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    Estimating Evolutionary Trees 3: Gorilla Pan Homo

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    JeevikaGoyal
    Gorilla pan homo learn how to construct, utilise, evaluate, and interpret cladograms. Constructing EVOLUTIONARY TREES - monophyly (one family) blue, green and the last one are all monophyly ("one family") they nest within each other So one larger Mono group nested the other one.

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    Estimating Evolutionary Trees 3: Gorilla Pan Homo

    Uploaded by

    JeevikaGoyal
    21 views38 pages
    Gorilla pan homo learn how to construct, utilise, evaluate, and interpret cladograms. Constructing EVOLUTIONARY TREES - monophyly (one family) blue, green and the last one are all monophyly ("one family") they nest within each other So one larger Mono group nested the other one.

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    04_3

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    Gorilla pan homo learn how to construct, utilise, evaluate, and interpret cladograms. Constructing EVOLUTIONARY TREES - monophyly (one family) blue, green and the last one are all monophyly ("one family") they nest within each other So one larger Mono group nested the other one.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views38 pages

    Estimating Evolutionary Trees 3: Gorilla Pan Homo

    Uploaded by

    JeevikaGoyal
    Gorilla pan homo learn how to construct, utilise, evaluate, and interpret cladograms. Constructing EVOLUTIONARY TREES - monophyly (one family) blue, green and the last one are all monophyly ("one family") they nest within each other So one larger Mono group nested the other one.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 38

    ESTIMATING EVOLUTIONARY

    TREES 3
    Gorilla

    Pan

    Homo

    learn how to construct, utilise, evaluate, and


    interpret cladograms

    EVOLUTIONARY TREES
    reading
    constructing
    atavistic
    traits
    parallelism
    homologous, homoplasous
    convergence
    groups
    atavism (reversal)
    monophyletic, nonparaphyletic, polyphyletic
    polychotomy
    applications
    cospeciation, biogeography, interest
    same trait evolvimg independently

    can be identified

    Figure 4-1

    reading evolutionary trees


    process, tabsolute

    a10

    f10

    reading evolutionary trees


    pattern, trelative

    m10

    Figure 4-2

    reading evolutionary

    cladogram
    & phylogeny trees
    cat coats
    how the leopard got its spots

    QUICKTHINK
    On the basis of the following cladogram,
    please infer the evolutionary history for cat
    coats to provide an explanation for how
    the leopard got its spots.

    Figure 4-2

    Figure 4-3

    rotating about a node

    Figure 4-4

    reading evolutionary trees


    resolution

    Figure 4-5

    reading evolutionary trees styles

    Figure 4-6

    reading evolutionary trees hypotheses

    Figure 4-7

    constructing evolutionary trees


    relative character categorisation

    Figure 4-8

    constructing evolutionary trees


    incongruous characters
    (homoplastic/homoplasous)

    Figure 4-11

    constructing evolutionary trees


    outgroup analysis

    Figure 4-12

    brute-force procedure

    Figure 4-13

    Figure 4-14

    constructing evolutionary trees


    hypothesis

    constructing evolutionary trees


    homologous & homoplasous traits

    2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

    blue: homologous; red: homoplasous (though we cannot distinguish between paralism and convergence

    Figure 4-16

    homoplasours trait (red)

    Figure 4-15

    constructing evolutionary trees


    convergence

    P's converged on the mating display

    positioning of the eyes top of the head: ideal for an organism in an acquatic environment
    2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Figure 4-9

    constructing evolutionary trees


    monophyly
    ("one family"

    blue, green and the last one are all monophytic: they nest within each other. So one larger Mono group nested the other one

    constructing evolutionary trees


    monophyletic groups

    REVIEW

    Figure 4-10

    constructing evolutionary trees


    clades, polytomy/polychotomy

    syn and a morphic are relative

    constructing evolutionary trees


    nonmonophyletic groups
    POLY MEANING MANY

    monophyletic

    paraphyletic

    polyphyletic
    WHITE

    FOCUS ON ONLY RED


    PARA: WE DO NOT INCLUDE ALL
    THE DECENDANTS

    applying evolutionary trees


    cospeciation

    Figure 4-33

    Canine Transmissible

    Venereal Tumor

    Figures 4-35, 4-36

    applying evolutionary trees biogeography

    H falsified; Ha: dispersal (surfing)

    H: vicariance led to current endemism in Seychelles

    When/ why did humans start to wear clothes

    human lice:

    head live in hair


    body live in clothes

    hypothesis:

    body lice diverged from head lice


    when clothes-wearing originated

    Figure 4-34

    lice are unique to us;


    us wearing clothes may have led to their speciation.

    2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

    EVALUATION, INTERPRETATION
    bootstrapping
    jackknifing
    Bremer support
    information

    Figure 4-28

    evaluation bootstrap resampling technique

    bootstrap: computer resamples and creates the cladograms. and we see how many times
    the same cladogram/ two species appear: bootstrap rule

    these numbers are numer of times this group


    appeared

    evaluation
    bootstrap values

    Figure 4-29

    distributing confidence values onto result more defensible

    unless horizontal gene


    is how mitochondrial genome came to
    transfer occurs. this
    be

    Most evidence supports this diagram

    Take home message: collect as much data0

    trificating

    picture on camera: species tree may not always equal to the gene tree

    ony bifricating diagrams

    Arrangements

    Topologies

    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    15
    25

    1
    3
    15
    105
    945
    10395
    135135
    2027025
    34459425
    213458046676875
    1192568192774434123

    1
    1
    2
    3
    6
    11
    23
    46
    98
    4850
    19680277

    only message: as the species increase, number of possibel arrangments and topologies increase dramatically, which makes it hard for us to
    do it by hand

    blues are equal, rotate the final taxa

    =
    4
    2

    ((n - 1)!)-1 C(n1(u) + n2(u) - 2, n1(u) - 1) (2 - (u))


    most probable

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