Old English Core Vocabulary

This le is taken almost entirely unchanged from Christine Rauers list, which can be
found online at http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/cr30/vocabulary/. All length marks have been
added, and the list itself has been reformatted.

The list below presents some 500 Old English words which could be regarded as literary core
vocabulary. Some of the words are among the most frequent in Old English literature; some
are of particular importance on account of their literary or linguistic usage. The reference
poet. signals predominant usage of a word in poetry. The cognates in a number of related
languages (MnE = Modern English, MnG = Modern German, MnDu = Modern Dutch,
MnDa = Modern Danish, L = Latin, MedL = Medieval Latin, MedGr = Medieval Greek) are
intended to make memorisation of the words easier. A word signalled as hapax legomenon
is found only once in the entire Old English corpus, and was possibly coined for the passage
in question.
This list of Old English Core Vocabulary is intended as a teaching aid: the idea is that
students learn this list of words by heart. It can be used in undergraduate or postgraduate
Old English teaching, either for compulsory or optional assessments, or just for background.
Tests can be made easier or harder, depending on whether the examined translation is from
Old English to Modern English, or vice versa, or both, and depending on how much time
students are allowed to memorise the vocabulary.
I try to keep the word list as stable as possible; the insertion of updates and corrections is
limited to one week during the summer, when students are unlikely to be using it formally.
There are no plans for moving this page to another address. If you have any corrections,
comments, or questions, please feel free to contact me by emailing [email protected].
Christine Rauer, University of St Andrews
Last updated 26/02/16: typo corrected in entry for faran (with many thanks to Cal Umlauf for this
one).

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

Vocabulary

nhaga, noun, m., solitary one, one who dwells

alone (poet.)
nlcnes, noun, f., image
A
nrd, adj., resolute
btan, adv., about, around
anwealda, noun, m., ruler, Lord (poet.)
ac, co., but, however
r, noun, n., copper (cp. MnE ore)
cennan, verb, bring forth, give birth to
r, noun, f, honour, mercy, favour, prosperity
cwellan, verb, to kill
r, noun, f., oar
adl, noun, f., sickness, disease
ariht, adv., properly
gen, adj., own
rsan, verb, to arise
glca, noun, m., monster, combatant, the ter- rlas, adj., dishonourable
rible one (poet.)
rlce, adv,. honourably, kindly
hwr, adv., anywhere
arod, adj., bold
limpan, verb, befall, come to pass
rweore, adj., honourable
lfan, verb, to permit, allow
secgan, verb, to say, tell
myrran, verb, to wound (cp. MnE to mar)
styrian, verb, to remove, to move (cp. MnE
n, numeral, a, an, one
to stir)
and, co., and
atelic, adj., horrible, dreadful
anda, noun, m., malice, hostility
ton, verb, to draw, unsheathe
andgit, noun, n., meaning, sense
atol, adj., terrible, hateful (poet.)
andsaca, noun, m., enemy, adversary (cp. ttor, noun, n., venom (cp. MnG Eiter)
MnG Widersacher)
, noun, m., oath
andswarian, verb, to answer
wiht, noun, n., anything (cp. MnE aught)
andweard, adj., present
xian, verb, to ask
andwlita, noun, m., face (cp. MnG Antlitz)
andwyrdan, verb, to answer (cp. MnG
antworten)
nfeald, adj., simple, onefold (cp. MnG ein- , noun, f., law (cp. MnG Ehe)
fltig)
cer, noun, m., cultivated eld (cp. MnE
noga, noun, m., solitary ier (hapax acre)
legomenon, The Seafarer)
fst, adj., pious
angel, noun, m., hook (cp. MnE angle)
fen, noun, m., evening (cp. MnE even, eve)
anginn, noun, n., beginning
fre, adv., forever, always, ever

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

fter, prep., after
fterfylgan, verb, to follow, to come after
ghwa, pron., everyone, everything
ghwr, adv., everywhere
ger, pron., each, both, either
ht, noun, f., possessions, property
l, noun, m., eel
lc, pron., adj., each, every
lfscne, adj., beautiful as a fairy (3 occurrences, poet.)
lmihtig, adj., almighty
mettig, adj., empty
nig, adj., any
r, adv., before, previously (cp. MnE ere)
rende, noun, n., message (cp. MnE errand)
rest, adj., rst
rgewinn, noun, n., ancient hostility (hapax
legomenon, The Dream of the Rood)
rgd, adj., good from old times (5 occurrences,
only in Beowulf )
rnan, verb, to run
sc, noun, m., ash tree, spear
scplega, noun, m., spear-ght, battle (hapax
legomenon, Judith)
scrf, adj., brave in battle
stel, noun, m., ?pointer used to keep ones place
as one reads (4 occurrences)
t, prep., at
tgdere, adv., together
tsomne, adv., together
twan, verb, to appear, to show
ele, adj., noble
eling, noun, m., prince, atheling

elo, noun, n. pl., origin, descent, noble lineage

B
baldlice, adv., boldly
bana, noun, m., slayer (cp. MnE bane, poet.)
bnhs, noun, n., body (bone-house, 6 occurrences, poet.)
bnloca, noun, m., bone-enclosure, ?muscles,
?body (5 occurrences, poet.)
br, noun, m., boar
bt, noun, m., boat
baian, verb, to bathe
bc, noun, n., back
bcere, noun, m., baker
bl, noun, n., re, funeral pyre (poet.)
brnan, verb, to burn
b, noun, n., bath
be, prep., about, concerning
bacen, noun, n., beacon, sign
beadu, noun, m., battle (15 occurrences, poet.)
beadurinc, noun, m., warrior (3 occurrences,
poet.)
beadurf, adj., bold in battle (8 occurrences,
poet.)
bag, noun, m., circular ornament (around
neck, wrist, nger etc.), ring (cp. MnE bagel)
baggyfa, noun, m., ring-giver, lord (7 occurrences, poet.)
baggyfu, noun, f., ring-giving, generosity (hapax legomenon, poet.)
baghord, noun, n., ring-hoard, treasure (3
occurrences, all in Beowulf )

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

bealdor, noun, m., lord (10 occurrences,
poet.)
bealu, noun, n., misery, harm, iury, enmity
bealuhygdig, adj., intending evil, hostile (hapax
legomenon, Beowulf )
bealus, noun, m., painful journey, bitter experience (2 occurrences, poet.)
bam, noun, m., tree, cross
bearm, noun, m., bosom, lap
bearn, noun, n., child, son (cp. MnE dialect
bairn)
bearu, noun, m., grove
bebodan, verb, to command
gebed, noun, n., prayer
bedlan, verb, to deprive
bgen, adj. and pron., both
begeondan, prep., beyond
begietan, verb, to get, to acquire
beginnan, verb, to begin
begnornian, verb, to lament
behafdian, verb, to behead, decapitate
behrowsian, verb, to repent
benc, noun, f., bench
benn, noun, f., wound (9 occurrences, poet.)
bon, verb, to be
bor, noun, n., beer
beorg, noun, m., hill, mound, mountain (cp.
MnG Berg)
beorgan, verb, to save, protect
beorht, adj., bright
beorn, noun, m., man, warrior (poet.)
geborscipe, noun, m., beer party
bot, noun, n., vow, boast

4
beran, verb, to carry, bear
berstan, verb, to burst
beswcan, verb, to deceive, ensnare
bet, adv., better
gebetan, verb, to improve, remedy
betwonan, prep., between (cp. MnE between)
betweox, prep., between
bdan, verb, to await, experience
biddan, verb, to ask, bid
gebiddan, verb, to pray
bian, verb, to shake (cp. MnG beben)
bgong, noun, m., practice, observance, worship
bill, noun, n., sword (poet., cp. MnG Beil)
bisgu, noun, f., occupation (cp. MnE busy)
btan, verb, to bite
blc, adj., pale (cp. MnE bleak)
blc, adj., black
bld, noun, m., glory
blwan, verb, to blow
bltsian, verb, to bless
bld, noun, n., blood
bc, noun, f., book
bodian, verb, to preach (cp. MnE to bode)
bolster, noun, n., pillow (cp. MnE bolster)
bricg, noun, f., bridge
brim, noun, n., sea (poet.)
broga, noun, m., terror, danger
bror, noun, m., brother
brcan, verb, to use, eoy, benet from (cp. L
fruor, MnG gebrauchen)
brn, adj., brown, black, purple, red (cp. MnE
brown)

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

brytta, noun, m., distributor, one who hands
out (poet.)
burh, noun, f., stronghold, enclosure (cp. MnE
borough, MnG Burg)
btan, prep., without, except, but
byrgan, verb, to bury
bysig, adj., busy
bysmor, noun, m., disgrace, mockery

C
csere, noun, m., emperor (cp. MnE Caesar,
MnG Kaiser)
ceald, adj., cold
gecapian, verb, to buy (cp. MnE cheap)
ceaster, noun, f., town (cp. L castrum, MnE
-chester, eg. Manchester, Winchester)
cempa, noun, m., warrior
cicen, noun, n., chicken
cirice, noun, f., church (cp. MedGr kuriakon)
clipian, verb, to call
clyppan, verb, to embrace (cp. MnE paperclip)
gecnwan, verb, to recognise, perceive, understand
cniht, noun, m., boy, youth
cringan, verb, to fall, perish (poet., cp. MnE
cringe)
cuman, verb, to come
cunnan, verb, to know
cunnian, verb, to nd out
cwellan, verb, to kill
cwn, noun, f., woman, queen (cp. MnE gynaecology)
cwic, adj., alive (cp. MnE quick)

cyning, noun, m., king

cse, noun, m., cheese (cp. L caseum)
can, verb, to make known, inform, reveal

D
dd, noun, f., deed
dg, m., day
dl, noun, m., part, portion (cp. MnE deal)
dma, noun, m., judge (cp. MnE to deem)
deofol, noun, m. or n., devil
dop, adj., deep
dor, noun, n., wild animal (cp. MnE deer,
MnG Tier)
deorc, adj., dark
dgol, adj., secret
dm, noun, m., judgement (cp. MnE doom)
dn, verb, to do
dram, noun, m., joy, delight
drogan, verb, to suer (cp. MnScots adj.
driech)
dror, noun, m. or n., dripping blood (11 occurrences, poet., cp. MnE dreary)
drihten, noun, m., lord
dugan, verb, to be of use (MnG taugen,
tchtig)
dugu, noun, f., troop of seasoned retainers,
mature men (MnG taugen, tchtig)
durran, verb, to dare
duru, noun, f., door
gedwyld, noun, n., heresy, error
dre, adj., dear (cp. MnG teuer)
dyrne, adj., secret
dysig, adj., foolish (cp. MnE dizzy)

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

E
a, noun, f., river (cp. L aqua)
ac, adv., also
eadig, adj., blessed, happy (Ead-, cp. Christian
names Edward, Edwin)
eald, adj., old
ealdor, noun, m., leader, prince (cp. MnE alderman)
ealdor, noun, n., life, age
eallwealda, noun, m., all-ruler, the Lord
(poet.)
earfo, noun, n., work, hardship (MnE robot,
MnG Arbeit)
earm, adj., poor (MnG arm)
ce, adj., eternal
ecg, noun, f., edge, sword
eft, adv., again
ege, noun, m., fear
ellen, noun, n., courage, strength
engel, noun, m., angel
ent, noun, m., giant (cp. Tolkiens Ents)
eorl, noun, m., nobleman

F
faran, verb, to go, travel (cp. MnE farewell)
fder, noun, m., father
fger, adj., beautiful, pleasant (cp. MnE fair)
feax, noun, n., hair (cp. Tolkiens Shadowfax)
fela, pron., many
fond, noun, m., enemy
for, adj., far
feorh, noun, n., life

ferh, noun, m., spirit, mind (poet.)

ogan, verb, to y
folde, noun, f., earth, ground
folme, noun, f., hand (MnE palm)
fn, verb, to catch, seize
forhtian, verb, to fear
forltan, verb, to abandon, let go, neglect
forma, adj., rst
forst, noun, m., frost
frtwe, noun, f. pl., ornaments (poet.)
fra, noun, m., lord (poet., cp. MnG Frau)
fremde, adj., strange (cp. MnG fremd)
fremman, verb, to do, perpetrate (cp. MnG
fromm)
fri, noun, m., peace (cp. MnG Frieden)
frd, adj., old, wise (poet., cp. Tolkiens
Frodo)
frfor, noun, f., consolation
fruma, noun, m., beginning
fugol, noun, m., bird (cp. MnE fowl)
fultum, noun, m., help, support
fs, adj., eager
fr, noun, n., re
fyren, noun, f., crime, wickedness

G
galan, verb, to sing (cp. MnE nightingale, to
yell)
gamol, adj., old, ancient (poet.) (cp. MnDa
gammel, MnG vergammeln)
gn, verb, to go
gr, noun, m., spear (poet., cp. Hrothgar in
Beowulf )

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

gst, noun, m., spirit, soul, angel, ghost
gear, noun, n., year
geard, noun, m., yard, enclosure (cp. Tolkiens
Isengard)
gomor, adj., sad (poet., cp. MnG Jammer)
geond, prep., through, throughout
geong, adj., young
georn, adj., eager (cp. MnE to yearn, MnG
gerne)
giedd, noun, n., word, speech, riddle (poet., cp.
MnE to gather)
giefu, noun, f., gift
get, adv., yet, still
gif, co., if
geogu, noun, f., youth, young people
gnornian, verb, to mourn
gd, adj., good
god, noun, m., God
grdig, adj., greedy
gri, noun, n., truce
guma, noun, m., man (poet., cp. MnE
?bridegroom, MnG Brutigam)
g, noun, f., battle, war (poet.)
gylp, noun, m., boast, pride (cp. MnE to yelp)
gyse, adv., yes

H
habban, verb, to have
hl, adj., safe, unhurt (cp. MnE whole)
hlig, adj., holy
hm, noun, m., home
ht, adj., hot

7
htan, verb, to command, order, call, name
(cp. MnG heissen)
hlan, verb, to heal
Hlend, noun, m., Saviour (cp. MnG Heiland)
hle, noun, m., hero (poet., cp. MnG Held)
hen, adj., heathen
hafod, noun, n., head
hah, adj., high
hearh, noun, m., heathen shrine (cp. placename Harrow)
heaorinc, m., warrior (poet.)
helm, noun, m., protection, cover, helmet
heofon, noun, m., heaven
heorot, noun, m., deer, stag (cp. MnE hart,
Heorot in Beowulf )
here, noun, m., army (cp. MnG Heer)
hergian, verb, to ravage (cp. MnE to harry)
hild, noun, f., battle (cp. Christian name
Hilda)
hlf, noun, m., bread (cp. MnE loaf )
hlford, noun, m., lord (cp. OE hlaf, bread,
hlaford=hlafweard, the one in charge of the
bread)
hlw, noun, m., mound, barrow (cp. placenames Lewes, Wilmslow, Ludlow)
hlo, noun, n., protection, shelter
holt, noun, n., wood, forest (cp. MnG Holz)
hord, noun, n., hoard
h, adv., how
hund, noun, m., dog (cp. MnE hound)
hs, noun, n., house
hw, pron., who

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

hwt, pron., what
hwr, adv., where
hwer, co., whether
hwelc, pron. and adj., which
hwl, noun, f., while
hycgan, verb, to think, plan
hyge, noun, m., mind, heart, courage (poet.,
cp. MnDu geheugen, Hygelac in Beowulf )
hyht, noun, m., joy, bliss, hope
hyrde, noun, m., guardian, keeper (cp. MnE
shepherd)
hyse, noun, m., warrior (poet.)

8
lof, adj., beloved, dear (cp. MnE love, MnG
lieb)
loht, noun, n., light
lo, noun, n., song, poem, poetry (cp. MnG
Lied)
lc, noun, n., body (cp. MnG Leiche)
lchama, noun, m., body (cp. MnG Leichnam)
lf, noun, n., life
lind, noun, f., shield (of lindenwood)
lof, noun, n., praise (cp. MnG Lob)
lofgeorn, adj., eager for praise (cp. Beowulf
3182)
lufu, noun, f., love
lyft, noun, f., air, sky, breeze (cp. MnG Luftwae)

ic, pron., I
ides, noun, f., lady (poet.)
ilca, adj. and pron., same (cp. MnE ilk)
M
sen, noun, n., iron (cp. MnG Eisen, Tolkiens
magan, verb, to be able, can, be competent (cp.
Isengard)
MnE may)
mn, n., crime
L
manig, adj., many
lc, noun, n., play, sacrice, oering (cp. MnE maelian, verb, to speak (poet.)
to lark)
mm, m., treasure
lf, noun, f., remnant, what is left (cp. MnE mg, noun, m., kinsman
to leave)
mgen, n., strength, power, army (cp. MnE
lagu, noun, f., law
main)
lr, noun, f., teaching (cp. MnE lore)
mg, noun, f., maiden
l, adj., hateful, hostile (cp. MnE loathsome) mre, adj., famous, glorious, notorious (cp.
lne, adj., temporary, transitory, granted, lent MnG Mrchen)
las, adj., devoid of (cp. MnE -less)
mearc, noun, f., boundary, region, border (cp.
leax, noun, m., salmon (cp. MnSw gravad lax) MnE Denmark)
lode, noun, pl., people (cp. MnG Leute)
mearh, m., horse (cp. MnE mare)

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

mce, noun, m., sword (poet.)
meodo, noun, m., mead (cp. Tolkiens
Meduseld)
meotod, noun, m., creator (poet., literally the
measurer, cp. MnE meted out)
mere, noun, m., pool, lake
micel, adj., great, large, much
mid, prep., with, amid, among
middangeard, noun, m., world, middle earth
(cp. Tolkiens middle earth)
miht, noun, f., might
mna, noun, m., moon
md, noun, n., spirit, courage, mind (cp. MnE
mood)
mdig, adj., brave, bold, arrogant (cp. MnE
moody)
mdor, noun, f., mother
moror, noun, n., crime, violence, torment
(cp. MnE murder, Tolkiens Mordor)
mtan, verb, to may, be allowed to (cp. MnE
must)
mund, noun, f., hand, protection (cp. MnG
Vormund)
gemynd, noun, n., mind, remembrance
mynster, noun, n., monastery, church (cp.
MnE minster)

niman, verb, to take (cp. MnE numb, MnG

nehmen)
n, noun, m., hatred, malice, trouble (cp.
MnG Neid)
geng, adj., enough
n, adv., now
nytt, noun, f., use, utility (cp. MnG Nutzen,
MnDu nuttig)

O
ofer, prep., over
ofermd, noun, n., pride, arrogance, overcondence (cp. The Battle of Maldon 89)
orian, verb, to oer
oft, adv., often
onfn, verb, to receive, accept, take up (cp.
MnG empfangen)
ongan, adv., back, again
ongietan, verb, to understand, perceive
onginnan, verb, to begin
ord, noun, m., point, spear, vanguard
er, adj., other
o t, co., until
oe, co., or

P
N

p, noun, m., path

ndre, noun, f., snake, serpent
penig, noun, m., penny
nss, noun, m., headland, blu (cp. Fife prost, noun, m., priest (cp. MedL presbyter)
Ness)
nah, adj., near
R
neorxnawang, noun, m., Paradise (OE wang,
noun, m., eld)
rand, noun, m., shield, shield-boss (poet.)

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

rd, noun, m., advice (cp. MnG Rat)
rdan, verb, to read, instruct, give counsel, rule
gereord, noun, n., speech, voice
rce, noun, n., kingdom (cp. MnE bishopric,
MnG Reich)
rce, adj., powerful, great (cp. MnE rich)
rinc, noun, m., man, warrior (poet.)
rd, noun, f., rood, cross
rodor, noun, m., sky, heaven
rn, noun, f., secret meditation (cp. MnG
raunen)

S
sacu, noun, f., battle
samod, adv., together, too, at the same time
sr, adj., sore
srig, adj., sorrowful (cp. MnE sorry)
swol, noun, f., soul
s, noun, f. and m., sea
sceadu, noun, f., shadow
scealc, noun, m., man, warrior (cp. MnE
marshal=ocer of state)
scat, noun, m., surface, region (cp. MnE
sheet)
sceatt, noun, m., money, payment (cp. MnE
scotfree)
scean, verb, to iure (cp. MnE scathing)
scawian, verb, to see, look at (cp. MnE to
show, MnG schauen)
scieppan, verb, to create (cp. MnG schpfen)
sculan, verb, to must, have to (cp. MnE shall,
should)
s, so, t, pron., the

10
scan, verb, to seek
secg, noun, m., man, warrior (poet.)
secgan, verb, to say
sefa, noun, m., heart (poet.)
sele, noun, m., hall, house (poet.)
sellan, verb, to give, sell
sendan, verb, to send, throw, hurl, cause to go
son, verb, to see
gesib, adj., related (cp. MnE sibling)
sibb, noun, f., peace (cp. MnE gossip)
sge, noun, m., victory (cp. Christian name
Siegfried, MnG Sieg)
simle, adv., always
sinc, noun, n., treasure
singal, adj., perpetual
s, noun, m., journey, fate, lot, venture
sian, adv., since, afterwards, later
slan, verb, to strike, beat (cp. MnE slay)
smagan, verb, to think, examine
snottor, adj., wise (poet.)
sna, adv., immediately, soon
sorg, noun, f., sorrow, grief, trouble
s, adj., true (cp. MnE sooth)
spd, noun, f., success, quickness (cp. MnE
good speed, Godspeed, MnG sputen)
spell, noun, n., story, message (cp. MnE
gospel, OE god + spel=good message)
sprecan, verb, to speak (cp. MnG sprechen)
stn, noun, m., stone
stefn, noun, f., voice (cp. MnG Stimme)
stw, noun, f., place (cp. place-names Felixstowe, Walthamstow)
strl, noun, m. or f., arrow (cp. MnG Strahl)

11

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

sum, adj. and pron., a, a certain, some

gesund, adj., unharmed, whole, uncorrupted

, adv. and co., then, when
(cp. MnE sound)
r, adv. and co., there, where
sunne, noun, f., sun
ah, adv., though
sunu, noun, m., son
aw, noun, m., custom, practice
sw, adv., so, thus
egn, noun, m., thane, nobleman, retainer,
sweart, adj., dark, black (cp. MnE swarthy) warrior
swefn, noun, n., dream
od, noun, f., people, nation (cp. MnG
Deutsch, Dietrich)
swelc, adj., such
geode, noun, n., language
sweord, noun, n., sword
oden, noun, m., prince, lord (cp. Tolkiens
sweostor, noun, f., sister
king of Rohan)
sweotol, adj., clear, manifest
ow, noun, m., slave, servant (cp. Wealswincan, verb, labour, toil, struggle
htheow in Beowulf )
swe, adv., very, greatly
olian, verb, to suer
symbel, noun, n., feast
onne, adv., then
syn, noun, f., crime, sin
rwian, verb, to suer
rym, noun, m., glory
urfan, verb, to need
T
urh, prep., through
ton, verb, to draw, drag (cp. MnG ziehen)
td, noun, f., time (cp. MnE tide)
til, adj., good

hta, noun, m. or f., period just before dawn

(cp. MnDu ochtend)
torht, adj., bright
uncu, adj., unknown, strange (cp. MnE untrow, noun, n., tree
couth)
trow, noun, f., faith, trust, loyalty (cp. MnE
t, adv., out
truth)
tr, noun, m., glory (cp. MnG Zier)

tn, noun, m., town, village

tungol, noun, n., star

twgen, num., two (cp. MnE twain, Mark wl, noun, n., slaughter, carnage (cp. MnE
Twain)
Valkyrie)
two, noun, m., doubt, uncertainty
wstm, noun, m., fruit

12

OLD ENGLISH CORE VOCABULARY

wealdan, verb, wield, control (cp. MnE to
wield, MnG Walter, Gewalt)
wealdend, noun, m., ruler, Lord
weard, noun, m., guardian (cp. MnE ward)
weaxan, verb, to grow (cp. MnE to wax)
wn, noun, f., expectation, hope (cp. MnG
Wahnsinn)
wendan, verb, to go, turn, translate, change
(cp. MnE to wend ones way, Butts Wynd)
weoran, verb, to become, happen (cp. MnG
werden)
wer, noun, m., man (cp. MnE werewolf, L
vir)
werod, noun, n., troop, company
wc, noun, n., abode (cp. place-names Ipswich, Norwich, Greenwich)
wf, noun, n., woman, wife
wg, noun, n., war, battle
wga, noun, m., warrior (poet.)
wiht, noun, f. and n., creature, being (cp.
MnG Wicht)
willan, verb, to want
wne, noun, m., friend, lord (poet., cp. names
Edwin, Godwin)
gewinn, noun, n., war, battle, strife
winnan, verb, to struggle, ght
gewinnan, verb, to conquer, win
wita, noun, m., wise man, counsellor (cp. OE
witenagemt, Anglo-Saxon national assembly)
witan, verb, to know
wte, noun, n., punishment
wi, prep., against, from, with
wlanc, adj., proud

wolcen, noun, n. or m., cloud, sky (cp. MnG

Wolke)
woruld, noun, f., world
wr, adj., hostile (cp. MnE wroth)
wrcca, noun, m., wanderer, exile
wrecan, verb, to avenge
wrtan, verb, to write (cp. MnG ritzen)
wudu, noun, m., wood, forest, tree
wuldor, noun, n., glory
wundor, noun, n., wonder, miracle
wunian, verb, to dwell (cp. MnG wohnen)
wynn, noun, f., joy (cp. MnE winsome)
wyrcan, verb, to make, form, produce
wyrd, noun, f., fate, event (cp. MnE weird)
wyrm, noun, m., worm, serpent
wyrt, noun, f., herb, plant, vegetable (cp. MnE
wort)

Y
yfel, adj., evil (cp. MnG bel)
ymb, prep., about, concerning
yrmu, noun, f., hardship
yrre, noun, n., anger
, noun, f., wave