Jigar M. Patel, Shobhit K. Patel, Falgun N.

Thakkar

14

Defected Ground Structure Multiband Microstrip

Patch Antenna using Complementary Split Ring
Resonator
Jigar M. Patel, Shobhit K. Patel and Falgun N. Thakkar
Abstract: In this paper, Defected Ground Structure (DGS)
microstrip patch antenna using Complementary Split Ring
Resonator (CSRR) is designed and analysed. The aim to design
such type antenna is to achieve multiband application which is
the demand of current technology. Here Microstrip patch
antenna with rectangle shape of patch with patch dimension
5050 mm2 is analysed. The proposed design is tuned with
seven bands in the frequency range of 15 GHz depending on
the geometric specification of antenna and the location of feed
which can be used for multiband applications. Design results of
VSWR, Return loss (S11), Radiation Pattern are shown in this
paper which is obtained by High Frequency Structure
Simulator (HFSS).
Keywords- Microstrip, Multiband, DGS, CSRR.

I.

Introduction

It is necessary to design multiband antennas to cover

wide range frequency as per the requirement of mobile
communication in current scenario. The design of such
antenna has several advantages like light weight, small size,
low cost fabrication and easy to integration with feed
networks [1-10]. Microstrip patch antennas are mostly used
in wireless device and other compact sizes with multiband
applications.
Microstrip patch antennas have narrow bandwidth and
bandwidth enhancement is the practically application
demand of today. In addition some applications of MPA
required small size to meet the miniaturization in
communication systems.

Jigar M. Patel, and Shobhit K. Patel are with G. H. Patel College of

Engineering and Technology, V.V.Nagar, Gujarat, India Shobhit K. Patel
and Falgun N. Thakkar is with Charotar University of Science and
Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India, Email: [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]

Defected Ground Structure is the one of the

methods to use for this purpose. In this method the size of
the antenna is reduced. DGS is realized by introducing a
shape defected on a ground plane thus will disturb the
shielded current distribution depending on the shape and
dimension of the defect .The disturbance at the shielded
current distribution will influence the input impedance and
the current flow of the antenna. It can also control the
excitation and electromagnetic waves propagating through
the substrate layer. DGS is any defect etched in the ground
plane of the microstrip can give rise to increasing the
effective capacitance and inductance. DGS have the
characteristics of stop band slow wave effect and high
impedance.
DGS are basically used in microstrip antenna
design for different applications such as antenna size
reduction, cross polarization reduction, mutual coupling
reduction in antenna arrays, harmonic suppression etc. DGS
is widely used in microwave devices to make the system
compact and effective. Therefore, in this paper we design a
microstrip patch antenna with Defected Ground Structure
for bluetooth to determine the effect of using DGS.
Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) is used as
DGS.
Complementary Split Ring Resonator is the dual of
Spilt Ring Resonator (SRR), has been very popuplar
resonator and widely used to synthesize metamaterial.
Metamaterial exhibit qualitatively new electromagnetic
response functions that cannot be found in the nature [1137]. In 2004, Falcone et al introduced CSRR originally. The
structure and its equivalent circuit model are shown in
figure 1.

Fig. 1. (a) Topology and (b) its equivalent circuit model of

the CSRR [14]. Gray zone represents the metallization.
The CSRR is modeled as a shunt LC resonator tank
[14] which can be excited by the orthogonal electric field. It
can be equivalent to an electric dipole placed along the ring
axis [14]. As a dipole it essentially generates wave
propagating along the plane of ring surface and relies on the

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)

Vol. 3, Issue. 2, May-2013

Jigar M. Patel, Shobhit K. Patel, Falgun N. Thakkar

15

edges of the patch for radiation. The coupling between the

CSRR and patch mainly comes from the capacitive coupling
through the ring slot and the magnetic coupling through the
split of the outer ring. By properly feeding the antenna, the
inherent half-wavelength patch resonant mode can still be
well excited. It is interesting to note that the interaction
between the CSRR-inspired resonance and the patch
resonance is very weak when they are orthogonally
polarized. Under this condition circular polarization (CP) is
attainable when they share the same operating frequency
with a 90 phase delay in excitation. In addition, the
interaction is strong when they are polarized in the same
plane, which gives rise to two mixed modes.
It would be helpful to know the characters and
design methodology for the CSRRs while designing the
proposed CSRR-loaded patch antennas. The CSRR can be
represented by an LC resonator tank as shown in Figure 1
when the loss is neglected. Its inherent resonance frequency
is determined by

f0

1
2 Lr Cr

(1)

where the capacitance Cr of the CSRR is approximately

equal to that corresponding to a metallic disk surrounded
and backed by the ground plane [14]. Here the inductance
can be calculated based on a CPW structure with an
equivalent perimeter of the CSRR, strip width , and slot
width . The detailed properties for the CSRR is presented in
[14], including the analytical calculation of the resonance
frequency. However those equations are lengthy and
calculation would become extremely difficult for irregular
CSRR structures.
Recently a defected ground structure (DGS) has been
introduced, DGS is realized by etching of a simple shape in
the ground plane, depending on the shape and dimensions of
the defect, the shielded current distribution in the ground
plane is disturbed, resulting a controlled excitation and
propagation of the electromagnetic waves through the
substrate layer. The shape of the defect may be changed
from the simple shape to the complicated shape for the
better performance. Defected Ground structures (DGS) have
two main characteristics slow wave propagation in Pass
band & Band Stop Characteristics in microwave circuits
[17].
In order to explain the cutoff and the attenuation pole
characteristic of the proposed DGS section simultaneously,
the equivalent circuit should exhibit performances of lowpass and bandstop filter at the same time [18]. Generally it is
accepted that the microstrip line should have the impedance
around 100 130 ohms. By using the defected ground
structure in the ground plane the effective inductance will
increase and at the same time the capacitance will be
decreased and finally the impedance of the transmission line
increases and becomes more than 200 ohms. This high
impedance of the DGS is used in the interconnects used in
the digital systems [18].

filters [19]. DGS is realized by etching a defective pattern in

the ground plane [20], which disturbs the shield current
distribution in the ground plane. This disturbance can
change the characteristics of a transmission line such as
equivalent capacitance and inductance to obtain the slowwave effect and band-stop property.
II.

Design and Modelling

This section, we will introduce the design of our

antenna. First the conventional patch length and width is
designed. After designing the patch, we have taken CSRR as
DGS in the ground. Basic length and width is designed with
the use of following equations.

w
2 fo

r 1

(2)

The width of the patch can be designed using the equation

(2), here f0 is the center frequency, r is relative permittivity
and c is speed of light.

Leff

2 fo reff

(3)

r 1 r 1
1

reff

(4)
2
2 1 12t

w
reff 0.3 0.264
t
(5)
L 0.412t
w
reff 0.258 0.8
t

L Leff 2L
(6)
Length of the patch can be designed by using the
equations (2-6). Here t is the thickness of substrate. Using
these equations we have designed length and width of
conventional patch here.
Here we designed square patch so length and width
are same and it is 50 mm, so a square patch is 5050 mm2
over here which is shown in Figure 1. We have taken out
CSRR as DGN in the ground and to improve the results as
shown in figure. The CSRR taken out have dimension as
shown in figure 4(a). The top view and side view of the
design is shown in Figure 4(a) and 4(b) respectively.

Based on the idea of photonic band-gap (PBG)

structure, defected ground structure (DGS) was firstly
proposed by Park et al. in 1999, and has found its
application in the design of planar circuits and low pass

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)

Vol. 3, Issue. 2, May-2013

Jigar M. Patel, Shobhit K. Patel, Falgun N. Thakkar

16

XY Plot 1

Ansoft Corporation

HFSSDesign1

0.00

Curve Info
dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sweep1

-5.00
))
1t -10.00
r
o
P
e
v
a
-15.00
W,
t1r
o
P
ev -20.00
a
W(
S(
B
d-25.00

Fig.4 (a) Top View of Proposed Antenna

-30.00

-35.00

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00
Freq [GHz]

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

Fig.5 Return Loss (S11) parameter of the antenna

Band
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th

Fig.4 (b) Side View of Proposed Antenna

Table: 1 Material used for patch antenna
Material
Copper
Patch
Substrate FR4 epoxy with =4.4
Table 1 shows details about the material. Patch is of
copper material. Substrate is of FR4 epoxy material with
=4.4. The base material is also of copper.
III.

Table: 2 Return Loss (S11) values

Frequency
Minimum
in GHz
Return Loss (S11)
in dB (Negative Values)
1.3538
12.8846
1.9423
31.25
2.6038
15.3846
3.0538
21.25
3.8769
12.2115
4.2962
12.9808
4.8654
11.1538

XY Plot 2

Ansoft Corporation

HFSSDesign1

50.00

Curve Info
VSWR(WavePort1)
Setup1 : Sweep1

40.00

Simulation results and discussions

For simulation we used HFSS 11 of Ansoft, which is

very good simulator for RF antennas. After simulating the
design the result we got is as follows. Figure 5 shows the
Return Loss (S11) plot of the design and Table 2 shows
values of Return Loss (S11) in dB for different bands with
their frequency. The minimum return loss which we are
getting for this design is -31.25 dB for the second band
centred around 1.9423 GHz.

)
1t
r 30.00
o
Pe
v
a
(W
R
W
S 20.00
V

10.00

0.00

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00
Freq [GHz]

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

Fig. 6 VSWR of Antenna

Figure 6 shows the voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR) plot of the design and Table 3 shows values of

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)

Vol. 3, Issue. 2, May-2013

Jigar M. Patel, Shobhit K. Patel, Falgun N. Thakkar

17

VSWR for different band with frequencies. For the entire

band VSWR is less than 2 and lowest VSWR for the design
is 1.2363 for the second band centered around 1.9423 GHz.
Table: 3 VSWR Values
Band Frequency VSWR
In GHz
1.3538
1.6484
1st
1.9423
1.2363
2nd
2.6038
1.5110
3rd
3.0538
1.3736
4th
3.8769
1.6484
5th
4.2962
1.5110
6th
4.8654
1.7857
7th
Figure 7 shows thr radiation pattern of thr design
which shows the total gain of freruency range 1 - 5 GHz.

Radiation Pattern 1

Ansoft Corporation

HFSSDesign1
Curve Info

0
-30

GainTotal
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='0deg'

30
0.11
0.08

-60

Fig.8 3D Polar Plot (Total Gain) of Antenna

GainTotal
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='10deg'

60

0.06

GainTotal
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='20deg'

0.03
-90

90

GainTotal
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='30deg'
GainTotal
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='40deg'

-120

120

-150

GainTotal
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='50deg'

150
-180

Fig.7 Radiation Pattern of Antenna

The Total gain of antenna in dB is shown in figure 8
which is in 3D View. The Total gain of antenna is -5.8802
dB as shown in 3D Polar Plot. Figure 9 shows the total
directivity of the antenna which is -3.2921 dB as shown in
3D Polar Plot.

Fig.9 3D Polar Plot (Total Directivity) of Antenna

Figure 10 and 11 shows the magnirude plut of E Field and H Field respectively of the Antenna. As shown
in figure the magnitude value of E Field is 2.2318e+004
and the magnitude value of H Field is 7.0881e+001.

Fig.10 E Field Plot (Total Directivity) of Antenna

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)

Vol. 3, Issue. 2, May-2013

Jigar M. Patel, Shobhit K. Patel, Falgun N. Thakkar

Fig.11 H Field Plot of Antenna

IV.

Conclusion

Microstrip antennas have become a rapidly growing

area of research. Their potential applications are limitless,
because of their light weight, compact size, and ease of
manufacturing. Here DGS microstrip patch is designed for
multiband applications. The modelling and iterative
simulations are carried out at centred frequency of 2.5 GHz.
The result indicates the three bands so the antenna can used
for L Band and S Band Applications. Further design can be
modified to have a multiband for other applications in C
Band, X Band and other bands. The results are in very good
agreement with the industry and standard published
antenna-requirements with respect to ease of fabrication,
compactness and volume miniaturization compared to other
antennas so far designed for similar applications. Instead of
natural material, the artificial material, meta material can be
used to improve the result and also using multilayer
substrate can be used to improve the result.
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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE ISSN: 2320-9569)

Vol. 3, Issue. 2, May-2013