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ArduinoWiFiConnectedWeatherStationwithAndroidUserInterfaceCodeProject

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Arduino WiFi-Connected Weather Station with Android

User Interface
Mircea Diaconescu, 30 Mar 2016

CPOL

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5.00 52 votes
Build a cheap, under 30, Weather Station Sensor Node with the help of an Arduino board, and use WiFi connection to control it
with any Android device.

Download WeatherStationComplete.zip 490.2 KB

For the latest version of the code and documentation, please check the project on github.
This tutorial and other interesting online tutorials and books on web development are published by webengineering.info.
Other related articles:
Architectures for the Web of Things
Optimize Arduino Memory Usage

Building a WiFi-Connected Weather Station

In this tutorial we show how to build a WiFiconnected weather station with the help of an Arduino Pro Mini or, alternatively, a
Nano, UNO, or MEGA2560, an ESP8266 WiFi module, a DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor and an Android device
smartphone, tablet, watch, etc for configuring the weather station and for observing the sensor data. The total cost of this
project, excluding the Android device, is less than 30 .
The design goals of our project are:
simplicity: the solution must be simple and easy to build even for a beginner;
usability: the temperature in the range [30, 50]C and humidity in the range [10 100]% values can be read over WiFi
and visalized by using an Android device smartphone, tablet, watch, etc;
low cost: the target is 30 or less, excluding the Android device;
maintainability: must be possible to add new sensors and functionality when needed, and we should be able to repair it
if something goes wrong.
One can buy devices with similar features, but the price range starts at about 75 EUR and more. Also, these devices cannot be
easily modified, most of them using SMD surface mount devices and integrated ICs, thus a possible improvement or repair
when needed is either hard or impossible.
In addition, because it is easy to do and it costs nothing except a few MCU cycles and a few minutes of programming, we can
easily add a few other features:
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a voltmeter for the 5V power supply it is fairly easy because the ATmega 328 but also ATmega 168 and some other
MCU comes with a builtin voltmeter voltage sensor, which has a relatively low accurracy if not calibrated, but provides
valuable information with no additional costs;
the amount of free RAM for the Arduino MCU mainly used for debugging reasons, it provides useful information for
later improvements. Same as for the voltmeter, no additional hardware is required, and it only costs a few MCU cycles
with respect to MCU usage;
compute the average temperature and humidity this is done in the software, and provides useful information for the
weather station user.
Disclaimer: working with electricity is dangerous. For this project we use 5V and 3.3V voltage levels, which is safe for the human
body under any environment conditions. However, the low voltage is obtained from a mains connected power brick, and
therefore we highly recommend you to take safety precautions and to use a trustful brand for the power supply. We cannot be
held responsible for any caused damage! Do it at your own risk and/or ask help from an electronics engineer.

Hardware configuration
The hardware components required for this project are presented below. These components were mostly bought from eBay and
Amazon, and the listed prices include postage costs within Germany for some also in the EU. If you are willing to wait between
two and five weeks to receive the items, you can also buy them from China online shops Aliexpress, eBay, and so on, for less
than half of the prices we show further.
Hardware Component

Estimative Price

Description

3 5 EUR

We use a clone, but it has the same functionality as the original device.
While the quality of the original Arduino Pro Mini is higher, so it is the price
two to four times higher.

6 8 EUR

Most of these modules have a 4Mb 512KB flash memory, allowing to use
AT firmware version below 1.1.0 released on June 2015. New modules are
now available, and the SPI flash IC was updated to an 8Mb 1MB one,
allowing them to use the latest AT firmware, which provides more and
improved AT commands. We strongly recommend to use an ESP8266
module with 1MB flash and latest AT firmware.

1 3 EUR

It is used to convert 5V to 3.3V required for the UART communication

between the Arduino board and the ESP8266 WiFi module. Some of these
devices support also 2.5V and 1.8V levels.

DHT22 temperature and

humidity sensor

4 6 EUR

May be replaced with DHT11 sensor module if negative temperatures are

not required and its lower accuracy is ok for you. It contains a temperature
and relative air humidity sensor in one package, and uses a 1Wire digital
custom interface for data communication.

LM317 StepDown Linear

Voltage regulator

It requires two additional resistors or one resistor and one potentiometer

approx. 0.5 EUR per and two additional capacitors, with a total cost of about 1 EUR. We use it to
piece, 2 3 EUR for a lower the voltage down to 3.3V but it can be adjusted for values between
set of 10
1.25 and 37V. This device is capable to supply maximum 1.5A current with
proper cooling not required for our case.

One red/green Duo LED,

or two separate red and
green LEDs

approx. 0.5 EUR per

piece of 2 EUR for a
set of 10

Arduino Pro Mini

ESP826602 WiFi module

Logic Converter module

5V@1A regulated power

brick

35 EUR

A common cathode GND in our case LED is a good choice for the DUO
LED. Two separate LEDs of any size and color may be used as long as they
require less than 2025mA and have a forward voltage less than 5V
supplied by the Arduino I/O pins.
A 5% variation is allowed for the regulated power brick. Notice that cheap
and low quality power supplies are not recommended since often they
have a bad regulation and usually out of the 5% error range, so it may
produce damage to the other components or even put your live in danger.
A power brick with a higher Ampere value can be used, but usually these
are more expensive. In addition, one can use an USB port as power supply
for our device, that is able to supply 500mA or more current USB ports of

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some laptops are not appropriate.

Weather Station Hardware Design

There are applications one can use to design electronic schematics, but most of the time, these are not easy to understand for
beginners. We choose to use Fritzing, which allows to draw nice looking breadboard oriented designs, but also schematics and
PCB layouts. It also provides a builtin environment which integrates with the Arduino Software and allows to write the Arduino
code, compile it and deploy it on the Arduino board. The hardware prototype on a breadboard is shown in Figure 1:
ArduinoProMini

5V@1A(5%)
RegulatedPowerSupply

GR N
8

13

12

A0

A1

A2

A3

V C C R ST

G N D R AW

R eset

M ini
Arduino P ro

C 106
5

G N D R ST

G N D V C C R X I TX O

11

10

R X I TX O

C1
100nF

Temperature:
4080C,0.5C
Humidity:
0100%,2%

C 106

B LK

WiFiLED

50

55

60

50

55

60

G H

G H

45
45

40

R6
3.3k

R3
10k

35

R5
560

35

R4
560

30

25

20

15

10

R2
560

5.0V

HV
C han2

LV

LV

C han1

G N D R X O TX I

40

30

25

20

15

10

C2
1F

A B C D E

R X O LV

A B C D E

TX I

H V G N D R X I TX O

HV

TX O R X I

330
R1

R7
3.3k

3.3V

Figure 1: The Complete Breadboard Design for the Weather Station Hardware.
The hardware is divided in a few blocks:
the power supply: Arduino Pro Mini board needs 512V obtained from a 5V@1A power brick, but the ESP8266 WiFi
module requires 3.3V regulated voltage which we obtain by using a stepdown linear regulator.
the sensor node controller: the Arduino Pro Mini board represents the controller board, which runs all the logic for this
project;
an WiFi communication module: we have used the cheap and easy to use ESP8266 module for the WiFi communication
between the sensor node and the Android device;
the sensor(s): temperature and humidity values are obtained from a DHT22 sensor;
logic level voltage converter: allows a voltage safe Serial/UART communication between the Arduino board which uses 5V
signals and the ESP8266 module which requires 3.3V signals;
WiFi status LEDs: a DUO, common cathode green/red LED, is used to visually indicate the WiFi state.
Note: many of the breadboards we are aware of, does not have a default connection between the GND lines for the two power
grids, therefore you need to add a connection wire between the two GND lines, as shown in Figure 1. Also, some breadboards
have every power grid splited in two halfs, so you have to use a jumper wire if this is the case.
For the breadboard schematic, red wires were used for +5V, orange for 3.3V and black for GND connections. For
communication lines, we use green and blue for RX/TX lines, and yellow for data pin of DHT22 sensor. In Figure 2, we show the
full electronics schematic, of our weather station sensor node.

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Figure 2: The Complete Schematic Design for Weather Station Hardware.

The ESP8266 3.3V Power Supply

Our sensor node is powered by a regulated 5V@1A power brick. The Arduino Pro Mini board and most of components can
directly use the 5V rail comming from the power brick. The regulation down to 3.3V, required by the ESP8266 WiFi module, is
obtained by using the LM317T IC, an adjustable stepdown linear voltage regulator. It only requires a few additional
components: two resistors and two capacitors. It is able to provide up to 1.5A current, with appropriate cooling. However, for
our example cooling is not needed, the average current being under 250mA going up to 500mA but only for very short
amounts of time, when the ESP8266 module transmits data. Figure 3 shows the 3.3V power supply built on a breadboard, and
Figure 4 shows the corresponding electronics schematic..
5V@1A(5%)
RegulatedPowerSupply

C1
100nF

10

R2
560

G H

5.0V

10

C2
1F

A B C D E

330
R1

3.3V

Figure 3: The 3.3V Power Supply on a Breadboard.

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LM317T

5V
3

ADJ

C1
100nF

Voltage OUT
Regulator
Variable

5.0V

IN

C2
1F

3.3V

R1
330

R2
560

Figure 4: The Schematics for the 3.3V Power Supply.

The values of the R1 and R2 resistors are chosen according with the following rules:
the value of R1 must be in the range 100 1000, as specified in the LM317 IC datasheet;
both, R1 and R2 are standard resistor values, so easily available in any electronics shop;
the equation, provided by the LM317 IC datasheet, Vout=1.25(1+R2/R1) is verified, when Vout~=
3.3.
The real output voltage, for R1=330 and R2=560 is Vout~=3.37V, so the maximum 5% error is within
specifications. C1 is a ceramic capacitor with a value of 0.1F 100nF, being used to filter high frequency spikes and to
prevent internal oscillation for the LM317T IC. C2 is an electrolytic capacitor with a value of 1F higher values, up to about
1000F can be used, and its purpose is to smooth the output voltage 3.3V line. The designed voltage of C2 must be higher
than 3.3V, and it is very important to mount the capacitor with the correct polarity. Electrolytic capacitors are very prone to
small explosions if missused, such as mounting them in reverse polarity or use them with voltages over their specification.
Note: instead of the fixed value R2 resistor, a 1K potentiometer can be used. In this case, a more precise output voltage is
obtained if and when really needed. This way you can also use a lower value for R1, and a good choice is 240, as
recommended in the LM317 datasheet.

Serial Communication via Voltage Lever Converter

Arduino Pro Mini board is powered by a 5V power supply, so it allows to use 5V on the UART RX and TX communication lines.
ESP8266 Wifi module on the other hand uses 3.3V power supply, and it is not 5V tolerant for the VCC, RX, TX or any of its other
available I/O lines. Therefore a direct connection between the RX/TX lines of the Arduino board and the RX/TX lines of the
ESP8266 module is not possible, and ignoring this warning may very likely result in damaging the ESP8266 module. A simple
solution for this case is to use a readily available logic converter module. Its provides 3.3V lines some also allows 1.8V, 2.5V and
2.8V as well as 5V communication lines. Notice that such a module can provide very low current in the range of a few mA on
each of the lines, therefore it must be used only for data communication and not as a voltage regulator. We use a four channel
module, so it provides four low voltage 3.3V lines with four corresponding high voltage 5V lines. Two lines are used for UART
communication and the other two are used for connecting the CH_PD and RESET lines of the ESP8266 module with the pin 2
and respectively 3 of the Arduino board.
It is important to notice that the RX/TX line of the Arduino Pro Mini board have to be crossconnected with the RX/TX lines of
the ESP8266 module. This means: the RX line of the Arduino board connects to the TX line of the ESP8266 module and the TX
line of the Arduino board connects to the RX line of the ESP8266 module. These connection is made via the logic level converter
module as already explained above and also shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
The CH_PD channel power down and RESET pins of the ESP8266 module needs to be connected to VCC +3.3V line via 3.3K
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resistors. Normally, a 10K resistor can be used, but we observed periodical resets of our WiFi module we tested a few of
them. Using test and trial method, we found that the 3.3K resistor works the best for all our ESP8266 modules.
Note: the ESP826601 module is shown in the schematic, since this was available as Fritzing component, but actually in the real
board we use an ESP826602 module. This should make no difference, and and in general we should be able to use any version
of these modules. There are about thirteen versions of ESP8266 modules, which differes in form, size and available I/O, but all
have the same WiFi functionality.

DHT22 Sensor
The DHT22 sensor allows to obtain temperature readings in the range [40,80]C with a typical accuracy of 0.5C and
a resolutin of 0.1units(C). However, in real tests, the accuracy we could observe is closer to 1C. The sensor can also
read humidity values in the range [0,100]%, with a typical accuracy of 2units(%) and a resolution of 0.1units.
In our real tests, the accuracy was about 5%.
The DHT22 sensor can be connected to either 3.3V line or to 5V line, and we decided to use the 5V line. The data pin of the
sensor check the datasheet for more details is connected to 5V rail via one 10K resistor, to avoid communication errors this
line must stay HIGH when the sensor does not communicate via the data pin. The sensor data pin is connected to digital pin 9
of the Arduino board.

WiFi Status LEDs

During the tests, we found that it is good to know the actual state of the ESP8266 module, specially because the module
becomes unresponsive sometimes. We have used a DUO red/green LED, which is actually composed of one green and one red
LEDs in a single physical package, and which share a common cathode GND connection. The green LED anode was connected
to pin 8 of the Arduino Pro Mini board via a 560 resistor, thus allowing about 5mA current passing through the LED. The red
LED anode was connected to pin 7 of the Arduino Pro Mini board via a 560 resistor, thus allowing about 6mA current passing
through the LED.
A LED should never be directly connected between the VCC and GND lines or directly to I/O pins of an MCU with the
exception of special LEDs which are designed for this, on which case they have a builtin resistor or use other current limiting
design. Instead one must use a series resistor to limit the current passing through the LED. Using Ohm's Law we can compute
the value of the resistor by knowing the LED forward voltage the voltage to which the LED starts conducting and emmiting
light, the used supply voltage and the current we want to allow passing through the LED which controls the LED brightness. A
standard red LED has about 1.7V forward voltage, a green or orange LED has about 2V forward voltage, a white or blue led has
about 2.7V forward voltage. Since we only need the LEDs to provide visual indication, they don't have to lighting very bright.
After testing our DUO LED, we decided that a value of 6mA is desired for the red LED and a value of 5mA for the green LED
green light is more visible for human eye than other colors. Applying Ohm's Law, we have V=IR, so R=V/I. For our
case, V is the difference between the power supply voltage +5V and the LED forward voltage. Solving the equation for the red
LED we have R=(51.7)/0.006, which give us R=550. Since 550 is not a standard value, the next available
standard resistor value can be used, that being 560. As homework, you can do the computations for the green LED.
Note: if you don't have a DUO LED, just use two normal LEDs. Also, you can use other LED colors if you like, and even different
resistor values to obtain different brightness levels use Ohm's Law to find the appropriate resistor value. A standard 3mm or
5mm LED usually stands up to 20mA of current, after this point it gets too warm and it is very likely that it gets burned. However
some LEDs can stand much more current, but they need special drivers. Also, notice that you should not draw more than 20mA
from each of the Arduino pins, or you may damage the board.

Hardware Summary Overview

In the tables below, a summary of the hardware components connection is shown:
Arduino Pro Mini Pin
Connects to
RX

Logic Level Converter first RX HV pin

TX

Logic Level Converter first TX HV pin

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Logic Level Converter second RX HV pin

Logic Level Converter second TX HV pin

Red anode of the DUO LED via R4 560 resistor

Green anode of the DUO LED via R4 560 resistor

Data pin of the DHT22 sensor

VCC

VCC +5V rail of the power supply

GND

GND rail of the power supply

Logic Level Converter PIN

Connects to

First TX LV

RX pin of the ESP8266 module

First RX LV

TX pin of the ESP8266 module

First TX HV

TX pin of the Arduino Pro Mini board

First RX HV

RX pin of the Arduino Pro Mini board

Second TX LV

RESET pin of the ESP8266 module

Second RX LV

CH_PD pin of the ESP8266 module

Second TX HV

Pin 3 of the Arduino Pro Mini board

Second RX HV

Pin 2 of the Arduino Pro Mini board

LV GND

GND rail of the power supply

HV GND

GND rail of the power supply

LV

3.3V rail, obtained from the LM317 IC output pin

HV

5V rail of the power supply

ESP8266 Module Pin

Connects to

RX

First LV TX pin of the Logic Converter Module

TX

First LV RX pin of the Logic Converter Module

RESET

Second LV TX pin of the Logic Converter Module

CH_PD

Second LV RX pin of the Logic Converter Module

GND

GND rail of the power supply

VCC

3.3V rail, obtained from LM317 output pin

LM317 IC Pin

Connects to

Input

5V rail of the power supply

Output

3.3V rail

Adj

Output 3.3V rail via R1 and to GND rail via R2

Software Configuration
The Arduino Code
The Arduino code can be written, compiled and deployed to the Arduino board by either using Fritzing or the Arduino IDE this
may be preferred in some cases, because it usually works out of the box. For our project, the following Arduino libraries are
needed:
ArduinoESP8266, used for the UART communication between the ESP8266 module and the Arduino board. Clone the
library repository, rename the folder to ESP8266 and copy it to libraries subfolder, part of the Arduino Software
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installation folder.
DHTLib, used for the communication with the DHT22 sensor. This library supports DHT11 sensors as well, in case you use
it as a replacement for DHT22. Clone the library repository, rename it to DHT and copy it to libraries subfolder, part of
the Arduino Software installation folder.
An Arduino program also known as sketch has the following minimal structure:
Hide Copy Code

//1.constantsdefinition(optionalifnoconstantisneeded)
//2.includeheadersforusedlibraries(optionalifnolibraryisused)
//3.definetheglobalvariables(optionalifnoglobalvariableisrequired)
//programinitialization
voidsetup(){
//writeherethesetupcode.
}
//infiniteloopcycle
voidloop(){
//thecodefromthismethodloopsaslongastheArduinoboardispowered.
}
In the setup method we write initialization code, which is executed only once, when the Arduino is powered or after a
software or hardware reset. The loop method contains the code which loops in the Arduino MCU as long as the board receives
power.

Constants Definition for Arduino Pins Configuration

First we define the constants representing the used Arduino board pins. It is highly recommended to use constants instead of
using the pin numbers all over the code. This way, one can easily change the constant value instead of trying to find all the
places where the pin number was used, if you decide that another pin has to be used.
Hide Copy Code

//ArduinopinnumberusedforthecommunicationwithDHT22sensor.
#defineDHT22_PIN9
//pinsnumberforWiFidisabledLED
#defineWIFI_DISABLED_LED_PIN7
//pinsnumberforWiFienabled/activeLED
#defineWIFI_ACTIVE_LED_PIN8
//arduinopinusedtoconnecttotheCH_PD(PowerDown)WiFimodulepin
#defineWIFI_CH_PD_PIN2
//arduinopinusedtoconnecttotheRESETWiFimodulepin
#defineWIFI_RESET_PIN3
Pin 9 is used for data communication with the DHT22 sensor, pins 7 and 8 are used for the red and green LEDs WiFi status
LEDs, pin 2 allows to put the WiFi into a sleep mode and to wake it up and pin 3 allows us perform a hardware reset of the
WiFi module, which requires to pull it down set pin to LOW for at least 200ms.

Import Required Libraries for DHT22 and ESP8266 Modules

We need to specify the libraries used by our program. This is done in the standard C/C++ style by using the #include
directive:
Hide Copy Code

#include<dht.h>
#include<ESP8266.h>

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When using this directive, <> tells to the compiler and linker to look in the libraries subfolder of the Arduino IDE installation,
while using double quotes means the library files are in the your arduino skecth folder.

Define Program Global Variables

As in many if not all Arduino programs, we use some global variables:
Hide Copy Code

//DHT22sensorcontrollerclass
dhtDHT;
//ESP8266WiFimodulecontroller
ESP8266esp(Serial);
//storetheaveragetemperatureandhumidity
//values,startingwithlastsystemreset
floatavgTemperature=0;
floatavgHumidity=0;
//utilityvariableusedtocomputetheaveratetemperaturevalue
unsignedlongavgDhtStep=1;
//datatemplateforsensors
constcharSENSORS_DATA_TEMPLATE[]PROGMEM=
"{\"temperature\":%s,\"avgTemperature\":%s,\"humidity\":%s,\"avgHumidity\":%s,
\"voltage\":%s,\"freeRam\":%d}";
The dht22 variable represents an instance of the library which controls the communication with the DHT22 sensor. The esp
variable represents an instance of the ESP8266 library used to communicate with the WiFi module. As parameter for the
constructor we provide the Serial object, so the communication is made on the UART0 port of the Arduino board. When
using Arduino Pro Mini also Nano or UNO board, this is the only serial port available. However, the library is designed to work
with all the Arduino boards, and some of them have up to four UART ports, accessed via Serial, Serial1, Serial2 and
Serial3 global objects.
Since we like to know the average temperature and humidity values measured by our Weather Station, we define the
avgTemperature, avgHumidity and avgDhtStep variables. The first two are used to store the average temperature
and humidity values, while the latter is used to count how many time the temperature value was read, so the correct average
value can be computed according with the formula: avg=(avg*(n1)+newValue)/n;
The SENSORS_DATA_TEMPLATE variable stores the template JSON structure used to communicate with the Android
application. The special PROGMEM variable modifier enforces the storage of the value in the flash memory instead of RAM, thus
freeing up about 120Bytes of RAM about 6% of the total RAM of the ATmega328P MCU, used by the Arduino Pro Mini, Nano
and UNO boards.

Initializing the ESP8266 WiFi Module

The ESP8266 module communicates with the Arduino MCU via the UART protocol. A hardware reset for the WiFi module is
recommended to ensure a correct module state before starting the UART communication.
Hide Shrink

Copy Code

voidsetupWiFi(){
//STEP1:
//SetpinsusedforWiFistatusLEDsasOUTPUT.
pinMode(WIFI_ACTIVE_LED_PIN,OUTPUT);
pinMode(WIFI_DISABLED_LED_PIN,OUTPUT);
//STEP2:
//ArduinopinconnectedtoESP8266CH_PDpinissettoOUTPUT.
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//Tokeepthemoduleactive,thispinmustbekeptHIGH.
pinMode(WIFI_CH_PD_PIN,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(WIFI_CH_PD_PIN,HIGH);
//ArduinopinconnectedtoESP8266RESETpinissettoOUTPUT.
//Toavoidrandomresents,wekeepthisHIGH.
pinMode(WIFI_RESET_PIN,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(WIFI_RESET_PIN,HIGH);
//STEP3:
//performahardwarereset(ESP8266RESETpingoesLOW)
digitalWrite(WIFI_RESET_PIN,LOW);
delay(200);
//allowESP8266moduletoboot
digitalWrite(WIFI_RESET_PIN,HIGH);
//STEP4:
//baud115200,communicationwithESP8266module
Serial.begin(115200);
//STEP5:
//waitfortheESP8266moduletostart,aftertheforcedhardwarereset.
//Wecheckthewifistateonceasecond,untiltheESP8266WiFimoduleresponds.
while(!checkWiFi()){
delay(1000);
};
//STEP6:
//startUDPconnectionwaitonallports
esp.atCipstartUdp();
}
The WiFi module related initialization requires the following steps:
1. The Arduino pins used for the WiFi status LEDs i.e., defined by the WIFI_ACTIVE_LED_PIN and
WIFI_DISABLED_LED_PIN constants are set to output.
2. The Arduino pins used to control the CH_PD and RESET lines of the ESP8266 module i.e., defined by the
WIFI_CH_PD_PIN and WIFI_RESET_PINconstants are set to OUTPUT, so we can set them LOW or HIGH
depending on the case. These two pins needs to stay HIGH during the normal operation.
3. Perform a hardware reset by pulling down the WiFi module RESET pin set it LOW for about 200ms.
4. Start UART/Serial communication with the module at 115200 baud rate.
5. Wait for the WiFi module to boot, which takes two seconds or more.
6. Start UDP communications, and wait for incomming data on all the ports. We could have used only one specific port, but
we like to be flexible.
UDP communication is used for the WiFi data transmission between the Android device and our Weather Station sensor node.
The checkWiFi method used to check if the WiFi module is in active state communicates via UART lines is shown below:
Hide Copy Code

booleancheckWiFi(){
if(esp.at()==ESP8266::Error::NONE){
digitalWrite(WIFI_DISABLED_LED_PIN,LOW);
digitalWrite(WIFI_ACTIVE_LED_PIN,HIGH);
returntrue;
}else{
digitalWrite(WIFI_ACTIVE_LED_PIN,LOW);
digitalWrite(WIFI_DISABLED_LED_PIN,HIGH);
returnfalse;
}
}
This method returns true if the ESP8266 module responds to AT command, and false otherwise. The AT command is used
to check if the module is active, and it does not represents a real command for the module. In addition, the checkWiFi
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method enables or disables the red/green LED, providing visual indication of the current WiFi state.
Since the WiFi setup must run only once, when the hardware powers up, we call the setupWiFi module inside the Arduino
specific setup method:
Hide Copy Code

voidsetup(){
//setupWiFiESP8266module
setupWiFi();
//addothercodehere...
}

Reading Data from the DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

The DHT22 sensor provides temperature and humidity values for our sensor node. It has a refresh rate of 0.5Hz, meaning that
we can't read data from this sensor faster than once every two seconds. Reading data is fairly easy, because of all the hard code
is hidden by the DHTLib library. We write a method to obtain these values and compute the temperature and humidity
averaged values.
Hide Copy Code

voidupdateDHTData(){
if(dht22.read22(DHT22_PIN)==DHTLIB_OK){
avgTemperature=(avgTemperature*(avgDhtStep1)+dht22.temperature)/(float)avgDhtStep;
avgHumidity=(avgHumidity*(avgDhtStep1)+dht22.humidity)/(float)avgDhtStep;
}
}
The latest temperature and humidity values are available by reading the temperature and humidity properties of the
dht22 object. The read22 method is used to perform a reading when DHT22 sensor is used, but instead, one can use
read11 to get the same effect when the DHT11 sensor is used. The method returns DHTLIB_OK when the reading was
successful, and various error codes if problems were encountered. For simplicity reasons, we ignore the possible errors, but in a
further tutorial we discuss also how to solve such possible problems.

Reading 5V Supply Voltage Value by Using the Secret Builtin Arduino Voltmeter
Some ATmega MCUs, such as ATmega328/168p have a builtin voltage sensor, which can be accessed by the code. This sensor
is not very accurate accuracy is within 10% range. It uses the builtin 1.1V voltage reference available for these MCUs some
other ATmega MCUs also have a 2.56V internal voltage reference. The following code allows to read the AVcc line voltage,
which by default is connected to VCC line of the Arduino board:
Hide Copy Code

floatgetVcc(){
longresult;
//read1.1VreferenceagainstAVcc
ADMUX=_BV(REFS0)|_BV(MUX3)|_BV(MUX2)|_BV(MUX1);
//waitforVreftosettle
delay(2);
//convert
ADCSRA|=_BV(ADSC);
while(bit_is_set(ADCSRA,ADSC));
result=ADCL;
result|=ADCH<<8;
//BackcalculateAVccinmV
result=1103700L/result;
//returnresponseinvolts
returnresult/1000.0;
}
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While this looks complicated, it actually uses a few MCU registers and some bits operations to read the VCC value agains the
builtin 1.1V voltage reference, which has a pretty good stability once calibrated. By using a good quality multimeter and a stable
voltage source, it is possible to "software calibrate" the internal voltage reference for individual MCUs when needed.

Computing the Free Amounf of RAM

Note: a complete guide related to RAM usage optimization for Arduino MCUs as well as details on how to get the free amount
of RAM are described on our blog article Optimize Arduino Memory Usage
One last piece of data we like to collect is the amount of free RAM available on our Arduino MCU. This can be achieved by
calling the getFreeMCUMemory method, available as part of the ESP8266 library. It returns an integer representing the
number of RAM bytes which are not used by the MCU at the moment of calling the method.

WiFi Communication with the Android Device

All the sensor data we collect needs to be sent to the Android device. The first step in this direction is to listen for data requests
from the Android device periodical data requests are initiated. For this we use the loop method and wait for incomming data:
Hide Copy Code

voidloop(){
chardata[10]={0},*ipdData=data;
//IncommingdatafromESP8266module
//Lengtmustbegreaterthan7bytes("+IPD,n:")
if(Serial.available()>7&&esp.ipd(ipdData)==ESP8266::Error::NONE){
//processtherequest
processRequest(ipdData);
}
//asmalldelaybeforecheckingagaindforWiFiincommingdata
delay(25);
}
The ipd method, part of the ESP8266 library is used to split the received data over WiFi, and retain only the important parts.
The WiFi module sends data in the following format: +IPD,n,id:ipdData, where n is the length of the ipdData, id is
the communication link ID an integer between 0 and 4, and ipdData represents the relevant data bytes. The first parameter
of the ipd method is a reference parameter, a pointer to the received databytes. This method has additional optional
parameters, providing information about the number of databytes and the connection id. Further, a method named
processRequest is used to decode the data and perform required actions.
Since we expect data in the +IPD,n: format, the link id is not used, it makes sense to process data only after receiving at
least 7 bytes. In addition, for this simple project, we expect only a single databyte, representing the data update request. In a
further version of this project we like to support much more commands, therefore we use this generic form. Also, for the same
reasons, we define an enumeration which defines the list of the available commands:
Hide Copy Code

enumclassCommand{
GET_ALL_SENSORS_DATA=97
};
The data we receive via TX line of the ESP8266 module so RX line of our Arduino board is: +IPD,1:a. The ascii
representation for 97 the Command::GET_ALL_SENSORS_DATA enumeration literal is the char a.
The processRequest method code is shown below:
Hide Copy Code

voidprocessRequest(char*data){
charprogmemData[150]={0};
char*pData=progmemData;
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//firstcharrepresentsthecommand
charcmd=*(data);
switch((Command)cmd){
caseCommand::GET_ALL_SENSORS_DATA:
createSensorsDataFromTemplate(pData);
esp.atCipsend(pData);
break;
default:
//nothingtodo...
break;
}
}
Its main purpose is to decode the received command and to respond with the required data. As discussed earlier, we only have
one command, so also only one action case, but this will be extended, so we use the general structure even for this simplest
case. The relevant code regards the call to createSensorsDataFromTemplate method. It uses the JSON based data
template, replaces the placeholders with real data and send the response to the Android device by calling atCipsend
method, part of the ESP8266 library.
Hide Copy Code

voidcreateSensorsDataFromTemplate(char*&data){
charbuffTemp[7]={0},buffAvgTemp[7]={0},buffAvgHum[7]={0},
buffHum[7]={0},buffVcc[5]={0},tmpl[140]={0};
char*pTmpl=tmpl;
uint8_ttemplateLen=1;
//readtemplatefromPROGMEM
getPMData(SENSORS_DATA_TEMPLATE,pTmpl,templateLen);
//createdatastringfromtemplatebyreplacing
//parameterswiththeiractualvaluesfromsensors
sprintf(data,pTmpl,
dtostrf(dht22.temperature,6,1,buffTemp),
dtostrf(avgTemperature,6,1,buffAvgTemp),
dtostrf(dht22.humidity,6,1,buffHum),
dtostrf(avgHumidity,6,1,buffAvgHum),
dtostrf(getVcc(),4,2,buffVcc),
getFreeMCUMemory());
}
Using the getPMData utility method also part of the ESP8266 library, the data template string is read from the flash memory.
Replacing the parameters with real values is made by using the standard sprintf method. While for a fully fledged C/C++
environment one will use %x.yf syntax with sprintf for floating points numbers, this will not work with Arduino code.
Instead we use dtostrf to format the temperature and humidity values we like values with just one digit after the decimal
point.

Program the Arduino Board

Important: the latest version of the Android software v1.6.6+ is required for being able to compile and build the code for this
project. One reason is that it uses C++11 specific constructs, such as enumclass, and the older Arduino Software versions
does not support C++11. While it can be done also with older Arduino Software version, this requires to alter some
configuration files, so it may create additional issues.
We need to chose the right Arduino board by using the Tools > Board selection list within the Arduino IDE. If Arduino Pro Mini
board was used, as discussed in this tutorial, we have to choose Arduino Pro or Pro Mini. In addition, one needs to select the
communication port COM port used for programming the Arduino board, available under Tools > Port menu. Last, click on the
arrow button located in the topleft corner to start the compileanddeploy process.
Note: The Arduino Pro Mini board does not have a builtin autoreset feature, as found in Arduino Nano, UNO, MEGA2560, and
other boards. This means we need to manually push the reset button on the board as soon as the Arduion IDE says uploading. It
may take a few trials to get used with the right moment to push the button, but it must be shortly after the IDE says uploading.
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In addition, you have to disconnect the ESP8266 TX line during the Arduino programming time, otherwise this operation fails.
Since we have to do this on every code update, a jumper or a switch can be used to make task easier.

The Android Code

An Android application is used to observe the Weather Station sensor node data. For the development of our Android
application, IntelliJ IDEA Ultimate was used. A free community version of this IDE is also available and can be used for our
project. As an alternative, one cau use Android Studion.

Android Security Configuration

The first thing you need to do after creating an empty Android application by using your preferred IDE, is to edit the application
security settings. These can be found in the AndroidManifest.xml file Since we need to use WiFi communication, the
following two parameters need to be added:
Hide Copy Code

<usespermissionandroid:name="android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE"/>
<usespermissionandroid:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
In addition, we like to disable the autolock feature of the Android device, as long as this application is active, which requires to
set the following permission:
Hide Copy Code

<usespermissionandroid:name="android.permission.WAKE_LOCK"/>
The same AndroidManifest.xml file defines the Android OS version required to run this application. We have tested this
application with Android 4.3.1 API 18 and 4.4.2 API 19 and 5.0.1 API 21. Therefore it is safe to set the miminum require
version to API 18 by using the following parameter:
Hide Copy Code

<usessdkandroid:minSdkVersion="18"android:targetSdkVersion="21"/>
While this application may run on Android OS older than 4.3.1 API 18, our tests with Android 2.3.3 API 10 failed.

Create the Android User Interface

Creating the Android application user interface can be done by using the UI editor, or, if you are already familiar with Android,
directly editing the layout file. In our case this file is named main.xml and it is located under res/layout folder.
We use a ScrollView container as the user interface parent, to support also small screen devices, with lower physical
resolutions. As layout template, we use TableLayout, with two columns: label and value plus measurement unit.
Hide Copy Code

<ScrollViewxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:fillViewport="true">
<TableLayoutxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:id="@+id/main">
<TableRowandroid:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<!tablerowcontent>
</TableRow>
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<!moretablerows...>
</TableLayout>
</ScrollView>
For example, the row used to show the current temperature value is shown below:
Hide Copy Code

<TableRowandroid:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<TextViewandroid:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceMedium"
android:text="Temperature:"
android:id="@+id/temperatureLabel"/>
<TextViewandroid:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceMedium"
android:text="N/A&deg;C"
android:id="@+id/temperatureValueTextView"/>
</TableRow>
Each UI element has an android:id attribute, with an unique value, used to access the UI element from the Android Java
code. The result user interface is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Android Application User Interface.

Write the Android Java Code

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We use an Android activity to implement our class. This is the simplest way to create an Android application, specially this is
your first Android application.
Hide Copy Code

publicclassMainActivityextendsActivity{
//...herecomeallthepropertiesandmethods...
}
For the UDP communication with the Weather Station sensor node we use Java DatagramSocket, and initialize it for port
1024 other ports, starting with 1025, can be used as well. This code should execute before trying to send any UDP packet over
the network. In this scenario, we request sensor data from the Weather Station node, once every 10 seconds. Feel free to modify
it to another value if you like:
Hide Shrink

Copy Code

publicclassMainActivityextendsActivity{
intudpPort=1025;
DatagramSocketsocket;

//otherproperties....

@Override
publicvoidonCreate(BundlesavedInstanceState){
//herearesomeotherinitializations
(newThread(newRunnable(){
@Override
publicvoidrun(){
try{
socket=newDatagramSocket(udpPort);
while(true){
if(appInBackground)continue;
try{
sendUdpData(Commands.GET_ALL_SENSORS_DATA,null);
Thread.sleep(10000);
}catch(Exceptione){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}catch(Exceptione){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
})).start();
}
}
An anonymous Java thread is used to request periodical data updates. The 10 seconds delay is obtained by using the
Thread.sleep static method, and the data update request is performed by the sendUdpData method.
Hide Copy Code

voidsendUdpData(Commandscmd,byte[]params){
try{
finalDatagramPacketpacket;
intparamsLength=(params!=null?params.length:0);
bytedata[]=newbyte[paramsLength+1];
bytecommand[]=newbyte[1];
command[0]=cmd.getValue();
System.arraycopy(command,0,data,0,command.length);
if(params!=null)System.arraycopy(params,0,data,1,params.length);
packet=newDatagramPacket(data,data.length,getBroadcastAddress(),udpPort);
socket.send(packet);
}catch(IOExceptione){
e.printStackTrace();
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}
}
The sendUdpData method takes two parameters: the command to send and its optional parameters. Remember, for the
Arduino code, an enumeration was used to define all the available commands well, just one command for now, but this will
change later. Now, the same applies for the Android application: using a Java enumeration, we define the
GET_ALL_SENSORS_DATA command with the same command code, 97 this is what the Arduino application expects.
Hide Copy Code

enumCommands{
GET_ALL_SENSORS_DATA((byte)97);
privatefinalbyteid;
Commands(byteid){this.id=id;}
publicbytegetValue(){returnid;}
}
Further, a DatagramPacket is created, and the command and when is the case, the command parameters too is provided
as an array of bytes as required by the DatagramPacket constructor. The UDP packet is then sent to the Weather Station
sensor node. In response, the sensor node provides a JSON object containing the sensor data required to update the user
interface. Since the UDP communication is asynchronous we don't know how long it takes for the request to reach the sensor
node and how long it takes until a response is received, a thread is used to continuously listen for incoming UDP packets.
Hide Shrink

Copy Code

publicvoidonCreate(BundlesavedInstanceState){
(newThread(newRunnable(){
@Override
publicvoidrun(){
while(true){
DatagramPacketudpPacket=receiveUdpData(udpPort);
if(udpPacket==null)continue;
StringudpPacketData=newString(udpPacket.getData());
try{
JSONObjectjsonObj=newJSONObject(udpPacketData);
updateUserInterface(jsonObj);
}catch(JSONExceptione){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
})).start();
}
DatagramPacketreceiveUdpData(intport){
try{
byte[]data=newbyte[1024];
DatagramPacketpacket=newDatagramPacket(data,data.length);
if(socket==null)returnnull;
socket.receive(packet);
returnpacket;
}catch(IOExceptione){
e.printStackTrace();
returnnull;
}
}
The received UDP data stream of bytes is converted to a JSON object and passed to updateUserInterface method
which is responsible to extract the sensor values and show them in the user interface. We show only the code which deals with
the temperature value, but the same applies also for humidity, voltage, and the other values see the full source code.
Hide Copy Code

voidupdateUserInterface(finalJSONObjectjsonObj){
try{
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finaldoubletemperature=jsonObj.getDouble("temperature");
temperatureValueTextView.post(newRunnable(){
publicvoidrun(){
temperatureValueTextView.setText(String.valueOf(temperature)+"&deg;C");
}
});
}catch(JSONExceptione){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
Due to Android API restrictions, a UI component object can be modified only by the thread who created it. In our case, main
application thread is the one which creates the GUI component objects, while the updateUserInterface is invoked by
the thread which listen for UDP data. In such case, the post method can be used, thus being able to update the sensor values
in the user interface components. Getting reference to the user interface components is made by using the corresponding
implementation class e.g. TextView and invoking the findViewById method, as shown below.
Hide Copy Code

publicclassMainActivityextendsActivity{
//someotherproperties...
TextViewsensorsDataReceivedTimeTextView;

publicvoidonCreate(BundlesavedInstanceState){
sensorsDataReceivedTimeTextView=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.sensorsDataReceivedTimeTextView);
}
//someothermethods...
}
One special requirement in our application is to provide a "disable autosleep feature" for the Android device, as long as the
application runs. This means, the device screen stays on as long as the application is active. To obtain this behavior, we use the
addFlags method of the window object inherited from the Activity super class, and provide the corresponding
parameter. In our case, these parameters are defined as literalos of the WindowManager.LayoutParams enumeration.
Hide Copy Code

window.addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_TURN_SCREEN_ON);
window.addFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_KEEP_SCREEN_ON);
Remember, this requires to enable the android.permission.WAKE_LOCK permission, by editing the
AndroidManifest.xml file as shows earlier on this tutorial.

Further improvements
We can extend our project by considering the following improvements:
SMS alerts by using a GSM module costs about 15. We can receiveSMS alerts on a mobile phone if some measured
parameters are not in the predefined limits. For example, if the temperature goes below 0C, we like to receive an SMS,
because this may indicate an issue with the home heating system.
Improve the code by considering various problematic cases:
WiFi module does not respond check the module periodically and perform a hardware reset when needed.
DHT22 sensor errors provide a robust code which alert us if the temperature and humidity sensor becomes
unstable or is damaged.
Use the Arduino EEPROM memory to store configuration parameters.
Improve the hardware design so it allows to be battery powered. This includes to replace our linear voltage regulator for
the 3.3V line with a more power consumption efficient one a switch mode based one.
Allow to use solar energy to charge the batteries for Weather Station nodes specially for the ones used outside, under
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direct sunlight.
Add soil moisture sensors, providing indication about the right moment to water our plants.
Add a light intensity sensor, providing a better way to create statistics related to temperature values with respect to day
and night. Altough this can be done in the Android software, it requires to have your phone connected with the node for
most of the time, which is general is not the case.
Add a real time clock RTC for our node, further improving the various statistics about measured environment
characteristics.
Stay tuned! All these improvements are discussed in our further tutorials.

License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License CPOL

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About the Author

Mircea Diaconescu
Instructor / Trainer
Germany
Researcher, developer, WoT/IoT enthusiast
Cofounder of http://webengineering.info.

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Comments and Discussions

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Excellent home project !!

foxsermon 11hrs 31mins ago
My vote of 5
Garbel Nervadof

31Mar16 18:54

Re: My vote of 5
Mircea Diaconescu

23hrs 8mins ago

Issue when uploading the Arduino code

Member AndroidF 31Mar16 12:51
Re: Issue when uploading the Arduino code
Mircea Diaconescu 22hrs 21mins ago
Re: Issue when uploading the Arduino code
Member AndroidF 14hrs 1 min ago
Re: Issue when uploading the Arduino code
Mircea Diaconescu 11hrs 35mins ago
Re: Issue when uploading the Arduino code
Member AndroidF 11hrs 3mins ago
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My vote of 5
csharpbd 31Mar16 11:40
Doubt regarding CH_PD and RESET pins of the ESP8266...
Member 12426909 30Mar16 13:23
Re: Doubt regarding CH_PD and RESET pins of the ESP8266...
Mircea Diaconescu 30Mar16 22:14
Re: Doubt regarding CH_PD and RESET pins of the ESP8266...
Member AndroidF 31Mar16 6:47
My vote of 5
raddevus 10Mar16 8:01
Re: My vote of 5
Mircea Diaconescu

10Mar16 8:08

My vote of 5
D V L 9Mar16 7:17
Re: My vote of 5
Mircea Diaconescu
good
NIHS das

9Mar16 22:21

25Feb16 21:48

Nice project
Christian Hack

24Feb16 2:21

Re: Nice project

Mircea Diaconescu

24Feb16 2:28

Re: Nice project

Mircea Diaconescu

24Feb16 2:47

My vote of 5
AJSON 20Feb16 11:45
Re: My vote of 5
Mircea Diaconescu

22Feb16 0:14

Looks very good job a suggestion

remi35 19Feb16 8:30
Re: Looks very good job a suggestion
Mircea Diaconescu 19Feb16 9:37
Good job
rather_b_sailing

19Feb16 7:18

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