Deflection
Deflection
Deflection
7
Limit State of
Serviceability
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Lesson
17
Limit State of
Serviceability
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Instruction Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
explain the need to check for the limit state of serviceability after designing
the structures by limit state of collapse,
7.17.1 Introduction
Structures designed by limit state of collapse are of comparatively smaller
sections than those designed employing working stress method. They, therefore,
must be checked for deflection and width of cracks. Excessive deflection of a
structure or part thereof adversely affects the appearance and efficiency of the
structure, finishes or partitions. Excessive cracking of concrete also seriously
affects the appearance and durability of the structure. Accordingly, cl. 35.1.1 of
IS 456 stipulates that the designer should consider all relevant limit states to
ensure an adequate degree of safety and serviceability. Clause 35.3 of IS 456
refers to the limit state of serviceability comprising deflection in cl. 35.3.1 and
cracking in cl. 35.3.2. Concrete is said to be durable when it performs
satisfactorily in the working environment during its anticipated exposure
conditions during service. Clause 8 of IS 456 refers to the durability aspects of
concrete. Stability of the structure against overturning and sliding (cl. 20 of IS
456), and fire resistance (cl. 21 of IS 456) are some of the other importance
issues to be kept in mind while designing reinforced concrete structures.
This lesson discusses about the different aspects of deflection of beams
and the requirements as per IS 456. In addition, lateral stability of beams is also
taken up while selecting the preliminary dimensions of beams. Other
requirements, however, are beyond the scope of this lesson.
and creep of the materials. The following factors influence the short-term
deflection of structures:
(a) magnitude and distribution of live loads,
(b) span and type of end supports,
(c) cross-sectional area of the members,
(d) amount of steel reinforcement and the stress developed in the
reinforcement,
(e) characteristic strengths of concrete and steel, and
(f) amount and extent of cracking.
The long-term deflection is almost two to three times of the short-term
deflection. The following are the major factors influencing the long-term deflection
of the structures.
(a) humidity and temperature ranges during curing,
(b) age of concrete at the time of loading, and
(c) type and size of aggregates,
water-cement ratio, amount of
compression reinforcement, size of members etc., which influence the
creep and shrinkage of concrete.
3
4
5
Items
Basic values of span to
effective depth ratio for
spans up to 10 m
Modification factors for
spans > 10 m
Modification factors
depending on area and
stress of steel
Modification factors
depending as area of
compression steel
Modification factors for
flanged beams
Cantilever
7
Simply
supported
20
Continuous
26
Ir
; but I r I eff
1.2 - (M r / M )( z / d )( 1 x / d )( bw / b )
I gr
(7.1)
where Ir = moment of inertia of the cracked section,
Mr = cracking moment equal to (fcr Igr)/yt , where fcr is the modulus of
rupture of concrete, Igr is the moment of inertia of the gross section
about the centroidal axis neglecting the reinforcement, and yt is the
distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting the
reinforcement, to extreme fibre in tension,
M = maximum moment under service loads,
z = lever arm,
x = depth of neutral axis,
d = effective depth,
bw = breadth of web, and
b = breadth of compression face.
For continuous beams, however, the values of Ir, Igr and Mr are to be
modified by the following equation:
X + X2
X e = k1 1
+ (1 - k1 ) X o
2
(7.2)
where Xe
= modified value of X,
Xo
k1
k2
0.5
or
less
0
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.03
0.08
0.16
0.30
0.50
0.73
0.91
0.97
1.0
= support
cs = k 3 cs l 2
(7.3)
where k3 is a constant which is 0.5 for cantilevers, 0.125 for simply supported
members, 0.086 for members continuous at one end, and 0.063 for fully
continuous members; cs is shrinkage curvature equal to k4 cs /D where cs is
the ultimate shrinkage strain of concrete. For cs , cl. 6.2.4.1 of IS 456
recommends an approximate value of 0.0003 in the absence of test data.
k 4 = 0.72( pt - p c ) / pt 1.0, for 0.25 pt - pc < 1.0
= 0.65( pt - p c ) / pt 1.0, for pt - pc 1.0
(7.4)
where pt = 100Ast/bd and pc = 100Asc/bd, D is the total depth of the section,
and l is the length of span.
7.17.8
Numerical Problems
Problem 1:
Figures 7.17.1 and 2 present the cross-section and the tensile steel of a
simply supported T-beam of 8 m span using M 20 and Fe 415 subjected to dead
load of 9.3 kN/m and imposed loads of 10.7 kN/m at service. Calculate the shortand long-term deflections and check the requirements of IS 456.
Solution 1:
Step 1: Properties of plain concrete section
Taking moment of the area about the bottom of the beam
yt =
I gr
300(429.48) 3
2234(170.52) 3 1934(70.52) 3
=
+
= (11.384) (10) 9 mm 4
3
3
3
f cr = 0.7
m = Es /Ec = 8.94
Taking moment of the compressive concrete and tensile steel about the neutral
axis, we have (Fig.7.17.2)
bf x2/2 = m Ast (d x) gives
or
(2234)(x2/2) = (8.94)(1383)(550 x)
I eff =
So,
Ir
M z
x b
1.2 - r (1 - ) ( w )
d b
M d
. (Eq. 7.1)
Ir
= 0.875 I r . But I r I eff I gr
82.96 525.77
72.68 300
1.2 - (
)(
) (1 )(
)
160
550
550 2234
cc ( perm )
can be
obtained after calculating 1cc ( perm ) and 1( perm ) . We calculate 1cc ( perm ) in the
next step.
Step 5a: Calculation of 1cc ( perm )
Assuming the age of concrete at loading as 28 days, cl. 6.2.5.1 of IS 456
gives = 1.6. So, Ecc = Ec /(1 + ) = 22360.68/(1 + 1.6) = 8600.2615
N/mm2 and m = Es /Ecc = 200000/8600.2615 = 23.255
Step 5b: Properties of cracked section
x = 12.92 mm
= 7.214(109) mm4
Ir
= 0.918 I r
82.96 512.36
112.92 300
(1.2) - (
)(
) (1 )(
)
74.4
550
550
2234
However, to satisfy Ir Ieff Igr, Ieff should be equal to Igr. So, Ieff = Igr =
11.384(109). For the value of Igr please see Step 1.
Step 5c: Calculation of 1cc ( perm )
=
5wl4/384(Ecc)(Ieff)
1cc ( perm )
5(9.3)(8)4(10)12/384(8600.2615)(11.384)(109)
= 5.066 mm
(3)
Step 5d: Calculation of 1( perm )
=
5wl4/384(Ec)(Ieff)
1( perm )
5(9.3)(8)4(10)12/384(22360.68)(11.384)(109)
= 1.948 mm
(4)
Step 5e: Calculation of deflection due to creep
can be
and
A.1:
Q.2:
A.2:
Q.3:
A.3:
Q.4: How would you select the preliminary dimensions of structures to satisfy (i)
the deflection requirements, and (ii) the lateral stability ?
A.4:
= 300/2234 = 0.134. Figure 6 of IS 456 gives the modification factor as 0.8. So,
the revised span to effective depth ratio = 20(0.8) = 16.
(iv) Row 3 of Table 7.1 deals with the area and stress of tensile steel. At the
preliminary stage these values are to be assumed. However, for this problem the
area of steel is given as 1383 mm2 (2-25T + 2-16T), for which pt = Ast(100)/bf d =
1383(100)/(2234)(550) = 0.112.
fs = 0.58 fy (area of cross-section of steel required)/(area of cross-section of steel
provided)
= 0.58(415)(1) = 240.7 (assuming that the provided steel is the
same as required, which is a rare case). Figure 4 of IS 456 gives the modification
factor as 1.8. So, the revised span to effective depth ratio = 16(1.8) = 28.8.
(v) Row 4 is concerning the amount of compression steel. Here, compression
steel is not there. So, the modification factor = 1.
Therefore, the final span to effective depth ratio = 28.8.
Accordingly, effective depth of the beam = 8000/28.8 = 277.8 mm < 550
mm.
Hence,
requirements.
7.17.9
the
dimensions
of
the
cross-section
are
satisfying
the
References
With pt = 0.683, Ast = 0.683(300)(500)/100 = 1126.95 mm2. Provide 420T to have 1256 mm2. This gives provided pt = 0.761%.
Calculation of deflection
Step 1: Properties of concrete section
yt = D/2 = 300 mm, Igr = bD3/12 = 300(600)3/12 = 5.4(109) mm4
Step 2: Properties of cracked section
m = Es /Ec = 8.94
Taking moment of the compressive concrete and tensile steel about the neutral
axis (Fig.7.17.5):
300 x2/2 = (8.94)(1256)(550 x) or
x2 + 74.86 x 41171.68 = 0
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Ir
= 1.02 I r = 2.1548 (10 9 ) mm 4
5.634 493.71
168.88
(1.2) - (
)(
) (1 ) (1)
16
550
550
cs = k 3 cs l 2 = (0.5)(3.32)(10)-7(16)(106) = 2.656 mm
(2)
Step 5: Deflection due to creep (sec. 7.17.7)
Step 5a: Calculation of 1cc ( perm )
Assuming the age of concrete at loading as 28 days, cl. 6.2.5.1 of IS 456
gives
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
= 1.6
So,
x2 + 194.72 x 107097.03 = 0
I eff =
Ir
= 2.1786 I r = 3.5888(10 9 ) mm 4
5.634 468.643
244.072
1.2 - (
)(
) (1 ) (1)
3.6
550
550
Since this satisfies Ir Ieff Igr, we have, Ieff = 3.5888(109) mm4. For the value
of Igr please see Step 1.
Step 5c: Calculation of 1cc ( perm )
Remarks:
Though the second requirement is satisfying, the first requirement is not
satisfying. However the extra deflection is only 2.81 mm, which can be made up
by giving camber instead of revising the section.