Determination of Aromatic Content in

Diesel Fuel According to ASTMD5186

Enhancing the Agilent 1260 Innity Analytical SFC
System with a Flame Ionization Detector

Application Note
Energy & Chemicals

Authors

Abstract

Martina Noll-Borchers, Timo Hlscher

This Application Note describes the determination of the aromatic content of

SIM Scientic Instruments

diesel fuel using the Agilent 1260 Innity Analytical SFC system with the SIM

Manufacturer GmbH

ame ionization detector (FID). Combining the SFC system with this developed

Oberhausen, Germany

FID system meets all requirements of the ASTM D5186 method such as detector
accuracy and linearity. This combination offers a cost-effective and fast
alternative to the existing normal phase HPLC methods D1319 and D2425.

Edgar Naegele, Markus Becker

Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Waldbronn, Germany

Introduction
SIM Scientic Instruments Manufacturer
GmbH, Oberhausen, Germany, has
developed a ame ionization detector
(FID) for use with the Agilent 1260 Innity
Analytical SFC system. This combination
extends the range of applications,
for example, to meet petrochemical
requirements as described in the ASTM
method D5186. Control of the FID is
possible through Agilent OpenLAB CDS
ChemStation Edition Software with
the appropriate electronic components
and the FID software module. The
development of the FID was done by
taking particular account of detector
accuracy and linearity as well as
integration in the 1260 Innity Analytical
SFC system. The starting point of the
FID development was the determination
of aromatic compounds in diesel fuels
as published in the ASTM method
D5186. This approach was taken so that
system performance could be veried
according to the requirements in this
test method. This enables the separation
of monoaromatics and polynuclear
aromatics in fuel samples using an FID.
An important challenge to be solved was
the contamination of the backpressure
regulator (BPR) with high-melting
compounds such as naphthalene. This
challenge was overcome by using
Channel B of a binary pump to purge the
BPR continuously with hexane.
Diesel and aviation turbine fuels contain
nonaromatic, mono- and polyaromatic
hydrocarbons. Best performance and
maximum lifetime of an engine is
achieved when the amount of aromatics
is as low as possible. Since the aromatic
hydrocarbon content can affect the
cetane number of fuels and cause
emissions due to incomplete burning,
there are different regulations to protect
the environment and public health.
Examples of such regulations are those
from the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA) and the
California Air Resources Board (CARB) as
well as self-regulation of distilleries for
process and quality control.

The American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM) published the test
method D5186 to determine the aromatic
and polynuclear aromatic content of
diesel fuels and aviation turbine fuels
by supercritical uid chromatography
with ame ionization detection. This test
method shows clear benets compared
with test methods D1319 and D2425
because it is:

Instrumentation

An Agilent 1260 Innity Analytical SFC

system with the following conguration
was used:

Agilent 1260 Innity SFC Control

Module

Agilent 1260 Innity SFC Binary

Pump

Applicable for an expanded

application range

Agilent 1260 Innity Thermostatted

Column Compartment

Statistically more precise than or at

least as precise as other methods

Unaffected by fuel coloration

CTC Analytics LC-Injector HTC PAL

(50-cm width) modied with 4-port
valve (internal 0.5-L loop) and
DLW

Not as expensive and

time-consuming to perform

SIM ame ionization detector

The method is applicable to samples

containing total aromatics in the range of
1 to 75 mass%, and polyaromatics in the
range of 0.5 to 50 mass %1-3.

The complete solution can be ordered

through SIM Scientic Instruments
Manufacturer GmbH, Oberhausen,
Germany.

Experimental
Chemicals and solutions
Samples and standards were prepared according to guidance published in the ASTM
method.
FID gases

Hydrogen, air, and nitrogen (as make-up gas)

Eluent

Carbon dioxide (purity > 99.995 %, pressurized in a cylinder without DIP

tube, according to the specications of the SFC module)

Purge solution for back

pressure regulator

Hexane (not used as modier! Pumped with channel B of the binary

pump)

Performance mixture

Quantitative mixture prepared according to section 7.6 of the ASTM

method from ne chemicals (Sigma Aldrich) with the following
composition (approximate values):
75 mass % hexadecane (n-C16)
20 mass % toluene (T)
3 mass % tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, THN)
2 mass % naphthalene (N)

Diesel sample for linearity

check

Diesel sample, aromatic content 21.8 % (according to manufacturers

analysis results)

Analytical column
YMC-PACK-SIL_06, 250 4.5 mm, S-6 nm,
5m (YMC America, Inc., Allentown, PA,
USA), or
Agilent ZORBAX RX-SIL,
4.6 250 mm, 5m (p/n 880975-901)

Restrictor
PEEKsil, 100-m inside diameter, 20 cm
(for hexane purging path)

LC Method
Agilent 1260 Innity Binary SFC Pump
Solvent A

CO2 (precompressed), 99,995 %

Solvent B

Hexane, 0.5%, used for purging the backpressure regulator (BPR) only, not as
eluent. Depending on the composition of the sample, it might be necessary
to purge the BPR with a higher amount of hexane (for example, setting in the
software to 50% eluent B) from time to time.

Flow rate
1.8 mL/min
Agilent 1260 Innity Thermostatted Column Compartment
Column temperature 25 C
LC-Injector HTC PAL

Software

Injection volume

0.5 L

Agilent OpenLab CDS ChemStation

Edition, Rev. C.01.05

Injection cycle

Preclean with Solvent 1 (hexane) 1

Preclean with Sample
1
Filling speed (L/s)
10
Filling strokes
3
Inject to
LC Vlv1
Injection speed (L/s)
5
Pre-inject delay
500 ms
Post-inject delay
500 ms
Post clean with Solvent 1 (hexane) 2
Valve clean with Solvent 1
1
(all other parameters not listed here have the value zero)

SFC/FID Conguration
The outlet of the column is connected to
the upper T-piece of the FID (Figure1).
To purge the backpressure regulator
(BPR), hexane is pumped continuously
through Channel B of the binary pump.
To maintain constant backpressure
and a continuously operating system, a
restriction capillary is integrated between
pump head B and the lower T-piece of the
FID (Figure 1).

FID
Temperature

300 C

Gases
Hydrogen (H2)

50 mL/min

Air

500 mL/min

Make-up gas (N2)

50 mL/min

FID

From column (eluent ow)

From pump head B (hexane purge ow)
through restriction

Figure 1. Connection of the SFC/FID module with the LC instrument.

Results and Discussion

In the following, the compliance
with the requirements of the system
performance listed in section 8.2 of the
ASTM test method is shown. The areas
in the chromatogram are integrated
corresponding to a performance
mixture of hexadecane, toluene,
tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), and
naphthalene (N). The mass % content
of each of these groups in the fuel is
calculated by area normalization.

FID sensitivity
The rst step, according to the ASTM
method, was to show that the FID
sensitivity is sufcient to detect
0.1mass% toluene in hexadecane
(seeASTM section 6.1). Figure 2
illustrates that the FID exceeds this
requirement.
The performance mixture (PFM),
according to ASTM section 7.6, is
used to determine most of the method
acceptance criteria such as resolution,
retention time reproducibility, and
detector accuracy. Moreover, it is used
to determine the integration marks for
performing the grouping and integration
of the complex fuel samples.

Hexadecane (n-C16)
70
60
50
40
30
Toluene
20
10
0
-10
1.0

3.0

Time (min)

Figure 2. Chromatogram detail of a solution with 0.1 mass % toluene in hexadecane (n-C16).

20,000

Hexadecane (n-C16)

17,500

Resolution required by ASTM D-5168

R NM(C16/T) 4
R MD(THN/N) 2

15,000
12,500

Measured values
R NM(C16/T) = 10.4
R MD(THN/N) = 4.1

10,000
7,500
R NM

5,000

Toluene
R MD

2,500

THN

Resolution
Figure 3 shows the resolution between
nonaromatics (hexadecane) and
monoaromatics (toluene), referred to
as RNM. According to ASTM D5186 a
RNM value of at least 4 is required, but
a value of 10 was determined for the
actual experiment. Also, the resolution
between mono-(tetralin) and polynuclear
(naphthalene) aromatics, referred to
as RMD, is twice as high as required
(seeASTM method, section 8.2.1).

2.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Time (min)

Figure 3. Determination of the resolution values for RNM (hexadecane to toluene) and RMD (THN to N)
using the performance mixture.

Hexadecane (n-C16)

Toluene

4,000

3,000

2,000

Retention time reproducibility

Retention-time reproducibility is also
determined with the PFM. It should not
be higher than 0.5 % RSD for hexadecane
and toluene peaks. This is important
because the integration marks for the
diesel sample are determined from the
analysis of the PFM. Figure 4 shows an
overlay of ve chromatograms as well
as the assignment of the areas to the
corresponding diesel fractions.

1,000

THN
N

0
AN
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

AM
2.5

AP
3.0

3.5

Time (min)

Figure 4. Overlay of ve chromatograms of the PFM with the assignment to the fractions of a diesel
sample (AN = Area of nonaromatics, AM = Area of monoaromatics, AP = Area of polyaromatics).

To check the assumption that the

FID response approximates to the
theoretical unit carbon response, the
response factors relative to hexadecane
(RRF) were calculated for each of the
components in the performance mixture.
The measured RRF for each component
must be within 10% of the theoretical
value when it is assumed that the FID
response approximates to the theoretical
unit carbon response. The calculated
RRF values were within these limits, as
summarized in Table 2.

Detector linearity check

A diesel sample was used for this check.
Neat fuel and two dilutions (containing
fuel and n-C16 in proportions of 1:1 and
1:3) were analyzed according to ASTM
section9. Determination of the mass%
aromatics in the two dilutions, and
comparison with their corresponding
expected aromatics results was used to
verify detector linearity. Figure 5 shows
an overlay of these three diesel samples.
Integration marks were set according to
the chromatogram of the PFM (Figure 4)
to determine the content of mono- and
polyaromatics. The sum of both areas
is the content of total aromatics in the
diesel sample (given in mass%).
Table 3 shows the aromatic content of the
diesel sample and its weighed dilutions.
The difference between the measured
and expected values agree to within the
repeatability limits stated in 13.1.1 of the
ASTM method, so that the FID linearity
could be veried.

n-C16

THN

RT average (n = 10)

1.83

2.44

2.82

3.16

RT SD

0.004

0.007

0.008

0.009

RT RSD %

0.24

0.28

0.29

0.30

Table 2. Determination of the relative response factors (RRF) of the performance mixture
(average of 10 runs).
RRF value

Minimum

Maximum

Calculated*

Compliance to test
method

RRF (toluene)

0.9675

1.1825

1.0753

Yes

RRF (tetrahydronaphthalene)

0.9630

1.1825

1.0420

Yes

RRF (naphthalene)

0.9936

1.2144

1.0840

Yes

* Average based on 10 injections, all within the given limits.

400
350

400

2.629

Detector accuracy test

Table 1. Retention time reproducibility of PFM (average of 10 runs, n-C16 = Hexadecane, T= Toluene,
THN= 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, N = Naphthalene)

1.933

Table 1 lists the calculated values for

all four substances of the PFM. The
relative standard deviations (RSDs) for
the retention time (RT) were all in the
range of 0.3%, so that all values t the
acceptance criterion.

300
350

250

300

200
150

250

100

200

50
1.5

150

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

100
50
0
-50
2

Time (min)

Figure 5. Chromatogram of the diesel sample (blue) and its 1:1 (red) and 1:3 (green) dilution; the inset on
the right shows the setting of the integration marks corresponding to the PFM.

Table 3. Total aromatic content of a diesel fuel.

Dilution

Measured
aromatics
(mass %)*

Expected
aromatics
(mass %)

Aromatics
deviation
(mass %)

Neat

21.8

1:1

11.1

10.8

0.3

1:3

5.9

5.7

0.2

*average based on 10 injections

Analysis of diesel samples

To see the repeatability of the diesel
sample measurements, Figure 6 shows
an overlay of 10 chromatograms. If fatty
acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are present
as a biodiesel additive, a longer run time
is required to elute the FAMES from the
column.

350
300
250
200
150
100
50

Conclusion
The performance of the Agilent 1260
Innity Analytical SFC system with the
SIM FID meets the requirements of
ASTM D5186 for the determination of
aromatics in diesel fuel. Specically, the
detector accuracy and linearity tests
show the suitability of the SIM FID for
the determination of aromatic substances
with the 1260 Innity Analytical SFC
system. The system is equipped with
continuous purging of the backpressure
regulator to ensure trouble-free and
reliable operation of the system.

0
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Figure 6. Overlay of 10 chromatograms of a diesel sample.

3.0

3.5

4.0

Time (min)

References
1. American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM): ASTM D5186-03
(2009), Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Aromatic
Content and Polynuclear Aromatic
Content of Diesel Fuels and Aviation
Turbine Fuels By Supercritical Fluid
Chromatography,
http://www.astm.org/Standards/
D5186.htm (accessed April 1, 2015)
2. American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM): ASTM D1319-14,
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon
Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by
Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
http://www.astm.org/Standards/
D1319.htm (accessed April 1, 2015)
3. American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM): ASTM D2425-04
(2009), Standard Test Method
for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle
Distillates by Mass Spectrometry
http://www.astm.org/Standards/
D2425.htm (accessed April 1, 2015)

www.agilent.com/chem
This information is subject to change without notice.
Agilent Technologies, Inc., 2015
Published in the USA, May 1, 2015
5991-5682EN