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CT Convolution

- The document discusses the concept of convolution and how it can be used to find the zero-state response of a system. - Convolution involves integrating the product of the system's impulse response h(t) and the input signal x(t). This yields the output signal y(t). - For a causal system and causal input, the convolution integral is taken from 0 to t, since h(t) and x(t) are both zero for negative t. - Graphically convolving signals involves flipping one signal, finding regions of overlap between the shifted signals, forming the product in each region, and integrating to find the output for that region.

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129 views20 pages

CT Convolution

- The document discusses the concept of convolution and how it can be used to find the zero-state response of a system. - Convolution involves integrating the product of the system's impulse response h(t) and the input signal x(t). This yields the output signal y(t). - For a causal system and causal input, the convolution integral is taken from 0 to t, since h(t) and x(t) are both zero for negative t. - Graphically convolving signals involves flipping one signal, finding regions of overlap between the shifted signals, forming the product in each region, and integrating to find the output for that region.

Uploaded by

ahmd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

EECE 301

Signals & Systems


Prof. Mark Fowler
Note Set #38
C-T Convolution: The Tool for Finding the
Zero-State Response

1/20

Recall: Impulse Response


Earlier we introduced the concept of impulse response
what comes out of a system when the input is an impulse (delta function)
Note: If system is causal, then
h(t) = 0 for t < 0

(t)
t

C-T LTI
ICs = 0

h(t)
t
The symbol h(t) means the
impulse response.

Noting that the LT of (t) = 1 and using the properties of the transfer function
and the Z transform we said that
h (t ) L

H ( s)L (t )

h(t ) L 1 H ( s )

h(t ) F

H ( )

Soonce we have either H(s) or H() we can get the impulse response h(t)
Since H(s) & H() describe the system so must the impulse response h(t)
How???

2/20

Convolution Property and System Output

x (t ) X ( )

Let x(t) be a signal with CTFT X() and LT of X(s)

x (t ) X ( s )

Consider a system w/ freq resp H() & trans func H(s)

h(t ) H ( )
h (t ) H ( s )

Weve spent much time using these tools to analyze system outputs this way:

Y ( ) H ( ) X ( )
Y ( s) H ( s) X ( s)

H ( ) X ( )
y[n ] L 1 H ( s ) X ( s )
y (t ) F

The convolution property of the CTFT and LT gives an alternate way to find y(t):

F 1 X ( ) H ( ) x (t ) h(t )

x (t ) * h (t )

L 1 X ( s ) H ( s ) x (t ) h(t )

x(t)

y(t)

h(t)

y (t )

x( )h(t )d

x( )h(t )d

LTI System with impulse response h(t)

Convolving
input x(t) with the
impulse response
h(t) gives the
output y(t)!
3/20

Convolution for Causal System & with Causal Input


An arbitrary LTI systems output can be found using the general convolution form:

y (t )

x( )h(t )d

General LTI System

If the system is causal then h(t) = 0 for t < 0. Thus h(t ) = 0 for t > so:
t

y (t )

x( )h(t )d

Causal LTI System

If the input is causal then x(t) = 0 for t < 0. so:

y (t ) x ( )h(t )d

Causal Input & General


LTI System

If the system & signal are both causal then


t

y (t ) x ( )h(t )d
0

Causal Input & Causal


LTI System
4/20

Convolution Properties

First Three Identical to DT Case!!

x (t ) h (t ) h (t ) x (t )

1.Commutativity

[ x (t ) h1 (t )] h2 (t ) x (t ) [h1 (t ) h2 (t )]

2. Associativity

Associativity together with commutativity says we can interchange the


order of two cascaded systems.

x (t ) [h1 (t ) h2 (t )] x (t ) h1 (t ) x (t ) h2 (t )

3. Distributivity

4. Derivative Property:

d
[ x (t ) v (t )] x (t ) v (t )
dt
x (t ) v(t )

derivative

5. Integration Property Let y(t) = x(t)*h(t), then


t
t

y
(

)
d

x
(

)
d

h
(
t
)
x
(
t
)
h
(

)
d

5/20

Steps for Graphical Convolution x(t)*h(t)

y (t ) x ( )h(t )d

1.

Re-Write the signals as functions of : x() and h()

2.

Flip just one of the signals around t = 0 to get either x(-) or h(-)
a. It is usually best to flip the signal with shorter duration
b. For notational purposes here: well flip h() to get h(-)

3.

Find Edges of the flipped signal


a. Find the left-hand-edge -value of h(-): call it L,0
b. Find the right-hand-edge -value of h(-): call it R,0

4.

Shift h(-) by an arbitrary value of t to get h(t - ) and get its edges
a.
Find the left-hand-edge -value of h(t - ) as a function of t: call it L,t

Important: It will always be L,t = t + L,0


b.

Note: I use for


what the book
uses ... It is not
a big deal as they
are just dummy
variables!!!

Find the right-hand-edge -value of h(t - ) as a function of t: call it R,t

Important: It will always be R,t = t + R,0


Note: If the signal you flipped is NOT finite duration,
one or both of L,t and R,t will be infinite (L,t = and/or

R,t= )
6/20

Steps Continued
5.

Find Regions of -Overlap


a. What you are trying to do here is find intervals of t over which the product
x() h(t - ) has a single mathematical form in terms of
b. In each region find: Interval of t that makes the identified overlap happen
c. Working examples is the best way to learn how this is done

Tips:

6.

Regions should be contiguous with no gaps!!!


Dont worry about < vs. etc.

For Each Region: Form the Product x() h(t - ) and Integrate
a. Form product x() h(t - )
b. Find the Limits of Integration by finding the interval of over which the
product is nonzero
i.
Found by seeing where the edges of x() and h(t - ) lie
ii. Recall that the edges of h(t - ) are L,t and R,t , which often depend on
the value of t

So the limits of integration may depend on t


c. Integrate the product x() h(t - ) over the limits found in 6b
i.
The result is generally a function of t, but is only valid for the interval
of t found for the current region
ii. Think of the result as a time-section of the output y(t)
7/20

Steps Continued
7.

Assemble the output from the output time-sections for all the regions
a. Note: you do NOT add the sections together
b. You define the output piecewise
c. Finally, if possible, look for a way to write the output in a simpler form

8/20

Example: Graphically Convolve Two Signals

y (t )

h() x(t )d

x()h(t )d

By Properties of
Convolution
these two forms are
Equal
This is why we can
flip either signal

Convolve these two signals:


x(t)
2
2

h(t)
3

t
9/20

Step #1: Write as Function of


x()

h()
3

Step #2: Flip h() to get h(-)


x()

2
0

h(-)
3

Usually Easier
to Flip the
Shorter Signal

10/20

Step #3: Find Edges of Flipped Signal


x()

2
0

h(-)
3

L,0 = 1

R,0 = 0

11/20

Motivating Step #4: Shift by t to get h(t-) & Its Edges


Just looking at 2 arbitrary t values
In Each Case We Get
L,t = t + L,0
R,t = t + R,0

For t = 2

For t = -2

h(t-) =h(2-)
3 h(t-) =h(-2-)

L,t = t + L,0

R,t = t + R,0

L,t = t + L,0

R,t = t + R,0

L,t = t 1

R,t = t + 0

L,t = t 1

R,t = t + 0

L,-2 = -2 1

R ,-2 = 2+0

L,2 = 2 1

R,2 = 2+0
12/20

Doing Step #4: Shift by t to get h(t-) & Its Edges


For Arbitrary Shift by t
h(t )
3

t1

L,t = t + L,0

R,t = t + R,0

L,t = t 1

R,t = t + 0

13/20

Step #5: Find Regions of -Overlap


2

x()
2

Region I

h(t-)

No -Overlap
t<0

L,t R,t= t
= t -1

Want R,t< 0

t<0

x()
2

Region II

h(t-)

Partial -Overlap

0t1
t -1

Want L,t 0 t-1 0

t1

Want R,t 0

t0
14/20

Step #5 (Continued): Find Regions of -Overlap


x()

Region III

Total -Overlap

h(t-)
3

1<t2
t -1

Want L,t > 0 t-1 > 0 t > 1

Want R,t 2 t 2

x()

Region IV
Partial -Overlap

h(t-)
3

2<t3
t -1

Want L,t 2 t-1 2

t3

Want R,t > 2 t > 2


15/20

Step #5 (Continued): Find Regions of -Overlap


2

x()
2

h(t-)

Region V
No -Overlap
t>3

3
t -1

Want L,t > 2 t-1 > 2 t > 3

16/20

Step #6: Form Product & Integrate For Each Region


2
2

h(t-)

3
t -1

Region I: t < 0

y (t )

x()h(t )d

h(t-) x() = 0

x()

0 d 0

y (t ) 0 for all t 0

Region II: 0 t 1

h(t-) 3
t -1

With 0 integrand
the limits dont
matter!!!

y (t )

x( )h(t )d

6d 6 t0 6t 6 0 6t

h(t-) x()
6

y (t ) 6t for 0 t 1

0 t

17/20

Step #6 (Continued): Form Product & Integrate For Each Region


x()

h(t-)

Region III: 1 < t 2

y (t )

t -1

x( )h(t )d

h(t-) x()

6
d

6
t 1 6t 6( t 1) 6

t 1

t -1

x()

Region IV: 2 < t 3

h(t-)

y (t ) 6 for all t such that : 1 t 2

y (t )

t -1

x( )h(t )d

h(t-) x()

6d 6 t 1 6 2 6(t 1) 6t 18
2

t 1

y (t ) 6t 18 for 2 t 3

t -1 2

18/20

Step #6 (Continued): Form Product & Integrate For Each Region


Region V: t > 3

x()
2

h(t-)

t -1

y (t )

x()h(t )d

h(t-) x() = 0

0 d 0

y (t ) 0 for all t 3

19/20

Step #7: Assemble Output Signal


Region I
t<0

Region II
0t1

Region III
1<t2

Region IV
2<t3

Region V
t>3

y (t ) 0

y (t ) 6t

y (t ) 6

y (t ) 6t 18

y (t ) 0

y (t )
6

20/20

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