps where these
technologies dont prevent a vehicle from theft, dont assist to recover it and dont
allow the users to know the status of their vehicles. They cant permit the owner
to communicate with the vehicle online, even if the owner is certain that his
vehicle was stolen. The proposed security system in this paper is designed to track
and monitor vehicles that are used by certain party for particular purposes, also to
stop the vehicle if stolen and to track it online for retrieval, this system is an
integration of several modern embedded and communication technologies [2]-[3].
To provide location and time information anywhere on Earth, the Global
Positioning System (GPS) is commonly used as a space-based global navigation
satellite system. The location information provided by GPS systems can be
visualized using Google Earth. In wireless data transporting, GSM and SMS
technology is a common feature with all mobile network service providers [4]-[5].
Utilization of SMS technology has become popular because it is an inexpensive,
convenient and accessible way of transferring and receiving data with high
reliability [6]. Fig. 1 shows the proposed system which consists of: GPS receiver,
GSM modem, and embedded controller [7]. The users of this application can
monitor the location graphically on Google Earth, can stop any vehicle of the fleet
if it was stolen; they also can view other relevant information of each vehicle in
the fleet [8]-[9].

Fig. 1. The block diagram of Security system

As shown in Fig. 1, when the car starts running, the client receives a
confirmation SMS that it is running now. If this is illegal operation or any
intruders try to run the car, the owner can send SMS to switch off the car.
Afterwards, the system will check the mobile number for received message, to
confirm that the phone number could access the security system; if the phone
number is legal the system will turn off the car. If the owner needs to track the
vehicle, he/she have to send SMS contains special code, after that he/she will
receive a SMS containing the GPS coordinates of the car, the SMS updating its
content every predetermined period. Also the car owner can connect another GSM
modem with laptop to track the vehicle immediately using Google Earth. The
implemented tracking and security system can be used to monitor various
parameters related to safety; antitheft, emergency services and engine stall. The
paper shows an implementation of several modern technologies to achieve a
desirable goal of fleet monitoring and management.

Background and Related Works

Vehicle Tracking service [3] [4] is a GPS based solution that provides
instant location information to the vehicle owner/authorized person through
web/SMS with other flexibilities. The basic feature of popular vehicle tracking
systems is locating real-time position of the vehicle. There are many other value
added features and services, like applying rules on the vehicles (e.g.: speed limit,
No Go Area, etc.), securing the vehicles by adding security features like remote
immobilization, panic alarm. Some of the other features are: Speed Violation
Alert/Report (speed of all vehicles can be controlled, monitored, and hence when
violated, immediate contact can be made to reduce such violation). Area Alarm
(an area can be assigned to vehicles, the owner/authorized person will be notified,
if the rule is violated); 'No-Go' area (A 'No-Go' area can be created for the
vehicles, the owner/authorized person will be notified, if the rule is violated); in
addition, the car owner can find out whether the ignition is on or off; if on, then
whether the vehicle is moving or stationary, thus vehicles can be monitored even
if they are switched off.

Most social networking websites are supported by paid advertisements

that appear on member pages. Because of this, most social networking websites
do not carry membership charges and offer free services to all users. The main
goal of social networking websites are designed to allow members to connect and
communicate with one another - so features of these sites foster interaction,
activity, and of course, community.

objective
The proposed vehicle tracking system is an open system that uses a free
and open source software and is composed of commodity hardware that is easyto-find. Our system is composed of four components, a GPS/GSM Tracking
Device, a web server with database, social network, and finally Map. The GPS
tracking device is an embedded system that transmits location information to the
server through GPRS networks. The server is a personal computer that receives
the information and put it in the database. Twitter is selected as value added
service to common vehicle tracking system, vehicle presented on the social
network as virtual profile that users can simply follow vehicle account. Vehicle
send tweets in regular bases that contain a link to a map showing the current
location of the vehicle.
Proposed system feature

The proposed vehicle tracking system provides the following features;

Vehicle position Tracking system
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
Fleet Management System
Vehicle anti-theft system.
C. Proposed system objectives and scope
Exploring GPS based tracking systems
Developing Automatic Vehicle Location system using GPS for positioning
information and GSM/GPRS for information transmission with following
features:
Acquisition of vehicles location information (latitude and longitude) after
specified time interval.
Transmission of vehicles location and other information (including ignition
status, door open/close status) to the monitoring station/Tracking server after
specified interval of time.
Server is capable to place the latitude and longitude on Google maps,
preparing a simple URL for a map containing the current location of the tracked
vehicle
Server posts the vehicle status to vehicle account on the social network
Now users who follow vehicle profile will find vehicle feeds attached with a
Google map showing vehicle current location.

2. STRUCTURE OF ANTI-THEFT TRACKING SYSTEM

The system has two main units; the first is security unit which is
embedded in the vehicle. This unit consists of: a GSM modem, GPS receiver,
control relay, current sensor and Microcontroller as shown in Fig. 2 [10]-[12]. The
current sensor will send an analog signal to the microcontroller when the car is
running. The microcontroller will send SMS directly to the owner to confirm that.
NC control relay contacts are connected with the hot line that powers the fuel
pump and ECM. The microcontroller can send a signal to the relay to cut off the
power, when received SMS contains code from owner mobile to stop it. The GPS
Receiver retrieves the location information from satellites in the form of latitude
and longitude readings in real-time. The Microcontroller processes the GPS
information and transmits it to the user using GSM modem by SMS every 10
minutes when the user asked that from the system by sending SMS contains code.
The Microcontroller also reads engine parameters from vehicle data port (OBDII) and sends them to the second module in the same SMS. The second module is
a recipient GSM modem that is connected to a PC or a laptop. The modem
receives the SMS that includes GPS coordinates and engine parameters. The
modem receives SMS text that includes GPS coordinates, engine parameters, and
vehicle engine status. This text is processed using a Visual Basic program to
obtain the numeric parameters, which are saved as a Microsoft Office Excel file.
To transfer this information to Google Earth, the Excel file is converted to KML
(Keyhole Markup Language) format. Google Earth interprets KML file and shows
vehicles location on the map. The systems efficiency is dependable on the
sufficiency of the used communication network.
VEHICLES RETRIEVAL
When the car starts running, the client receives a confirmation SMS that is
running now. If this is illegal or any intruders try to run the car, the owner can
send SMS to switch off the car, Fig. 3. After words, the system will check the
mobile number of the massage sender, to confirm that the phone number is legal
or illegal to access the system; if the phone number is legal the system will turn
off the car.

Fig. 2. System assurance of remote access

3.Vehicle tracking system

A vehicle tracking system combines the use of automatic vehicle
location in individual vehicles with software that collects these fleet data for a
comprehensive picture of vehicle locations. Modern vehicle tracking systems
commonly use GPS or GLONASS technology for locating the vehicle, but other
types of automatic vehicle location technology can also be used. Vehicle
information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized
software. Urban public transit authorities are an increasingly common user of
vehicle tracking systems, particularly in large cities.
Active versus Passive Tracking System
Several types of vehicle tracking devices exist. Typically they are
classified as "passive" and "active". "Passive" devices store GPS location, speed,
heading and sometimes a trigger event such as key on/off, door open/closed. Once
the vehicle returns to a predetermined point, the device is removed and the data
downloaded to a computer for evaluation. Passive systems include auto download
type that transfer data via wireless download. "Active" devices also collect the
same information but usually transmit the data in near-real-time via cellular or
satellite networks to a computer or data center for evaluation.
Many modern vehicle tracking devices combine both active and passive
tracking abilities: when a cellular network is available and a tracking device is
connected it transmits data to a server; when a network is not available the device
stores data in internal memory and will transmit stored data to the server later
when the network becomes available again.
Historically, vehicle tracking has been accomplished by installing a box
into the vehicle, either self-powered with a battery or wired into the vehicle's
power system. For detailed vehicle locating and tracking this is still the
predominant method; however, many companies are increasingly interested in the
emerging cell phone technologies that provide tracking of multiple entities, such
as both a salesperson and their vehicle. These systems also offer tracking of calls,
texts, web use and generally provide a wider range of options.
Typical Architecture
Major constituents of the GPS based tracking are
1. GPS tracking device: The device fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS
location information apart from other vehicle information at regular
intervals to a central server. The other vehicle information can include
fuel amount, engine temperature, altitude, reverse geocoding, door

open/close, tire pressure, cut off fuel, turn off ignition, turn on headlight,
turn on taillight, battery status, GSM area code/cell code decoded, number
of GPS satellites in view, glass open/close, fuel amount, emergency
button status, cumulative idling, computed odometer, engine
RPM, throttle position,GPRS status and a lot more. Capability of these
devices actually decide the final capability of the whole tracking system.
2. GPS tracking server: The tracking server has three responsibilities:
receiving data from the GPS tracking unit, securely storing it, and serving
this information on demand to the user.
3. User interface: The UI determines how one will be able to access
information, view vehicle data, and elicit important details from it.
Common Uses
Vehicle tracking systems are commonly used by fleet operators for fleet
management functions such as fleet tracking, routing, dispatching, on-board
information and security.[1]Along with commercial fleet operators,
urban transit agencies use the technology for a number of purposes, including
monitoring schedule adherence of buses in service, triggering changes of
buses' destination sign displays at the end of the line (or other set location along a
bus route), and triggering pre-recorded announcements for passengers.
The American Public Transportation Association estimated that, at the
beginning of 2009, around half of all transit buses in the United States were
already using a GPS-based vehicle tracking system to trigger automated stop
announcements.[2] This can refer to external announcements (triggered by the
opening of the bus's door) at a bus stop, announcing the vehicle's route number
and destination, primarily for the benefit of visually impaired customers, or to
internal announcements (to passengers already on board) identifying the next
stop, as the bus (or tram) approaches a stop, or both. Data collected as a transit
vehicle follows its route is often continuously fed into a computer program which
compares the vehicle's actual location and time with its schedule, and in turn
produces a frequently updating display for the driver, telling him/her how early or
late he/she is at any given time, potentially making it easier to adhere more
closely to the published schedule.
Such programs are also used to provide customers with real-time
information as to the waiting time until arrival of the next bus or tram/streetcar at
a given stop, based on the nearest vehicles' actual progress at the time, rather than
merely giving information as to the scheduled time of the next arrival.[3] Transit
systems providing this kind of information assign a unique number to each stop,
and waiting passengers can obtain information by entering the stop number into

an automated telephone system or an application on the transit system's website. [3]

[4]

Some transit agencies provide a virtual map on their website, with icons depicting
the current locations of buses in service on each route, for customers' information,
[5]
while others provide such information only to dispatchers or other employees.
Other applications include monitoring driving behavior, such as an employer of
an employee, or a parent with a teen driver.
Vehicle tracking systems are also popular in consumer vehicles as a theft
prevention, monitoring and retrieval device. Police can simply follow the signal
emitted by the tracking system and locate the stolen vehicle. When used as a
security system, a Vehicle Tracking System may serve as either an addition to or
replacement for a traditional car alarm. Some vehicle tracking systems make it
possible to control vehicle remotely, including block doors or engine in case of
emergency. The existence of vehicle tracking device then can be used to reduce
the insurance cost, because the loss-risk of the vehicle drops significantly.
Vehicle tracking systems are an integrated part of the "layered approach"
to vehicle protection, recommended by the National Insurance Crime
Bureau (NICB) to prevent motor vehicle theft. This approach recommends four
layers of security based on the risk factors pertaining to a specific vehicle. Vehicle
Tracking Systems are one such layer, and are described by the NICB as very
effective in helping police recover stolen vehicles.
Some vehicle tracking systems integrate several security systems, for
example by sending an automatic alert to a phone or email if an alarm is triggered
or the vehicle is moved without authorization, or when it leaves or enters
a geofence.
Other scenarios in which this technology is employed include:

Stolen vehicle recovery: Both consumer and commercial vehicles can be

outfitted with RF or GPS units to allow police to do tracking and recovery. In
the case of LoJack, the police can activate the tracking unit in the vehicle
directly and follow tracking signals.

Fleet management: When managing a fleet of vehicles, knowing the realtime location of all drivers allows management to meet customer needs more
efficiently. Whether it is delivery, service or other multi-vehicle enterprises,
drivers now only need a mobile phone with telephony or Internet connection
to be inexpensively tracked by and dispatched efficiently.[6]

Asset tracking: Companies needing to track valuable assets for insurance

or other monitoring purposes can now plot the real-time asset location on a
map and closely monitor movement and operating status.

Field service management: Companies with a field service workforce for

services such as repair or maintenance, must be able to plan field workers
time, schedule subsequent customer visits and be able to operate these
departments efficiently. Vehicle tracking allows companies to quickly locate a
field engineer and dispatch the closest one to meet a new customer request or
provide site arrival information.

Field sales: Mobile sales professionals can access real-time locations. For
example, in unfamiliar areas, they can locate themselves as well as customers
and prospects, get driving directions and add nearby last-minute appointments
to itineraries. Benefits include increased productivity, reduced driving time
and increased time spent with customers and prospects.

Trailer tracking: Haulage and Logistics companies often operate lorries

with detachable load carrying units. The part of the vehicle that drives the
load is known as the cab and the load carrying unit is known as the trailer.
There are different types of trailer used for different applications, e.g., flat
bed, refrigerated, curtain sider, box container.

Surveillance: A tracker may be placed on a vehicle to follow the vehicle's

movements.[7]

Transit tracking: This is the temporary tracking of assets or cargoes from

one point to another. Users will ensure that the assets do not stop on route or
do a U-Turn in order to ensure the security of the assets.

Fuel Monitoring: This is another important usage of vehicle tracking to

monitor the fuel through tracking device.

Distance Calculation: This is an important usage of vehicle tracking to

calculate the distance travel by the fleet.

Vehicle tracking systems are widely used worldwide. Components come in

various shapes and forms but most utilize GPS technology and GSM services.
While most will offer real-time tracking, Others record real time data and store it
to be read, similar to data loggers. systems like these track and record and allow
reports after certain points have been solved.
Unconventional Uses

Industries not traditionally known to use vehicle tracking systems (logistics and
transportation industries are the ones that have traditionally incorporated vehicle
tracking system into their operations) have started to use it in creative ways to
improve their processes or businesses.
The hospitality industry have caught on to this technology to improve
customer service. For example, a luxury hotel in Singapore has installed vehicle
tracking systems in their limousines to ensure they can welcome their VIPs when
they reach the hotel.
Vehicle tracking systems used in food delivery vans may alert if the
temperature of the refrigerated compartment moves outside of the range of safe
food storage temperatures. Car rental companies are also using it to monitor their
rental fleets.

Design and Methodology

This circuit is designed for tracking the location of vehicles. Most of
tracking systems are made by using GPS. This is very simple and cheap. Tracking
systems are mostly used by fleet operators for tracking a vehicle location, routing
and others. This is a very good method for preventing our vehicles from stolen.
This tracking system sends us the geographical coordinates and by using these
coordinates we can track our vehicle position on electronic maps using internet.
By using these tacking systems we can share real time information about
transportations. And also can be share real time information or position of trains
and buses with passengers. Means passengers can see the real time of arriving
busses or trains at the platforms on LCD or on Mobiles.

Block Diagram of Vehicle Tracking system

Arduino Compatible Atmel Micro Controller

Fig.6.3Arduino UNO
The

Arduino

Uno

is

microcontroller

board

based

on

the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be
used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USBto-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to
version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and
two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the
shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be
compatible with both the board that uses the AVR, which operates with 5V and
with the Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected
pin, that is reserved for future purposes.

Stronger RESET circuit.

Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of
Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino,
moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform.

6.4.1 Specifications of Arduino Microcontroller

Microcontroller

ATmega328

Operating Voltage

5V

Input

Voltage

(recommended)

7-12V

Input Voltage (limits)

6-20V

Digital I/O Pins

14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins

DC Current per I/O Pin

40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin

50 mA

Flash Memory

32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by

bootloader

SRAM

2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM

1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed

16 MHz

6.4.2 Schematic and Reference Design

EAGLE files: arduino-uno-Rev3-reference-design.zip (NOTE: works with
Eagle 6.0 and newer)
Schematic: arduino-uno-Rev3-schematic.pdf
Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current
models use an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for
reference. The pin configuration is identical on all three processors.

6.4.3 Source
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wallwart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-

positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in
the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less
than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may
be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:

VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage
via the power jack, access it through this pin.

5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the
USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via
the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't
advise it.

3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum

current draw is 50 mA.

GND. Ground pins.

IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference
with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read
the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage
translators on the outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V.

Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2
KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM library).

6.4.4 Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), anddigitalRead() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins
have specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of
the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See
the attachInterrupt() function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with

the analogWrite() function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the
pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10
bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from
ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range

using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins
have specialized functionality:

TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication

using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference

voltage

for

the

analog

inputs.

Used

with analogReference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to
add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping
for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.

6.4.5 Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides
UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX)
and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication
over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The
'16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is
needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from
the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is
being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer
(but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see
the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

6.4.6 Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software
(download). Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on

the

Arduino

Uno

comes

preburned

with

a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external

hardware

programmer.

It

communicates

using

the

original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller
through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or
similar; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source
code is available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader,
which can be activated by:

On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.

On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2

HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You

can

then

use Atmel's

FLIP

software (Windows)

or

the DFU

programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the
ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).
See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

6.4.7 Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload,
the Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software
running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR)
of theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a
100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line
drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to
allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the
lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to
it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is
running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of
data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the
board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure
that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the
connection and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on
either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled
"RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110
ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

6.4.8 USB Over current Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's
USB ports from shorts and over current. Although most computers provide their
own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more
than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the
connection until the short or overload is removed.

6.4.9 Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the
former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or
case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an
even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Fig.6.4 GPS Module

6.5.1 Description:
GPS TTL Mini is a high gain GPS Receiver. The on board 3V3 to 5V level
convertor enables us to directly interface with normal 5V Microcontrollers. The
module is made with ultra small High gain third generation POT (Patch Antenna
on Top) GPS module. There is no prior configuration required; just power the
module with 5V, and your data (NMEA 0183) is ready at TX pin. It has a very
compact and easy to integrate design with the ultimate tracking performances. It
can be directly connected to Microcontrollers UART.
The GPS chipsets inside the module are designed by MediaTek Inc., which is
the worlds leading digital media solution provider and largest fab-less IC
Company in Taiwan. The module can support up to 66 channels. The GPS

solution enables small form factor devices. They deliver major advancements in
GPS performances, accuracy, integration, computing power and flexibility. They
are designed to simplify the embedded system integration process.
6.5.2 Specifications of GPS:

MediaTek MT3329 Chipset, L1 Frequency, C/A code, 66 Channels

TTL asynchronous serial interface

5 VDC supply @ 55 mA (typical)

Data output Baud rate: 9600 bps(Default)

Standard NMEA0183 output format

Low Power Consumption: 55mA @ acquisition, 40mA @ tracking

High Sensitivity, -165 dBm, TCXO Design , superior urban performances

Position Accuracy: <3.0M 2D-RMS

DGPS (WAAS/EGNOS/MASA/GAGAN) Support

Multi-path Compensation ; E-GSM-900 Band Rejection

Cold Start is Under 36 seconds (Typical)

Warm Start is Under 34 seconds (Typical)

Hot Start is Under 1 second (Typical)

Max. Update Rate : 10Hz (Default: 1 Hz)

GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spcial

Mobile), is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular
networks used by mobile phones. As of 2014 it has become the default global
standard for mobile communications - with over 90% market share, operating in
over 219 countries and territories.[2]
2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular
networks, and the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched
network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to
include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then
by packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)
and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS).
Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation (3G) UMTS standards
followed by fourth-generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards, which do not form
part of the ETSI GSM standard.
"GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. It may also refer to the
(initially) most common voice codec used, Full Rate.
GSM carrier frequencies
GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges
(separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for
3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands.
Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands
were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the
400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they
were previously used for first-generation systems.
Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. For more
information on worldwide GSM frequency usage, see GSM frequency bands.
Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into timeslots for
individual phones. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels
per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or burst periods) are grouped
into a TDMA frame. Half-rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot.
The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration
is 4.615 ms.

The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts

in GSM 850/900 and 1 watt in GSM 1800/1900.
Voice codecs
GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between
6.5 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel
they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (6.5 kbit/s) and Full
Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based on linear predictive coding (LPC). In
addition to being efficient withbitrates, these codecs also made it easier to identify
more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and
better protect these parts of the signal.
As GSM was further enhanced in 1997[14] with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR)
codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full-rate channel. Finally, with the
development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec
called AMR-Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against interference
when used on full-rate channels, or less robust but still relatively high quality
when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channel.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Main article: Subscriber Identity Module
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly
known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's
subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her
information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change
operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some
operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a
SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking.
GSM service security
See also: UMTS security
GSM was designed with a moderate level of service security. The system was
designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challengeresponse. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be
encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal
Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give
greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user,

whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The
security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited
authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation.
GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1, A5/2,
and A5/3 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1
was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United
States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been
found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time with
a ciphertext-only attack, and in January 2007, The Hacker's Choice started the
A5/1 cracking project with plans to use FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with
a rainbow table attack.[16] The system supports multiple algorithms so operators
may replace that cipher with a stronger one.
On 28 December 2009 German computer engineer Karsten Nohl announced that
he had cracked the A5/1 cipher.[17] According to Nohl, he developed a number
of rainbow tables (static values which reduce the time needed to carry out an
attack) and have found new sources for known plaintext attacks. He also said that
it is possible to build "a full GSM interceptor...from open-source components" but
that they had not done so because of legal concerns. [18] Nohl claimed that he was
able to intercept voice and text conversations by impersonating another user to
listen to voicemail, make calls, or send text messages using a seven-yearold Motorola cellphone and decryption software available for free online.[19]
New attacks have been observed that take advantage of poor security
implementations, architecture, and development for smartphone applications.
Some wiretapping and eavesdropping techniques hijack the audio input and
output providing an opportunity for a third party to listen in to the conversation.[20]
GSM uses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for data transmissions like
browsing the web. The most commonly deployed GPRS ciphers were publicly
broken in 2011.[21]
The researchers revealed flaws in the commonly used GEA/1 and GEA/2 ciphers
and published the open-source "gprsdecode" software for sniffing GPRS
networks. They also noted that some carriers do not encrypt the data (i.e., using
GEA/0) in order to detect the use of traffic or protocols they do not like
(e.g., Skype), leaving customers unprotected. GEA/3 seems to remain relatively
hard to break and is said to be in use on some more modern networks. If used
with USIM to prevent connections to fake base stations and downgrade attacks,
users will be protected in the medium term, though migration to 128-bit GEA/4 is
still recommended.

GSM Open Source Software

Several open-source software projects exist that provide certain GSM features:

gsmd daemon by Openmoko[23]

OpenBTS develops a Base transceiver station

The GSM Software Project aims to build a GSM analyzer for less than
$1,000[24]

OsmocomBB developers intend to replace the proprietary baseband GSM

stack with a free software implementation[25]

YateBTS develops a Base transceiver station [26]

SYSTEM DESIGN
Proposed System layout
Overall system is partitioned into four major units.
In-Vehicle unit
Server
Social network
User interact with the system using web browser through vehicle account on
the social network, Figure 1 shows system layout
B. In-Vehicle Unit functions and components
This is major part of the system and it will be installed into the vehicle. It is
responsible for capturing the following information for the vehicle.
Current location of vehicle
Speed of vehicle
Door open/close status
Ignition on/off status
In-vehicle unit is also responsible for transmitting this information to Tracking
Server through the internet. To achieve all these functionalities In-Vehicle unit
uses following modules.

1) GPS module
GPS [5] module is responsible of capturing the current location and speed.
Location and speed data provided by GSM/GPS module need some fragmentation
to be compatible with Google maps format. CPU is required to process this raw
data. SiRF Star III single-chip GPS receiver is used which comes integrated with
GM862-GPS. GPS receiver can also provide information of altitude, time of last
reported location, status of GPS last reported location, number of satellite used to
compute current location information along with location and speed. System
truncate the vehicle coordinates and time. Other data provided by GPS receiver is
used to determine the validity of location information, and will be ignored
2) Central Processing Unit
CPU captures raw data from GSM/GPS receiver to extract the required vehicle
location and speed information. CPU is also responsible for monitoring vehicle
door open/close, engine status on/off and controlling the vehicle ignition on/off
status.
CPU is also responsible of establishing connections between GSM/GPS module
and remote server, through internet over the GSM network, CPU sends detected
vehicle location, speed, door status, and engine status. On other hand, CPU
process commands being sent from the remote server to control the vehicle like
ignition on/off.
The microcontroller selected to serve as CPU for In-vehicle unit is Atemls
ATmega328. a popular microcontroller based called Arduino[6] uses the
Atmega328. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM

outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, and

power connector. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; it
can simply programmed through USB connection, and can be directly interfaced
to GSM/GPS module, door, generator, and ignition

Here in this system we are using the GSM module for sending the coordinates of
vehicle on mobile phone via message. GPS is sends the coordinates continuously
in form of string. After reading this string using Arduino extract the required data
from string and then sends it to mobile phone using GSM module via SMS. This
information is called latitude and longitude. GPS used 3 or 4 satellite for tracking
the location of any vehicle.
3) Data Transceiver
For real time tracking of vehicle, a reliable wireless network is required to
transmit data to remote server. Existing GSM network is selected because of its
broad coverage, and its cost effective rather than to deploy own network for
transmission of vehicle information.
For data transmission over GSM network, GSM modem is required as a data
transceiver module. GM862-GPS [7] GSM/GPRS modem is selected to transmit
data over GSM network because of its features and capabilities. GM862-GPS
provides AT commands interface i.e. all functions can be accessed using AT
commands. AT commands can be sent to it using UART serial interface
C. Design of In-Vehicle Unit
In-Vehicle unit consists of two main modules, the Telite GM862-GPS
GSM/GRPS modem, and Arduino microcontroller board. Figure 2, shows the
block diagram of in-vehicle unit.
GPS antenna should be directed toward sky in a correct computation of the GPS
satellites location to be able to receive GPS satellites signals. Arduino
microcontroller communicates with modem through a Simple UART serial
interface. Arduino process raw data received from GPS/GSM modem, then
transmits this information to remote server using GSM/GPRS modem over the
internet through GSM network. Microcontroller controls the operation of
GSM/GPRS modem through serial interface using AT commands. To assure a
reliable transmission and receiving of data an external GSM antenna is required
by the GSM/GPRS modem.
Arduino microcontroller receives commands and information passed from remote
server through GPS/GSM modem, then passes this information to which analyses
received information and performs action accordingly (i.e. turns on/off ignition of
vehicle, transmits current location, etc).

Arduino microcontroller is directly connected to vehicle different components, as

a normal digital sensors or actuators, like ignition on/off circuitry and door status
output of vehicle. Information packet sent to server also contains status
information of these I/O ports
Fig. 2. block diagram of in-vehicle unit.
Arduino microcontroller receives commands and information passed from remote
server through GPS/GSM modem, then passes this information to which analyses
received information and performs action accordingly (i.e. turns on/off ignition of
vehicle, transmits current location, etc).
Arduino microcontroller is directly connected to vehicle different components, as
a normal digital sensors or actuators, like ignition on/off circuitry and door status
output of vehicle. Information packet sent to server also contains status
information of these I/O ports.
D. GM862-GPS Arduino shield card
As mentioned before, Arduino microcontroller communicates with GM862-GPS
through UART serial interface [8]. The first step is to design and implement
extended PCB with GM862-GPS modem that can be installed over the Arduino
microcontroller, called GM862-GPS Arduino shield. Which acts as an upgrade
module that can easily interface the GM862-GPS module to Arduino
microcontroller. The following figure shows the designed GM862-GPS shield
Fig. 3. GM862-GPS shield
E. In-Vehicle Unit Software Design
Arduino Microcontroller is the Central Processing Unit for In-Vehicle unit, it
controls all its operations.
A software program written in C language, that is compiled then burnt into the
microcontrollers flash memory. Complete software consists of small modules as
shown in the Figure 4.
Fig. 4. block diagram of in-vehicle unit.
All these modules are implemented as subroutines in the software. Each
subroutine performs series of its designated tasks. Flow chart of each subroutine
is described below
1) Startup- subroutine
Startup routine is executed only when device is powered on and reset. It initializes
all hardware of the In-Vehicle unit and configures GM862-GPS. It powers up the
GM682-GPS modem then performs various tests to ensure that modem is working
properly and is ready to use. If microcontroller failed to communicate with
modem, alarm led set on, and sends error description to its serial interface.
Fig. 5. Startup routine flow chart.

Figure 5 shows the startup subroutine flowchart. The flow chart shows that the
subroutine starts with initializing peripherals of the microcontroller.
All peripherals in use need to be initialized in this step. After initializations
Microcontroller power up the GM862-GPS modem then it starts modem checking
process. Microcontroller sends AT command to the modem using Send AT
Command subroutine.
All AT commands sent to the modem are sent using this subroutine. If the device
responds with OK, it means microcontroller can communicate with module. If
device doesnt respond after expiration of timeout modem is restarted, and the
microcontroller sends no response message to its serial port (device console
port) . If the modem doesnt respond to microcontroller for three successive trials,
and problem then persists definitely something in hardware is damaged. Then
microcontroller sends error initializing modem message, then go to halt mode.
After receiving OK response from the modem, which refers to modem status
that is connected and ready. Then various parameters of modem need to be
initialized, and checked, SIM presence is checked by sending command
AT+CPIN? If device responds with +CPIN: READY message, SIM is ready
to be useed. Microcontroller will consider any other response message as an error.
Microlcontroller will send SIM card error message to console port, and module
will be restarted after expiration of timeout.
When SIM card check is OK,, microtroller is going to make sure that modem is
connected to network or not. Network status can be tested with command
AT+CREG? If module responds with +CREG: 0, 1 module is connected to
network and ready to communicate over the network. If any other response is
received module keeps on checking for network status until it is connected. Once
it made sure that module is connected to network, subroutine is ended
Fig. 6. Send AT command routine flow chart.
2) Send AT commands - Subroutine
This subroutine is the basic routine that handles all the communications with
GM82-GPS modem. This routine accepts AT command as input string argument
or parameter then sends it (character by character) to the modem followed by
carriage return (\r) as a command terminating character. Figure 6 shows routine
flowchart During the startup routine, a soft serial port (UART) is initialized on
two pins which is connected to modem serial port, as shown in figure 3. The
communication baud-rate (between microcontroller and modem) is specified
during the initialization process too. Transmit buffer is a software register of
UART. As soon as a 8-bit data is written into the transmit buffer. It will be
transmitted through UART at the specified baud-rate. Each character of command
string will be sent in same way. After sending the command characters,
microcontroller terminates the command by sending carriage return to the
modem. Response received from the modem will be handled in another
subroutine.
3) GPRS configuration - Subroutine
The in-vehicle unit sends vehicle information for the server through internet using
GPRS service [9]. The first step is to configure modem.

Figure 6 shows the required steps to configure the GM682/GPS module for GPRS
data transmission. First step is to define GPRS context, which means identify the
internet entry point interface of your network provider. Hence microcontroller
sends the following command AT+CGDCONT with some parameters to
identify network entry point interface in order to gain access to the internet and
define the value of IP address of the module as follows;
AT+CGDCONT=1, IP, wap.vodafone.com.eg, 0.0.0.0, 0, 0
First parameter is context id, it is possible to define up to 5 contexts. Next
parameter is communication protocol, third parameter is APN assigned by
network server provider.
The next step is to set the parameters for Quality of service. Commands used are ;
AT+CGQMIN= 1,0,0,0,0,0 and
AT+CGREQ=1,0,0,3,0,0.
These parameters are recommended by manufacturer of the GM862-GPS module.
Network service provider provides a user name and a password to authenticate the
network connection, so the next step is to set user name and password for current
GPRS context. Commands used are;
AT#USERID=WAP and
AT#PASSW=WAP.
Next step is to configure the TCP/IP stack, which mainly sets the minimum packet
size, data sending timeout and socket inactivity timeout. Command used for
configuring TCP/IP stack is:
AT#SCFG=1,1,140,30,300,100.
The first parameter of command is connection identifier; 2nd parameter is the
context identifier for which stack is being configured. the 5th parameter (300) is
the minimum number of bytes that will be sent in one packet. The last parameter
(100) is the inactivity timeout, connection timeout, and data sending timeout.
Next step of the subroutine is to configure the firewall settings, which allows
certain computers to connect to the the module. In this case server IP address will
be provided to firewall so that Tracking server can connect to In-Vehicle unit.
Command used for firewall settings is;
AT#FRWL=1,server ip, subnet mask
Server IP address is to the Tracking server address on the internet and subnet
mask.
Last step is activate current GPRS context through the following command;
AT#SGACT=1, 1.
First parameter is context id to be activated and next parameter is status i.e. 1 for
activation and 0 for deactivation.
4) Read GPS data- Subroutine

Microcontroller requests current location from GM862-GPS by sending the

following command AT$GPSACP. Microcontroller waits for modem reply as
follows;
$GPSACP:080220,4542.82691N,01344.26820E,259.07,3,2.1,0.1,0.0,0.0,270705
,09
Microcontroller extract the latitude and longitude from the modem message,
which are the 2nd and 3rd parameters 4542.82691N,01344.26820E in the
following format ddmm.mmmm N/S for latitude and dddmm.mmmm E/W
for longitude. dd: degree (0-90 for latitude) and (0-180 for longitude),
mm.mmmm: minutes ( 0- 59.9999 minutes), N/S:
North / South, and E/W: East / West. Microcontroller converts [10] these values
first to decimal values instead of degree value in order to send these coordinates
to server. Figure 7 shows the subroutine flow chart.
Fig. 7. Read GPS data subroutine
5) Receiving data from server- Subroutine
Microcontroller is always listening to GM-862-GPS module data stack, checking
for its buffer, if any data is available, it starts processing data saved in data stack
buffer. Microcontroller decide what is server asking for then call the appropriate
subroutine, like acquiring vehicle status, or acquiring vehicle location, or applying
a command to vehicle. Figure 8 shows subroutine flowchart.
6) Sending data to server- Subroutine
In order to send data over the internet (IP network), application needs an interface
to medium access and physical layers, which named as socket. The socket is an
interface contains three main entries, the transport protocol type (TCP/UDP) the
server IP address, and the port number .This subroutine starts with opening socket
for currently configured TCP/IP stack [11]. Command used to open socket for
configured embedded TCP/IP stack is AT#SD=1, 0, 80,server address.
The first parameter is connection identifier of TCP/IP stack, 2nd is protocol i.e. 0
for TCP and 1 for UDP, the 3rd parameter is the port number, and the last
parameter is the IP address/host name of Tracking server. If command returns the
response CONNECT; connection is accepted. Now the connection to the server is
established and ready to send data to the server broadcast and activated on the
module. When GPRS connection is alive, module cant accept AT commands and
GPS data cant be read from module. To return to At command mode socket is
suspended using escape sequence +++.
If In-Vehicle unit is configured for continuous transmission of vehicle information
after regular intervals then microcontroller will automatically update server with
vehicle status including vehicle location (latitude, and longitude), and vehicle
sensors status like door, and ignition status. Figure 9 shows the flowchart for this
subroutine.

F. Tracking Server
1) Tracking Server software design
Tracking server maintains all received information from all In-Vehicle units
installed in different vehicles into a central database. This database is accessible
from internet through user friendly interface to authorized users through a web
application. Here all vehicle updates are available, like vehicle location, door
status, ignition status, and authorized user can send commands to in-vehicle unit
like shut down the vehicle or restart the in-vehicle unit. Authorized users control
vehicle accounts on twitter social network, and can automatically make server
posts vehicle updates (vehicle location) to vehicles account on twitter. Vehicle
location is automatically placed on Google maps, which make it easier for
tracking the vehicle by vehicle trackers. Tracking Server consists of four major
parts.
(i) Communication Software with GM862-GPS
(ii) Communication Software with Twitter social network
(iii) Database
(iv) Web Interface
2) Web Interface software module
As described in previous section Tracking Server maintains all information in a
database. To display this information to authorized End users, front end software
is required. The Authorized end users are the persons who have installed the InVehicle unit in their vehicle and also the system administrators who are managing
Vehicle Tracking System. Server is designed to handle many In-Vehicle units at
once; each unit presents a car in the tracking server. Each in-Vehicle unit has a
unique identifier that identifies the vehicle to server and their authorized users.
Whenever In-Vehicle unit is installed, information about that vehicle is stored in
the database. Web interface supports this functionality. As the tracking server will
be available on the internet, access to the vehicle information should be restricted
to the authorized users.
3) Database module
Database is designed to store all received vehicle information (vehicle updates),
information about In-Vehicle units and users of the system. Figure 13 show the
ER diagram of tracking server database
.
Fig. 13. tracking server DB ER diagram
4) Communication Software with GM862-GPS software module
GM862-GPS is GSM/GPRS modem that was used in the In- Vehicle unit. From
tracking server point of view its a seamless TCP/IP communication protocol.
Server simply listens to pre-defined socket port, after receiving information form
in-vehicle system, it extract the vehicle location and vehicle status, and save it in
database. If server is configured to posts vehicle location to vehicle account on

twitter, server also forwards a Google map traking the vehicle location on it.
Authorized end users who are authorized to access vehicle account on server can
monitor vehicle sensors status, and send commands to in-vehicle unit by
forwarding these information to in-vehicle unit as a reply to the same socket that
in-vehicle unit opened before to communicate with tracking server.
5) Communication Software with twitter social network software module
As mentioned before tracking server can be configured to automatically post
vehicle location on vehicles twitter account.

To do so user needs first to create an application via a vehicle twitter account

with Read/Write permission, and of course the twitters account password is
known to tracking server, and saved in its database. To gain access to vehicle
twitters account we used The OAuth 2.0 authorization framework, which
enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to an HTTP service.
If user is storing protected data on original users behalf, they shouldn't be
spreading their passwords around the web to get access to it. OAuth is used to
give users access to data while protecting original users accounts credentials.
Finally authors use PHP Library to support OAuth for Twitters REST API.
Figure 14 shows the flow chart of that software module
Fig. 14. tracking server and Tracking Server software design
G. System Data Flow diagram
Figure 14 shows the flowchart of main program. Main program listens to
incoming TCP/IP connections from in-vehicle units, and creates separate
thread for each incoming connection, which allows any number of In-Vehicle
units to connect to server at once
IV. SYSTEM TESTING AND RESULTS
The proposed system is verified by testing it after integration of all
components of the system. The following section contains a few testing
information of each module.
A. Testing In-Vehicle Unit
GM862-GPS interface board was connected to microcontroller board through
a serial cable. When In-Vehicle unit is powered on, it executes Startup routine.
At first it reads and displays the existing configuration of the system. Next
step, the microcontroller configures the GM862-GPS. It tests the
communication interface by sending AT command. GM862-GPS responded
with OK message which shows that interface is working. +CPIN: READY
response shows that SIM card is ready and +CREG:0, 1 response shows that
module is connected to network. Figures 15 shows in-vehicle unit.
B. Testing Tracking Server
In order to test server, an i7 PC was configured to act as a server. Apache
server was installed to make it act like server. MySQL database server was
installed.
C. Web Interface Testing
After logging to the website it displays vehicle location placed on Google
maps, and the status of vehicle sensors like door, and ignitions status. User can
send commands to in-vehicle unit to restart it or to shut down the vehicle.
Figure 16 shows web interface.
D. Twitter social network integration
Each in-vehicle unit has its account on twitter social network. in-vehicle unit
update vehicle information on tracking server in frequent basis, and server
inturn update vehicle location on twitters vehicle profile. The following figure
17, shows vehicle account on twitter social network

Fig. 15. In-Vehicle Unit

In circuit diagram three main Components used. These are Global Positioning
System(GPS), GSM Module and Arduino. GSM modules Rx pin is directly
connected to Tx pin of Arduino and Tx pin of GPS is directly connected Rx
pin of Arduino. And a 16X2 liquid Crystal display is also connected
withArduino for displaying coordinate.

.
V. FUTURE WORK
System can get vehicle speed from some sensor installed in the vehicle, then
posts remaining time for the next stop in social network. That would be a good
value added for public/private transportation services. System can also analyze
the time between stops, then report the traffic flow status on social network.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper propose a new vehicle tracking and security system, that make use
of social network as a value added service for traditional tracking systems. For
vehicle tracking in real time, in-vehicle unit and a tracking server is used. The
information is transferred to Tracking server using GSM/GPRS module on
GSM network by direct TCP/IP connection with Tracking server through
GPRS. Vehicle information is recorded in tracking server database. This
information like vehicle location (on google maps), and vehicle status (door,
and ignition) is only available to authorized users of the system via web
interface over the internet. User can send different commands to in-vehicle
unit (restart, shut down) to remotely controls his vehicle, which can be used as
vehicle security and tracking system. Tracking server posts vehicle location
placed on a Google maps to vehicles twitter account, which make the vehicle
followers easily find targeted vehicle, which can be applied to public
transportation tracking. Currently In-Vehicle unit was implemented with
Arduino. Microcontroller board which is connected to GM862-GPS through
extension board named GM862-GPS shield

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1vv0300728 Rev. 8 - 20/09/07
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