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Circuits With Periodic Sources

1) The document discusses using Fourier series to analyze the response of an RC circuit to a periodic input signal. 2) Specifically, it shows how to represent a full-wave rectified sine wave as a Fourier series, then calculate the Fourier coefficients of the output by multiplying the input coefficients by the circuit's frequency response. 3) The example numerically simulates the RC circuit's response to a 10V rectified 60Hz sine wave, showing the input signal decomposes to a DC level plus small oscillations at the output.

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56 views10 pages

Circuits With Periodic Sources

1) The document discusses using Fourier series to analyze the response of an RC circuit to a periodic input signal. 2) Specifically, it shows how to represent a full-wave rectified sine wave as a Fourier series, then calculate the Fourier coefficients of the output by multiplying the input coefficients by the circuit's frequency response. 3) The example numerically simulates the RC circuit's response to a 10V rectified 60Hz sine wave, showing the input signal decomposes to a DC level plus small oscillations at the output.

Uploaded by

ahmd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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You are on page 1/ 10

EECE 301

Signals & Systems


Prof. Mark Fowler
Note Set #10
C-T Signals: Circuits with Periodic Sources

1/10

Solving Circuits with Periodic Sources


FS makes it easy to find the response of an RLC circuit to a periodic source!

Use the FS to convert the source into a sum of sinusoids


Do phasor analysis for each of the input sinusoids (think superposition!)
Add up the sinusoidal responses to get the output signal

Example: In electronics you have seen (or will see)


how to use diodes and an RC filter circuit to
create a DC power supply:
60Hz Sine wave

Obviously we cant do this for


all infinitely many terms
but we can do it for enough
and if we do it numerically it
is not hard!

(Period = 16.67 ms)

x(t)

Periodic Signal

x(t)
Periodic!! Think
Fourier Series!!

t
T = 8.33ms

0 240 rad/sec
2/10

Progression of Ideas
Periodic Source
x(t)
t

y(t)
x(t)

T = 8.33ms

Periodic Source as FS

x(t )

y(t)

ck e jk0t

x(t)

kth

Phasor Term of FS
R

ck @ ko

Z C 1 jkoC

ZC
1 jkoC
dk
c
ck

ZC R
1 jkoC R

? = Phasor to
Find

Need to find the ck values numerically or analytically

ck

1 jko RC
3/10

For this scenario we can find the ck analytically

1
The equation for the FS coefficients is: ck
T
x(t)
A
T

1
ck
T
Change of variable:

2
T

Now apply Calc I ideas


to evaluate.

ck

Over this interval:



x (t ) A sin t 0 t T
T

jk T t
A sin t e
dt

x (t )e jk0t dt

sin e jk 2 d

Use a Table of Integrals and do some algebra & trig to get:

2A
ck
(1 4k 2 )

FS coefficient for full-wave


rectified sine wave of amplitude A
4/10

So the two-sided spectrum after the rectifier:


2A

ck

2A
3

50 4
0 30 20 0

0 20 30 40 50

ck

50 40 30 20 0

0 20 30 40 50

Now we can us Parsevals Theorem to determine how many terms we need


in our approximation for the source

1
P
T

Papprox

A sin
T
2

k K

ck
2

A2

t dt

k K

A2 A2
sin d

2 2
2

2A
4A
2
2
(1 4k )

k K

1
(1 4k 2 )

5/10

We can look at the ratio of these two as a good measure:


2

4A
Papprox
P

2
(1
4
k
)

8
k K

A2
2
2

k K

Numerically evaluating this for different K values


shows that K = 10 retains more than 99.99% of the
power. So we can use that value.
So our numerical approach is now this:
1. Numerically evaluate ck for k = 10 to 10
2. Numerically convert them into the dk phasors
3. Convert the phasors into corresponding FS
sinusoidal terms and add them up
Well do this for:
A = 10 volts
R = 100
C = 1000 F

1
(1 4k 2 )

ck

2A
(1 4k 2 )

1
dk
ck

1 jko RC

y (t )

10

k 10

d k e jk0t

6/10

wo=240*pi; % Set fund freq


fo=wo/(2*pi); % convert to Hz
T = 2*pi/wo; % compute period
K=10; % Set number of terms
kv=(-K):K; % set vector of k indices
A=10; % set amplitude of input
R=100; % set resistance
C=1000e-6; % set capacitance
ck=(2*A/pi)./(1-4*(kv.^2)); % compute the input FS coefficents
dk=(1./(1+j*kv*wo*R*C)).*ck; % compute the output FS coefficents
Fs = 4*K*fo; % Compute sampling rate (set here to twice the minimum value of 2Kfo)
Ts = 1/Fs;
% Compute sample spacing
t = (-3*T):Ts:(3*T);
x_apprx = zeros(size(t)); % sets up vector of zeros as first partial sum
for k = (-K):K % loop through all coefficients
x_apprx = x_apprx + ck(k+K+1)*exp(j*k*wo*t); % Add current term to partial sum
end
x_apprx = real(x_apprx);
y_apprx = zeros(size(t)); % sets up vector of zeros as first partial sum
for k = (-K):K % loop through all coefficients
y_apprx = y_apprx + dk(k+K+1)*exp(j*k*wo*t); % Add current term to partial sum
end
y_apprx = real(y_apprx); % theory says imaginary parts cancel so enforce this in case
% of numerical round-off issues
figure(1); plot(t,x_apprx,'r',t,y_apprx,'g--'); xlabel('time (seconds)'); ylabel('Input and Output (volts)'); grid
figure(2); subplot(2,1,1); stem(kv,abs(ck)); subplot(2,1,2); stem(kv,abs(dk))

7/10

Rectified sinewave
applied to RC circuit

Output of RC circuit:
DC level with small
wiggle

10

Input and Output (volts)

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-0.025

-0.02

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

time (seconds)

8/10

8
6

|ck|

4
2

1
dk
ck

1 jko RC
Changed via
Multiplication!

0
-10

-5

10

k
8

|dk|

Effect of RC circuit:
Make all non-DC FS
coefficients negligible

6
4
2
0
-10

-5

10

k
Multiplicative factor has small magnitude here!

9/10

Big Idea: Frequency Response


Input

x(t )

ck e

Output
jk0t

Linear
Circuit

y (t )

Inputs FS
Coefficients

jk0t
d
e
k

Outputs FS
Coefficients

d k H ( ko )ck
H() is the Frequency Response
of the Circuit

How to find the Frequency Response of a Circuit


Assume arbitrary phasor X with frequency
Analyze circuit to find output phasor Y
It will always take this multiplicative form: Y = H() X
All impedances are evaluated at the arbitrary frequency
The frequency response function H() is the thing that multiplies X
10/10

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