Gallinas Novogen

Management Guide
Commercial layers
Commercial Layers Management Guide
> GENERAL FARM RULES
p. 3
> CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF POULTRY HOUSES
p. 4
- Insect control
- Operations prior to cleaning
- Washing
- Placing the equipment back into the house
- Disinfection
- Sanitary precautions
- Rodent control
- Assessing the effectiveness of disinfection
- Resting period
- Before the new flock arrives
p. 4
p. 4
p. 4
p. 4
p. 5
p. 5
p. 5
p. 5
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p. 5
> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD
p.6
- Stocking density, drinker space and feeding system from day old to 2 weeks old
- Management of temperature during the rearing period
- Stocking density, drinker space and feeding system from 2 to 5 weeks old
- Stocking density, drinker space and feeding system between 5 weeks old and transfer
- Beak trimming
- Monitoring bodyweight and uniformity
- Health programmes
- Grit and grain
p. 6
p. 6
p. 7
p. 7
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p. 8
p. 8
p. 9
> LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
p.10
- General rules
- Various situations
- Lighting programme in light-controlled rearing houses
- Lighting programme in semi-dark or open rearing houses
- Lighting programme in hot climate
p. 10
p. 11
p. 12
p. 13
p. 14
> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE PRODUCTION PERIOD
p. 15
- Transfer
- Lighting programme during the production period
- Light intensity management during the production period
- Management of the egg weight
p. 15
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> WATER QUALITY
p. 16
> NUTRITION
p. 17
- Nutrient recommendations per 1000 kcal (Mcal) of Metabolisable Energy (ME) for rearing period
- Example of diet specifications for rearing period
- Nutrient recommendations per 1000 kcal (Mcal) of Metabolisable Energy (ME) for production period
- Example of diet specifications for the production period
- Target nutrient intakes at peak of egg output
- Vitamin and mineral premix recommendations
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p. 22
The performance data contained in this document was obtained from results and experience from our own research flocks and flocks of our customers. In no way does the data
contained in this document constitute a warranty or guarantee of the same performance under different conditions of nutrition, density or physical or biological environment. In
particular (but without limitation of the foregoing) we do not grant any warranties regarding the fitness for purpose, performance, use, nature or quality of the flocks. NOVOGEN
makes no representation as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this document.
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GENERAL RULES
The golden rule of management is to have one age and one breed per site to ensure the "all-in, all-out" principle is followed at
all times.
The choice of the site for the farm, including the layout of the houses, must prioritise the elimination of all possible sources of
contamination. Biosecurity protection is reinforced by hygiene controls.
Clean surroundings
Footbath
Wire Net
Transit silos
Egg-room
Cloakroom
Vehicle Dip
Fence - restricted access
Disinfection at site entrance
A changing room should be made available at the entrance of the site. It must be used by everybody entering the farm
(incorporating both a shower and a change of clothes).
When the old flock is removed and before the arrival of the new flock, all houses and equipment must be thoroughly cleaned
and disinfected according to strict procedures and protocols. This should be followed by a rest period of at least 10 days.
Between each flock, cleaning and disinfection of the houses, their annexes, surroundings and access ways are essential to
ensure the optimal health conditions required for the incoming flock to maximise its profitability.
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CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF POULTRY HOUSES
Insect control
Depending on local regulations, the first application of an organophosphorus-type insecticide is made immediately after the old
breeders have been removed, while the house is still warm. The insecticide is sprayed over the pits, the litter and the lower part
of the walls up to a height of 1 metre. Leave the insecticide to work for 24 hours.
Operations prior to cleaning
Water tank, pipes and nipples:

empty the complete water system on the litter,
clean and de-scale the complete system with an acid solution and leave for 6 hours to soak,
rinse twice with clean water.
All the equipment (nests, feeders, drinkers etc.) are removed and stored on a concrete area.
The entire ventilation system (air inlets and outlets, fans, heating and ventilation ducts if they are present) and individual
radiant or pancake type brooders are brushed and vacuum cleaned.
Litter is removed.
Washing
When washing, ensure local regulations regarding wash down water are observed. As a general rule, always ensure that the dirty water
is directed towards a pit or suitable internal drain and does not run outside to the house surroundings or access roads and pathways.
House
Soak and remove the remaining organic matter.
Apply a foaming bactericidal detergent capable of dissolving fats using a machine capable of applying foam products.
Some hours after soaking, wash with a high pressure washer (>50 kg/cm2) or with hot water, in the following order:
internal roof surfaces, from the top downwards
walls, from the top downwards
finally, pits and concrete floors.
Equipment
Nests, drinkers and feeding equipment:

soak and remove all organic matter,
apply a foaming bactericidal detergent capable of dissolving fats using a machine capable of applying foam products
ensure every piece of equipment gets a thorough wash, followed by rinsing. Prior to the final rinsing,
immerse the removable parts of the nests perches and nest box bottoms for 24 hours in a disinfectant solution,
dry on a clean disinfected concrete area (different to that used for washing).
Placing equipment back into the house

The vehicles used for this operation must have been carefully washed and sprayed with disinfectant.
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CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF POULTRY HOUSES
Disinfection
Water pipes
Prepare a highly concentrated chlorine solution (200 ppm) in the water tank.
Open the tank to fill the pipes with this solution and leave for 24 hours. Afterwards, drain the water circuit. Do not
forget to seal the water tank to protect it from dust.
House
House and equipment disinfection is achieved using a homologous bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal disinfectant,
applied with a hand held or low pressure sprayer or a foam-producing machine.
The list of homologous approved disinfectants may vary from one country to another. We recommend that you consult
the relevant local Authorities for a list of approved disinfectants and the required concentrations when used for
poultry applications.
Feed Storage Silos

Scrape, brush wash and after drying, fumigate using fungicidal candles following manufacturers guidelines.
Heating and ventilation ducts (if they are present)
Disinfection using fungicidal, virucidal and bactericidal candles following manufacturers guidelines.
House surroundings and road and path access ways
Spread a disinfecting product, such as: 2
caustic soda (50 to 100 kg/1000 m )
2
or quicklime (400 kg/1000 m ).
Sanitary precautions
Place clean boots and overalls in the changing room. Replenish footbaths with an appropriate disinfectant.
Rodent control
Rodents may be vectors of numerous bacterial diseases such as salmonellosis.
Rodent control is often based on the use of toxic baits which generally contain anticoagulants. These are left in places frequented by
the rodents following a site risk assessment. A poorly prepared rodent control programme may give variable or poor results. We therefore advise using a specialised rodent control service.
Assessing disinfection effectiveness
Visual examination
Check for dirt stains in the house and on the equipment.
Bacteriological analysis
Contact plates or swabs are applied to equipment and to different places in the house. These are rapidly forwarded
to a laboratory for bacteriological assessment following an agreed protocol with the laboratory.
Resting period
This starts only when all the above operations have been achieved and lasts for at least 10 days, in order for the house to dry properly.
Before the new flock arrives
3 days before the new flock arrives, a residual insecticide is sprayed on all surfaces.
Fresh litter is placed (never use mouldy material) and its surface sprayed with a larvicidal insecticide.
Equipment is prepared in the brooding area.
24 hours before the new flock arrives, the final disinfection is performed by fogging.
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FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD
Stocking density, drinker space and feeding space from day old to 2 weeks old
FLOOR
Temperate climate
Hot climate
Temperate climate
Hot climate
Stocking density
30 birds/m2
25 birds/m2
50 birds/m2
45 birds/m2
Starter drinkers
1 for 80 chicks
1 for 70 chicks
1 for 50 chicks
1 for 50 chicks
Hanging drinkers
1 for 150 birds
1 for 150 birds
Nipple drinkers
1 for 12 birds
1 for 10 birds
1 for 15 birds
1 for 10 birds
Starting feed pans
1 for 50 chicks
1 for 50 chicks
Linear chain feeders
2.5 cm per bird
2.5 cm per bird
1 for 30 birds
1 for 30 birds
Pan feeders
CAGES
Circular brooder guards (rings or surrounds)

these confine chicks to the brooder area
choose a diameter of 3 to 4 m at day old but ensure the ring can be enlarged 48 hours after the arrival
ensure the surround can be easily removed after the birds have familiarised themselves with the location of the
drinker and feeder systems
Starting in cages
pay attention on drinking
cave a light intensity high enough for the chicks to find the nipple drinkers or water system
make sure that the relative humidity is 55 to 60 % to prevent dehydration of the chicks
Management of the temperature during the rearing period
Under the brooder
Near the circular guard
Room temperature
Relative humidity
Week 1
35 33C
32 31C
30 28C
55 60%
Week 2
32C
30 28C
28 26C
55 60%
Week 3
28C
28 26C
26 24C
55 60%
Week 4
22 20C
55 60%
Week 5
21 20C
60 65%
Week 6
20 19C
60 65%
Week 7
19 18C
60 70%
Week 8
19 17C
60 70%
Till transfer
19 17C
60 70%
Check the distribution and behaviour of the chicks to adapt and manage the temperature.
Raise the house temperature at least 36 hours before chick arrival to 29C 30C.
Take into account the temperature at chick level.
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Stocking density, drinker space and feeding space from 2 to 5 weeks old
FLOOR
CAGES
Temperate climate
Hot climate
Temperate climate
Hot climate
Stocking density
15 birds/m2
15 birds/m2
40 birds/m2
30 birds/m2
Hanging drinkers
1 for 100 birds
1 for 75 birds
Nipple drinkers
1 for 12 birds
1 for 10 birds
1 for 15 birds
1 for 10 birds
4 cm per bird
4 cm per bird
Pan feeders
1 for 25 birds
1 for 25 birds
Stocking density, drinker space and feeding space between 5 weeks old and transfer
FLOOR
CAGES
Temperate climate
Hot climate
Temperate climate
Hot climate
Stocking density
12-14 birds/m2
8-10 birds/m2
25 birds/m2
20 birds/m2
Hanging drinkers
1 for 100 birds
1 for 75 birds
1 for 100 birds
1 for 70 birds
Nipple drinkers
1 for 12 birds
1 for 10 birds
1 for 12 birds
1 for 10 birds
6 cm per bird
6 cm per bird
Pan feeders
1 for 25 birds
1 for 25 birds
Important points:
Pre-heat the whole house 30 to 40 hours prior to chick arrival ensuring the floor is fully warmed before placement.
Never overheat the chicks and give them a choice within the desired temperature range.
Depending on the brooder design, place the brooders high enough above the litter (at least 1.5 m) at an angle, to
allow for uniform distribution of the chicks.
Ensure proper ventilation from the moment the chicks arrive (minimum ventilation needs during the brooding period
= 0.8 m3 per kg liveweight per hour). Unless there are cold air drafts in the house, use wire mesh fences or surrounds
instead of cardboard.
If
brooding takes place in only part of the house, do not exceed a stocking density of 25 chicks per available m2. It is
better to allow the chicks to spread quickly over the whole house by 7 days at the latest.
Beak trimming
Beak trimming is sometimes undertaken where either light intensity can not be controlled due to the design of the house or
when parent stock are kept at a high number of birds per square metre. The beak trimming procedure is performed to prevent
feather pecking and cannibalism under these conditions and also to reduce feed wastage.
Beak trimming is a delicate operation and should only be carried-out by well-trained and experienced operators. Poor beak trimming
can affect the ability of the birds to eat and drink correctly and leads to unevenness. Attention should be paid to local regulations
regarding beak trimming and it is advisable to seek veterinary advice to ensure the procedures are being correctly applied.
Beak trimming could be practiced on females at 7-10 days. Under some specific conditions where permitted, a second debeaking may
be undertaken at 8-10 weeks.
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Before beak trimming:
check that the birds are healthy

do not beak trim when the birds are reacting to vaccinations
add vitamin K to the drinking water (to prevent haemorrhaging)
check that the temperature of the trimming blade is high enough to prevent haemorrhaging, but not too high which
may risk chicks being burned.
To limit the effect of beak trimming on the feed consumption and water intake, it is important to increase the water level in the
drinkers and the pressure in the pipes. Ensure that the depth of the feed in the feeders is correct.
As outlined above, in addition to technical recommendations, any local code or regulation concerning animal welfare should be observed.
Monitoring bodyweight and uniformity
The main objective is to reach the appropriate bodyweight and uniformity targets at different stages of bird development:
at the early stage (4 6 week: period of frame development)

at sexual maturity with an even growth curve (a low bodyweight at sexual maturity could affect later performance)
at the start of lay to the peak of production
Bodyweight control
The birds must be sample weighed weekly from the first week. During the first 4 weeks, collective weights can be taken
in batches of 5 or 10 birds using a bucket. Subsequently, the birds can be weighed individually.
From 26 weeks old, weigh the birds every 2 weeks and monthly from 32 weeks old.
After weighing, average body weight and uniformity are calculated and immediately plotted on the growing curve chart.
The analysis of the growing curve helps to accurately adjust the feed allowance (the quantities indicated in our Feed section
are only to be considered as a guideline) and, when required, to take the appropriate steps to correct the uniformity.
Weigh a sufficient number of birds (around 100) cornered using lightweight screens or frames in 2 or 3 places in the
house. For an accurate interpretation of the result, it is important to weigh all the birds caught in the sample. Weights can
be recorded on a weighing sheet which is available from our technicians.
Uniformity control
The uniformity target is set to ensure 80 % of the body weights are in a range between within + 10 and -10 % of the flock
mean body weight.
The following factors play an important role in achieving and maintaining good uniformity:
access to feed and water (see equipment standards)
health status of the flock
disease and parasitism
quality of beak trimming.
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Health programme
It is impossible to devise a health programme to adequately suit all geographic areas. For this reason, it is strongly recommended
that a local specialist be consulted to help produce a prevention programme adapted to that region.
This guide limits its comments to the description of some rules for the use of vaccines and other treatments. To be successful,
respecting these rules is as important as choosing the right products.
Staff should be properly trained to carry out veterinary operations. It is useful to create a Standard Operating
Procedure Manual that describes in full details the way to perform each vaccination or treatment.
All the necessary equipment (sprayers, syringes, etc.) must be correctly maintained and checked before each use.
Each operation should be planned and supervised by a technically competent person.
Vaccines and treatments should be stored in appropriate conditions, in suitable quantities considering the requirements
and supply time.
Report carefully in the flock records the details of all operations: date, time, vaccine batch number, route, etc.
Finally, it is useful to have the help of a laboratory in order to anticipate health problems ahead of time and to assess
the efficiency of the operations:
control of disinfection, water and feed quality
serological monitoring
post mortem examination, routine parasite checks.
Grit and grain
We advise giving the birds grit and grain from 4 to 5 weeks of age to maintain an active feeding behaviour, to aid the development
of the digestive tract and to encourage the birds to scratch the litter.
grit (insoluble stone particles of 2 to 4 mm diameter): 3 to 5 g per week per bird, distributed over 2 or 3 days
grain (broken maize, or whole wheat): 3 g per bird every day, or every other day.
This is distributed on the litter, a few hours before the dark period.
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LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
General rules
Sexual maturity and production are largely influenced by the changes in day length to which pullets are exposed. Carefully
chosen lighting programmes will help to optimise the performance of commercial layers. Remember that sexual maturity and
bodyweight at sexual maturity influence egg production, egg size, liveability, and egg shell quality.
It is difficult to advise a universally optimum and perfect lighting programme. The following lighting programmes are examples
and have to be considered as a guideline to help formulate a lighting programme adapted to your own situation.
To establish your own lighting programme, it is important to take into account the following factors:
Your location (changes in light duration (day length) during the year)
The characteristics of the rearing unit (light-controlled, semi-dark or open house type)
Season of the year (increasing or decreasing day length)
Temperature (light duration at the highest temperature)
Date of the hatch (what is the natural day length at the bodyweight targetted when light stimulation will take place?)
Growth of the flock
Past records of performance obtained in this rearing unit.
Lighting programme during the first weeks of the rearing period
In order to encourage frame development and growth, a slow step down lighting programme is advised for all the conditions of
housing.
The decrease in artificial light duration per day is then adjusted according to the housing type. For an open house system (and
above 20 Latitude), determine the natural light day length that the birds will encounter before 16 weeks of age. This will then
help determine the maximum day length the flock will be given and help avoid an unwanted early light stimulation before the
flock has matured sufficiently. Early light stimulation will be promoted by a natural increase in day length during rearing.
Lighting programme between 8 weeks old till the age at which light stimulation is targeted
In order to control sexual maturity and to avoid early sexual maturity at an inadequate and immature bodyweight, it is important
to avoid any increase in the light duration each day (due to a natural increase in day length) during this period.
According to the season, in a dark house system, a stable day length can be used between 7 weeks old and the age when light
stimulation is targeted. The light duration during this period can also be adapted according to the growth of the pullets (10, 11 or
12 hours could be used when growth is slow).
In an open house system, which is the most difficult system for controlling sexual maturity, the natural day length the pullets will
be exposed at 16 weeks old will determine the light duration at the plateau to avoid any increase of light duration before 16 weeks old.
Increasing day length to stimulate egg production
For all the conditions, the main indicator to determine the time of light stimulation is the bodyweight.
Lighting programme during production
Never decrease the artificial light duration during the production period as this will risk an early decline in egg production.
Light intensity
A higher light intensity during the brooding period will encourage growth by promoting higher levels of activity of the flock and a higher
feed intake.
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LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
After 2 or 3 weeks and according to the behaviour of the chicks, the light intensity may be reduced to match the field conditions
and the light intensity the birds will be exposed to during the production period (degree of darkness of the rearing house and the
laying house).
Various housing and lighting situations to consider example programmes
Light-controlled rearing house to light-controlled laying house:

Use a slow step down lighting programme until 6 weeks of age
A constant 9 hour day length from 7 weeks to light stimulation (12 hours may used be where needed according to growth)
Increase the light duration by 2 hours when body weight is between 1270-1340 g
Add 1 hour and/or 30 minutes per week until 15.30 hours or 16 hours total light duration is obtained.
Light-controlled rearing house to open or semi-dark laying house:
A constant 9-10 hour day length from 7 to 15 weeks of age
Increase light duration by 2 hours when body weight is between 1270-1340 g
Add 1 hour and/or 30 minutes per week until 15.30 hours or 16 hours total light is obtained
Light intensity in rearing should be managed to avoid any dramatic and sudden increase in light intensity at transfer time.
Open or semi-dark rearing house to light-controlled laying house:
A constant 9-10 hour (or natural) day length from 7 to 15 weeks of age
Increase light duration by 2 hours at 1270-1340 g of bodyweight when there is a decreasing day length
Increase light duration by 1 hour at 1270-1340 g of bodyweight when there is an increasing day length
Light intensity from transfer time should be managed to avoid any dramatic and sudden decrease of light intensity.
Open or semi-dark rearing house to open or semi-dark laying house:
A constant 9-10 hour (or NDL) day length from 7 to 15 weeks of age
Increase light duration by 2 hours at 1270-1340 g of bodyweight when there is a decreasing day length
Increase light duration by 1 hour at 1270-1340 g of bodyweight when there is an increasing day length
Make light stimulation more effective by adding the additional hours of light in the morning instead of the evening
Add 1 hour and/or 30 minutes per week until 15.30 hours or 16 hours total light is obtained.
In a hot climate:
A constant natural day length from 12 weeks of age to 2-5% of production
Increase light duration by 1 hour and/or 30 minutes from 2-5% of production in the morning
The light on should be adapted to allow the birds to eat during the cooler part of the day.
Midnight lighting
It is possible to use an additional 1.00 to 1.30 hours of light in the middle of the dark period in order to promote an optimal feed intake
during the first weeks of production or to compensate for the adverse effect of high temperature during the summer.
This extra light period may be introduced and removed during the production period at any time after the increase in light duration at
the start of lay.
Please do not hesitate to contact directly the NOVOGEN technician in your area for more specific advice.
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LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
Lighting programme in light-controlled rearing houses (<0,5 lux)

Age
(weeks)
Age
(days)
Bodyweight at
start of the week (g)
Average laying
rate of the week
Light duration
in hours
Light intensity
0 to 2
22.00
20-40 lux
3 to 7
20.00
20-30 lux
8 to 14
19.00
10-20 lux
15 to 21
17.00
5-10 lux
21 to 28
15.00
5-10 lux
29 to 35
13.00
5-10 lux
36 to 42
11.00
5-10 lux
43 to 49
10.00
5-10 lux
50 to 56
09.00
5-10 lux
57 to 63
09.00
5-10 lux
10
64 to 70
09.00
5-10 lux
11
71 to 77
09.00
5-10 lux
12
78 to 84
09.00
5-10 lux
13
85 to 91
09.00
5-10 lux
14
92 to 98
09.00
5-10 lux
15
99 to 105
(3)
09.00 (3)
5-10 lux
16
106 to 112
1270-1340
11.00
5-10 lux
17
113 to 119
1350-1425
12.00
5-15 lux
18
120 to 126
1430-1510
0-2%
13.00
5-15 lux
19
127 to 133
1500-1580
0-5%
14.00 (1)
5-15 lux
20
134 to 140
1640-1730
2-30 %
14.30
5-15 lux
21
141 to 147
1685-1780
30-60%
15.00
5-15 lux
22
148 to 154
1720-1810
60-85%
15.30
5-15 lux
23
155 to 161
1745-1840
80-90%
15.30
5-15 lux
24
162 to 168
1765-1860
85-93%
15.30 (2)
5-15 lux
25
169 to 175
1780-1880
88-94%
15.30 (2)
5-15 lux
25+
176 to 182
15.30 (2)
5-15 lux
183 to 189
15.30 (2)
(1) From 19 weeks of age, midnight lighting could be added.

(2) Could be increased to 16 hours according to feed consumption.
(3) According to the average egg weight requested by the market, it could be possible to light stimulate the pullets one week earlier.
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LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
Lighting programme in semi - dark or open rearing houses (>0,5 lux)

Age
(weeks)
Age
(days)
Bodyweight
at start of
the week (g)
Average
laying rate
of the week
In decreasing
day lengh
in hours
In increasing
day lengh
in hours
0 to 2
22.00
22.00
3 to 7
20.00
20.00
8 to 14
19.00
19.00
15 to 21
17.00
17.00
21 to 28
15.00
15.00
29 to 35
13.00 (or NDL)
13.00 (or NDL)
36 to 42
12.00 (or NDL)
12.00 (or NDL)
43 to 49
10.00 (or NDL)
10.00 (or NDL)
50 to 56
10.00 (or NDL)
10.00 (or NDL)
57 to 63
10.00 (or NDL)
10.00 (or NDL)
10
64 to 70
10.00 (or NDL)
10.00 (or NDL)
11
71 to 77
10.00 (or NDL)
10.00 (or NDL)
12
78 to 84
10.00 (or NDL)
10.00 (or NDL)
13
85 to 91
10.00 (or NDL)
10.00 (or NDL)
14
92 to 98
10.00 (or NDL)
10.00 (or NDL)
15
99 to 105
10.00 (or NDL)
10.00 (or NDL)
16
106 to 112
1270-1340
+2.00 (or 16.00)
+1.00 (or 16.00)
17
113 to 119
1350-1425
+1.00 (or 16.00)
+1.00 (or 16.00)
18
120 to 126
1430-1510
0-2%
+1.00 (or 16.00)
+1.00 (or 16.00)
19
127 to 133
1500-1580
0-5%
+1.00 (or 16.00) (1)
+1.00 (or 16.00)
20
134 to 140
1640-1730
2-30 %
+0.30 (or 16.00)
+0.30 (or 16.00)
21
141 to 147
1685-1780
30-60%
+0.30 (or 16.00)
+0.30 (or 16.00)
22
148 to 154
1720-1810
60-85%
16.00
+0.30 (or 16.00)
23
155 to 161
1745-1840
80-90%
16.00
+0.30 (or 16.00)
24
162 to 168
1765-1860
85-93%
16.00
16.00
25
169 to 175
1780-1880
88-94%
16.00
16.00
25+
176 to 182
NDL: Natural Day Length
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LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
Lighting programme in hot climate (between 20 North and 20 South)

Age
(weeks)
Age
(days)
Bodyweight
at start
of the week (g)
Average laying
rate of the week
0 to 2
22.00
3 to 7
20.00
8 to 14
19.00
15 to 21
18.00
21 to 28
17.00
29 to 35
16.00
36 to 42
15.30
43 to 49
15.00
50 to 56
14.30
57 to 63
14.00
10
64 to 70
13.30
11
71 to 77
13.00
12
78 to 84
12.30
13
85 to 91
12.00
14
92 to 98
12.00 (or NDL)
15
99 to 105
12.00 (or NDL)
16
106 to 112
1270-1340
12.00 (or NDL)
17
113 to 119
1350-1425
12.00 (or NDL)
18
120 to 126
1430-1510
0-2%
12.00 (or NDL)
19
127 to 133
1500-1580
0-5%
+1.00 (1)
20
134 to 140
1640-1730
2-30 %
+1.00
21
141 to 147
1685-1780
30-60%
+1.00
22
148 to 154
1720-1810
60-85%
+0.30
23
155 to 161
1745-1840
80-90%
+0.30 (or 16.00)
24
162 to 168
1765-1860
85-93%
16.00
25
169 to 175
1780-1880
88-94%
16.00
25+
176 to 182
NDL : Natural Day Length
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Light duration
in hours
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FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE PRODUCTION PERIOD
Transfer
Transfer is advised around 16 to 17 weeks of age
Before the appearance of the 1st eggs

After a last vaccine planned 1 week before the transfer
After de-worming of the flock (3 days prior the transfer).
In order to minimize the stress at transfer time, it is important to:
Rear the birds with similar drinking system as they will encounter after transfer
Increase light intensity to encourage water consumption
Maintain temperature as close as temperature experienced by the pullets at the end of the rearing period.
Lighting programme during the production period

The light duration after transfer should be adjusted to match the light duration experienced at the end of the rearing period. The
post transfer light duration should be at least the same length as during the rearing phase. It may be longer according to the plan
for light stimulation.
As the birds remain sensitive to changes in light duration, never decrease the day length during the entire production period.
Light intensity management during the production period

It is possible after the peak of lay to reduce progressively the artificial light intensity. This may limit feed wastage, excessive
activity of the birds and reduce the risk of mortality. Please take into account that light intensity should remain well distributed
all over the house.
Management of the egg weight

The egg weight profile of a flock is mainly determined by the following factors:
Bodyweight at light stimulation (or at sexual maturity).

The larger is the bodyweight at sexual maturity then egg weight will be larger during all the laying period.
The smaller is the bodyweight at sexual maturity then egg weight will be smaller during all the laying period.
To increase average egg weight during the production period then delay the start of egg production.
To decrease average egg weight during the production period then plan an earlier sexual maturity.
Evolution of the bodyweight during the first week of production
Setting up a cyclic lighting programme during the production period may increase the average egg weight under certain
conditions.
Nutrition also has important effects on the evolution of the egg weight during production:
Intake of protein or digestible amino acids
Metabolisable energy of the feed
Linoleic acid and oil content of the feed.
15
>
WATER QUALITY
Quality
Water must be monitored on a regular basis (at least twice a year). The following table gives some microbiological and
chemical standards.
We recommend equipping each farm with a system to control the bacteriological quality of the water (chlorination for instance).
Units
Very pure water
Drinkable water
Suspected water
Bad water
Total flora
number/ml
0 to 10
10 to 100
1 000 to 10 000
100 000
Salmonella
number/ml
>0
>0
E. coli
number/ml
10 to 50
100
5 to 15
15 to 30
30
30
Hardness
Organic matter
mg/l
4.6
Nitrates
mg/l
0 to 15
15 to 30
30
Ammonia
mg/l
10
Turbidity
5 units
25 units
Iron
mg/l
0,3
Manganese
mg/l
0,1
1,5
Copper
mg/l
1,5
Zinc
mg/l
15
Calcium
mg/l
75
200
Magnesium
mg/l
50
150
Sulfates
mg/l
200
400
Chlorides
mg/l
200
600
7 to 8,5
6,5 to 9,2
pH
A water sample for analysis should be taken at the entry point of the house and/or at the end of the system.
Sample once a year or twice a year.
Important
Clean the pipe system during the sanitary break between flocks
Treat the drinking water with chlorination and monitor the residual active chlorine at the end of the pipe system once a week.
Clean drinkers on a regular basis
16
>
NUTRITION
Nutrient recommendations per 1000 kcal (Mcal) of Metabolisable Energy (ME) for rearing period
STARTER
GROWER
PULLET
PRELAY
Age
0-35 days
36-70 days
71-112 days
113-5% of lay
Suggested ME
kcal/kg (1)
2900-3000
2800-2900
27002900
27002900
Nutrient g / Mcal
Total
Dig.
Total
Dig.
Total
Dig.
Total
Dig.
Lysine
3.85
3.38
3.42
3.00
2.74
2.41
2.96
2.59
Methionine
1.75
1.62
1.50
1.44
1.24
1.14
1.43
1.32
Meth. & Cystine
2.98
2.64
2.55
2.34
2.31
2.05
2.52
2.23
Tryptophan
0.77
0.64
0.68
0.59
0.64
0.53
0.69
0.57
Arginine
4.00
3.50
3.50
3.10
3.00
2.70
3.00
2.70
Threonine
2.58
2.25
2.22
2.00
1.88
1.64
2.03
1.76
Nutrient g / Mcal
Mini
Maxi
Mini
Maxi
Mini
Maxi
Mini
Maxi
Calcium
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.9
3.5
3.9
8.1
9.3
Av. Phosphorus
1.55
1.72
1.50
1.68
1.48
1.63
1.56
1.59
Sodium
0.62
0.69
0.57
0.64
0.59
0.67
0.59
0.67
Chloride
0.55
0.69
0.57
0.71
0.59
0.74
0.59
0.74
Potassium
2.07
2.59
2.14
2.50
1.85
2.59
1.85
2.59
Linoleic acid
5.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
(1) ME concentrations will vary according to the ingredients available locally and their cost. Lower ME concentrations are preferred where
possible. To do this requires ingredients with low ME content to be available which should be of reliable nutrient concentration and free
of anti nutritive factors.
17
>
NUTRITION
Example of diet specifications for rearing period
Nutrient
STARTER
GROWER
PULLET
PRE-LAY
Crumbs
Crumbs or mash
Coarse mash
Coarse mash
Low ME
High ME
Low ME
High ME
Low ME
High ME
Low ME
High ME
ME kcal/kg (1)
2900
3000
2800
2900
2700
2900
2700
2900
ME kcal/lb
1316
1361
1270
1316
1225
1316
1225
1316
Crude Protein % (2)
20.0-20.5
20.5-21.0
18.5-19.0
19.0-19.5
16.0-17.0
16.5-17.5
16.5-17.0
17.0-17.5
Crude Fat %
3.5 - 5.0
4.0 - 5.5
3.0 4.5
3.5 - 5.0
2.5 - 4.0
3.0 - 5.0
3.0 - 4.5
3.5 - 5.0
Crude Fibre %
2.5 - 3.5
2.0 - 3.5
3.0 4.0
2.5 - 4.0
3.5 - 6.5
4.0 - 6.0
3.5 - 6.5
4.0 - 6.0
Tot Lysine %
1.12
1.16
0.96
0.99
0.74
0.80
0.80
0.86
Tot Mthionine %
0.51
0.53
0.44
0.45
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.41
Tot Mth & Cystine %
0.86
0.89
0.74
0.77
0.62
0.67
0.68
0.73
Tot Tryptophane %
0.211
0.218
0.187
0.193
0.140
0.150
0.151
0.162
Tot Thronine %
0.75
0.78
0.64
0.67
0.51
0.55
0.55
0.59
Dig Lysine %
0.98
1.01
0.84
0.87
0.65
0.70
0.70
0.75
Dig Mthionine %
0.47
0.49
0.40
0.42
0.31
0.33
0.36
0.38
Dig Mth & Cystine %
0.76
0.79
0.66
0.68
0.55
0.59
0.60
0.65
Dig Tryptophane %
0.185
0.192
0.164
0.170
0.143
0.154
0.154
0.165
Dig Thronine %
0.65
0.67
0.56
0.58
0.44
0.47
0.48
0.51
Calcium %
1.05-1.10
1.05-1.10
1.00-1.10
1.00-1.10
0.95-1.05
0.95-1.05
2.20-2.50
2.30-2.60
Av. Phosphorus % (3)
0.45-0.50
0.46-0.50
0.42-0.47
0.43-0.48
0.40-0.44
0.42-0.45
0.42-0.45
0.43-0.48
Sodium %
0.18-0.20
0.20-0.22
0.16-0.18
0.16-0.20
0.16-0.18
0.16-0.20
0.16-0.18
0.16-0.20
Chloride %
0.16-0.20
0.16-0.22
0.16-0.20
0.16-0.22
0.16-0.20
0.16-0.22
0.16-0.20
0.16-0.22
Potassium %
0.60-0.75
0.62-0.78
0.50-0.75
0.62-0.78
0.50-0.70
0.52-0.72
0.50-0.70
0.52-0.72
1.50
1.60
1.40
1.50
1.30
1.40
1.30
1.40
Linoleic acid min %
(1) ME concentrations will vary according to the ingredients available locally and their cost. Lower ME concentrations are preferred where possible.
To do this requires ingredients with low ME content to be available which should be of reliable nutrient concentration and free of anti
nutritive factors.
(2) The crude protein concentrations shown are as a guide and will vary according to local ingredients. Try to avoid excess protein wherever possible.
(3) Assumes available phosphorus basis. Special care should be taken on the phosphorus value used for phytase (if used).
18
>
NUTRITION
Nutrient recommendations per 1000 kcal (Mcal) of Metabolisable Energy (ME) for production period
Age
Suggested ME
kcal/kg (4)
LAYER 1
LAYER 2
From 5%
From 50 weeks
2750-2900
27202900
Nutrient g/Mcal
Total
Dig.
Total
Dig.
Lysine
2.94
2.58
2.90
2.54
Methionine
1.50
1.39
1.48
1.37
Meth. & Cystine
2.52
2.23
2.48
2.19
Tryptophan
0.70
0.58
0.69
0.57
Arginine
3.50
3.19
3.40
3.15
Threonine
2.04
1.77
2.01
1.75
Mini/Maxi
Mini/Maxi
Mini/Maxi
Mini/Maxi
Calcium
13.0
13.5
12.5
12.9
Av. Phosphorus
1.53
1.64
1.36
1.47
Sodium
0.58
0.65
0.58
0.65
Chloride
0.58
0.73
0,58
0.73
Potassium
2.18
2.73
2.18
2.73
Nutrient g/Mcal
Linoleic acid
5.5
4.5
(4) ME concentrations will vary according to the ingredients available locally and their cost. Lower ME concentrations are preferred where possible. To
do this requires ingredients with low ME content to be available which should be of reliable nutrient concentration and free of anti nutritive
factors.
19
>
NUTRITION
Example of diet specifications for production period
Nutrient
Layer 1
Layer 2 - (3)
Coarse mash
Coarse mash
Low ME
High ME
Low ME
High ME
ME kcal/kg (1)
2750
2900
2720
2900
ME kcal/lb
1248
1316
1234
1316
Crude Protein % (2)
17.5-18.0
18.0-18.5
17.0-17.5
17.5-18.0
Crude Fat %
3.5 4.5
4.0 5.0
3.0 4.0
3.5 4.5
Crude Fibre %
4.0 6.0
3.5 5.0
4.0 6.0
3.5 6.0
Daily feed cons. In g
< 106
> 106
< 102
> 102
< 113
> 113
< 108
> 108
Tot Lysine %
0.87
0.83
0.90
0.85
0.83
0.79
0.88
0.84
Tot Methionine %
0.44
0.42
0.46
0.43
0.42
0.40
0.45
0.43
Tot Meth & Cystine %
0.74
0.71
0.77
0.73
0.70
0.67
0.75
0.72
Tot Tryptophan %
0.194
0.185
0.203
0.194
0.183
0.175
0.200
0.191
Tot Threonine %
0.61
0.58
0.62
0.59
0.57
0.55
0.61
0.58
Dig Lysine %
0.77
0.73
0.79
0.75
0.72
0.69
0.77
0.74
Dig Methionine %
0.41
0.39
0.42
0.40
0.39
0.37
0.42
0.40
Dig Meth & Cystine %
0.66
0.63
0.68
0.65
0.62
0.59
0.67
0.64
Dig Tryptophan %
0.170
0.161
0.180
0.170
0.160
0.152
0.170
0.170
Dig Threonine %
0.53
0.50
0.54
0.51
0.50
0.48
0.53
0.51
Calcium %
3.55 3.70
3.80 3.90
3.40 3.50
3.60 3.80
Av. Phosphorus % (4)
0.42 0.45
0.43 0.48
0.37 0.40
0.38 0.42
Sodium %
0.16 0.18
0.17 0.20
0.16 0.18
0.17 0.20
Chloride %
0.16 0.20
0.16 0.22
0.16 0.20
0.16 0.22
Potassium %
0.60 0.75
0.62 0.78
0.60 0.75
0.62 0.78
Linoleic acid min %
1.50
1.40
1.60
1.50
1.20
1.00
1.30
1.00
(1) ME concentrations will vary according to the ingredients available locally and their cost. Lower ME concentrations are preferred where
possible. To do this requires ingredients with low ME content to be available which should be of reliable nutrient concentration and free of anti
nutritive factors.
(2) The crude protein concentrations shown are as a guide and will vary according to local ingredients. Try to avoid excess protein wherever
possible.
(3) Layer 2 must have the same physical form and use similar ingredients as Layer 1 to ensure a smooth transition.
(4) Assumes available phosphorus basis. Special care should be taken on phosphorus value used for phytase (if used).
20
>
NUTRITION
Target nutrient intakes at peak of egg output

Metabolisable energy
310 kcal / day at 20C in cage
Digestible Amino Acids
In mg/day
Lysine
800
Methionine
430
Methionine and Cystine
690
Tryptophan
180
Arginine
990
Threonine
550
Minerals
In mg/day
Calcium
4150
Available phosphorus
475
21
>
NUTRITION
Vitamin and mineral premix recommendations

Nutrient
Starter
Starter & grower
Pre-lay & layer
Manganese
Ppm
80
80
80
Zinc
Ppm
80
80
80
Iron
Ppm
60
60
60
Copper
Ppm
10
10
10
Selenium (2)
Ppm
0,2
0,2
0,2
Iodine
Ppm
Vit. A
U.I./kg
15000
10000
10000
Vit. D3
U.I./kg
3000
2000
2500
Vit. E (1)
U.I./kg
50 - 100
30 - 100
20 50
Vit. K
mg/kg
Thiamine B1
mg/kg
Riboflavin B2
mg/kg
Pantothenic acid B5
mg/kg
15
10
12
Nicotinic acid B3
mg/kg
60
40
40
Pyridoxine B6
mg/kg
Folic acid B10
mg/kg
1.5
0.75
Cyanocobalamin B12
mg/kg
0.02
0.01
0.015
Biotine Vit. H (3)
mg/kg
0.20
0.10
0.05
Choline (3)
mg/kg
700
600
700
(1) The higher dose can help to increase immunity.

(2) Assumes inorganic and organic sources - check local regulations for the maximum permitted amount of selenium.
(3) Biotin levels can be reduced for standard maize and soya based diets by 0.05mg/kg and choline by 400 mg/kg.
22
>
NOTES
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23
Hlne Rocreux
NOVOGEN S.A.S. MAUGUERAND - LE FOEIL BP 265 - 22800 QUINTIN - FRANCE

Tel. +33 (0)2 96 58 12 60 - Fax +33 (0)2 96 58 12 61
[email protected]
www.novogen-layers.com

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Management Guide

Commercial Layers Management Guide

> GENERAL FARM RULES

> CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF POULTRY HOUSES

> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD

> LIGHTING PROGRAMMES

> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE PRODUCTION PERIOD

> WATER QUALITY

Commercial Layers Management Guide

Fence - restricted access

Disinfection at site entrance

Commercial Layers Management Guide

CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF POULTRY HOUSES

Operations prior to cleaning

Water tank, pipes and nipples:

Nests, drinkers and feeding equipment:

Placing equipment back into the house

Commercial Layers Management Guide

CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF POULTRY HOUSES

Feed Storage Silos

Assessing disinfection effectiveness

Before the new flock arrives

Commercial Layers Management Guide

FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD

1 for 150 birds

1 for 150 birds

Starting feed pans

Linear chain feeders

2.5 cm per bird

2.5 cm per bird

Circular brooder guards (rings or surrounds)

Management of the temperature during the rearing period

Under the brooder

Near the circular guard

Commercial Layers Management Guide

FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD

1 for 100 birds

Linear chain feeders

1 for 100 birds

1 for 100 birds

Linear chain feeders

Commercial Layers Management Guide

Before beak trimming:

FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD

check that the birds are healthy

Monitoring bodyweight and uniformity

at the early stage (4 6 week: period of frame development)

Commercial Layers Management Guide

FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD

Grit and grain

Commercial Layers Management Guide

Lighting programme during the first weeks of the rearing period

Increasing day length to stimulate egg production

Lighting programme during production

Commercial Layers Management Guide

Various housing and lighting situations to consider example programmes

Light-controlled rearing house to light-controlled laying house:

Commercial Layers Management Guide

Lighting programme in light-controlled rearing houses (<0,5 lux)

(1) From 19 weeks of age, midnight lighting could be added.