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THE FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER

AKASH K MISHRA
M.Sc PHYSICS,IITGN
Roll no:14510035
akash.mishra@iitgn.ac.in
March 29, 2016

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION

2 CONSTRUCTION

3 THEORY
3.1 MULTIPLE BEAM INTERFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3
3

4 WORKING

5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND MEASUREMENTS


5.1 Calibrating the Micrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Calculation of wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Calculation of spacing of the Etalon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6 CONCLUSION

7 REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

The Fabry-perot interferometer instrument which makes use of the fringes of equal inclination
produced by the transmitted light after multiple reflection in an air film between two parallel
highly reflecting glass plate.These 2 parallel glass plate kept at a fixed distance apart containing a
thin film of air in between them is called Fabry Perot Etalon and if one of them is kept fixed
and other is capable of moving to change their separation then the system is knon as Fabry Perot
InterferometerIt generally uses the concept of multiple beam interference.

CONSTRUCTION

Figure 1: Fabry perot interferometer


The interferometer consist of 2 optically plane glass plate with their inner surface silvered,
and placed accurately parallel to each other.Screws are provided to keep them parallel always.So
for simplicity we use etalon which is easier to handle.The etalon consist of 2 semi silvered coated
plate rigidly parallel to each other held at fixed distance from each other.The reflectance of the
plates are usually high for the experiment.Although both the reflected and transmitted wave shows
interference , the fabry perot interferometer is generally used in transmissive mode.

THEORY

3.1

MULTIPLE BEAM INTERFERENCE

The Fabry perot interferometer generally uses the concept of multiple beam interference.
Consider the incidence of a plane wave on a plate of thickness d and having refractive index n
surrounded by medium of refractive index n1 as shown below.And as in Fabry perot interferometer
the film between the glass plates is air , i will just put n = n1 to get desired result.

image033.jpg

Figure 2: Multiple beam Interference


let A0 be the amplitude of incident wave. The wave will go multiple reflection in between
the 2 interface as shown in above figure.Let r1 ,t1 represent the amplitude reflection and transmission coefficient when the wave incident n1 towards n and r2 ,t2 represent the corresponding
coefficient when the wave incident from n to n1 .So the amplitude of successive reflected waves will
be A0 r1 , A0 t1 r2 t2 ei , A0 t1 r23 e2i .......... and so on.
4nd cos
where = 2
=

= phase difference between 2 successive wave emanating from the surface


= the path difference due to additional path traveled in the film
= the angle of refraction ,d = thickness of the film
= the wave length of the incident wave

Thus the resultant amplitude of the reflected wave will be


Ar = A0 [r1 + t1 t2 r2 ei (1 + r22 ei + r24 e2i + ............)]


t1 t2 r2 ei
= A0 r1 +
1 r22 ei
If we will use the glasses of same reflectivity we can write R = r12 = r22 and = t1 t2 = 1 R
and by using r2 = r1 we have


Ar
(1 R)ei
= r1 1
A0
1 Rei
Thus the reflectivity of the above arrangement is given by
2


2
2
Ar
1 ei 2
4R sin2 2



= R (1 cos ) + sin
< = = R
=
A0
1 Rei
(1 R cos )2 + R2 sin2
(1 R)2 + 4R sin2 2
By putting F =

4R
(1R)2

we get
<=

2
sin2 2

F sin2
1+F
3

And the corresponding transmitivity


T =1<=

1
1 + F sin2

T = 1 when = 2m for m = 1, 2, 3, ....

WORKING

Fabry.png

Figure 3: FABRY PEROT ETALON


A ray diagram of Fabry perot interferometer is shown above.
S is a broad source of monochromatic light and also there are 2 parallel mirror having high reflectance which allows multiple reflection along with a lens used to make the rays parallel.As at
each reflection a small amount of light transmitted too , thus each incident ray produces a group
of coherent and parallel transmitted rays with a constant path difference between any 2 successive
rays.The convex lens is then used to bring the rays together to a point where they interfere and
produce interference fringes on the screen.
If we consider a light of specific wavelength , the incident wave will be completely transmitted
(i.e T = 1)if the angle of incident is such that
=

4nd cos
= 2m

m
2n
Here n is the refractive index and m is the order of fringe.
As in case of Fabry perot Interferometer the film between the 2 mirror is air its refractive index
is 1. Hence ,
m
cos =
2
It is clear from the above expression for cos that the fringes of equal inclination will be a circle
and hence in the fabry perot interferometer gives circular fringes.
Also it can be easily seen that if increases cos decreases.Hence the fringe at the center is the
highest order fringe.
cos =

5
5.1

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND MEASUREMENTS


Calibrating the Micrometer

For more accurate measurement of the mirror movement we can calibrate the micrometer as follows.Now turn the micrometer upto count of 15 fringes or more.Note the change in micrometer
4

reading and record this value as d0 .But the actual mirror movement is given by d = N2 where
is the wavelength of the light source and N is the no of fringes counted.Then = d/d0 is the
calibration constant for the micrometer.
Here N = 15, d0 = 0.18mm = 650nm,
d=

N
15 650 109
=
= 4.875 106 m
2
2

Hence = d/d0 = 0.027

5.2

Calculation of wavelength

To calculate the wavelength we first change the separation between the mirrors by using the micrometer and calculate the no of fringes that collapse in to the center.We repeat this 3 times and
calculate the mean distance covered by the mirror.Then the wavelength of the light is given by
 
2d
=

N
The required data found from the experiment is given below in table 1.
Sr No No of Fringes Initial Reading Final Reading Distance(in mm)
1
20
0
24
0.24
2
20
24
46
0.22
3
20
46
21
0.25
3

So = ( 20.236710
20
5.2.1

Average Distance(in mm)


0.2367

) 0.027 = 639.09nm

Error Analysis

The actual wavelength for the laser in the experiment is 0 = 650nm


The wavelength came out from the experiment is = 639.09nm
Error = = 0 = 10.91nm
10.91
Percentage in error =
0 100 = 650 100 = 1.6784 %

5.3

Calculation of spacing of the Etalon

If the wavelength of light is given then we can also find the spacing between the mirror from this
experiment.To do this,incident the light on the fabry perot etalon and allow it to fall on a screen
to produce circular fringes.Note down the radius of various fringes as shown in figure below.The
data taken is given in table 2.
Figure 4: Circular Fringes Shown by Fabry perot Interferometer
Fabry_Perot_blue.png

Fringe No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Radius(pixcel)
92
174.665
228.665
272
308.665
344.665

Radius(cm)
0.0414
0.0785
0.102
0.1224
0.1389
0.155

Radius2 (incm2 )
1.713 103
6.16 103
10.4 103
15 103
19.3 103
24 103

2m = 2n+m 2n
0
4.447 103
8.687 103
13.287 103
17.587 103
22.287 103

t=

mD2
2n

4.142 103
4.241 103
4.159 103
4.189 103
4.132 103

Here D = 65mm is the distance between tne etalon and the screen.
The average thickness of the etalon is 4.1716mm

CONCLUSION

From the above experiment of Fabry perot Interferometer the wavelength of the laser light is found
to be 639.09nm with 1.6784 error and the thickness or the spacing of the etalon is found to be
4.1716 mm.

REFERENCES
1. OPTICS by Ajoy Ghatak
2. OPTICS by Brijlal & N.Subrahmanyam
3. Fundamental of Physics by Halliday,Resnick & Walker
4. www.google.com
5. wikipedia
6. IITGN Physics Lab manual

Average t

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