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System Modeling & Examples

1) The document discusses system modeling using mathematical models. Physical systems are often modeled using differential equations because electrical and mechanical components have voltage-current or force-acceleration relationships that involve derivatives. 2) A simple example models sending a signal over a cable between two computers using a circuit model and differential equation. The output is a "smoothed" version of the input due to the cable's resistance and capacitance. 3) Discrete-time systems, which arise in digital signal processing, are modeled using difference equations instead of differential equations. An example models calculating a running average miles-per-gallon from sensor measurements using a difference equation implemented in software or hardware.

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55 views

System Modeling & Examples

1) The document discusses system modeling using mathematical models. Physical systems are often modeled using differential equations because electrical and mechanical components have voltage-current or force-acceleration relationships that involve derivatives. 2) A simple example models sending a signal over a cable between two computers using a circuit model and differential equation. The output is a "smoothed" version of the input due to the cable's resistance and capacitance. 3) Discrete-time systems, which arise in digital signal processing, are modeled using difference equations instead of differential equations. An example models calculating a running average miles-per-gallon from sensor measurements using a difference equation implemented in software or hardware.

Uploaded by

ahmd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

EECE 301

Signals & Systems


Prof. Mark Fowler
Note Set #4
System Modeling and Some Examples

1/16

System Model View

Physical View:

Get output signal here as a


voltage (or a current)

Apply input signal


here as a voltage
(or a current)

Image from llg.cubic.org/tools/sonyrm/

Schematic View
Output signal
is the voltage
across here

Apply guitar
signal here as
a voltage

From Pedal Power Column by Robert Keeley, in Musicians Hotline Magazine

System View
Math Function
for Input

x(t)

Math Model
of System

y(t)

Math Function
for Output

Math Model quantitatively relates input signals math to the output signals
math Allows us to understand and predict how the system will work!

2/16

Math Models for Systems


Many physical systems are modeled w/ Differential Eqs
Because physics shows that electrical (& mechanical!) components often
have V-I Rules that depend on derivatives

d 2y (t )
dy (t )
dx (t )
a2

a
y
(
t
)

b
b0 x (t )
1
0
1
2
dt
dt
dt
Given: Input x(t)
Find: Ouput y(t)

This is what it means to solve a differential equation!!


However, engineers use Other Math Models to help solve and
analyze differential eqs
The concept of Frequency Response and the related concept of
Transfer Function are the most widely used such math models
> Fourier Transform is the math tool underlying Frequency Response

Another helpful math model is called Convolution

3/16

System Modeling
To do engineering design, we must be able to accurately predict the
quantitative behavior of a circuit or other system.
This requires math models:

Circuits
Device Rules
R: v(t)=Ri(t)
L: v(t)=L(di(t)/di)
C: dv(t)/dt=1/Ci(t)

Circuit Rules
-KVL
-KCL
-Voltage Divider
-etc.

Differential Equation

Mechanical
Device Rules
Mass: M(d2p(t)/dt2)
Spring: kxp(t)
Damping: kd(dp(t)/dt)

System Rules
-Sum of forces
-etc.

Differential Equation

Similar ideas hold for hydraulic, chemical, etc. systems


differential equations rule the world

4/16

Simple Circuit Example:


Sending info over a wire cable between two computers
Computer
Computer
#1
#2
Two conductors separated by an insulator
capacitance

Two practical examples of the cable


Twisted Pair of Insulated
coaxial cable
Wires

conductors separated by insulator

Typical values: 100 /km


50 nF/km
Recall: resistance increases with wire length

5/16

Simple Model:

Drivers Thevenin
Equivalent Circuit
(Computer #1)

Cable Model
Zero Output
Resistance (Ideal)

Receivers Thevenin
Equivalent Circuit
(Computer #2)

Infinite Input
Resistance (Ideal)

Effective Operation:
x(t)
5v
t
0 0 1 1

x(t)

y(t)

0 1 0 1
6/16

x(t)
5v

x(t)

t
0 0 1 1

y(t)

0 1 0 1

Use Loop Equation & Device Rules:

x(t ) vR (t ) y (t )
vR (t ) Ri (t )
dy (t )
i (t ) C
dt

dy (t ) 1
1

y (t )
x(t )
dt
RC
RC
This is the Differential Equation to be Solved:
Given: Input x(t)

Recall: A Solution of the D.E. means


The function that when put into the left
side causes it to reduce to the right side

Find: Solution y(t)

Differential Equation & System


the solution is the output
7/16

Now because this is a linear system (it only has R, L, C components!) we


can analyze it by superposition.
5v
t

Decompose the input


x(t)

-5v

5v

t
0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

5v
t

+
t
-5v
8/16

Input Components

Output Components (Blue)


Standard Exponential Response
Learned in Circuits:

5v

5v
t

-5v

-5v

5v

5v
t

+
t

-5v

t
-5v
9/16

Output Components
5v
t

Output is a smoothed version of


the input it is harder to
distinguish ones and zeros
it will be even harder if there is
noise added onto the signal!

-5v

Output

5v

5v
t

x(t)

Input

5v

t
t

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

-5v
10/16

Progression of Ideas an Engineer Might Use for this Problem


Physical System:

Schematic System:

Mathematical System:

Mathematical Solution:

Computer
#1

x(t)

Computer
#2

y(t)

dy (t ) 1
1

y (t )
x(t )
dt
RC
RC

5v

Output
t
11/16

Big picture for CT Systems:


Nature is filled with Derivative Rules
Capacitor and Inductor i-v Relationships
Force, Mass and Acceleration Relationships
Etc.
Thus C-T Systems are mathematically modeled by Differential Equations

There are a lot of practical C-T systems that can


be modeled by differential equations.
In particular, we will be interested in
Linear, Constant-Coefficient, Ordinary Diff Eqs!

12/16

D-T System Example


Recall: We are mostly interested in D-T systems that arise in
computer processing of signals collected by sensors.
We illustrate with a simple automotive example: A sensor provides a
measure of the instantaneous MPG for a car. Suppose the sensor
gives this every 10 seconds. We want to keep track of and display
the average MPG since time zero.
Let x[n], n = 1, 2, 3, be a sequence of MPG measurements
Input

D-T signal because you are not continuously measuring!

Let y[n] be the average MPG after the nth measurement.


Output
13/16

Now, one way to do this is to store ALL the measurements and


each time you get a new one just average them
1
y[ n ]
x[0] x[1] x[n ]
n 1
But how much memory should we implement? Who knows
how long this will run???
So we need a better way. Write y[n] in terms of y[n-1]:

1 1

y[ n ]
n x[0] x[1] x[n 1] x[n ]

n 1
n

y
n
[
1]

n
1
y[ n ]
y[n 1]
x[n ]
n 1
n 1

This is a math
model for this
DT system

This kind of math model is called a Difference Equation

14/16

This system can easily be computed in software


y[ n ]

1
n
y[n 1]
x[n ]
n 1
n 1

x[n]

y[n]

-1

35

y[0]=(0/1)y[-1] +(1/1)x[0] = 35

39

y[1]=(1/2)y[0] +(1/2)x[0] = (35+39)/2

43

y[2]=(2/3)y[1] +(1/3)x[1]

36

Etc.

Etc.

Initial
Condition

y[0] = 0
for n = 1 to ???
y(n) = (n/(n+1))*y(n-1) + (1/(n+1))*x(n)
end

All Components
are Clocked

Etc.

This system can also be computed in hardware


Current Input
Value

1/(n-1)

Memory
(Stores Most
Recent Output
Value)

Sum

n/(n-1)

15/16

BIG PICTURE
-

Physical (nature!) systems are C-T systems modeled by


differential equations e.g., RLC Circuits, Electric Motors, etc.

- D-T systems are modeled by difference equations these are generally


implemented using computer HW/SW
- Both C-T & D-T systems (at least a large subset) have:
- Zero-Input part of response (due to Initial Conditions)
- e.g., Homogeneous solution of CT Diff Eq
- Zero-State part of Response (due to Input)
Our Focus will be mostly on
the Zero-State Response

16/16

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