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    Apc Term Paper

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    Darshan Malani
    This document discusses the effects of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control on system dynamics. It describes the proportional, integral, and derivative components of PID control and how they each affect system response. The proportional term reduces steady state error but can cause oscillation. The integral term eliminates offset but slows the system. The derivative term improves stability and settling time. A PID controller combines all three terms to provide fast, stable control without steady state error. In conclusion, properly tuned PID control improves system dynamics, increasing speed, stability, and accuracy for industrial processes.

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    Apc Term Paper

    Uploaded by

    Darshan Malani
    67 views9 pages
    This document discusses the effects of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control on system dynamics. It describes the proportional, integral, and derivative components of PID control and how they each affect system response. The proportional term reduces steady state error but can cause oscillation. The integral term eliminates offset but slows the system. The derivative term improves stability and settling time. A PID controller combines all three terms to provide fast, stable control without steady state error. In conclusion, properly tuned PID control improves system dynamics, increasing speed, stability, and accuracy for industrial processes.

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    This document discusses the effects of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control on system dynamics. It describes the proportional, integral, and derivative components of PID control and how they each affect system response. The proportional term reduces steady state error but can cause oscillation. The integral term eliminates offset but slows the system. The derivative term improves stability and settling time. A PID controller combines all three terms to provide fast, stable control without steady state error. In conclusion, properly tuned PID control improves system dynamics, increasing speed, stability, and accuracy for industrial processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    67 views9 pages

    Apc Term Paper

    Uploaded by

    Darshan Malani
    This document discusses the effects of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control on system dynamics. It describes the proportional, integral, and derivative components of PID control and how they each affect system response. The proportional term reduces steady state error but can cause oscillation. The integral term eliminates offset but slows the system. The derivative term improves stability and settling time. A PID controller combines all three terms to provide fast, stable control without steady state error. In conclusion, properly tuned PID control improves system dynamics, increasing speed, stability, and accuracy for industrial processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Advance process control

    Term paper on
    Effect of PID control on system dynamics

    Prepared by:

    Submitted to :

    1) Rajan Pithva (13BIC041)

    Prof . Jignesh .B. Patel

    INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL


    ENGINEERING SECTION
    ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
    INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
    NIRMA UNIVERSITY

    ABSTRACT

    PID control algorithm is the most common control loop feedback mechanism used in process
    industries. The letters PID three more or less independent actions of the control algorithm :
    proportional, integral and derivative. PID controller continuously calculate the error as the
    difference between set point and the actual value and to minimize this error it will adjust the
    controlled variable such as a position of the control valve. PID control algorithm is mainly based
    upon the process variable not on the process model so it is broadly used in the industries. And it
    also provides the precise control for the system.

    Proportional Controller :
    In proportional control algorithm output of the controller is proportional to the error
    which is difference between set point and actual value.
    P(output) = Kp*ep + p(0)
    Where Kp is proportional gain
    ep is error
    p(0) is output of controller at zero error
    If the value of kp is higher then there will be large change in output for small error and it
    will cause the oscillation in the error. And if the kp is lower then there will be small
    output response for large input error .For lower value of kp system will become less
    responsive.
    Now as we increase the value of kp then maximum peak overshoot is increases , steady
    state error is decreases for the oscillated error, and vice versa. For oscillated error if the
    value of kp is very high then settling time will increase and vice versa. So to provide
    better performance of the system value of kp should be moderate.
    An important characteristic of the proportional control mode is that it produces a
    permanent residual error in the operating point of the controlled variable when a change
    in load occurs.
    In industrial point of view only single proportional control mode is generally not
    preferred.

    Integral Controller :
    We can remove the offset error by implementing the integral controller. Integral action is
    provided by summing the error over time, multiplying that sum by a gain, and adding the
    result to the present controller output. You can see that if the error makes random
    excursions above and below zero , the net sum will be zero so the integral action will not
    contribute. But if the error become positive or negative for an extended period of time the
    integral action will begin to accumulate and make changes to the controller output.

    The gain Ki expresses how much controller output in percent is needed for every percent
    time accumulation of the error.
    Integral action mode makes system sluggish (slower). As the value of integral action
    increases settling time increases so system will become slower and at the infinite time
    steady state error will reduce and vice versa .

    Derivative controller:
    Derivative control action responds to the rate at which the error is changing that is the
    derivative of the error . Derivative control action is also called rate action and
    anticipatory control . Derivative action predicts system behavior and thus improves
    settling time and stability of the system
    The magnitude of the contribution of the derivative term to the overall control action is
    termed the derivative gain, Kd .
    Derivative gain Kd tells us that how much percent to change the controller output for
    every percent per second rate of change of error.
    From industrial point of view only derivative action is not used alone because it provides
    no output at he zero error.

    Proportional integral (PI) controller :


    The main advantage of this composite PI control mode is that one to one correspondence
    of the proportional is available and the integral mode eliminates the inherent offset error.
    When the error is zero controller output is fixed at the value that the integral term had
    when the error went to zero. And if the error is not zero the proportional gain contributes
    a correction and the integral term begins to increase or decrease the accumulated value
    depending upon the nature of the error.

    A PI controller is used when


    fast response of the system is not required
    large disturbances and noise are present during operation of the process

    Proportional derivative (PD) controller :


    In proportional derivative control mode system can not eliminate the offset of the
    proportional controller. It handle fast process load changes as long as the load change
    offset error is acceptable.

    Proportional integral derivative controller :


    The main advantage of this control mode is that it will eliminate the offset error of the
    proportional controller and still provide the faster speed of response for the system.

    In PID control mode derivative mode improves stability of the system and enables
    increase in gain K and decrease in integral time constant Ti, which increases speed
    of the controller response.

    CONCLUSSION
    After successfully implementation of PID controller will improve the dynamics
    (performance) of the system , system will become faster (high speed of response) , more
    stable and accurate. In current industrial scenario we can also improve the system
    performance by using the tuning of the PID controller , adaptive control , model
    predictive control method, gain scheduling etc.

    REFERRENCES
    www.google.com
    www.wikipedia.com
    www.uk-rs.online.com
    www.masterlabs.com
    www.weschelr.com
    www.electricalcontrols.co.in

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