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Spring Webflow Reference

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100% found this document useful (5 votes)

7K views

Spring Webflow Reference

Its define all Step by Step Spring Configuration.

Uploaded by

vips141

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 92

Spring Web Flow 2 Reference Guide

Reference Documentation
Keith Donald, SpringSource
Erwin Vervaet, Ervacon
Jeremy Grelle, SpringSource
Scott Andrews, SpringSource
Rossen Stoyanchev, SpringSource

Version 2.0.1

Copies of this document may be made for your own use and for distribution to
others, provided that you do not charge any fee for such copies and further
provided that each copy contains this Copyright Notice, whether distributed in
print or electronically.
Published April 2008
please define productname in your docbook file!

Table of Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................................vii
1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................8
1.1. What this guide covers ...............................................................................................8
1.2. What Web Flow requires to run ...................................................................................8
1.3. Where to get support ..................................................................................................8
1.4. Where to follow development .....................................................................................8
1.5. How to obtain Web Flow artifacts from the SpringSource Bundle Repository ................8
Accessing Web Flow with Maven ..............................................................................9
Accessing Web Flow with Ivy ...................................................................................9
1.6. How to obtain Web Flow artifacts from Maven Central ..............................................10
2. Defining Flows ...................................................................................................................12
2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................12
2.2. What is a flow? ........................................................................................................12
2.3. What is the makeup of a typical flow? .......................................................................13
2.4. How are flows authored? ..........................................................................................13
2.5. Essential language elements ......................................................................................14
flow .......................................................................................................................14
view-state ...............................................................................................................14
transition ................................................................................................................14
end-state ................................................................................................................14
Checkpoint: Essential language elements .................................................................15
2.6. Actions ....................................................................................................................15
evaluate .................................................................................................................16
Checkpoint: flow actions .........................................................................................16
2.7. Input/Output Mapping ..............................................................................................17
input ......................................................................................................................17
output ....................................................................................................................18
Checkpoint: input/output mapping ...........................................................................18
2.8. Variables .................................................................................................................19
var .........................................................................................................................19
2.9. Calling subflows ......................................................................................................20
subflow-state ..........................................................................................................20
Checkpoint: calling subflows ...................................................................................20
3. Expression Language (EL) ..................................................................................................22
3.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................22
3.2. Supported EL implementations .................................................................................22
Unified EL .............................................................................................................22
OGNL ...................................................................................................................22
3.3. EL portability ..........................................................................................................22
3.4. EL usage .................................................................................................................22

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Expression types .....................................................................................................23

3.5. Special EL variables .................................................................................................24
flowScope ..............................................................................................................24
viewScope .............................................................................................................24
requestScope ..........................................................................................................24
flashScope .............................................................................................................24
conversationScope ..................................................................................................25
requestParameters ...................................................................................................25
currentEvent ...........................................................................................................25
currentUser ............................................................................................................25
messageContext ......................................................................................................25
resourceBundle .......................................................................................................26
flowRequestContext ...............................................................................................26
flowExecutionContext ............................................................................................26
flowExecutionUrl ...................................................................................................26
externalContext ......................................................................................................26
3.6. Scope searching algorithm ........................................................................................26
4. Rendering views .................................................................................................................28
4.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................28
4.2. Defining view states .................................................................................................28
4.3. Specifying view identifiers .......................................................................................29
Flow relative view ids .............................................................................................29
Absolute view ids ...................................................................................................29
Logical view ids .....................................................................................................29
4.4. View scope ..............................................................................................................29
Allocating view variables ........................................................................................29
Assigning a viewScope variable ..............................................................................30
Manipulating objects in view scope .........................................................................30
4.5. Executing render actions ...........................................................................................30
4.6. Binding to a model ...................................................................................................31
4.7. Suppressing binding .................................................................................................31
4.8. Validating a model ...................................................................................................31
Programmatic validation .........................................................................................31
4.9. Handling events .......................................................................................................32
Rendering partials ...................................................................................................33
Handling global events ............................................................................................33
4.10. Working with messages ..........................................................................................33
Adding plain text messages .....................................................................................34
Adding internationalized messages ..........................................................................34
Using message bundles ...........................................................................................34
4.11. Displaying popups ..................................................................................................34
4.12. View backtracking ..................................................................................................35
Discarding history ..................................................................................................35
Invalidating history .................................................................................................35
5. Flow Managed Persistence ..................................................................................................36

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5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................36

5.2. Data access patterns .................................................................................................36
5.3. FlowScoped PersistenceContext ................................................................................36
5.4. ConversationScoped PersistenceContext ....................................................................37
5.5. ViewState PersistenceContext ...................................................................................38
6. Securing Flows ...................................................................................................................39
6.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................39
6.2. How do I secure a flow? ...........................................................................................39
6.3. The secured element .................................................................................................39
Security attributes ...................................................................................................39
Matching type ........................................................................................................40
6.4. The SecurityFlowExecutionListener ..........................................................................40
Custom Access Decision Managers ..........................................................................40
6.5. Configuring Spring Security .....................................................................................41
Spring configuration ...............................................................................................41
web.xml Configuration ...........................................................................................41
7. Flow Inheritance .................................................................................................................43
7.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................43
7.2. Is flow inheritance like Java inheritance? ...................................................................43
7.3. Types of Flow Inheritance ........................................................................................43
Flow level inheritance .............................................................................................43
State level inheritance .............................................................................................43
7.4. Abstract flows ..........................................................................................................44
7.5. Inheritance Algorithm ..............................................................................................44
Mergeable Elements ...............................................................................................44
Non-mergeable Elements ........................................................................................45
8. System Setup ......................................................................................................................47
8.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................47
8.2. webflow-config.xsd ..................................................................................................47
8.3. Basic system configuration .......................................................................................47
FlowRegistry ..........................................................................................................47
FlowExecutor .........................................................................................................47
8.4. flow-registry options ................................................................................................48
Configuring custom FlowBuilder services ................................................................48
Configuring FlowRegistry hierarchies ......................................................................49
Specifying flow locations ........................................................................................49
Assigning custom flow identifiers ............................................................................49
Assigning flow meta-attributes ................................................................................50
Registering flows using a location pattern ................................................................50
8.5. flow-executor options ...............................................................................................50
Attaching flow execution listeners ...........................................................................50
Tuning FlowExecution persistence ..........................................................................51
9. Spring MVC Integration ......................................................................................................52
9.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................52
9.2. Configuring web.xml ................................................................................................52

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9.3. Mapping URLs to Flows ...........................................................................................52

9.4. Flow Handlers .........................................................................................................53
Example FlowHandler ............................................................................................54
Registering the FlowHandlerAdapter .......................................................................55
FlowHandler Redirects ...........................................................................................55
9.5. Flow Controller ........................................................................................................55
9.6. View Resolution ......................................................................................................56
10. Spring JavaScript Quick Reference ....................................................................................57
10.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................57
10.2. Serving Javascript Resources ..................................................................................57
10.3. Including Spring Javascript in a Page .......................................................................57
10.4. Spring Javascript Decorations .................................................................................58
10.5. Handling Ajax Requests .........................................................................................59
Handling Ajax Requests with Spring MVC Controllers .............................................60
Handling Ajax Requests with Spring MVC + Spring Web Flow ................................60
11. JSF Integration ..................................................................................................................61
11.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................61
11.2. Spring-centric Integration Approach ........................................................................61
11.3. Configuring web.xml ..............................................................................................62
11.4. Configuring Web Flow to render JSF views .............................................................63
11.5. Configuring faces-config.xml ..................................................................................64
11.6. Replacing the JSF Managed Bean Facility ................................................................64
Using Flow Variables .............................................................................................64
Using Scoped Spring Beans .....................................................................................65
Manipulating The Model .........................................................................................65
11.7. Handling JSF Events With Spring Web Flow ...........................................................66
Handling JSF In-page Action Events ........................................................................66
Handling JSF Action Events ....................................................................................67
Performing Model Validation ..................................................................................68
Handling Ajax Events .............................................................................................69
11.8. Enhancing The User Experience With Rich Web Forms ............................................70
Validating a Text Field ...........................................................................................70
Validating a Numeric Field .....................................................................................70
Validating a Date Field ...........................................................................................71
Preventing an Invalid Form Submission ...................................................................71
11.9. Third-Party Component Library Integration .............................................................71
Rich Faces Integration ............................................................................................72
Apache MyFaces Trinidad Integration .....................................................................73
12. Portlet Integration .............................................................................................................75
12.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................75
12.2. Configuring web.xml and portlet.xml ......................................................................75
12.3. Configuring Spring .................................................................................................76
Flow Handlers ........................................................................................................76
Handler Mappings ..................................................................................................76
Flow Handler Adapter .............................................................................................77

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12.4. Portlet Views .........................................................................................................77

12.5. Portlet Modes and Window States ...........................................................................77
Window State .........................................................................................................77
Portlet Mode ..........................................................................................................78
12.6. Issues in a Portlet Environment ...............................................................................78
Redirects ................................................................................................................78
Switching Portlet Modes .........................................................................................78
Portlets and JSF ......................................................................................................78
13. Testing flows ....................................................................................................................80
13.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................80
13.2. Extending AbstractXmlFlowExecutionTests ............................................................80
13.3. Specifying the path to the flow to test ......................................................................80
13.4. Registering flow dependencies ................................................................................80
13.5. Testing flow startup ................................................................................................81
13.6. Testing flow event handling ....................................................................................81
13.7. Mocking a subflow .................................................................................................81
14. Upgrading from 1.0 ...........................................................................................................83
14.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................83
14.2. Flow Definition Language ......................................................................................83
Flow Definition Updater Tool .................................................................................83
EL Expressions ......................................................................................................84
14.3. Web Flow Configuration ........................................................................................84
Web Flow Bean Configuration ................................................................................84
Web Flow Schema Configuration ............................................................................84
Flow Controller ......................................................................................................85
Flow Request URL Handler ....................................................................................86
View Resolution .....................................................................................................86
14.4. New Web Flow Concepts ........................................................................................87
Automatic Model Binding .......................................................................................87
OGNL vs EL ..........................................................................................................87
Flash Scope ............................................................................................................87
Spring Faces ...........................................................................................................87
External Redirects ..................................................................................................87
A. Flow Definition Language 1.0 to 2.0 Mappings ....................................................................88

Guide
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Preface
Many web applications require the same sequence of steps to execute in different contexts. Often these
sequences are merely components of a larger task the user is trying to accomplish. Such a reusable
sequence is called a flow.

Consider a typical shopping cart application. User registration, login, and cart checkout are all examples
of flows that can be invoked from several places in this type of application.

Spring Web Flow is the module of Spring for implementing flows. The Web Flow engine plugs into the
Spring Web MVC platform and provides declarative flow definition language. This reference guide
shows you how to use and extend Spring Web Flow.

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1. Introduction

1.1. What this guide covers

This guide covers all aspects of Spring Web Flow. It covers implementing flows in end-user applications
and working with the feature set. It also covers extending the framework and the overall architectural
model.

1.2. What Web Flow requires to run

Java 1.4 or higher

Spring 2.5.4 or higher

1.3. Where to get support

Professional from-the-source support on Spring Web Flow is available from SpringSource
[http://www.springsource.com], the company behind Spring, and Ervacon [http://www.ervacon.com],
operated by Web Flow project co-founder Erwin Vervaet

1.4. Where to follow development

You can help make Web Flow best serve the needs of the Spring community by interacting with
developers at the Spring Community Forums [http://forum.springframework.org].

Report bugs and influence the Web Flow project roadmap using the Spring Issue Tracker
[http://jira.springframework.org].

Subscribe to the Spring Community Portal [http://www.springframework.org] for the latest Spring news
and announcements.

1.5. How to obtain Web Flow artifacts from the

SpringSource Bundle Repository
Each jar in the Web Flow distribution is available in the SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository
[http://www.springsource.com/repository/] for use in an OSGi environment. These jars may be accessed
using Maven or Ivy dependency managers.

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Accessing Web Flow with Maven

To access jars using Maven, add the following repositories to your Maven pom:

<repository>
<id>com.springsource.repository.bundles.release</id>
<name>SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository - SpringSource Releases</name>
<url>http://repository.springsource.com/maven/bundles/release</url>
</repository>

<repository>
<id>com.springsource.repository.bundles.external</id>
<name>SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository - External Releases</name>
<url>http://repository.springsource.com/maven/bundles/external</url>
</repository>

Then declare the following dependencies:

<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
<artifactId>org.springframework.binding</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
<artifactId>org.springframework.js</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
<artifactId>org.springframework.webflow</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

And if using JavaServerFaces:

<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
<artifactId>org.springframework.faces</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

Accessing Web Flow with Ivy

To access jars using Ivy, add the following repositories to your Ivy config:

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Then declare the following dependencies:

<dependency org="org.springframework.webflow" name="org.springframework.binding"

rev="2.0.0.RELEASE" conf="compile->compile" />
<dependency org="org.springframework.webflow" name="org.springframework.js"
rev="2.0.0.RELEASE" conf="compile->compile" />
<dependency org="org.springframework.webflow" name="org.springframework.webflow"
rev="2.0.0.RELEASE" conf="compile->compile" />

And if using JavaServerFaces:

<dependency org="org.springframework.webflow" name="org.springframework.faces"

rev="2.0.0.RELEASE" conf="compile->compile" />

1.6. How to obtain Web Flow artifacts from Maven Central

Each jar in the Web Flow distribution is also available in the Maven Central Repository
[http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/]. The large majority of artifacts retrieved from this repository are not
OSGi bundles. If you wish to run your Web Flows in an OSGi environment, you are encouraged to use
the SpringSource Bundle Repository.

To access Web Flow jars from Maven Central, declare the following dependencies in you pom:

<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
<artifactId>org.springframework.binding</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
<artifactId>org.springframework.js</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0.RELEASE</version>

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</dependency>

<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
<artifactId>org.springframework.webflow</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

And if using JavaServerFaces:

<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
<artifactId>org.springframework.faces</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

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2. Defining Flows

2.1. Introduction
This chapter begins the Users Section. It shows how to implement flows using the flow definition
language. By the end of this chapter, you should have a good understanding of language constructs and
capable of authoring a flow definition.

2.2. What is a flow?

A flow encapsulates a reusable sequence of steps that can execute in different contexts. Below is a Garrett
Information Architecture [http://www.jjg.net/ia/visvocab/] diagram illustrating a reference to a flow that
encapsulates the steps of a hotel booking process:

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Site Map illustrating a reference to a flow

2.3. What is the makeup of a typical flow?

In Spring Web Flow, a flow consists of a series of steps called "states". Entering a state typically results
in a view being displayed to the user. On that view, user events occur that are handled by the state. These
events can trigger transitions to other states which result in view navigations.

The example below shows the structure of the book hotel flow referenced in the previous diagram:

Flow diagram

2.4. How are flows authored?

Flows are authored by web application developers using a simple XML-based flow definition language.
The next steps of this guide will walk you through the elements of this language.

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2.5. Essential language elements

flow

Every flow begins with the following root element:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

</flow>

All states of the flow are defined within this element. The first state defined becomes the flow's starting
point.

view-state

Use the view-state element to define a step of the flow that renders a view:

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails" />

By convention, a view-state maps its id to a view template in the directory where the flow is located. For
example, the state above might render
/WEB-INF/hotels/booking/enterBookingDetails.xhtml if the flow itself was located in
the /WEB-INF/hotels/booking directory.

transition

Use the transition element to handle events that occur within a state:

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails">
<transition on="submit" to="reviewBooking" />
</view-state>

These transitions drive view navigations.

end-state

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Use the end-state element to define a flow outcome:

<end-state id="bookingCancelled" />

When a flow transitions to a end-state it terminates and the outcome is returned.

Checkpoint: Essential language elements

With the three elements view-state, transition, and end-state, you can quickly express your
view navigation logic. Teams often do this before adding flow behaviors so they can focus on developing
the user interface of the application with end users first. Below is a sample flow that implements its view
navigation logic using these elements:

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails">
<transition on="submit" to="reviewBooking" />
</view-state>

<view-state id="reviewBooking">
<transition on="confirm" to="bookingConfirmed" />
<transition on="revise" to="enterBookingDetails" />
<transition on="cancel" to="bookingCancelled" />
</view-state>

<end-state id="bookingConfirmed" />

<end-state id="bookingCancelled" />

</flow>

2.6. Actions
Most flows need to express more than just view navigation logic. Typically they also need to invoke
business services of the application or other actions.

Within a flow, there are several points where you can execute actions. These points are:

• On flow start

• On state entry

• On view render

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• On transition execution

• On state exit

• On flow end

Actions are defined using a concise expression language. Spring Web Flow uses the Unified EL by
default. The next few sections will cover the essential language elements for defining actions.

evaluate

The action element you will use the most often is the evaluate element. Use the evaluate element
to evaluate an expression at a point within your flow. With this single tag you can invoke methods on
Spring beans or any other flow variable. For example:

<evaluate expression="entityManager.persist(booking)" />

Assigning an evaluate result

If the expression returns a value, that value can be saved in the flow's data model called flowScope:

<evaluate expression="bookingService.findHotels(searchCriteria)" result="flowScope.hotels" />

Converting an evaluate result

If the expression returns a value that may need to be converted, specify the desired type using the
result-type attribute:

<evaluate expression="bookingService.findHotels(searchCriteria)" result="flowScope.hotels"

result-type="dataModel"/>

Checkpoint: flow actions

Now review the sample booking flow with actions added:

<input name="hotelId" />

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<on-start>
<evaluate expression="bookingService.createBooking(hotelId, currentUser.name)"
result="flowScope.booking" />
</on-start>

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails">
<transition on="submit" to="reviewBooking" />
</view-state>

<view-state id="reviewBooking">
<transition on="confirm" to="bookingConfirmed" />
<transition on="revise" to="enterBookingDetails" />
<transition on="cancel" to="bookingCancelled" />
</view-state>

<end-state id="bookingConfirmed" />

<end-state id="bookingCancelled" />

</flow>

This flow now creates a Booking object in flow scope when it starts. The id of the hotel to book is
obtained from a flow input attribute.

2.7. Input/Output Mapping

Each flow has a well-defined input/output contract. Flows can be passed input attributes when they start,
and can return output attributes when they end. In this respect, calling a flow is conceptually similar to
calling a method with the following signature:

FlowOutcome flowId(Map<String, Object> inputAttributes);

... where a FlowOutcome has the following signature:

public interface FlowOutcome {

public String getName();
public Map<String, Object> getOutputAttributes();
}

input

Use the input element to declare a flow input attribute:

<input name="hotelId" />

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Input values are saved in flow scope under the name of the attribute. For example, the input above would
be saved under the name hotelId.

Use the type attribute to declare the input attribute's type:

<input name="hotelId" type="long" />

If an input value does not match the declared type, a type conversion will be attempted.

Use the value attribute to specify an expression to assign the input value to:

<input name="hotelId" value="flowScope.myParameterObject.hotelId" />

If the expression's value type can be determined, that metadata will be used for type coersion if no type
attribute is specified.

Use the required attribute to enforce the input is not null or empty:

<input name="hotelId" type="long" value="flowScope.hotelId" required="true" />

output

Use the output element to declare a flow output attribute. Output attributes are declared within
end-states that represent specific flow outcomes.

<end-state id="bookingConfirmed">
<output name="bookingId" />
</end-state>

Output values are obtained from flow scope under the name of the attribute. For example, the output
above would be assigned the value of the bookingId variable.

Use the value attribute to denote a specific output value expression:

<output name="confirmationNumber" value="booking.confirmationNumber" />

Checkpoint: input/output mapping

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Now review the sample booking flow with input/output mapping:

<input name="hotelId" />

<on-start>
<evaluate expression="bookingService.createBooking(hotelId, currentUser.name)"
result="flowScope.booking" />
</on-start>

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails">
<transition on="submit" to="reviewBooking" />
</view-state>

<view-state id="reviewBooking">
<transition on="confirm" to="bookingConfirmed" />
<transition on="revise" to="enterBookingDetails" />
<transition on="cancel" to="bookingCancelled" />
</view-state>

<end-state id="bookingConfirmed" >

<end-state id="bookingCancelled" />

</flow>

The flow now accepts a hotelId input attribute and returns a bookingId output attribute when a new
booking is confirmed.

2.8. Variables
A flow may declare one or more instance variables. These variables are allocated when the flow starts.
Any @Autowired transient references the variable holds are also rewired when the flow resumes.

var

Use the var element to declare a flow variable:

<var name="searchCriteria" class="com.mycompany.myapp.hotels.search.SearchCriteria"/>

Make sure your variable's class implements java.io.Serializable, as the instance state is saved
between flow requests.

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2.9. Calling subflows

A flow may call another flow as a subflow. The flow will wait until the subflow returns, then respond to
the subflow outcome.

subflow-state

Use the subflow-state element to call another flow as a subflow:

<subflow-state id="addGuest" subflow="createGuest">

The above example calls the createGuest flow, then waits for it to return. When the flow returns with
a guestCreated outcome, the new guest is added to the booking's guest list.

Passing a subflow input

Use the input element to pass input to the subflow:

<subflow-state id="addGuest" subflow="createGuest">

Mapping subflow output

Simply refer to a subflow output attribute by its name within a outcome transition:

<transition on="guestCreated" to="reviewBooking">

In the above example, guest is the name of an output attribute returned by the guestCreated
outcome.

Checkpoint: calling subflows

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Now review the sample booking flow calling a subflow:

<input name="hotelId" />

<on-start>
<evaluate expression="bookingService.createBooking(hotelId, currentUser.name)"
result="flowScope.booking" />
</on-start>

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails">
<transition on="submit" to="reviewBooking" />
</view-state>

<view-state id="reviewBooking">
<transition on="addGuest" to="addGuest" />
<transition on="confirm" to="bookingConfirmed" />
<transition on="revise" to="enterBookingDetails" />
<transition on="cancel" to="bookingCancelled" />
</view-state>

<subflow-state id="addGuest" subflow="createGuest">

<end-state id="bookingConfirmed" >

<end-state id="bookingCancelled" />

</flow>

The flow now calls a createGuest subflow to add a new guest to the guest list.

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3. Expression Language (EL)

3.1. Introduction
Web Flow uses EL to access its data model and invoke actions. This chapter will familiarize you with the
EL syntax, and special EL variables you can reference from your flow definition.

3.2. Supported EL implementations

Unified EL

Web Flow attempts to use the Unified EL [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Expression_Language]

by default. jboss-el is currently the default EL implementation. When found in your classpath along
with the el-api, it will be used automatically.

Note
The el-api dependency is typically a provided by your web container. Tomcat 6 includes
it, for example.

OGNL

OGNL [http://www.ognl.org] is the other EL supported by Web Flow 2. OGNL is the EL most familiar to
Web Flow version 1.0 users. To use ognl, simply include ognl in your classpath instead of jboss-el.
Please refer to the OGNL language guide
[http://www.ognl.org/2.6.9/Documentation/html/LanguageGuide/index.html] for specifics on its EL
syntax.

3.3. EL portability
In general, you will find the Unified EL and OGNL have a very similar syntax. For basic variable
resolution, property access, and method invocation the syntax is identical. We recommend adhering to
Unified EL syntax whenever possible, and only relying on proprietary EL features when needed.

3.4. EL usage
EL is used for many things within a flow, including:

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1. Accessing data provided by the client, such as flow input attributes and request parameters.

2. Accessing internal data structures such as flowScope.

3. Invoking methods on Spring beans.

4. Resolving constructs such as state transition criteria, subflow ids, and view names.

Views rendered by flows typically access flow data structures using EL as well.

Expression types

There are basically two types of expressions in Web Flow.

Standard eval expressions

The first, and most common type of expression, is the standard eval expression. Such expressions are
dynamically evaluated by the EL and should not be enclosed in delimiters like ${} or #{}. For example:

<evaluate expression="searchCriteria.nextPage()" />

The expression above is a standard expression that invokes the nextPage method on the
searchCriteria variable when evaluated. Attempting to enclose this expression in special eval
delimiters like ${} or #{} will result in an IllegalArgumentException.

Note
We view use of special eval delimiters as redundant in this context, as the only acceptable
value for the expression attribute is a single eval expression string.

Template expressions

The second type of expression is a "template" expression. Such expressions allow a mixing of literal text
with one or more eval blocks. Each eval block is explictly delimited with the ${} delimiters. For
example:

<view-state id="error" view="error-${externalContext.locale}.xhtml" />

The expression above is a template expression. The result of evaluation will be a string that concatenates
the literal text error- with the result of evaluating externalContext.locale. As you can see,
explicit delimiters are necessary here to demarcate eval blocks within the template.

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See the Web Flow XML schema for a complete listing of the XML attributes that accept standard
expressions and template expressions.

3.5. Special EL variables

There are several implicit variables you may reference from within a flow. These variables are discussed
in this section.

flowScope

Use flowScope to assign a flow variable. Flow scope gets allocated when a flow starts and destroyed
when the flow ends.

<evaluate expression="searchService.findHotel(hotelId)" result="flowScope.hotel" />

viewScope

Use viewScope to assign a view variable. View scope gets allocated when a view-state enters and
destroyed when the state exits. View scope is only referenceable from within a view-state.

<on-render>
<evaluate expression="searchService.findHotels(searchCriteria)" result="viewScope.hotels"
result-type="dataModel" />
</on-render>

requestScope

Use requestScope to assign a request variable. Request scope gets allocated when a flow is called and
destroyed when the flow returns.

<set name="requestScope.hotelId" value="requestParameters.id" type="long" />

flashScope

Use flashScope to assign a flash variable. Flash scope gets allocated when a flow starts, cleared after
every view render, and destroyed when the flow ends.

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<set name="flashScope.statusMessage" value="'Booking confirmed'" />

conversationScope

Use conversationScope to assign a conversation variable. Conversation scope gets allocated when a
top-level flow starts and destroyed when the top-level flow ends. Conversation scope is shared by a
top-level flow and all of its subflows.

<evaluate expression="searchService.findHotel(hotelId)" result="conversationScope.hotel" />

requestParameters

Use requestParameters to access a client request parameter:

<set name="requestScope.hotelId" value="requestParameters.id" type="long" />

currentEvent

Use currentEvent to access attributes of the current Event:

<evaluate expression="booking.guests.add(currentEvent.guest)" />

currentUser

Use currentUser to access the authenticated Principal:

<evaluate expression="bookingService.createBooking(hotelId, currentUser.name)"

result="flowScope.booking" />

messageContext

Use messageContext to access a context for retrieving and creating flow execution messages,
including error and success messages. See the MessageContext Javadocs for more information.

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<evaluate expression="bookingValidator.validate(booking, messageContext)" />

resourceBundle

Use resourceBundle to access a message resource.

<set name="flashScope.successMessage" value="resourceBundle.successMessage" />

flowRequestContext

Use flowRequestContext to access the RequestContext API, which is a representation of the

current flow request. See the API Javadocs for more information.

flowExecutionContext

Use flowExecutionContext to access the FlowExecutionContext API, which is a

representation of the current flow state. See the API Javadocs for more information.

flowExecutionUrl

Use flowExecutionUrl to access the context-relative URI for the current flow execution view-state.

externalContext

Use externalContext to access the client environment, including user session attributes. See the
ExternalContext API JavaDocs for more information.

3.6. Scope searching algorithm

When assigning a variable in one of the flow scopes, referencing that scope is required. For example:

<set name="requestScope.hotelId" value="requestParameters.id" type="long" />

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When simply accessing a variable in one of the scopes, referencing the scope is optional. For example:

<evaluate expression="entityManager.persist(booking)" />

If no scope is specified, like in the use of booking above, a scope searching algorithm will be
employed. The algorithm will look in request, flash, view, flow, and conversation scope for the variable.
If no such variable is found, an EvaluationException will be thrown.

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4. Rendering views

4.1. Introduction
This chapter shows you how to use the view-state element to render views within a flow.

4.2. Defining view states

Use the view-state element to define a step of the flow that renders a view and waits for a user event
to resume:

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails">
<transition on="submit" to="reviewBooking" />
</view-state>

Below is a sample directory structure showing views and other resources like message bundles co-located
with their flow definition:

Flow Packaging

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4.3. Specifying view identifiers

Use the view attribute to explictly specify the id of the view to render.

Flow relative view ids

The view id may be a relative path to view resource in the flow's working directory:

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails" view="bookingDetails.xhtml">

Absolute view ids

The view id may be a absolute path to a view resource in the webapp root directory:

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails" view="/WEB-INF/hotels/booking/bookingDetails.xhtml">

Logical view ids

With some view frameworks, such as Spring MVC's view framework, the view id may also be a logical
identifier resolved by the framework:

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails" view="bookingDetails">

See the Spring MVC integration section for more information on how to integrate with the MVC
ViewResolver infrastructure.

4.4. View scope

A view-state allocates a new viewScope when it enters. This scope may be referenced within the
view-state to assign variables that should live for the duration of the state. This scope is useful for
manipulating objects over a series of requests from the same view, often Ajax requests. A view-state
destroys its viewScope when it exits.

Allocating view variables

Use the var tag to declare a view variable. Like a flow variable, any @Autowired references are

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automatically restored when the view state resumes.

<var name="searchCriteria" class="com.mycompany.myapp.hotels.SearchCriteria" />

Assigning a viewScope variable

Use the on-render tag to assign a variable from an action result before the view renders:

<on-render>
<evaluate expression="bookingService.findHotels(searchCriteria)" result="viewScope.hotels" />
</on-render>

Manipulating objects in view scope

Objects in view scope are often manipulated over a series of requests from the same view. The following
example pages through a search results list. The list is updated in view scope before each render.
Asynchronous event handlers modify the current data page, then request re-rendering of the search results
fragment.

<view-state id="searchResults">
<on-render>
<evaluate expression="bookingService.findHotels(searchCriteria)" result="viewScope.hotels" />
</on-render>
<transition on="next">
<evaluate expression="searchCriteria.nextPage()" />
<render fragments="searchResultsFragment" />
</transition>
<transition on="previous">
<evaluate expression="searchCriteria.previousPage()" />
<render fragments="searchResultsFragment" />
</transition>
</view-state>

4.5. Executing render actions

Use the on-render element to execute one or more actions before view rendering. Render actions are
executed on the initial render as well as any subsequent refreshes, including any partial re-renderings of
the view.

<on-render>
<evaluate expression="bookingService.findHotels(searchCriteria)" result="viewScope.hotels" />
</on-render>

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4.6. Binding to a model

Use the model attribute to declare a model object the view binds to. This attribute is typically used with
views that render data controls, such as forms. The following example declares the
enterBookingDetails state manipulates the booking model:

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails" model="booking">

The model may be in any accessible scope, such as flowScope or viewScope. Specifying a model
triggers the following behavior when a view event occurs:

1. View-to-model binding. On view postback, form values are bound to model object properties for you.

2. Model validation. After binding, if the model object requires validation, that validation logic will be
invoked.

For a flow event to be generated that can drive a view state transition, model binding must complete
successfully. If model binding fails, the view is re-rendered to allow the user to revise their edits.

4.7. Suppressing binding

Use the bind attribute to suppress model binding and validation for particular view events.

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails" model="booking">

4.8. Validating a model

Model validation is driven by constraints specified against the model object. These constraints may be
specified declaratively, or enforced using a programmatic validation routine or external Validator.

Programmatic validation

There are two ways to perform model validation programatically.

Implementing a model validate method

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The first way is to define a validate method on the model object class. To do this, create a public method
with the name validate${state}, where state is the id of your view-state. The method must
declare a MessageContext parameter for recording validation error messages. For example:

public void validateEnterBookingDetails(MessageContext context) {

Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
if (checkinDate.before(today())) {
context.addMessage(new MessageBuilder().error().source("checkinDate").defaultText(
"Check in date must be a future date").build());
} else if (!checkinDate.before(checkoutDate)) {
context.addMessage(new MessageBuilder().error().source("checkoutDate").defaultText(
"Check out date must be later than check in date").build());
}
}

Implementing a Validator

The second way is to define a separate object, called a Validator, which validates your model object. To
do this, create a class that defines a public method with the name validate${state}, where state
is the id of your view-state. The method must declare a parameter to accept your model object, and a
MessageContext parameter for recording validation error messages. For example:

@Component
public class BookingValidator {
public void validateEnterBookingDetails(Booking booking, MessageContext context) {
if (booking.getCheckinDate().before(today())) {
context.addMessage(new MessageBuilder().error().source("checkinDate").defaultText(
"Check in date must be a future date").build());
} else if (!booking.getCheckinDate().before(checkoutDate)) {
context.addMessage(new MessageBuilder().error().source("checkoutDate").defaultText(
"Check out date must be later than check in date").build());
}
}
}

A Validator can also accept a Spring MVC Errors object, which is required for invoking existing
Spring Validators.

Validators must be registered as Spring beans employing the naming convention

${model}Validator to be detected and invoked automatically. In the example above, Spring 2.5
classpath-scanning would detect the @Component and automatically register it as a bean with the name
bookingValidator. Then, anytime the booking model needs to be validated, this
bookingValidator instance would be invoked for you.

4.9. Handling events

From a view-state, transitions without targets can also be defined. Such transitions are called "event

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handlers":

These event handlers do not change the state of the flow. They simply execute their actions and re-render
the current view or one or more fragments of the current view.

Rendering partials

Use the render element to request partial re-rendering of a view after handling an event:

The fragments attribute should reference the ID(s) of the view element(s) you wish to re-render. Specify
multiple elements to re-render by separating them with a comma delimiter.

Such partial rendering is often used with events signaled by Ajax to update a specific zone of the view.

Handling global events

Use the flow's global-transitions element to create event handlers that apply across all views.
Global-transitions are often used to handle global menu links that are part of the layout.

<global-transitions>
<transition on="login" to="login">
<transition on="logout" to="logout">
</global-transitions>

4.10. Working with messages

Spring Web Flow's MessageContext is an API for recording messages during the course of flow
executions. Plain text messages can be added to the context, as well as internationalized messages
resolved by a Spring MessageSource. Messages are renderable by views and automatically survive
flow execution redirects. Three distinct message severities are provided: info, warning, and error.
In addition, a convenient MessageBuilder exists for fluently constructing messages.

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Adding plain text messages

MessageContext context = ...

MessageBuilder builder = new MessageBuilder();
context.addMessage(builder.error().source("checkinDate")
.defaultText("Check in date must be a future date").build());
context.addMessage(builder.warn().source("smoking")
.defaultText("Smoking is bad for your health").build());
context.addMessage(builder.info()
.defaultText("We have processed your reservation - thank you and enjoy your stay").build());

Adding internationalized messages

MessageContext context = ...

MessageBuilder builder = new MessageBuilder();
context.addMessage(builder.error().source("checkinDate").code("checkinDate.notFuture").build());
context.addMessage(builder.warn().source("smoking").code("notHealthy")
.resolvableArg("smoking").build());
context.addMessage(builder.info().code("reservationConfirmation").build());

Using message bundles

Internationalized messages are defined in message bundles accessed by a Spring MessageSource. To

create a flow-specific message bundle, simply define messages.properties file(s) in your flow's
directory. Create a default messages.properties file and a .properties file for each additional
Locale you need to support.

#messages.properties
checkinDate=Check in date must be a future date
notHealthy={0} is bad for your health
reservationConfirmation=We have processed your reservation - thank you and enjoy your stay

From within a view or a flow, you may also access message resources using the resourceBundle EL
variable:

<h:outputText value="#{resourceBundle.reservationConfirmation}" />

4.11. Displaying popups

Use the popup attribute to render a view in a modal popup dialog:

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<view-state id="changeSearchCriteria" view="enterSearchCriteria.xhtml" popup="true">

When using Web Flow with the Spring Javascript, no client side code is necessary for the popup to
display. Web Flow will send a response to the client requesting a redirect to the view from a popup, and
the client will honor the request.

4.12. View backtracking

By default, when you exit a view state and transition to a new view state, you can go back to the previous
state using the browser back button. These view state history policies are configurable on a per-transition
basis by using the history attribute.

Discarding history

Set the history attribute to discard to prevent backtracking to a view:

<transition on="cancel" to="bookingCancelled" history="discard">

Invalidating history

Set the history attribute to invalidate to prevent backtracking to a view as well all previously
displayed views:

<transition on="confirm" to="bookingConfirmed" history="invalidate">

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5. Flow Managed Persistence

5.1. Introduction
Most applications access data in some way. Many modify data shared by multiple users and therefore
require transactional data access properties. This chapter shows you how to use flows to manage data
access in a web application.

5.2. Data access patterns

There are essentially three flow-managed data access patterns:

1. The FlowScoped PersistenceContext

2. The ConversationScoped PersistenceContext

3. The ViewState PersistenceContext

Apart from these three patterns, there is the pattern of fully encapsulating PersistenceContext
management within the service layer of your application. In that case, the web layer does not get involved
with persistence, instead it works entirely with detached objects that are passed to and returned by your
service layer. This chapter will focus on the flow-managed persistence patterns, exploring how and when
to use them.

5.3. FlowScoped PersistenceContext

This pattern creates a PersistenceContext in flowScope on flow startup, uses that context for
data access during the course of flow execution, and commits changes made to persistent entities at the
end. This pattern provides isolation of intermediate edits by only committing changes to the database at
the end of flow execution. This pattern is often used in conjunction with an optimistic locking strategy to
protect the integrity of data modified in parallel by multiple users. To support saving and restarting the
progress of a flow over an extended period of time, a durable store for conversational state must be used.
If a save and restart capability is not required, standard HTTP session-based storage of conversational
state is sufficient. In that case, session expiration or termination before commit could potentially result in
changes being lost.

To use the FlowScoped PersistenceContext pattern, first mark your flow as a

persistence-context:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<flow xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/webflow"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

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xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/webflow
http://www.springframework.org/schema/webflow/spring-webflow-2.0.xsd">

<persistence-context>

</flow>

Then configure the correct FlowExecutionListener to apply this pattern to your flow. If using
Hibernate, register the HibernateFlowExecutionListener. If using JPA, register the
JpaFlowExecutionListener.

<webflow:flow-executor id="flowExecutor" flow-registry="flowRegistry">

<webflow:flow-execution-listeners>
<webflow:listener ref="jpaFlowExecutionListener" />
</webflow:flow-execution-listeners>
</webflow:flow-executor>

To trigger a commit at the end, annotate your end-state with the commit attribute:

<end-state id="bookingConfirmed" commit="true" />

That is it. When your flow starts, the listener will handle allocating a new EntityManager in
flowScope. Reference this EntityManager at anytime from within your flow by using the special
persistenceContext variable. In addition, any data access that occurs using a Spring managed data
access object will use this EntityManager automatically. Such data access operations should always
execute non transactionally or in read-only transactions to maintain isolation of intermediate edits.

5.4. ConversationScoped PersistenceContext

This pattern creates a PersistenceContext in conversationScope on flow startup, and uses
that context for data access until the conversation ends. This pattern generally employs a manual flush
mode; that is, the application decides when to flush changes to the database. A convention for
flow-managed flushing may be employed, such as always flushing after a transition one from one
view-state to another. This pattern provides no flow-level isolation of intermediate edits since flushing
synchronizes persistent object state with the database. With this pattern, all data access generally occurs
non-transactionally.

An implementation of this flow-managed persistence pattern is not yet available in the Web Flow
distribution, and will be considered for future releases.

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5.5. ViewState PersistenceContext

This pattern creates a PersistenceContext with a read-only transaction before view rendering. The
context is used to load the model for the view. It stays open through view rendering and commits after
rendering completes. Then on the occurrence of an event, this pattern creates a fresh
PersistenceContext with a read-write transaction. The model is merged with the new context and
any changes are committed after event handling completes. Therefore, this pattern results in edits being
saved to the DB after each event. Any rollback of intermediate flow steps requires compensating
transactions. This pattern is often used in conjunction with an optimistic locking strategy to protect the
integrity of data modified in parallel by multiple users. This pattern stores much less flow state, but
generally increases the amount of data access since persistent entities are fetched and flushed more often.

An implementation of this flow-managed persistence pattern is not yet available in the Web Flow
distribution, and will be considered for future releases.

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6. Securing Flows

6.1. Introduction
Security is an important concept for any application. End users should not be able to access any portion of
a site simply by guessing the URL. Areas of a site that are sensitive must insure that only authorized
requested are processed. Spring Security is a proven security platform that can integrate with your
application at multiple levels. This section will focus on securing flow execution.

6.2. How do I secure a flow?

Securing flow execution is a three step process:

• Configure Spring Security with authentication and authorization rules

• Annotate the flow definition with the secured element to define the security rules

• Add the SecurityFlowExecutionListener to process the security rules.

Each of these steps must be completed or else flow security rules will not be applied.

6.3. The secured element

The secured element designates that its containing element should apply the authorization check before
fully entering. This may not occur more then once per stage of the flow execution that is secured.

Three phases of flow execution can be secured: flows, states and transitions. In each case the syntax for
the secured element is identical.

Security attributes

The attributes attribute is a comma separated list of Spring Security authorization attributes. Often,
these are specific security roles. The attributes are compared against the user's granted attributes by a
Spring Security access decision manager.

<secured attributes="ROLE_USER" />

By default, a role based access decision manager is used to determine if the user is allowed access. This
will need to be overridden if your application is not using authorization roles.

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Matching type

There are two types of matching available: any and all. Any, allows access if at least one of the
required security attributes is granted to the user. All, allows access only if each of the required security
attributes are granted to the user.

<secured attributes="ROLE_USER, ROLE_ANONYMOUS" match="any" />

This attribute is optional. If not defined, the default value is any.

The match attribute will only be respected if the default access decision manager is used.

6.4. The SecurityFlowExecutionListener

Defining security rules in the flow by themself will not protect the flow execution. A
SecurityFlowExecutionListener must also be defined in the webflow configuration and
applied to the flow executor.

<webflow:flow-executor id="flowExecutor" flow-registry="flowRegistry">

<webflow:flow-execution-listeners>
<webflow:listener ref="securityFlowExecutionListener" />
</webflow:flow-execution-listeners>
</webflow:flow-executor>

If access is denied to a portion of the application an AccessDeniedException will be thrown. This

exception will later be caught by Spring Security and used to prompt the user to authenticate. It is
important that this exception be allowed to travel up the execution stack uninhibited, otherwise the end
user may not be prompted to authenticate.

Custom Access Decision Managers

If your application is using authorities that are not role based, you will need to configure a custom
AccessDecisionManager. You can override the default decision manager by setting the
accessDecisionManager property on the security listener. Please consult the Spring Security
reference documentation [http://static.springframework.org/spring-security/site/reference.html] to learn
more about decision managers.

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</bean>

6.5. Configuring Spring Security

Spring Security has robust configuration options available. As every application and environment has its
own security requirements, the Spring Security reference documentation
[http://static.springframework.org/spring-security/site/reference.html] is the best place to learn the
available options.

Both the booking-faces and booking-mvc sample applications are configured to use Spring
Security. Configuration is needed at both the Spring and web.xml levels.

Spring configuration

The Spring configuration defines http specifics (such as protected URLs and login/logout mechanics)
and the authentication-provider. For the sample applications, a local authentication provider is
configured.

<security:http auto-config="true">
<security:intercept-url pattern="/spring/login*" access="ROLE_ANONYMOUS" />
<security:intercept-url pattern="/spring/logout-success*" access="ROLE_ANONYMOUS" />
<security:intercept-url pattern="/spring/logout*" access="ROLE_USER" />

<security:form-login login-page="/spring/login"
login-processing-url="/spring/loginProcess"
default-target-url="/spring/main"
authentication-failure-url="/spring/login?login_error=1" />

<security:logout logout-url="/spring/logout" logout-success-url="/spring/logout-success" />

</security:http>

<security:authentication-provider>
<security:password-encoder hash="md5" />
<security:user-service>
<security:user name="keith" password="417c7382b16c395bc25b5da1398cf076"
authorities="ROLE_USER,ROLE_SUPERVISOR" />
<security:user name="erwin" password="12430911a8af075c6f41c6976af22b09"
authorities="ROLE_USER,ROLE_SUPERVISOR" />
<security:user name="jeremy" password="57c6cbff0d421449be820763f03139eb"
authorities="ROLE_USER" />
<security:user name="scott" password="942f2339bf50796de535a384f0d1af3e"
authorities="ROLE_USER" />
</security:user-service>
</security:authentication-provider>

web.xml Configuration

In the web.xml file, a filter is defined to intercept all requests. This filter will listen for login/logout

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requests and process them accordingly. It will also catch AccesDeniedExceptions and redirect the
user to the login page.

<filter>
<filter-name>springSecurityFilterChain</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy</filter-class>
</filter>

<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>springSecurityFilterChain</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>

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7. Flow Inheritance

7.1. Introduction
Flow inheritance allows one flow to inherit the configuration of another flow. Inheritance can occur at
both the flow and state levels. A common use case is for a parent flow to define global transitions and
exception handlers, then each child flow can inherit those settings.

In order for a parent flow to be found, it must be added to the flow-registry just like any other flow.

7.2. Is flow inheritance like Java inheritance?

Flow inheritance is similar to Java inheritance in that elements defined in a parent are exposed via the
child, however, there are key differences.

A child flow cannot override an element from a parent flow. Similar elements between the parent and
child flows will be merged. Unique elements in the parent flow will be added to the child.

A child flow can inherit from multiple parent flows. Java inheritance is limited to a single class.

7.3. Types of Flow Inheritance

Flow level inheritance

Flow level inheritance is defined by the parent attribute on the flow element. The attribute contains a
comma separated list of flow identifiers to inherit from. The child flow will inherit from each parent in
the order it is listed adding elements and content to the resulting flow. The resulting flow from the first
merge will be considered the child in the second merge, and so on.

<flow parent="common-transitions, common-states">

State level inheritance

State level inheritance is similar to flow level inheritance, except only one state inherits from the parent,
instead of the entire flow.

Unlike flow inheritance, only a single parent is allowed. Additionally, the identifier of the flow state to
inherit from must also be defined. The identifiers for the flow and the state within that flow are separated

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by a #.

The parent and child states must be of the same type. For instance a view-state cannot inherit from an
end-state, only another view-state.

<view-state id="child-state" parent="parent-flow#parent-view-state">

7.4. Abstract flows

Often parent flows are not designed to be executed directly. In order to protect these flow from running,
they can be marked as abstract. If an abstract flow attempts to run, a FlowBuilderException
will be thrown.

7.5. Inheritance Algorithm

When a child flow inherits from it's parent, essentially what happens is that the parent and child are
merged together to create a new flow. There are rules for every element in the Web Flow definition
language that govern how that particular element is merged.

There are two types of elements mergeable and non-mergeable. Mergeable elements will always attempt
to merge together if the elements are similar. Non-mergeable elements in a parent or child flow will
always be contained in the resulting flow intact. They will not be modified as part of the merge process.

Note
Paths to external resources in the parent flow should be absolute. Relative paths will break
when the two flows are merged unless the parent and child flow are in the same directory.
Once merged, all relative paths in the parent flow will become relative to the child flow.

Mergeable Elements

If the elements are of the same type and the keyed attribute are identical, the content of the parent element
will be merged with the child element. The merge algorithm will continue to merge each sub-element of
the merging parent and child. Otherwise the parent element is added as a new element to the child.

In most cases, elements from a parent flow that are added will be added after elements in the child flow.
Exceptions to this rule include actions elements (evaluate, render and set) which will be added at the

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beginning. This allows for the results of parent actions to be used by child actions.

Mergeable elements are:

• action-state: id

• attribute: name

• decision-state: id

• end-state: id

• flow: always merges

• if: test

• on-end: always merges

• on-entry: always merges

• on-exit: always merges

• on-render: always merges

• on-start: always merges

• input: name

• output: name

• secured: attributes

• subflow-state: id

• transition: on

• view-state: id

Non-mergeable Elements

Non-mergeable elements are:

• bean-import

• evaluate

• exception-handler

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• persistence-context

• render

• set

• var

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8. System Setup

8.1. Introduction
This chapter shows you how to setup the Web Flow system for use in any web environment.

8.2. webflow-config.xsd
Web Flow provides a Spring schema that allows you to configure the system. To use this schema, include
it in one of your infrastructure-layer beans files:

</beans>

8.3. Basic system configuration

The next section shows the minimal configuration required to set up the Web Flow system in your
application.

FlowRegistry

Register your flows in a FlowRegistry:

<webflow:flow-registry id="flowRegistry">
<webflow:flow-location path="/WEB-INF/flows/booking/booking.xml" />
</webflow:flow-registry>

FlowExecutor

Deploy a FlowExecutor, the central service for executing flows:

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<webflow:flow-executor id="flowExecutor" />

See the Spring MVC and Spring Faces sections of this guide on how to integrate the Web Flow system
with the MVC and JSF environment, respectively.

8.4. flow-registry options

Configuring custom FlowBuilder services

Use the flow-builder-services attribute to customize the services used to build the flows in a
registry. If no flow-builder-services tag is specified, the default service implementations are used. When
the tag is defined, you only need to reference the services you want to customize.

<webflow:flow-registry id="flowRegistry" flow-builder-services="flowBuilderServices">

<webflow:flow-location path="/WEB-INF/flows/booking/booking.xml" />
</webflow:flow-registry>

<webflow:flow-builder-services id="flowBuilderServices" />

The configurable services are the conversion-service, formatter-registry,

expression-parser, and view-factory-creator. These services are configured by
referencing custom beans you define. For example:

<webflow:flow-builder-services id="flowBuilderServices"
conversion-service="conversionService"
formatter-registry="formatterRegistry"
expression-parser="expressionParser"
view-factory-creator="viewFactoryCreator" />

<bean id="conversionService" class="..." />

conversion-service

Use the conversion-service attribute to customize the ConversionService used by the Web
Flow system. Converters are used to convert from one type to another when required during flow
execution. The default ConversionService registers converters for your basic object types such as
numbers, classes, and enums.

formatter-registry

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Use the formatter-registry attribute to customize the FormatterRegistry used by the Web
Flow system. Formatters are used by Views to format model property values for display. The default
FormatterRegistry registers converters for your basic model object types such as numbers and dates.

expression-parser

Use the expression-parser attribute to customize the ExpressionParser used by the Web
Flow system. The default ExpressionParser uses the Unified EL if available on the classpath, otherwise
OGNL is used.

view-factory-creator

Use the view-factory-creator attribute to customize the ViewFactoryCreator used by the

Web Flow system. The default ViewFactoryCreator produces Spring MVC ViewFactories capable of
rendering JSP, Velocity, and Freemarker views.

Configuring FlowRegistry hierarchies

Use the parent attribute to link two flow registries together in a hierarchy. When the child registry is
queried, if it cannot find the requested flow it will delegate to its parent.

<webflow:flow-registry id="flowRegistry" parent="sharedFlowRegistry">
<webflow:flow-location path="/WEB-INF/flows/booking/booking.xml" />
</webflow:flow-registry>

<webflow:flow-registry id="sharedFlowRegistry">
<-- Global flows shared by several applications -->
</webflow:flow-registry>

Specifying flow locations

Use the location element to specify paths to flow definitions to register. By default, flows will be
assigned registry identifiers equal to their filenames minus the file extension.

<webflow:flow-location path="/WEB-INF/flows/booking/booking.xml" />

Assigning custom flow identifiers

Specify an id to assign a custom registry identifier to a flow:

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<webflow:flow-location path="/WEB-INF/flows/booking/booking.xml" id="bookHotel" />

Assigning flow meta-attributes

Use the flow-definition-attributes element to assign custom meta-attributes to a registered

flow:

<webflow:flow-location path="/WEB-INF/flows/booking/booking.xml">
<flow-definition-attributes>
<attribute name="caption" value="Books a hotel" />
<attribute name="persistence-context" value="true" type="boolean" />
</flow-definition-attributes>
</webflow:flow-location>

Registering flows using a location pattern

Use the flow-location-patterns element to register flows that match a specific resource location
pattern:

<webflow:flow-location-pattern value="/WEB-INF/flows/**/*-flow.xml" />

8.5. flow-executor options

Attaching flow execution listeners

Use the flow-execution-listeners element to register listeners that observe the lifecycle of flow
executions:

<flow-execution-listeners>
<listener ref="securityListener"/>
<listener ref="persistenceListener"/>
</flow-execution-listeners>

You may also configure a listener to observe only certain flows:

<listener ref="securityListener" criteria="securedFlow1,securedFlow2"/>

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Tuning FlowExecution persistence

Use the flow-execution-repository element to tune flow execution persistence settings:

<flow-execution-repository max-executions="5" max-execution-snapshots="30" />

max-executions

Tune the max-executions attribute to place a cap on the number of flow executions that can be
created per user session.

max-snapshots

Tune the max-execution-snapshots attribute to place a cap on the number of history snapshots
that can be taken per flow execution.

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9. Spring MVC Integration

9.1. Introduction
This chapter shows how to integrate Web Flow into a Spring MVC web application. The booking-mvc
sample application is a good reference for Spring MVC with Web Flow. This application is a simplified
travel site that allows users to search for and book hotel rooms.

9.2. Configuring web.xml

The first step to using Spring MVC is to configure the DispatcherServlet in web.xml. You
typically do this once per web application.

The example below maps all requests that begin with /spring/ to the DispatcherServlet. An
init-param is used to provide the contextConfigLocation. This is configuration file for the
web application.

<servlet>
<servlet-name>Spring MVC Dispatcher Servlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/web-application-config.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Spring MVC Dispatcher Servlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/spring/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

9.3. Mapping URLs to Flows

The DispatcherServlet maps request URLs to handlers. A simple way to create URL mapping
rules is to define a SimpleUrlHandlerMapping:

<bean id="flowUrlMappings" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping">

<property name="mappings">
<value>
/hotels/booking=bookingFlowHandler
</value>
</property>
</bean>

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The example above maps the servlet-relative request URL /hotels/booking to the
bookingFlowHandler.

9.4. Flow Handlers

A FlowHandler manages executions of a single flow definition. A FlowHandler is responsible for:

• Providing the id of the flow definition to execute

• Creating the input to pass new flow executions

• Handling flow execution outcomes

• Handling flow execution exceptions

These responsibilities are illustrated in the definition of the

org.springframework.mvc.servlet.FlowHandler interface:

public interface FlowHandler {

public String getFlowId();

public MutableAttributeMap createExecutionInputMap(HttpServletRequest request);

public String handleExecutionOutcome(FlowExecutionOutcome outcome,

HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response);

public String handleException(FlowException e,

HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response);
}

To implement a FlowHandler, subclass AbstractFlowHandler. You only need to override the

methods that you need. Specifically:

• Override getFlowId(HttpServletRequest) when the id of your flow cannot be derived from

the URL. By default, the flow id is derived from the last path element in the request URI, before any
query parameters. For example, http://localhost/hotels/booking?hotelId=1 results in
a flow id of booking by default.

• Override createExecutionInputMap(HttpServletRequest) when you need fine-grained

control over extracting flow input parameters from the HttpServletRequest. By default, all request
parameters are treated as flow input parameters.

• Override handleExecutionOutcome when you need to handle specific flow execution outcomes
in a custom manner. The default behavior sends a redirect to the ended flow's URL to restart a new
execution of the flow.

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• Override handleException when you need fine-grained control over unhandled flow exceptions.
The default behavior attempts to restart the flow when a client attempts to access an ended or expired
flow execution. Any other exception is rethrown to the Spring MVC ExceptionResolver infrastructure
by default.

Example FlowHandler

A common interaction pattern between Spring MVC And Web Flow is for a Flow to redirect to a
Controller when it ends. FlowHandlers allow this to be done without coupling the flow definition with a
specific controller URL. An example FlowHandler that redirects to a Spring MVC Controller is shown
below:

public class BookingFlowHandler extends AbstractFlowHandler {

public String handleExecutionOutcome(FlowExecutionOutcome outcome,
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {
if (outcome.getId().equals("bookingConfirmed")) {
return "/booking/show?bookingId=" + outcome.getOutput().get("bookingId");
} else {
return "/hotels/index";
}
}
}

Since this handler only needs to handle flow execution outcomes in a custom manner, nothing else is
overridden. The bookingConfirmed outcome will result in a redirect to show the new booking. Any
other outcome will redirect back to the hotels index page.

To use your FlowHandler, first deploy an instance to Spring so it can be mapped to a URL:

<bean id="bookingFlowHandler" class="org.springframework.webflow.samples.booking.BookingFlowHandler" />

Then add the URL mapping rule:

<property name="mappings">
<value>
/hotels/booking=bookingFlowHandler
</value>
</property>

With this configuration, accessing the URL /hotels/booking will launch the booking flow. When
the booking flow ends, the FlowHandler will process the flow execution outcome and redirect to the
appropriate controller.

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Registering the FlowHandlerAdapter

To enable flow handlers, make sure you define the special FlowHandlerAdapter. You only need to
do this once.

FlowHandler Redirects

A FlowHandler handling a FlowExecutionOutcome or FlowException returns a String to indicate the

resource to redirect to after handling. In the previous example, the BookingFlowHandler redirects to
the booking/show resource URI for bookingConfirmed outcomes, and the hotels/index
resource URI for all other outcomes.

By default, returned resource locations are relative to the current servlet mapping. This allows for a flow
handler to redirect to other Controllers in the application using relative paths. In addition, explicit redirect
prefixes are supported for cases where more control is needed.

The explicit redirect prefixes supported are:

• servletRelative: - redirect to a resource relative to the current servlet

• contextRelative: - redirect to a resource relative to the current web application context path

• serverRelative: - redirect to a resource relative to the server root

• http:// or https:// - redirect to a fully-qualified resource URI

These same redirect prefixes are also supported within a flow definition when using the
externalRedirect: directive in conjunction with a view-state or end-state; for example,
view="externalRedirect:http://springframework.org"

9.5. Flow Controller

With the FlowHandler MVC integration approach, you define one handler per flow. This is overkill in the
cases where default flow handling rules are sufficient.

For simple cases, consider using the FlowController to map flow requests to a single handler. You
only have to configure this controller once and it will apply the flow handling defaults outlined in the
previous section. Also, you can still override these defaults by configuring the controller's

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flowHandlers property.

Below is a typical FlowController definition:

<bean id="flowController" class="org.springframework.webflow.mvc.servlet.FlowController">

Below illustrates several URLs mapped to this controller:

<bean id="flowUrlMappings" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping">

<property name="mappings">
<value>
/login=flowController
/hotels/booking=flowController
</value>
</property>
</bean>

With this configuration, accessing /login launches the login flow. Accessing /hotels/booking
launches the booking flow.

9.6. View Resolution

Web Flow 2 maps selected view identifiers to files located within the flow's working directory unless
otherwise specified. For existing Spring MVC + Web Flow applications, an external ViewResolver is
likely already handling this mapping for you. Therefore, to continue using that resolver and to avoid
having to change how your existing flow views are packaged, configure Web Flow as follows:

<webflow:flow-registry id="flowRegistry" flow-builder-services="flowBuilderServices">

<flow:location path="/WEB-INF/hotels/booking/booking.xml" />
</webflow:flow-registry>

<webflow:flow-builder-services id="flowBuilderServices" view-factory-creator="mvcViewFactoryCreator"/>

<bean id="mvcViewFactoryCreator" class="org.springframework.webflow.mvc.builder.MvcViewFactoryCreator">

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10. Spring JavaScript Quick Reference

10.1. Introduction
Spring Javascript (spring-js) is a lightweight abstraction over common JavaScript toolkits such as Dojo. It
aims to provide a common client-side programming model for progressively enhancing a web page with
rich widget behavior and Ajax remoting.

Use of the Spring JS API is demonstrated in the the Spring MVC + Web Flow version of the Spring
Travel reference application. In addition, the JSF components provided as part of the Spring Faces library
build on Spring.js.

10.2. Serving Javascript Resources

Spring JS provides a generic ResourceServlet to serve web resources such as JavaScript and CSS
files from jar files, as well as the webapp root directory. This servlet provides a convenient way to serve
Spring.js files to your pages. To deploy this servlet, declare the following in web.xml:

<servlet>
<servlet-name>Resource Servlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.js.resource.ResourceServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Resources Servlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/resources/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

10.3. Including Spring Javascript in a Page

Spring JS is designed such that an implementation of its API can be built for any of the popular Javascript
toolkits. The initial implementation of Spring.js builds on the Dojo toolkit.

Using Spring Javascript in a page requires including the underlying toolkit as normal, the Spring.js
base interface file, and the Spring-(library implementation).js file for the underlying
toolkit. As an example, the following includes obtain the Dojo implementation of Spring.js using the
ResourceServlet:

<script type="text/javascript" src="<c:url value="/resources/dojo/dojo.js" />"> </script>

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When using the widget system of an underlying library, typically you must also include some CSS
resources to obtain the desired look and feel. For the booking-mvc reference application, Dojo's
tundra.css is included:

<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="<c:url value="/resources/dijit/themes/tundra/tundra.css" />" />

10.4. Spring Javascript Decorations

A central concept in Spring Javascript is the notion of applying decorations to existing DOM nodes. This
technique is used to progressively enhance a web page such that the page will still be functional in a less
capable browser. The addDecoration method is used to apply decorations.

The following example illustrates enhancing a Spring MVC <form:input> tag with rich suggestion
behavior:

<form:input id="searchString" path="searchString"/>

The ElementDecoration is used to apply rich widget behavior to an existing DOM node. This
decoration type does not aim to completely hide the underlying toolkit, so the toolkit's native widget type
and attributes are used directly. This approach allows you to use a common decoration model to integrate
any widget from the underlying toolkit in a consistent manner. See the booking-mvc reference
application for more examples of applying decorations to do things from suggestions to client-side
validation.

When using the ElementDecoration to apply widgets that have rich validation behavior, a common
need is to prevent the form from being submitted to the server until validation passes. This can be done
with the ValidateAllDecoration:

<input type="submit" id="proceed" name="_eventId_proceed" value="Proceed" />

This decorates the "Proceed" button with a special onclick event handler that fires the client side

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validators and does not allow the form to submit until they pass successfully.

An AjaxEventDecoration applies a client-side event listener that fires a remote Ajax request to the
server. It also auto-registers a callback function to link in the response:

<a id="prevResultsLink" href="search?searchString=${searchCriteria.searchString}&page=${searchCriteria.page - 1

This decorates the onclick event of the "Previous Results" link with an Ajax call, passing along a special
parameter that specifies the fragment to be re-rendered in the response. Note that this link would still be
fully functional if Javascript was unavailable in the client. (See the section on Handling Ajax Requests for
details on how this request is handled on the server.)

Sometimes it is necessary to call Spring Javascript's RemotingHandler directly instead of using the
AjaxEventDecoration. For example, see inline onclick handler of this button:

<input type="submit" id="proceed" name="_eventId_proceed" value="Proceed"

onclick="Spring.remoting.submitForm('proceed', 'booking', { fragments:'messages,bookingForm' }); return
<script type="text/javascript">
Spring.addDecoration(new Spring.ValidateAllDecoration({ elementId:'proceed', event:'onclick'} ));
</script>

10.5. Handling Ajax Requests

Spring Javascript's client-side Ajax response handling is built upon the notion of receiving "fragments"
back from the server. These fragments are just standard HTML that is meant to replace portions of the
existing page. The key piece needed on the server is a way to determine which pieces of a full response
need to be pulled out for partial rendering.

In order to be able to render partial fragments of a full response, the full response must be built using a
templating technology that allows the use of composition for constructing the response, and for the
member parts of the composition to be referenced and rendered individually. Spring Javascript provides
some simple Spring MVC extensions that make use of Tiles to achieve this. The same technique could
theoretically be used with any templating system supporting composition.

Spring Javascript's Ajax remoting functionality is built upon the notion that the core handling code for an
Ajax request should not differ from a standard browser request, thus no special knowledge of an Ajax
request is needed directly in the code and the same hanlder can be used for both styles of request.

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Handling Ajax Requests with Spring MVC Controllers

In order to handle Ajax requests with Spring MVC controllers, all that is needed is the configuration of
the provided Spring MVC extensions in your Spring application context for rendering the partial response
(note that these extensions require the use of Tiles for templating):

<bean id="tilesViewResolver" class="org.springframework.js.ajax.AjaxUrlBasedViewResolver">

This configures the AjaxUrlBasedViewResolver which in turn interprets Ajax requests and creates
FlowAjaxTilesView objects to handle rendering of the appropriate fragments. Note that
FlowAjaxTilesView is capable of handling the rendering for both Web Flow and pure Spring MVC
requests. The fragments correspond to individual attributes of a Tiles view definition. For example, take
the following Tiles view definition:

<definition name="hotels/index" extends="standardLayout">

<put-attribute name="body" value="index.body" />
</definition>

<definition name="index.body" template="/WEB-INF/hotels/index.jsp">

<put-attribute name="hotelSearchForm" value="/WEB-INF/hotels/hotelSearchForm.jsp" />
<put-attribute name="bookingsTable" value="/WEB-INF/hotels/bookingsTable.jsp" />
</definition>

An Ajax request could specify the "body", "hotelSearchForm" or "bookingsTable" to be rendered as

fragments in the request.

Handling Ajax Requests with Spring MVC + Spring Web Flow

Spring Web Flow handles the optional rendering of fragments directly in the flow definition language
through use of the render element. The benefit of this approach is that the selection of fragments is
completely decoupled from client-side code, such that no special parameters need to be passed with the
request the way they currently must be with the pure Spring MVC controller approach. For example, if
you wanted to render the "hotelSearchForm" fragment from the previous example Tiles view into a rich
Javascript popup:

<view-state id="changeSearchCriteria" view="enterSearchCriteria.xhtml" popup="true">

<on-entry>
<render fragments="hotelSearchForm" />
</on-entry>
<transition on="search" to="reviewHotels">
<evaluate expression="searchCriteria.resetPage()"/>
</transition>
</view-state>

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11. JSF Integration

11.1. Introduction
Spring Faces is Spring's JSF integration module that simplifies using JSF with Spring. It lets you use the
JSF UI Component Model with Spring MVC and Spring Web Flow controllers.

Spring Faces also includes a small Facelets component library that provides Ajax and client-side
validation capabilities. This component library builds on Spring Javascript, a Javascript abstraction
framework that integrates Dojo as the underlying UI toolkit.

11.2. Spring-centric Integration Approach

Spring Faces combines the strengths of JSF, its UI component model, with the strengths of Spring, its
controller and configuration model. This brings you all the strengths of JSF without any of the
weaknesses.

Spring Faces provides a powerful supplement to a number of the standard JSF facilities, including:

1. managed bean facility

2. scope management

3. event handling

4. navigation rules

5. easy modularization and packaging of views

6. cleaner URLs

7. model-level validation

8. client-side validation and UI enhancement

9. Ajax partial page updates and full navigation

10.progressive enhancement and graceful degradation

Using these features will significantly reduce the amount of configuration required in faces-config.xml
while providing a cleaner separation between the view and controller layer and better modularization of
your application's functional responsibilities. These use of these features are outlined in the sections to
follow. As the majority of these features build on the flow definition language of Spring Web Flow, it is
assumed that you have an understanding of the foundations presented in Defining Flows .

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11.3. Configuring web.xml

The first step to using Spring Faces is to route requests to the DispatcherServlet in the web.xml
file. In this example, we map all URLs that begin with /spring/ to the servlet. The servlet needs to be
configured. An init-param is used in the servlet to pass the contextConfigLocation . This is
the location of the Spring configuration for your application.

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Spring MVC Dispatcher Servlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/spring/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

In order for JSF to bootstrap correctly, the FacesServlet must be configured in web.xml as it
normally would even though you generally will not need to route requests through it at all when using
Spring Faces.

<servlet>
<servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>javax.faces.webapp.FacesServlet</servlet-class>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.faces</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

When using the Spring Faces components, you also need to configure the Spring JavaScript
ResourceServlet so that CSS and JavaScript resources may be output correctly by the components.
This servlet must be mapped to /resources/* in order for the URL's rendered by the components to
function correctly.

<servlet>
<servlet-name>Resource Servlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.js.resource.ResourceServlet</servlet-class>
<load-on-startup>0</load-on-startup>
</servlet>

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<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Resources Servlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/resources/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

The Spring Faces components require the use of Facelets instead of JSP, so the typical Facelets
configuration must be added as well when using these components.

!-- Use JSF view templates saved as *.xhtml, for use with Facelets -->
<context-param>
<param-name>javax.faces.DEFAULT_SUFFIX</param-name>
<param-value>.xhtml</param-value>
</context-param>

11.4. Configuring Web Flow to render JSF views

The next step is to configure Web Flow to render JSF views. To do this, in your Spring Web Flow
configuration include the faces namespace and link in the faces flow-builder-services :

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<webflow:flow-executor id="flowExecutor" />

<webflow:flow-registry id="flowRegistry" flow-builder-services="facesFlowBuilderServices">
<webflow:flow-location path="/WEB-INF/flows/main/main.xml" />
<webflow:flow-location path="/WEB-INF/flows/booking/booking.xml" />
</webflow:flow-registry>

<faces:flow-builder-services id="facesFlowBuilderServices" />

</beans>

See the booking-faces reference application in the distribution for a complete working example.

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11.5. Configuring faces-config.xml

The only configuration needed in faces-config.xml is specific to the use of Facelets. If you are
using JSP and not using the Spring Faces components, you do not need to add anything specific to Spring
Faces to your faces-config.xml

<faces-config>
<application>

<view-handler>com.sun.facelets.FaceletViewHandler</view-handler>
</application>
</faces-config>

11.6. Replacing the JSF Managed Bean Facility

Spring Faces allows you to completely replace the JSF managed bean facility with a combination of
flow-managed variables and Spring managed beans. It gives you a good deal more control over the
lifecycle of your managed objects with well-defined hooks for initialization and execution of your domain
model. Additionally, since you are presumably already using Spring for your business layer, it reduces the
conceptual overhead of having to maintain two different managed bean models.

In doing pure JSF development, you will quickly find that request scope is not long-lived enough for
storing conversational model objects that drive complex event-driven views. The only available option is
to begin putting things into session scope, with the extra burden of needing to clean the objects up before
progressing to another view or functional area of the application. What is really needed is a managed
scope that is somewhere between request and session scope. Fortunately web flow provides such
extended facilities.

Using Flow Variables

The easiest and most natural way to declare and manage the model is through the use of flow variables .
You can declare these variables at the beginning of the flow:

<var name="searchCriteria" class="com.mycompany.myapp.hotels.search.SearchCriteria"/>

and then reference this variable in one of the flow's JSF view templates through EL:

<h:inputText id="searchString" value="#{searchCriteria.searchString}"/>

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Note that you do not need to prefix the variable with its scope when referencing it from the template
(though you can do so if you need to be more specific). As with standard JSF beans, all available scopes
will be searched for a matching variable, so you could change the scope of the variable in your flow
definition without having to modify the EL expressions that reference it.

You can also define view instance variables that are scoped to the current view and get cleaned up
automatically upon transitioning to another view. This is quite useful with JSF as views are often
constructed to handle multiple in-page events across many requests before transitioning to another view.

To define a view instance variable, you can use the var element inside a view-state definition:

<view-state id="enterSearchCriteria">
<var name="searchCriteria" class="com.mycompany.myapp.hotels.search.SearchCriteria"/>
</view-state>

Using Scoped Spring Beans

Though defining autowired flow instance variables provides nice modularization and readability,
occasions may arise where you want to utilize the other capabilities of the Spring container such as AOP.
In these cases, you can define a bean in your Spring ApplicationContext and give it a specific web flow
scope:

<bean id="searchCriteria" class="com.mycompany.myapp.hotels.search.SearchCriteria" scope="flow"/>

The major difference with this approach is that the bean will not be fully initialized until it is first
accessed via an EL expression. This sort of lazy instantiation via EL is quite similar to how JSF managed
beans are typically allocated.

Manipulating The Model

The need to initialize the model before view rendering (such as by loading persistent entities from a
database) is quite common, but JSF by itself does not provide any convenient hooks for such
initialization. The flow definition language provides a natural facility for this through its Actions . Spring
Faces provides some extra conveniences for converting the outcome of an action into a JSF-specific data
structure. For example:

<on-render>
<evaluate expression="bookingService.findBookings(currentUser.name)"
result="viewScope.bookings" result-type="dataModel" />
</on-render>

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This will take the result of the bookingService.findBookings method an wrap it in a custom
JSF DataModel so that the list can be used in a standard JSF DataTable component:

<h:dataTable id="bookings" styleClass="summary" value="#{bookings}" var="booking"

rendered="#{bookings.rowCount > 0}">
<h:column>
<f:facet name="header">Name</f:facet>
#{booking.hotel.name}
</h:column>
<h:column>
<f:facet name="header">Confirmation number</f:facet>
#{booking.id}
</h:column>
<h:column>
<f:facet name="header">Action</f:facet>
<h:commandLink id="cancel" value="Cancel" action="cancelBooking" />
</h:column>
</h:dataTable>

The custom DataModel provides some extra conveniences such as being serializable for storage beyond
request scope and access to the currently selected row in EL expressions. For example, on postback from
a view where the action event was fired by a component within a DataTable, you can take action on the
selected row's model instance:

11.7. Handling JSF Events With Spring Web Flow

Spring Web Flow allows you to handle JSF action events in a decoupled way, requiring no direct
dependencies in your Java code on JSF API's. In fact, these events can often be handled completely in the
flow definiton language without requiring any custom Java action code at all. This allows for a more agile
development process since the artifacts being manipulated in wiring up events (JSF view templates and
SWF flow definitions) are instantly refreshable without requiring a build and re-deploy of the whole
application.

Handling JSF In-page Action Events

A simple but common case in JSF is the need to signal an event that causes manipulation of the model in
some way and then redisplays the same view to reflect the changed state of the model. The flow definition
language has special support for this in the transition element.

A good example of this is a table of paged list results. Suppose you want to be able to load and display
only a portion of a large result list, and allow the user to page through the results. The initial

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view-state definition to load and display the list would be:

<view-state id="reviewHotels">
<on-render>
<evaluate expression="bookingService.findHotels(searchCriteria)"
result="viewScope.hotels" result-type="dataModel" />
</on-render>
</view-state>

You construct a JSF DataTable that displays the current hotels list, and then place a "More Results"
link below the table:

<h:commandLink id="nextPageLink" value="More Results" action="next"/>

This commandLink signals a "next" event from its action attribute. You can then handle the event by
adding to the view-state definition:

<view-state id="reviewHotels">
<on-render>
<evaluate expression="bookingService.findHotels(searchCriteria)"
result="viewScope.hotels" result-type="dataModel" />
</on-render>
<transition on="next">
<evaluate expression="searchCriteria.nextPage()" />
</transition>
</view-state>

Here you handle the "next" event by incrementing the page count on the searchCriteria instance. The
on-render action is then called again with the updated criteria, which causes the next page of results to
be loaded into the DataModel. The same view is re-rendered since there was no to attribute on the
transition element, and the changes in the model are reflected in the view.

Handling JSF Action Events

The next logical level beyond in-page events are events that require navigation to another view, with
some manipulation of the model along the way. Achieving this with pure JSF would require adding a
navigation rule to faces-config.xml and likely some intermediary Java code in a JSF managed bean (both
tasks requiring a re-deploy). With the flow defintion language, you can handle such a case concisely in
one place in a quite similar way to how in-page events are handled.

Continuing on with our use case of manipulating a paged list of results, suppose we want each row in the
displayed DataTable to contain a link to a detail page for that row instance. You can add a column to the
table containing the following commandLink component:

<h:commandLink id="viewHotelLink" value="View Hotel" action="select"/>

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This raises the "select" event which you can then handle by adding another transition element to the
existing view-state :

Here the "select" event is handled by pushing the currently selected hotel instance from the DataTable
into flow scope, so that it may be referenced by the "reviewHotel" view-state .

Performing Model Validation

JSF provides useful facilities for validating input at field-level before changes are applied to the model,
but when you need to then perform more complex validation at the model-level after the updates have
been applied, you are generally left with having to add more custom code to your JSF action methods in
the managed bean. Validation of this sort is something that is generally a responsibility of the domain
model itself, but it is difficult to get any error messages propagated back to the view without introducing
an undesirable dependency on the JSF API in your domain layer.

With Spring Faces, you can utilize the generic and low-level MessageContext in your business code
and any messages added there will then be available to the FacesContext at render time.

For example, suppose you have a view where the user enters the necessary details to complete a hotel
booking, and you need to ensure the Check In and Check Out dates adhere to a given set of business
rules. You can invoke such model-level validation from a transition element:

<view-state id="enterBookingDetails">
<transition on="proceed" to="reviewBooking">
<evaluate expression="booking.validateEnterBookingDetails(messageContext)" />
</transition>
</view-state>

Here the "proceed" event is handled by invoking a model-level validation method on the booking
instance, passing the generic MessageContext instance so that messages may be recorded. The
messages can then be displayed along with any other JSF messages with the h:messages component,

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Handling Ajax Events

Spring Faces provides some special UICommand components that go beyond the standard JSF
components by adding the ability to do Ajax-based partial view updates. These components degrade
gracefully so that the flow will still be fully functional by falling back to full page refreshes if a user with
a less capable browser views the page.

Revisiting the earlier example with the paged table, you can change the "More Results" link to use an
Ajax request by replacing the standard commandButton with the Spring Faces version (note that the
Spring Faces command components use Ajax by default, but they can alternately be forced to use a
normal form submit by setting ajaxEnabled="false" on the component):

<sf:commandLink id="nextPageLink" value="More Results" action="next" />

This event is handled just as in the non-Ajax case with the transition element, but now you will add
a special render action that specifies which portions of the component tree need to be re-rendered:

The fragments="hotels:searchResultsFragment" is an instruction that will be interpreted

at render time, such that only the component with the JSF clientId "hotels:searchResultsFragment" will be
rendered and returned to the client. This fragment will then be automatically replaced in the page. The
fragments attribute can be a comma-delimited list of ids, with each id representing the root node of a
subtree (meaning the root node and all of its children) to be rendered. If the "next" event is fired in a
non-Ajax request (i.e., if JavaScript is disabled on the client), the render action will be ignored and the
full page will be rendered as normal.

In addition to the Spring Faces commandLink component, there is a corresponding commandButton

component with the same functionality. There is also a special ajaxEvent component that will raise a
JSF action even in response to any client-side DOM event. See the Spring Faces tag library docs for full
details.

An additional built-in feature when using the Spring Faces Ajax components is the ability to have the
response rendered inside a rich modal popup widget by setting popup="true" on a view-state .

<view-state id="changeSearchCriteria" view="enterSearchCriteria.xhtml" popup="true">

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<on-entry>
<render fragments="hotelSearchFragment" />
</on-entry>
<transition on="search" to="reviewHotels">
<evaluate expression="searchCriteria.resetPage()"/>
</transition>
</view-state>

If the "changeSearchCriteria" view-state is reached as the result of an Ajax-request, the result will be
rendered into a rich popup. If JavaScript is unavailable, the request will be processed with a full browser
refresh, and the "changeSearchCriteria" view will be rendered as normal.

11.8. Enhancing The User Experience With Rich Web

Forms
JSF and Web Flow combine to provide and extensive server-side validation model for your web
application, but excessive roundtrips to the server to execute this validation and return error messages can
be a tedious experience for your users. Spring Faces provides a number of client-side rich validation
controls that can enhance the user experience by applying simple validations that give immediate
feedback. Some simple examples are illustrated below. See the Spring Faces taglib docs for a complete
tag reference.

Validating a Text Field

Simple client-side text validation can be applied with the clientTextValidator component:

<sf:clientTextValidator required="true">
<h:inputText id="creditCardName" value="#{booking.creditCardName}" required="true"/>
</sf:clientTextValidator>

This will apply client-side required validation to the child inputText component, giving the user a
clear indicator if the field is left blank.

Validating a Numeric Field

Simple client-side numeric validation can be applied with the clientNumberValidator component:

<sf:clientTextValidator required="true" regExp="[0-9]{16}"

invalidMessage="A 16-digit credit card number is required.">
<h:inputText id="creditCard" value="#{booking.creditCard}" required="true"/>
</sf:clientTextValidator>

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This will apply client-side validation to the child inputText component, giving the user a clear
indicator if the field is left blank, is not numeric, or does not match the given regular expression.

Validating a Date Field

Simple client-side date validation with a rich calendar popup can be applied with the
clientDateValidator component:

<sf:clientDateValidator required="true" >

<h:inputText id="checkinDate" value="#{booking.checkinDate}" required="true">
<f:convertDateTime pattern="yyyy-MM-dd" timeZone="EST"/>
</h:inputText>
</sf:clientDateValidator>

This will apply client-side validation to the child inputText component, giving the user a clear
indicator if the field is left blank or is not a valid date.

Preventing an Invalid Form Submission

The validateAllOnClick component can be used to intercept the "onclick" event of a child
component and suppress the event if all client-side validations do not pass.

<sf:validateAllOnClick>
<sf:commandButton id="proceed" action="proceed" processIds="*" value="Proceed"/> 
</sf:validateAllOnClick>

This will prevent the form from being submitted when the user clicks the "proceed" button if the form is
invalid. When the validations are executed, the user is given clear and immediate indicators of the
problems that need to be corrected.

11.9. Third-Party Component Library Integration

Spring Faces strives to be compatible with any third-party JSF component library. By honoring all of the
standard semantics of the JSF specification within the SWF-driven JSF lifecycle, third-party libraries in
general should "just work". The main thing to remember is that configuration in web.xml will change
slightly since Spring Faces requests are not routed through the standard FacesServlet. Typically, anything
that is traditionally mapped to the FacesServlet should be mapped to the Spring DispatcherServlet instead.
(You can also map to both if for example you are migrating a legacy JSF application page-by-page.) In
some cases, a deeper level of integration can be achieved by configuring special flow services that are
"aware" of a particular component library, and these will be noted in the examples to follow.

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Rich Faces Integration

To use the Rich Faces component library with Spring Faces, the following filter configuration is needed
in web.xml (in addition to the typical Spring Faces configuration):

<filter>
<display-name>RichFaces Filter</display-name>
<filter-name>richfaces</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.ajax4jsf.Filter</filter-class>
</filter>

<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>richfaces</filter-name>
<servlet-name>Spring Web MVC Dispatcher Servlet</servlet-name>
<dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher>
<dispatcher>FORWARD</dispatcher>
<dispatcher>INCLUDE</dispatcher>
</filter-mapping>

For deeper integration (including the ability to have a view with combined use of the Spring Faces Ajax
components and Rich Faces Ajax components), configure the RichFacesAjaxHandler on your
FlowController:

<bean id="flowController" class="org.springframework.webflow.mvc.servlet.FlowController">

RichFaces Ajax components can be used in conjunction with the render tag to render partial fragments
on an Ajax request. Instead of embedding the ids of the components to be re-rendered directly in the view
template (as you traditionally do with Rich Faces), you can bind the reRender attribute of a RichFaces
Ajax component to a special flowRenderFragments EL variable. For example, in your view
template you can have a fragment that you would potentially like to re-render in response to a particular
event:

<h:form id="hotels">
<a4j:outputPanel id="searchResultsFragment">
<h:outputText id="noHotelsText" value="No Hotels Found" rendered="#{hotels.rowCount == 0}"/>
<h:dataTable id="hotels" styleClass="summary" value="#{hotels}" var="hotel" rendered="#{hotels.rowCount
<h:column>
<f:facet name="header">Name</f:facet>
#{hotel.name}
</h:column>
<h:column>
<f:facet name="header">Address</f:facet>
#{hotel.address}
</h:column>
</h:dataTable>
</a4j:outputPanel>
</h:form>

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then a RichFaces Ajax commandLink to fire the event:

<a4j:commandLink id="nextPageLink" value="More Results" action="next" reRender="#{flowRenderFragments}" />

and then in your flow definition a transition to handle the event:

Apache MyFaces Trinidad Integration

The Apache MyFaces Trinidad library has been tested with the Spring Faces integration and proven to fit
in nicely. Deeper integration to allow the Trinidad components and Spring Faces components to play well
together has not yet been attempted, but Trinidad provides a pretty thorough solution on its own when
used in conjunction with the Spring Faces integration layer.

Typical Trinidad + Spring Faces configuration is as follows in web.xml (in addition to the typical Spring
Faces configuration):

<context-param>
<param-name>javax.faces.STATE_SAVING_METHOD</param-name>
<param-value>server</param-value>
</context-param>

<context-param>
<param-name>
org.apache.myfaces.trinidad.CHANGE_PERSISTENCE
</param-name>
<param-value>session</param-value>
</context-param>

<context-param>
<param-name>
org.apache.myfaces.trinidad.ENABLE_QUIRKS_MODE
</param-name>
<param-value>false</param-value>
</context-param>

<filter>
<filter-name>Trinidad Filter</filter-name>
<filter-class>
org.apache.myfaces.trinidad.webapp.TrinidadFilter
</filter-class>
</filter>

<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>Trinidad Filter</filter-name>

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<servlet-name>Spring MVC Dispatcher Servlet</servlet-name>

</filter-mapping>

<servlet>
<servlet-name>Trinidad Resource Servlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>
org.apache.myfaces.trinidad.webapp.ResourceServlet
</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>resources</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/adf/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

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12. Portlet Integration

12.1. Introduction
This chapter shows how to use Web Flow in a Portlet environment. Web Flow has full support for
JSR-168 portlets. The booking-portlet-mvc sample application is a good reference for using Web
Flow within a portlet. This application is a simplified travel site that allows users to search for and book
hotel rooms.

12.2. Configuring web.xml and portlet.xml

The configuration for a portlet depends on the portlet container used. The sample applications, included
with Web Flow, are both configured to use Apache Pluto [http://portals.apache.org/pluto/], the JSR-168
reference implementation.

In general, the configuration requires adding a servlet mapping in the web.xml file to dispatch request to
the portlet container.

<servlet>
<servlet-name>swf-booking-mvc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.apache.pluto.core.PortletServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>portlet-name</param-name>
<param-value>swf-booking-mvc</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>swf-booking-mvc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/PlutoInvoker/swf-booking-mvc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

The portlet.xml configuration is a standard portlet configuration. The portlet-class needs to

be set along with a pair of init-params. Setting the expiration-cache to 0 is recommended to
force Web Flow to always render a fresh view.

<portlet>
...
<portlet-class>org.springframework.web.portlet.DispatcherPortlet</portlet-class>
<init-param>
<name>contextConfigLocation</name>
<value>/WEB-INF/web-application-config.xml</value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<name>viewRendererUrl</name>
<value>/WEB-INF/servlet/view</value>
</init-param>

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<expiration-cache>0</expiration-cache>
...
</portlet>

12.3. Configuring Spring

Flow Handlers

The only supported mechanism for bridging a portlet request to Web Flow is a FlowHandler. The
PortletFlowController used in Web Flow 1.0 is no longer supported.

The flow handler, similar to the servlet flow handler, provides hooks that can:

• select the flow to execute

• pass input parameters to the flow on initialization

• handle the flow execution outcome

• handle exceptions

The AbstractFlowHandler class is an implementation of FlowHandler that provides default

implementations for these hooks.

In a portlet environment the targeted flow id can not be inferred from the URL and must be defined
explicitly in the handler.

public class ViewFlowHandler extends AbstractFlowHandler {

public String getFlowId() {
return "view";
}
}

Handler Mappings

Spring Portlet MVC provides a rich set of methods to map portlet requests. Complete documentation is
available in the Spring Reference Documentation
[http://static.springframework.org/spring/docs/2.5.x/reference/portlet.html#portlet-handlermapping].

The booking-portlet-mvc sample application uses a PortletModeHandlerMapping to map

portlet requests. The sample application only supports view mode, but support for other portlet modes is
available. Other modes can be added and point to the same flow as view mode, or any other flow.

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Flow Handler Adapter

A FlowHandlerAdapter converts the handler mappings to the flow handlers. The flow executor is
required as a constructor argument.

12.4. Portlet Views

In order to facilitate view rendering, a ViewRendererServlet must be added to the web.xml file.
This servlet is not invoked directly, but it used by Web Flow to render views in a portlet environment.

<servlet>
<servlet-name>ViewRendererServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewRendererServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>ViewRendererServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/WEB-INF/servlet/view</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

12.5. Portlet Modes and Window States

Window State

The Portlet API defined three window states: normal, minimized and maximized. The portlet
implementation must decide what to render for each of these window states. Web Flow exposes the string

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value of the window state under portletWindowState via the request map on the external context.

requestContext.getExternalContext().getRequestMap().get("portletWindowState");

externalContext.requestMap.portletWindowState

Portlet Mode

The Portlet API defined three portlet modes: view, edit and help. The portlet implementation must decide
what to render for each of these modes. Web Flow exposes the string value of the portlet mode under
portletMode via the request map on the external context.

requestContext.getExternalContext().getRequestMap().get("portletMode");

externalContext.requestMap.portletMode

12.6. Issues in a Portlet Environment

Redirects

The Portlet API only allows redirects to be requested from an action request. Because views are rendered
on the render request, views and view-states cannot trigger a redirect.

Switching Portlet Modes

The portlet container passes the execution key from the previous flow when switching to a new mode.
Even if the mode is mapped to a different FlowHandler the flow execution will resume the previous
execution. You may switch the mode programatically in your FlowHandler after ending a flow in an
ActionRequest.

One way to start a new flow is to create a URL targeting the mode without the execution key.

Portlets and JSF

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Web Flow supports JSF as the view technology for a portlet. However, a jsf-portlet bridge (JSR-301)
must be provided. At the time of this writing, no feature complete jsf-portlet bridge exists. Some of the
existing bridge implementations may appear to work, however, side effect may occur.

JSF portlets are considered experimental at this time.

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13. Testing flows

13.1. Introduction
This chapter shows you how to test flows.

13.2. Extending AbstractXmlFlowExecutionTests

To test the execution of a XML-based flow definition, extend AbstractXmlFlowExecutionTests:

public class BookingFlowExecutionTests extends AbstractXmlFlowExecutionTests {

13.3. Specifying the path to the flow to test

At a minimum, you must override getResource(FlowDefinitionResourceFactory) to
return the path to the flow you wish to test:

@Override
protected FlowDefinitionResource getResource(FlowDefinitionResourceFactory resourceFactory) {
return resourceFactory.createFileResource("src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/flows/booking/booking.xml");
}

13.4. Registering flow dependencies

If your flow has dependencies on externally managed services, also override
configureFlowBuilderContext(MockFlowBuilderContext) to register stubs or mocks of
those services:

@Override
protected void configureFlowBuilderContext(MockFlowBuilderContext builderContext) {
builderContext.registerBean("bookingService", new StubBookingService());
}

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13.5. Testing flow startup

Have your first test exercise the startup of your flow:

public void testStartBookingFlow() {

Booking booking = createTestBooking();

MutableAttributeMap input = new LocalAttributeMap();

input.put("hotelId", "1");
MockExternalContext context = new MockExternalContext();
context.setCurrentUser("keith");
startFlow(input, context);

assertCurrentStateEquals("enterBookingDetails");
assertTrue(getRequiredFlowAttribute("booking") instanceof Booking);
}

Assertions generally verify the flow is in the correct state you expect.

13.6. Testing flow event handling

Define additional tests to exercise flow event handling behavior. You goal should be to exercise all paths
through the flow. You can use the convenient setCurrentState(String) method to jump to the
flow state where you wish to begin your test.

public void testEnterBookingDetails_Proceed() {

setCurrentState("enterBookingDetails");

getFlowScope().put("booking", createTestBooking());

MockExternalContext context = new MockExternalContext();

context.setEventId("proceed");
resumeFlow(context);

assertCurrentStateEquals("reviewBooking");
}

13.7. Mocking a subflow

To test calling a subflow, register a mock implementation of the subflow that asserts input was passed in
correctly and returns the correct outcome for your test scenario.

public void testBookHotel() {

setCurrentState("reviewHotel");

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Hotel hotel = new Hotel();

hotel.setId(1L);
hotel.setName("Jameson Inn");
getFlowScope().put("hotel", hotel);

getFlowDefinitionRegistry().registerFlowDefinition(createMockBookingSubflow());

MockExternalContext context = new MockExternalContext();

context.setEventId("book");
resumeFlow(context);

// verify flow ends on 'bookingConfirmed'

assertFlowExecutionEnded();
assertFlowExecutionOutcomeEquals("finish");
}

public Flow createMockBookingSubflow() {

Flow mockBookingFlow = new Flow("booking");
mockBookingFlow.setInputMapper(new Mapper() {
public MappingResults map(Object source, Object target) {
// assert that 1L was passed in as input
assertEquals(1L, ((AttributeMap) source).get("hotelId"));
return null;
}
});
// immediately return the bookingConfirmed outcome so the caller can respond
new EndState(mockBookingFlow, "bookingConfirmed");
}

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14. Upgrading from 1.0

14.1. Introduction
This chapter shows you how to upgrade existing Web Flow 1 application to Web Flow 2.

14.2. Flow Definition Language

The core concepts behind the flow definition language have not changed between Web Flow 1 and 2.
However, some of the element and attribute names have changed. These changes allow for the language
to be both more concise and expressive. A complete list of mapping changes is available as an appendix.

Flow Definition Updater Tool

An automated tool is available to aid in the conversion of existing 1.x flows to the new 2.x style. The tool
will convert all the old tag names to their new equivalents, if needed. While the tool will make a best
effort attempt at conversion, there is not a one-to-one mapping for all version 1 concepts. If the tool was
unable to convert a portion of the flow, it will be marked with a WARNING comment in the resulting flow.

The conversion tool requires spring-webflow.jar, spring-core.jar and an XSLT 1.0 engine. Saxon 6.5.5
[http://saxon.sourceforge.net/] is recommended.

The tool can be run from the command line with the following command. Required libraries must be
available on the classpath. The source must be a single flow to convert. The resulting converted flow will
be sent to standard output.

java org.springframework.webflow.upgrade.WebFlowUpgrader flow-to-upgrade.xml

Flow Definition Updater Tool Warnings

argument parameter-type no longer supported

Bean actions have been deprecated in favor of EL based evaluate expressions. The EL expression is able
to accept method parameters directly, so there is no longer a need for the argument tag. A side effect of
this change is that method arguments must be of the correct type before invoking the action.

inline-flow is no longer supported

Inline flows are no longer supported. The contents of the inline flow must be moved into a new top-level
flow. The inline flow's content has been converted for your convenience.

Version 2.0.1 Spring Web Flow 2 Reference 83

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mapping target-collection is no longer supported

Output mappings can no longer add an item to a collection. Only assignment is supported.

var bean is no longer supported

The var bean attribute is no longer needed. All spring beans can be resolved via EL.

var scope is no longer supported

The var element will place all variable into flow scope. Conversation scope was previously allowed.

EL Expressions

EL expressions are used heavily throughout the flow definition language. Many of the attributes that
appear to be plain text are actually interpreted as EL. The standard EL delimiters (either ${} or #{}) are
not necessary and will often cause an exception if they are included.

EL delimiters should be removed where necessary by the updater tool.

14.3. Web Flow Configuration

In Web Flow 1 there were two options available for configuring Web Flow, one using standard spring
bean XML and the other using the webflow-config-1.0 schema. The schema configuration option
simplifies the configuration process by keeping long internal class names hidden and enabling contextual
auto-complete. The schema configuration option is the only way to configure Web Flow 2.

Web Flow Bean Configuration

The FactoryBean bean XML configuration method used in Web Flow 1 is no longer supported. The
schema configuration method should be used instead. In particular beans defining
FlowExecutorFactoryBean and XmlFlowRegistryFactoryBean should be updated.
Continue reading Web Flow Schema Configuration for details.

Web Flow Schema Configuration

The webflow-config configuration schema has also changed slightly from version 1 to 2. The
simplest way to update your application is modify the version of the schema to 2.0 then fix any errors in a
schema aware XML editor. The most common change is add 'flow-' to the beginning of the elements
defined by the schema.

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

Version 2.0.1 Spring Web Flow 2 Reference 84

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xmlns:webflow="http://www.springframework.org/schema/webflow-config"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/webflow-config
http://www.springframework.org/schema/webflow-config/spring-webflow-config-2.0.xsd">

flow-executor

The flow executor is the core Web Flow configuration element. This element replaces previous
FlowExecutorFactoryBean bean definitions.

<webflow:flow-executor id="flowExecutor" />

flow-execution-listeners

Flow execution listeners are also defined in the flow executor. Listeners are defined using standard bean
definitions and added by reference.

<webflow:flow-executor id="flowExecutor" flow-registry="flowRegistry">

<webflow:flow-execution-listeners>
<webflow:listener ref="securityFlowExecutionListener"/>
</webflow:flow-execution-listeners>
</webflow:flow-executor>

flow-registry

The flow-registry contains a set of flow-locations. Every flow definition used by Web Flow
must be added to the registry. This element replaces previous XmlFlowRegistryFactoryBean bean
definitions.

<webflow:flow-registry id="flowRegistry">
<webflow:flow-location path="/WEB-INF/hotels/booking/booking.xml" />
</webflow:flow-registry>

Flow Controller

The package name for flow controllers has changed from

org.springframework.webflow.executor.mvc.FlowController and is now

Guide
please define productname in your docbook file!

org.springframework.webflow.mvc.servlet.FlowController for Servlet MVC

requests. The portlet flow controller
org.springframework.webflow.executor.mvc.PortletFlowController has been
replaced by a flow handler adapter available at
org.springframework.webflow.mvc.portlet.FlowHandlerAdapter. They will need to
be updated in the bean definitions.

Flow Request URL Handler

The default URL handler has changed in Web Flow 2. The flow identifier is now derived from the URL
rather then passed explicitly. In order to maintain comparability with existing views and URL structures a
WebFlow1FlowUrlHandler is available.

<bean name="/pos.htm" class="org.springframework.webflow.mvc.servlet.FlowController">

<constructor-arg ref="flowExecutor"/>
<property name="flowRequestUrlHandler">
<bean class="org.springframework.webflow.context.servlet.WebFlow1FlowUrlHandler"/>
</property>
</bean>

View Resolution

Web Flow 2 by default will both select and render views. View were previously selected by Web Flow 1
and then rendered by an external view resolver.

In order for version 1 flows to work in Web Flow 2 the default view resolver must be overridden. A
common use case is to use Apache Tiles [http://tiles.apache.org/] for view resolution. The following
configuration will replace the default view resolver with a Tiles view resolver. The
tilesViewResolver in this example can be replaced with any other view resolver.

<webflow:flow-registry id="flowRegistry" flow-builder-services="flowBuilderServices">

<web:flow-location path="..." />
...
</webflow:flow-registry>

<webflow:flow-builder-services id="flowBuilderServices"
view-factory-creator="mvcViewFactoryCreator"/>

<bean id="mvcViewFactoryCreator" class="org.springframework.webflow.mvc.builder.MvcViewFactoryCreator">

<bean id="tilesViewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.UrlBasedViewResolver">

Version 2.0.1 Spring Web Flow 2 Reference 86

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14.4. New Web Flow Concepts

Automatic Model Binding

Web Flow 1 required Spring MVC based flows to manually call FormAction methods, notably:
setupForm, bindAndValidate to process form views. Web Flow 2 now provides automatic model
setup and binding using the model attribute for view-states. Please see the Binding to a Model
section for details.

OGNL vs EL

Web Flow 1 used OGNL exclusively for expressions within the flow definitions. Web Flow 2 adds
support for Unified EL. United EL is used when it is available, OGNL will continue to be used when a
Unified EL implementation is not available. Please see the Expression Language chapter for details.

Flash Scope

Flash scope in Web Flow 1 lived across the current request and into the next request. This was
conceptually similar to Web Flow 2's view scope concept, but the semantics were not as well defined. In
Web Flow 2, flash scope is cleared after every view render. This makes flashScope semantics in Web
Flow consistent with other web frameworks.

Spring Faces

Web Flow 2 offers significantly improved integration with JavaServerFaces. Please see the JSF
Integration chapter for details.

External Redirects

External redirects in Web Flow 1 were always considered context relative. In Web Flow 2, if the redirect
URL begins with a slash, it is considered servlet-relative instead of context-relative. URLs without a
leading slash are still context relative.

Guide
please define productname in your docbook file!

Appendix A. Flow Definition Language

1.0 to 2.0 Mappings
The flow definition language has changed since the 1.0 release. This is a listing of the language elements
in the 1.0 release, and how they map to elements in the 2.0 release. While most of the changes are
semantic, there are a few structural changes. Please see the upgrade guide for more details about changes
between Web Flow 1.0 and 2.0.

Table A.1. Mappings

SWF 1.0 SWF 2.0 Comments

action * use <evaluate />

bean *

name *

method *

action-state action-state

id id

* parent

argument * use <evaluate expression="func(arg1, arg2,

...)"/>

expression

parameter-type

attribute attribute

name name

type type

value value

attribute-mapper * input and output elements can be in flows or

subflows directly

bean * now subflow-attribute-mapper attribute on

subflow-state

bean-action * use <evaluate />

bean *

Version 2.0.1 Spring Web Flow 2 Reference 88

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SWF 1.0 SWF 2.0 Comments

name *

method *

decision-state decision-state

id id

* parent

end-actions on-end

end-state end-state

id id

view view

* parent

* commit

entry-actions on-entry

evaluate-action evaluate

expression expression

name * use <evaluate ...> <attribute name=”name”

value="..." /> </evaluate>

* result

* result-type

evaluation-result * use <evaluate result="..." />

name *

scope *

exception-handler exception-handler

bean bean

exit-actions on-exit

flow flow

* start-state

* parent

* abstract

Version 2.0.1 Spring Web Flow 2 Reference 89

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SWF 1.0 SWF 2.0 Comments

global-transitions global-transitions

if if

test test

then then

else else

import bean-import

resource resource

inline-flow * convert to new top-level flow

id *

input-attribute input

name name

scope * prefix name with scope <input

name="flowScope.foo" />

required required

* type

* value

input-mapper * inputs can be in flows and subflows directly

mapping input or output

source name or value name when in flow element, value when in

subflow-state element

target name or value value when in flow element, name when in

subflow-state element

target-collection * no longer supported

from * detected automatically

to type

required required

method-argument * use <evaluate expression="func(arg1, arg2,

...)"/>

method-result * use <evaluate result="..." />

Guide
please define productname in your docbook file!

SWF 1.0 SWF 2.0 Comments

name *

scope *

output-attribute output

name name

scope * prefix name with scope <output

name="flowScope.foo" />

required required

* type

* value

output-mapper * output can be in flows and subflows directly

render-actions on-render

set set

attribute name

scope * prefix name with scope <set

name="flowScope.foo" />

value value

name * use <set ...> <attribute name=”name”

value="..." /> </set>

* type

start-actions on-start

start-state * now <flow start-state="...">, or defaults to the

first state in the flow

idref *

subflow-state subflow-state

id id

flow subflow

* parent

* subflow-attribute-mapper

transition transition

Version 2.0.1 Spring Web Flow 2 Reference 91

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SWF 1.0 SWF 2.0 Comments

on on

on-exception on-exception

to to

* bind

value value

var var

name name

class class

scope * always flow scope

bean * all Spring beans can be resolved with EL

view-state view-state

id id

view view

* parent

* redirect

* popup

* model

* history

* persistence-context

* render

* fragments

* secured

* attributes

* match

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