Chapter 1: Modeling

PEDRO FERNANDO QUIROGA

NOVOA

Escuela de Ingeniería de Petróleos

UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE
SANTANDER
 MODELING Definition of mathematical model

A mathematical model is a scientific model, which

uses a mathematical formula to express
 Components of a mathematical
relationships, substantive propositions of facts,
model. variables, parameters, and relationships between
variables and operations, to study behavior of
 The differential equations as complex systems are difficult to observe in real
situations.
mathematical models.

 Analytical solution.

 Engineering models. Topic applied:

Darcy's Law.
1. Elements of a mathematical model be regarded as acting on the system, but do not
receive any action from him.
 Parameters
 Functional relations: Describe the - Endogenous variables: They are dependent
interactions of variables or output of the system and are generated by the
     -Identities: They form the definitions interaction of the exogenous variables with the
concerning the behavior of the system. state variables.
    -Characteristic of the operation: - State variables: Describe the state of a system
 It is a hypothesis, usually a mathematical or one of its components, either at the beginning,
equation, which relates the endogenous end or during a period of time.
variables and system state, with the
exogenous variables.
 The variables: used to connect one Dependent = f Independent
component to another, can be classified as: Variable Variable

- Exogenous variables: They are independent,

called input of the model has been provided to
model system independent. These variables can Parameter Functional
relations
2. Differential equations as incorporate all the variables in the model
mathematical model from the beginning. In this step we specify
the level of resolution of the model.
"Mathematical model: Often you want to
ii) There shall be a set of reasonable
describe the behavior of some system or
hypothesis about the system that we
phenomenon of real life in mathematical
describe. These hypotheses also include all
terms, this system can be physical,
the empirical laws applicable to the system.
sociological or even economic. The
Since the hypotheses about a system often
mathematical description of a system or
involve the ratio or rate of change of one or
phenomenon is called a mathematical
more of the variables, the mathematical
model and is formed by certain objectives in
model of the hypothesis is an equation or
mind"
system of differential equations.
To develop a proper mathematical model
iii) Once we have formulated a
should follow the following steps:
mathematical model (either a differential
equation or a system of them), we solve the
i) By identifying the variables causing the
problem, it is not easy at all.
change in the system. We choose not to
iiii) Once resolved, we found that the model 3. The analytic solution.
is reasonable if the solution is consistent
with experimental data or facts known Numerical methods are called mathematical
about the behavior of the system. techniques allowing to express the solution
of a problem as numbers. The term
numerical solution is often used against the
analytical solution (also called exact
solution) of a problem. To understand the
difference between the two types of
solutions can be seen for example the study
of the behavior of a physical system. This
system satisfies certain general laws
(equations) of mathematical type (called
equations of government), for example, a
differential or algebraic equations involving
Figure 1 Zill - Differential Equations. Chapter 1
a set of variables and physical parameters.
The analytic solution is a mathematical
expression that provides all the information
about the behavior of the system, for any value 4. Darcy's Law.
of the variables and parameters involved in the
equations of government. . On the other hand
the numerical solution of the system behavior Darcy's law is a equation that describes the flow
expressed in terms of numbers obtained by of a fluid through a porous medium. The law was
solving the formulated by Henry Darcy
equations of based on the results of
government for experiments (published
specific values 1856) on the flow of water
of the variables through beds of sand.
and parameters
Henry Darcy established
of the system.
empirically that the flux of
water through a permeable
formation is proportional to
the distance between top and bottom of the soil
column. The constant of proportionality is called
the hydraulic conductivity (K).
 Darcy & Seepage Velocity
Darcy velocity is a fictitious velocity since it
assumes that flow occurs across the entire
cross-section of the soil sample. The
effective flow takes place only through
interconnected pore channels.

Q= A v D
Q: Flow rate
dh : Hydraulic Head Gradient A: Total cross-sectional area of material
A: Bulk cross-sectional area of flow
K: v D : Darcy velocity
Hydraulic Conductivity
The Seepage Velocity is the groundwater flows
through the pore spaces between the aquifer
matrix.
Q= A v v s

Av : Area of voids

v s: Seepage velocity
q
v s=
ne

n e : Effective porosity

The effective porosity is the part of the total

section in which water can flow
q: Specific discharge
Bibliography

 DENNIS ZILL, (2009) “Differential Equations

with Boundary-Value Problems”. Chapter 1

 http://www2.fiu.edu/~pricer/Darcy
%20law.pdf

 http://www.ees.nmt.edu/Hydro/courses/ert
h441/lectures/L2_Darcys_Law.pdf

 http://www.material_simulacion.ucv.cl/elem
entos_de_los_modelos_matemat.htm