Wireless RF Module

Using PIC Controller

Six Weeks Summer Training Report

PIC16F72/73 Microcontroller

An RF module is a small electronic circuit used to transmit, receive, or transceive

radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF modules are widely used
in consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications, weather monitoring system, RFID,
wireless mouse technology and wireless home automation systems. They are often
used instead of infrared remote controls as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation.

Project By Abhi Sharma

ABSTRACT
The Radio Frequency Module is basically a PIC Microcontroller Based Wireless
Communication System. Wireless RF Module Technology enables a vast edge to any
electronics project & provide many consistent advantages, which leads it to todays
up-to-date technology. An RF module is a small electronic circuit used to transmit,
receive, or transceive a radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF
modules are widely used in consumer applications such as garage door openers,
wireless alarm systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications and
wireless home automation systems. They are often used instead of infrared remote
controls as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation.
Radio Frequency involves two sub units Named, Transmitter & Receiver. As their
name implies transmitter is used to transmit or to send the data from input & it
convert into serial port data by using HT12E encoder. This encoded data get received by receiver placing far away from it. The first job that a receiver do after
receiving it, Is to convert or decode the data into parallel ports by using HT12D decoder. After converting the data into parallel form we simply connect the receiver
side circuit with relay so that we can operate AC devices (e.g. Bulb, Tube, Fan etc.)
with RF Module.
And, About The Matter Technology that I have used is PIC16F73. The Technology
of Any Project is Considered as The Heart as well as The Mind To It. The Biggest
Concern To Any Student Or Trainee Remains That The Technology Hes Going Learn
Must Be Up-to-Date and Must to be In Industrys Interest. So, Thats Why Ive Chosen
PIC Series Of Microcontrollers. They are Cost Effective, Provide Wide Availability,
large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost
or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with
flash memory) capability.
The very first thing that concern to any electronics engineering student before
choosing the project is its Applications. That means How much innovative the project is ? And How We can make it more innovative & also make it up-to-date so that
it can extend to the bigger Applications of this age of Smart & Vast life.? And, Also
Its Applications must be cost effective so that everyone can use it without any
economical hesitation. There are numerous applications of wireless RF module. As,
Todays one of the vast & leading technology Named RFID is based on this principle
of RF module. The wireless mouse also work on the same principle. And, beyond
them Industrial Automation, Custom Wireless Remote Controls like wireless x-ray
systems & Long-Range Wireless Switch System (Hand-Held), Machine To Machine
(M2M) RF Wireless Networking, Robot Control , Weather Monitoring System &
Identifying Objects Using RF Transmitters And Receivers and Retrieving Data Using
GSM etc. could be considered as Its Future prospects to work on. This is Indeed a
great Project to work on.!

ii

Acknowledgement
It would be inappropriate to call this report complete and successful, If I dont
thank the people who guided as in the preparation of this project. The submission of this project report gives me an opportunity to convey my gratitude to all
those who have helped me to reach stage from where I have immense confidence to
launch my career in the competitive world of electronics engineering.
First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge my hearty thanks to the respected
Mr. |------------|, HOD (ECE) for being a source of perpetual inspiration and for
providing me such a nice environment for training with timely help.
I would also like to express my most sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my
guide Mr. |-------------| for their valuable help during the development of this
project. Without his priceless suggestion and timely help I would not be able to
complete this project. He has been a source of perpetual inspiration to me, towards
a bright career. Not to forget the pain staking efforts of my college training and
placement cell. Last but not the least I would express my utmost regards for the
electronics and communication department of my Institute.

ABHISHEK SHARMA
B-TECH.
ECE - 4TH SEM.

Contact Me

iii

List Of Tables & Figures Used

Page No.

Tables
Fig: 6.6.2

Feature Table Of PIC16F73

27

Fig: 9.3

Frequencies Table Of RF

39

Figures
Fig: 4.1.1

Types Of OrCAD

Fig: 4.3.1

A Still Of MikroC

12

Fig: 5.3.4

The Procedure Of PCB Designing Using

OrCAD

16

Fig: 5.4.2

Designing a Circuit In Capture CIS

18

Fig: 5.5.3

Designing a PCB Footprint in

Layout Plus

20

Fig: 6.0

iv

21

Fig: 6.6

Various PIC Microcontrollers Offered By

Microchip
Pin Diagram Of PIC16F73

Fig: 6.8

Flowchart Of PIC & Its Core Architecture

28

Fig: 6.9.1

Voltage-Frequency Graph Of PIC

29

Fig: 9.3.1

RF Frequency Spectrum

40

Fig: 9.5

Block Diagram Of RF Operation

40

Fig: 9.5.1

Transmitter/Receiver Explained

41

Fig: 9.8

RF Module

45

Fig: 9.9.1

Operation Of Serial Encoder

46

Fig: 9.9.2

Operation Of Serial Decoder

Fig: 9.10

Flowchart Of RF Module

47
48

Fig: 11.1.1
Fig: 11.2.4

RFID
Wireless RF Based Mouse

51
53

Fig: 11.5

M2M PIC Tail Daughter Board

55

Fig: 11.6

Flowchart Of RF Based Control Robot

56

24

Table Of Content
Title

Chapter No.

Title Page

Abstract

ii

Acknowledgement

iii

List Of Tables & Figures

iv

Introduction

1.

Page No.

1.1

What is Wireless.?

1.2
1.3

Examples Of Wireless
Devices
Radio Frequency

1.4

What is RF Module ?

2
2

1.5
1.6

RF Modules Performance
Scope of Wireless RF Module

2
3

2.

Features Of RF Module

3.

Hardware & Software

Requirements

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

4.

Input Requirement
Output Requirement
Software Requirement
Hardware Requirement

Tools To be Used
4.1

4.2

OrCAD
4.1.1
PCB Designing
4.1.2
Layout Plus
4.1.3
Capture CIS
PIC Burner

5
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
10

4.3

MikroC

11

4.4

USB PIC Bootloader

13

5.

PCB Designing
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

6.

Types Of PCB
Function Of PCB
Techniques Used
OrCAD Design Environment
Placement Of Layout Plus

21

Introduction
Special Microcontroller
Features
Peripheral Features
CMOS Technology
Data Space (RAM)
PIN Diagram
PIN Description
Feature Table
Memory Orgenization
Core Architecture
USART

22

6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2

7.

Project Planning
7.1 Project Planning & Scheduling

8.

14
14
15
17
19

Technology To be Used
6.1
6.2

6.7
6.8
6.9

14

Requirement Analysis
8.1

22
23
23
23
24
25
27
27
28
29
30
30
31

Listing The Components

8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5
8.1.6
8.1.7
8.1.8
8.1.9
8.1.10
8.1.11
8.1.12
8.1.13

Components
PCB
Capacitor
L.E.D
L.C.D
Relay
Resistor
BX433A
ULN280 1A
Battery
HT12E/ Encoder
HT12D/ Decoder
PIC16F73

32
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
35
36
36
37

9.

Working Of RF Module
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

10.

Special Properties Of RF Current

Frequency Chart
RF Module Interfacing With PIC
Block Diagram & Explanation
Source Code For PIC
Serial Encoder/Decoder
Operational Working Of RF
Ckt Implementation
9.8.1
Transmitter Section
9.8.2
Receiver Section
Working Flowchart

What is Hex File Format.?

10.1

11.

Structure Of Hex File Format

Applications Of RF Module
11.1

RFID
11.1.1
Operation Of RFID
11.1.2
Applications Of RFID
11.2
Wireless Mouse
11.2.1
RF Transmitter
11.2.2
RF Receiver
11.2.3
RF Frequency
11.2.4
Advantages
11.3
Industrial Automation
11.4
Custom Wireless Remote Controls
11.4.1
Wireless X-Ray System
11.4.2 Long Range Transmitter
11.5
Machine to Machine Wireless RF
Networking
11.6
Robot Using RF Remote Control

38
38
39
40
40
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
49
49
50
50
50
51
52
52
52
52
53
53
54
54
54
55
56

12.

Actual PCB Photographs

57

13.

Future Of Project

59

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

Identifying Objects
Using RF Technology
Radio Transmitter Design
Two Channels RF Control
Weather Monitoring System

59
59
60
60

14.

Appendix

61

15.

Bibliography

62

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is wireless ?

Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which

electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the

signal over part or all of the communication path. Some monitoring
devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also sometimes classified as wireless.
Wireless technology is rapidly evolving, and is playing an increasing
role in the lives of people throughout the world. In addition, everlarger numbers of people are relying on the technology directly or
indirectly. (It has been suggested that wireless is overused in some
situations, creating a social nuisance.)

1.2 Examples Of Wireless

Devices

Page 1

Cellular phones and pagers -- provide connectivity for

portable and mobile applications, both personal and business
Global Positioning System (GPS) -- allows drivers of cars and
trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to as
certain their location anywhere on earth
Cordless computer peripherals -- the cordless mouse is a
common example; keyboards and printers can also be linked
to a computer via wireless
Cordless telephone sets -- these are limited-range devices,
not to be confused with cell phones
Home-entertainment-system control boxes -- the VCR
control and the TV channel control are the most common
examples; some hi-fi sound systems and FM broadcast
Receivers also use this technology
Remote garage-door openers -- one of the oldest wireless
Devices in common use by consumers; usually operates at
Radio frequencies
Two-way radios -- this includes Amateur and Citizens Radio
Service, as well as business, marine, and military
Communications
Baby monitors -- these devices are simplified radio
transmitter/receiver units with limited range
Satellite television -- allows viewers in almost any location to
select from hundreds of channels.

1.3 Radio Frequency

Radio Frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3

kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves,
and the alternating currents which carry radio signals. It is the use
of radio signals to communicate real-time data from the warehouse
floor to the WMS database and back to the floor.
This expedites processing in the warehouse. Scanners collect the data
and transmit it via radio frequency to antennas located throughout
the warehouse.
From the antennas, the signal proceeds to an access point that communicates with the warehouse management system. This process
reduces paper, data entry time delays, cycle count processing, out of
stock quantities, typing errors, and misshipments.

1.4 What is RF Module?

An RF Module is a (usually) small electronic circuit used to transmit,
receive, or transceive radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF Modules are widely used in consumer application such
as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote
controls, smart sensor applications, and wireless home automation
systems. They are often used instead of infrared remote controls as
they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation.

1.5 Main Factor Affecting RF Modules

Performance
As with any other radio-frequency device, the performance of an RF
Module will depend on a number of factors. For example, by increasing the transmitter power, a larger communication distance will be
achieved. However, this will also result in a higher electrical power
drain on the transmitter device, which will cause shorter operating life
for battery powered devices.
Also, using a higher transmit power will make the system more prone
to interference with other RF devices, and may in fact possibly cause
the device to become illegal depending on the jurisdiction.

Page 2

1.6 Typical Applications/Scope of

Wireless RF Module

Page 3

Vehicle Monitoring
Remote Control
Telemetry
Small-Range wireless network
Wireless meter reading
Access control systems
Wireless home security systems
Area paging
Industrial data acquisition system
Radio tags reading
RF contact less smart cards
Wireless data terminals
Wireless fire protection systems
Biological signal acquisition
Hydrological and meteorological monitoring
Robot remote control
Wireless data transmissions
Digital video/audio transmission
Digital home automation, such as remote light
Industrial remote control and remote sensing
Remote control for household appliances and
Electronics projects
Mobile web server for elderly people monitoring

2.

FEATURES Of RF MoDULE
There are several features of wireless RF Module:

The RF Transmitter and Receiver modules provide

a simple to use RF data link at up to 300GHz from
any standard CMOS/TTL source. The modules are
very simple to operate and offers low current consumption. Data can be supplied directly from a
microprocessor or encoding device, thus keeping
the component count down and ensuring a low
hardware cost. These modules exhibit extremely
stable electronic characteristics due to the use of
Etched The PCB In OrCAD Technology, which uses
no adjustable components and ensures very
reliable operation.

Page 4

Interference Immunity
Low Power Required
Receiver Sensitivity
RF Basics
Wireless Data Communication
Wireless Transceiver Modules
Reliable
Power Efficient
Long Range Communication
3KHz - 300GHz of Range
Cost Effective
Small size (QLP 4x4 mm package)
True single chip UHF RF transmitter
Frequency bands: 300-348 MHz,
400-464MHz and 800-928 MHz
Programmable data rate up to 500kBaud
Low current consumption
Programmable output power up to
+10dBm for all supported frequencies
Programmable baseband modulator
Ideal for multi-channel operation
Very few external components:
Completely on-chip frequency
Synthesizer,
no external filters needed
Configurable packet handling hardware
Suitable for frequency hopping systems
due to a fast settling frequency
synthesizer
Optional Forward Error Correction with
interleaving
Many powerful digital features allow a
high-performance RF system to be made
using an inexpensive microcontroller
Efficient SPI interface: All registers can
be programmed with one burst
transfer
Integrated analog temperature sensor
Support for asynchronous transparent
transmit mode for backwards
compatibility with existing radio
communication protocols

3. HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Input Requirements

The Wireless RF Module has following Input Requirements:
The CPU Must Has 8-Pin Port So that The Serial Port Can Be Inserted
for Burning Purposes.
If We have a Laptop Then Universal USB To Serial Port Converter
Could be Used For Burning.
PIC IC is Most Important For Input The Source Code in It.
Mikro C is Also used as Input Required Software.
Any kind of sensors are also usable as input requirement.

3.2 Output Requirements

For Getting the output we can use any hardware devices as follows. It
all depends upon our programming requirements. As:
LCD Can be used To Receive The Output of the PIC.
LED or 7-Segments offers the Same properties as of LCD.
DC Motor or Stepper Motors or Relays are also used as output
Requirement devices.
We can also use PS/2 keyboards & ADC Ports etc.

Page 5

3.3 Software Requirements

Windows , LINUX as an operating system.
OrCAD as work space for PCB designing.
TINA PRO for Simulation Purposes.
Mikro C as a Compiler for Embedded C.
PIC Burner.
Boot Loader.

3.4 Hardware Requirements

Pentium 4 Computer(Atleast).
256 MB RAM.
Software Interfacing with PIC 16F73 Kit.
Universal USB to Serial Port Convertor Using Laptop.
8-Pin serial port for burning the IC using CPU.
Keyboard.
Hard disk (20 GB).
Mouse.

Page 6

4. Tools Used For

Development

OrCAD is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic design automation.
The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and electronic technicians to
create electronic schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards.
The name OrCAD is a portmanteau, reflecting the company and its software's origins:

Oregon + CAD
Page 7

4.1 OrCAD

The Cadence OrCAD product line provides affordable, high-performance PCB design
tools that boost productivity for smaller design teams and individual PCB designers.

4.1.1 PCB Designing

PCB stands for PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD. Printed circuit board (PCB) provides
both the physical structure for mounting and holding the components as well as
the electrical interconnection between the components. That means a PCB or
PWB (printed wiring board) is the platform upon which electronic components
such as integrated circuit chips and other components are mounted. A PCB consists of a nonconducting substrate (typically fibre glass with epoxy as resin) upon
which the conductive pattern or circuitry is formed. Copper is the most prevalent
conductor although nickel, silver and tin are also used in some cases.

Fig: 4.1.1 Types Of OrCAD

OrCad has a long history of providing individuals and teams with a complete set
of technologies that offer unprecedented productivity, seamless tool integration,
and exceptional value. New 10.5 release continues that tradition.
Today's lower cost and yet highly sophisticated electronic design automation
systems have created a unique challenge to nearly every engineering department.
Therefore the use of EDA tools has become increasingly important as product life
cycles have become shorter and shorter.
Modern electronic design automation (EDA) tools are beginning to support a
more efficient and integrated approach to electronic. OrCad Capture design
entry is the most widely used schematic entry system in electronic design today
for one simple reason: fast and universal design entry. Whether you're designing a
new analog circuit, revising schematic diagram for an existing PCB, or designing a
digital block diagram with an HDL module, OrCad Capture provides simple schematic commands you need to enter, modify and verify the design for PCB. OrCad
Layout offers PCB designers and PCB design teams the power and flexibility to
create and share PCB data and constraints across the design flow. OrCad Layout
delivers all the capabilities to designers need from netlist to place and route, to
final output.

Page 8

4.1.2 Layout Plus

Shrinking design cycles and a growing number of nets with constraints require customers to adopt PCB design methodologies that increase predictability and accelerate design turnaround. Cadence layout and routing technology offers a scalable,
easy-to-use, constraint-driven PCB design solution for simple to complex PCBs,
including those with RF etch components.
Cadence OrCAD PCB Designer contains a fully integrated design flow that includes a constraint manager, design capture technology, component tools, a PCB
editor, an auto/interactive router, and interfaces for manufacturing and mechanical
CAD.
At the heart of OrCAD PCB Designer is OrCAD PCB Editor, an interactive environment for creating and editing simple to complex multi-layer PCBs. The extensive
feature set addresses a wide range of design and manufacturability challenges.
OrCAD PCB Designer and OrCAD PCB Designer with PSpice both include Cadence
SPECCTRA for OrCAD, the market-leading PCB solution for automatic and interactive interconnect routing.

Features
Offers a proven, scalable, easy-to-use PCB editing and routing solution that grows
as needed
Tight, front-to-back application integration increases productivity and ensures data
integrity
A comprehensive feature set and a seamless PCB design environment delivers a
complete solution to take a design from concept to production

4.1.3 Capture CIS

OrCAD Capture provides fast and intuitive schematic design entry for PCB development or analog simulation using PSpice. The component information system (CIS)
integrates with it to automatically synchronize and validate externally sourced part
data.
Easy-to-use and powerful, Cadence OrCAD Capture is the most widely used
schematic design solution, supporting both flat and hierarchal designs from the
simplest to the most complex. Seamless bidirectional integration with OrCAD PCB
Editor enables data synchronization and cross-probing/placing between the schematic and the board design. OrCAD Capture allows designers to back annotate layout changes, make gate/pin swaps, and change component names or values from
board design to schematic using the feedback process. It also comes with a large
library of schematic symbols and can export net lists in a wide variety of formats.

Page 9

CIS allows designers to search, identify, and populate the design with preferred
parts. With easy access to company component databases and part information,
designers can reduce the amount of time spent researching needed parts.

Features
Boosts schematic editing efficiency of complex designs through hierarchical and
Variant design capabilities.
Integrates with a robust CIS that promotes the use of preferred, current parts to
Accelerate the design process and reduce project costs.
Provides access to more than two million parts with Cadence Active Parts,
Offering greater flexibility when choosing design components.

4.2 PIC Burner

This is the ultimate PIC/EEPROM programmer! The internet is full of PIC programmer software. The problem is that most of the programmers support only one type
of hardware and only one operating system.
PIC Burner is very versatile software. We can use different kinds of hardware with it,
because the pins used on parallel port can be set using a simple ini-file. We can also
use different assemblers, because pburn can read all kinds of Intel hex file formats
used (inhx32, inhx16 and inhx8m).

Features
Linux and Windows XP/Vista/7 support
Parallel port hardware support
Program memory and configuration memory read/write/verify
Data memory read/write/verify
Reads and writes multiple hex file formats (inhx32, inhx16, inhx8m)
Input file format auto detection
Good documentation

Page 10

Support for serial port hardware

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