E number

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

E numbers are codes for substances which can be used as food

additives for use within the European Union[1] and Switzerland (the
"E" stands for "Europe").[2] They are commonly found on food labels
throughout the European Union.[3] Safety assessment and approval
are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority.[4]
Having a single unified list for food additives was first agreed upon in
1962 with colours. In 1964, the directives for preservatives were
added, 1970 for antioxidants and 1974 for the emulsifiers, stabilisers,
thickeners and gelling agents.[5]

Contents
1 Numbering scheme

A solution of E101 riboflavin (also

known as Vitamin B2)

2 Colloquial use
3 Classification by numeric range
4 Full list
4.1 E100E199 (colours)
4.2 E200E299 (preservatives)
4.3 E300E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)
4.4 E400E499 (thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers)
4.5 E500E599 (acidity regulators, anti-caking
agents)

Crystals of E621 Monosodium

glutamate, a flavour enhancer

4.6 E600E699 (flavour enhancers)

4.7 E700E799 (antibiotics)
4.8 E900E999 (glazing agents and sweeteners)
4.9 E1000E1599 (additional chemicals)
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links

Numbering scheme
The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the Codex
Alimentarius committee,[6] though only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European
Union as food additives. E numbers are also encountered on food labelling in other jurisdictions, including the

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Australia, New Zealand[7] and Israel. They are
increasingly, though still rarely, found on North American packaging,[8] especially in Canada on imported
European products.

Colloquial use
In some European countries, "E number" is sometimes used informally as a pejorative term for artificial food
additives, and products may promote themselves as "free of E numbers". Since many components of natural
foods have E numbers (and the number simply is a synonym for the chemical component), e.g., vitamin C
(E300) and lycopene (E160d), this is incorrect; presumably, the intent is that the ingredients list does not list any
food additives by E number, that is, pure forms of the substances are not intentionally added.

Classification by numeric range

E number range

Subranges

Description

100109 yellows
110119 oranges
100199 (full list)
Colours

120129 reds
130139 blues & violets
140149 greens
150159 browns & blacks
160199 gold and others
200209 sorbates
210219 benzoates
220229 sulphites

200299 (full list)

Preservatives

230239 phenols & formates (methanoates)

240259 nitrates
260269 acetates (ethanoates)
270279 lactates
280289 propionates (propanoates)
290299 others
300305 ascorbates (vitamin C)
306309 Tocopherol (vitamin E)
310319 gallates & erythorbates
320329 lactates

300399 (full list)

330339 citrates & tartrates
Antioxidants & acidity regulators
340349 phosphates
350359 malates & adipates
360369 succinates & fumarates

370399 others
400409 alginates
410419 natural gums
420429 other natural agents
400499 (full list)
Thickeners, stabilisers &
emulsifiers

430439 polyoxyethene compounds

440449 natural emulsifiers
450459 phosphates
460469 cellulose compounds
470489 fatty acids & compounds
490499 others
500509 mineral acids & bases
510519 chlorides & sulphates

500599 (full list)

pH regulators & anti-caking
agents

520529 sulphates & hydroxides

530549 alkali metal compounds
550559 silicates
570579 stearates & gluconates
580599 others

600699 (full list)

Flavour enhancers
700799 (full list)
Antibiotics

620629 glutamates & guanylates

630639 inosinates
640649 others
700713
900909 waxes
910919 synthetic glazes

900999 (full list)

Miscellaneous

920929 improving agents

930949 packaging gases
950969 sweeteners
990999 foaming agents

11001599 (full list)

Additional chemicals

1100
1599

New chemicals that do not fall into standard classification

schemes

NB: Not all examples of a class fall into the given numeric range. Moreover, many chemicals, particularly in the
E400499 range, have a variety of purposes.

Full list
The list shows all components that have or had an E-number assigned. Not all additives listed are still
allowed in the EU, but are listed as they used to have an E-number. For an overview of currently allowed
additives see here (http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist).

E100E199 (colours)
Code

Name(s)

Colour

Status

E100

Curcumin (from turmeric)

Yellow-orange

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E101

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), formerly called

lactoflavin

Yellow-orange

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E101a Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate

Yellow-orange

Approved in the EU.[9]

E102

Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5)

Lemon yellow

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E103

Alkannin[11]

Red-brown

E104

Quinoline Yellow WS

Dull or greenish
yellow

E105

Fast Yellow AB

Yellow

E106

Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate

Yellow

E107

Yellow 2G

Yellow

Approved in the EU.[9]

Undergoing a voluntary phase-out
in the UK.

Approved in the EU.[9] Banned in

Norway Products in the EU
require warnings and its use is
being phased-out. Approved in
the US.[10]

E110

Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S,

FD&C Yellow 6)

Yellow-orange

E111

Orange GGN

Orange

E120

Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmine

(Natural Red 4)

Crimson

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

Dark red

Approved in the United States

only for use in colouring the skin
of oranges.[12]

E121

Citrus Red 2

E122

Carmoisine (azorubine)

Red to maroon

Approved in the EU.[9]

Undergoing a voluntary phase-out
in the UK. Currently banned in
Canada, Japan, Norway, USA .
EU currently evaluating health
risks.

E123

Amaranth (FD&C Red 2)

Dark red

Approved in the EU.[9]

E124

Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant

Scarlet 4R)

Red

Approved in the EU.[9]

Red

Only permitted for externally

applied drugs and cosmetics in the
US.[13][14][15]

E125

Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN

E126

Ponceau 6R

Red

E127

Erythrosine (FD&C Red 3)

Red

E128

Red 2G

Red

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]
Approved in the EU.[9] Banned in
Switzerland. Undergoing a
voluntary phase out in the UK.
Approved in the US.[10]

E129

Allura Red AC (FD&C Red 40)

Red

E130

Indanthrene blue RS

Blue

E131

Patent Blue V

Dark blue

E132

Indigo carmine (indigotine, FD&C Blue 2) Indigo

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E133

Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1)

Reddish blue

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E140

Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins: (i)

Chlorophylls (ii) Chlorophyllins

Green

Approved in the EU.[9]

E141

Copper complexes of chlorophylls and

chlorophyllins (i) Copper complexes of
chlorophylls (ii) Copper complexes of
chlorophyllins

Green

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E142

Green S

Green

Approved in the EU.[9]

E143

Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green 3)

Sea green

Approved in the US. Banned in

the EU.

Brown

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E150a Plain caramel

Approved in the EU.[9]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E150b Caustic sulphite caramel

Brown

E150c Ammonia caramel

Brown

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E150d Sulphite ammonia caramel

Brown

Approved in the US.[10]

E151

Black PN, Brilliant Black BN

Black

Approved in the EU.[9]

E152

Carbon black (hydrocarbon)

Black

E153

Vegetable carbon

Black

Approved in the EU.[9]

E154

Brown FK (kipper brown)

Brown

Approved in the EU for dyeing

kippers only, however appears to
no longer be used.[16]

E155

Brown HT (chocolate brown HT)

Brown

Approved in the EU.[9]

E160a Alpha-carotene, Beta-carotene, Gammacarotene

Yellow-orange to
brown

Approved in the EU.[9]

E160b Annatto, bixin, norbixin

Orange

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E160c Paprika oleoresin, Capsanthin, capsorubin Red

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E160d Lycopene

Bright to deep red

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E160e Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30)

Orange-red to
yellow

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

Orange-red to
yellow

Approved in the EU.[9]

E160f

Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid

(C 30)

E161a Flavoxanthin

Golden-yellow and
brownish

E161b Lutein

Orange-red to
yellow

E161c Cryptoxanthin

Orange-red

E161d Rubixanthin

Orange-red

E161e Violaxanthin

Orange

E161f Rhodoxanthin

Purple

E161g Canthaxanthin

Violet

E161h Zeaxanthin

Orange-red

E161i

Citranaxanthin

Deep violet

E161j

Astaxanthin

Red

E162

Approved in the EU.[9]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

Beetroot Red, Betanin

Red

E163

Anthocyanins

pH dependent(Red,
green and purple
Approved in the EU.[9]
ranges)

E164

Saffron

Orange-red[colour?] Approved in the US.[10]

E170

Calcium carbonate, Chalk

White

Approved in the EU.[9]

E171

Titanium dioxide

White

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US.[10]

E172

Iron oxides and iron hydroxides

Brown

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

in the US for sausage casings.[10]

E173

Aluminium

Silver to grey

Approved in the EU.[9]

E174

Silver

Silver

Approved in the EU.[9]

E175

Gold

Gold

Approved in the EU.[9]

E180

Pigment Rubine, Lithol Rubine BK

Red

Approved in the EU.[9]

E181

Tannin

Brown

E182

Orcein, Orchil

Purple

E200E299 (preservatives)
Code

Name(s)

Purpose

Status

E200

Sorbic acid

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E201

Sodium sorbate

preservative

E202

Potassium sorbate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E203

Calcium sorbate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E209

Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate

preservative

E210

Benzoic acid

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E211

Sodium benzoate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E212

Potassium benzoate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E213

Calcium benzoate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E214

Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E215

Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E216

Propylparaben (propyl parahydroxybenzoate)

preservative

E217

Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate

preservative

E218

Methylparaben (methyl parahydroxybenzoate)

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E219

Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E220

Sulphur dioxide

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E221

Sodium sulphite

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E222

Sodium bisulphite (sodium hydrogen

sulphite)

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E223

Sodium metabisulphite

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E224

Potassium metabisulphite

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E225

Potassium sulphite

preservative

E226

Calcium sulphite

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E227

Calcium hydrogen sulphite (preservative)

firming agent

Approved in the EU.[9]

E228

Potassium hydrogen sulphite

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E230

Biphenyl, diphenyl

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E231

Orthophenyl phenol

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E232

Sodium orthophenyl phenol

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E233

Thiabendazole

preservative

E234

Nisin

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E235

Natamycin, Pimaracin

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E236

Formic acid

preservative

E237

Sodium formate

preservative

E238

Calcium formate

preservative

E239

Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine)

preservative

E240

Formaldehyde

preservative

E242

Dimethyl dicarbonate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E249

Potassium nitrite

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E250

Sodium nitrite

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E251

Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter)

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E252

Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre)

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E260

Acetic acid (preservative)

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E261

Potassium acetate (preservative)

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E262

Sodium acetates (i) Sodium acetate (ii)

Sodium diacetate (sodium hydrogen
acetate)

preservative, acidity
Approved in the EU.[17]
regulator

E263

Calcium acetate (preservative)

acidity regulator

E264

Ammonium acetate

preservative

E265

Dehydroacetic acid

preservative

E266

Sodium dehydroacetate

preservative

E270

Lactic acid (preservative)

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E280

Propionic acid

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E281

Sodium propionate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E282

Calcium propionate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E283

Potassium propionate

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E284

Boric acid

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E285

Sodium tetraborate (borax)

preservative

Approved in the EU.[9]

E290

Carbon dioxide

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[9]

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

E296

Malic acid (acid)

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E297

Fumaric acid

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E300E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)

Code

Name(s)

Purpose

Status

E300

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E301

Sodium ascorbate

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E302

Calcium ascorbate

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E303

Potassium ascorbate

antioxidant

E304

Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid

(Ascorbyl palmitate)

antioxidant

E305

Ascorbyl stearate

antioxidant

E306

Tocopherols (natural)

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E307

Alpha-tocopherol (synthetic)

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E308

Gamma-tocopherol (synthetic)

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E309

Delta-tocopherol (synthetic)

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E310

Propyl gallate

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E311

Octyl gallate

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E312

Dodecyl gallate

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E313

Ethyl gallate

antioxidant

E314

Guaiac resin

antioxidant

E315

Erythorbic acid

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E316

Sodium erythorbate

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E317

Erythorbin acid

antioxidant

E318

Sodium erythorbin

antioxidant

E319

tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E320

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E321

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E322

Lecithin

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E323

Anoxomer

antioxidant

E324

Ethoxyquin

antioxidant

E325

Sodium lactate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E326

Potassium lactate (antioxidant)

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[18]

E327

Calcium lactate

acidity regulator

E328

Ammonium lactate

acidity regulator

E329

Magnesium lactate

acidity regulator

E330

Citric acid

acid, acidity
regulator

E331

Sodium citrates (i) Monosodium citrate (ii)

Disodium citrate (iii) Sodium citrate
acidity regulator
(trisodium citrate)

Approved in the EU.[17]

E332

Potassium citrates (i) Monopotassium

citrate (ii) Potassium citrate (tripotassium
citrate)

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E333

Calcium citrates (i) Monocalcium citrate (ii) acidity regulator,

Dicalcium citrate (iii) Calcium citrate
firming agent,
(tricalcium citrate)
sequestrant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E334

Tartaric acid (L(+)-)

(acid)

Approved in the EU.[17]

E335

Sodium tartrates (i) Monosodium tartrate

(ii), Disodium tartrate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E336

Potassium tartrates (i) Monopotassium

tartrate (cream of tartar) (ii) Dipotassium
tartrate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E337

Sodium potassium tartrate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E338

Orthophosphoric acid

acid

Approved in the EU.[17]

E339

Sodium phosphates (i) Monosodium

phosphate (ii) Disodium phosphate (iii)
Trisodium phosphate

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E340

Potassium phosphates (i) Monopotassium

phosphate (ii) Dipotassium phosphate (iii)
Tripotassium phosphate

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[17]

anti-caking agent,
firming agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E341

E342

Calcium phosphates (i) Monocalcium

phosphate (ii) Dicalcium phosphate (iii)
Tricalcium phosphate

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

Ammonium phosphates: (i)

monoammonium phosphate (ii)
diammonium phosphate

E343

Magnesium phosphates (i) monomagnesium

anti-caking agent
phosphate (ii) Dimagnesium phosphate

E344

Lecitin citrate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17] This

additive is under discussion and
may be included in a future
amendment to the Directive on
miscellaneous additives.

E345

Magnesium citrate

acidity regulator

E349

Ammonium malate

acidity regulator

E350

Sodium malates (i) Sodium malate (ii)

Sodium hydrogen malate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E351

Potassium malate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E352

Calcium malates (i) Calcium malate (ii)

Calcium hydrogen malate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E353

Metatartaric acid

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[17]

E354

Calcium tartrate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[17]

E355

Adipic acid

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E356

Sodium adipate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E357

Potassium adipate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E359

Ammonium adipate

acidity regulator

E363

Succinic acid

acidity regulator

E365

Sodium fumarate

acidity regulator

E366

Potassium fumarate

E367

Calcium fumarate

acidity regulator

E368

Ammonium fumarate

acidity regulator

E370

1,4-Heptonolactone

acidity regulator

E380

Triammonium citrate

acidity regulator

E381

Ammonium ferric citrate

acidity regulator

E383

Calcium glycerylphosphate

acidity regulator

E384

Isopropyl citrate

acidity regulator

E385

Calcium disodium ethylene diamine

tetraacetate, (Calcium disodium EDTA)

sequestrant

E386

Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate

(Disodium EDTA)

sequestrant

E387

Oxystearin

stabiliser

E388

Thiodipropionic acid

E389

Dilauryl thiodipropionate

E390

Distearyl thiodipropionate

E391

Phytic acid

E392

Extracts of rosemary

E399

Calcium lactobionate

Approved in the EU.[17]

acidity regulator

E400E499 (thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers)

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in 2010[20]

Code

Name(s)

Purpose

Status

E400

Alginic acid (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling

agent)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E401

Sodium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser)

(gelling agent)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E402

Potassium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser)

(gelling agent)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E403

Ammonium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E404

Calcium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser)

(gelling agent)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E405

Propane-1,2-diol alginate (Propylene

glycol alginate) (thickener) (stabiliser)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E406

Agar (thickener) (gelling agent)

stabiliser

Approved in the EU.[19]

E407

Carrageenan (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling

emulsifier
agent)

Approved in the EU.[19]

E407a

Processed eucheuma seaweed (thickener)

emulsifier
(stabiliser) (gelling agent)

Approved in the EU.[19]

E408

Bakers yeast glycan

E409

Arabinogalactan

E410

Locust bean gum (Carob gum) (thickener)

emulsifier
(stabiliser) (gelling agent)

E411

Oat gum (thickener)

stabiliser

E412

Guar gum (thickener)

stabiliser

Approved in the EU.[19]

E413

Tragacanth (thickener) (stabiliser)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E414

Acacia gum (gum arabic) (thickener)

(stabiliser)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E415

Xanthan gum (thickener)

stabiliser

Approved in the EU.[19]

E416

Karaya gum (thickener) (stabiliser)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E417

Tara gum (thickener)

stabiliser

Approved in the EU.[19]

E418

Gellan gum (thickener) (stabiliser)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E419

Gum ghatti (thickener) (stabiliser)

emulsifier

E420

Sorbitol (i) Sorbitol (ii) Sorbitol syrup

(emulsifier) (sweetener)

humectant

Approved in the EU.[21]

E421

Mannitol (anti-caking agent)

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[21]

E422

Glycerol (emulsifier)

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[17]

E424

Curdlan
Konjac (i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac

Approved in the EU.[19]

Approved in the EU.[19] May not

E425

glucomannane

E426

Soybean hemicellulose

Approved in the EU.[19]

E427

Cassia gum

Approved in 2010[20]

E429

Peptones

E430

Polyoxyethene (8) stearate (emulsifier)

stabiliser

E431

Polyoxyethene (40) stearate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[17]

E432

Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate

(polysorbate 20)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E433

Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate

(polysorbate 80)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E434

Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate

emulsifier
(polysorbate 40)

Approved in the EU.[19]

E435

Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monostearate

emulsifier
(polysorbate 60)

Approved in the EU.[19]

E436

Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan tristearate

(polysorbate 65)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E440

Pectins (i) pectin (ii) amidated pectin

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E441

Gelatine (emulsifier)

gelling agent

E442

Ammonium phosphatides

emulsifier

E443

Brominated vegetable oil

emulsifier

E444

Sucrose acetate isobutyrate

emulsifier

E445

Glycerol esters of wood rosins

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E446

Succistearin

E450

Diphosphates (i) Disodium diphosphate (ii)

Trisodium diphosphate (iii) Tetrasodium
diphosphate (iv) Dipotassium diphosphate
emulsifier
(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate (vi)
Dicalcium diphosphate (vii) Calcium
dihydrogen diphosphate

Approved in the EU.[17]

E451

Triphosphates (i) Sodium triphosphate

(pentasodium triphosphate) (ii)
Pentapotassium triphosphate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[17]

E452

Polyphosphates (i) Sodium polyphosphates

(ii) Potassium polyphosphates (iii) Sodium
calcium polyphosphate (iv) Calcium
emulsifier
polyphosphates (v) Ammonium
polyphosphate

Approved in the EU.[17]

E459

Beta-cyclodextrin

Approved in the EU.[17]

Cellulose (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (ii)

emulsifier

emulsifier

be used in confectionery owing to

choking risk.

Approved in the EU.[19]

E460

Powdered cellulose

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E461

Methyl cellulose

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E462

Ethyl cellulose

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E463

Hydroxypropyl cellulose

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E464

Hypromellose (hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E465

Ethyl methyl cellulose

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E466

Carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium carboxy

emulsifier
methyl cellulose

Approved in the EU.[19]

E467

Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose

E468

Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl

cellulose (Croscarmellose)

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19] This

additive is under discussion and
may be included in a future
amendment to the Directive on
miscellaneous additives

E469

Enzymically hydrolysed
carboxymethylcellulose

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E470a

Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of

fatty acids (emulsifier)

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[19]

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[19]

E470b Magnesium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier)

E471

Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

(glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate) emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E472a

Acetic acid esters of mono- and

diglycerides of fatty acids

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E472b

Lactic acid esters of mono- and

diglycerides of fatty acids

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E472c

Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides

emulsifier
of fatty acids

Approved in the EU.[19]

E472d

Tartaric acid esters of mono- and

diglycerides of fatty acids

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E472e

Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of

mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E472f

Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of

mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E472g Succinylated monoglycerides

emulsifier

E473

Sucrose esters of fatty acids

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E474

Sucroglycerides

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E475

Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E476

Polyglycerol polyricinoleate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E477

Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids,

propylene glycol esters of fatty acids

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E478

Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and

emulsifier
propane-1

E479b

Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted

emulsifier
with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

E480

Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate

emulsifier

E481

Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E482

Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E483

Stearyl tartrate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E484

Stearyl citrate

emulsifier

E485

Sodium stearoyl fumarate

emulsifier

E486

Calcium stearoyl fumarate

emulsifier

E487

Sodium laurylsulphate

emulsifier

E488

Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides

emulsifier

E489

Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester

emulsifier

E490

Propane-1,2-diol

E491

Sorbitan monostearate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E492

Sorbitan tristearate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E493

Sorbitan monolaurate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E494

Sorbitan monooleate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E495

Sorbitan monopalmitate

emulsifier

Approved in the EU.[19]

E496

Sorbitan trioleate

emulsifier

E497

Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene
polymers

E498

Partial polyglycerol esters of

polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil

Approved in the EU.[19]

E500E599 (acidity regulators, anti-caking agents)

Code

Name(s)

E500

Sodium carbonates (i) Sodium carbonate

(ii) Sodium bicarbonate (Sodium hydrogen
raising agent
carbonate) (iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate
(acidity regulator)

E501

Potassium carbonates (i) Potassium

carbonate (ii) Potassium bicarbonate

Purpose

acidity regulator

Status
Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

(Potassium hydrogen carbonate)

E503

Ammonium carbonates (i) Ammonium

carbonate (ii) Ammonium bicarbonate
(Ammonium hydrogen carbonate)

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E504

Magnesium carbonates (i) Magnesium

carbonate (ii) Magnesium bicarbonate
Magnesium hydrogen carbonate

acidity regulator,
anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E505

Ferrous carbonate

acidity regulator

E507

Hydrochloric acid

acid

Approved in the EU.[17]

E508

Potassium chloride (gelling agent)

seasoning

Approved in the EU.[17]

E509

Calcium chloride (sequestrant)

firming agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E510

Ammonium chloride, ammonia solution

(acidity regulator)

improving agent

E511

Magnesium chloride

firming agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E512

Stannous chloride

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E513

Sulphuric acid

acid

Approved in the EU.[17]

E514

Sodium sulphates (i) Sodium sulphate (ii)

acid

Approved in the EU.[17]

E515

Potassium Sulphates (i) Potassium Sulphate

(ii)

Approved in the EU.[17]

E516

Calcium sulphate

Approved in the EU.[17]

E517

Ammonium sulphate

E518

Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts), (acidity

firming agent
regulator)

E519

Copper(II) sulphate

preservative

E520

Aluminium sulphate

firming agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E521

Aluminium sodium sulphate

firming agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E522

Aluminium potassium sulphate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E523

Aluminium ammonium sulphate

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E524

Sodium hydroxide

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E525

Potassium hydroxide

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E526

Calcium hydroxide (acidity regulator)

firming agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E527

Ammonium hydroxide

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E528

Magnesium hydroxide

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E529

Calcium oxide (acidity regulator)

improving agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E530

Magnesium oxide (acidity regulator)

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E535

Sodium ferrocyanide (acidity regulator)

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

E536

Potassium ferrocyanide

anti-caking agent

E537

Ferrous hexacyanomanganate

anti-caking agent

E538

Calcium ferrocyanide

anti-caking agent

E539

Sodium thiosulphate

antioxidant

E540

Dicalcium diphosphate (acidity regulator)

emulsifier

E541

Sodium aluminium phosphate (i) Acidic (ii)

emulsifier
Basic

E542

Bone phosphate (Essentiale Calcium

Phosphate, Tribasic)

anti-caking agent

E543

Calcium sodium polyphosphate

emulsifier

E544

Calcium polyphosphate

emulsifier

E545

Ammonium polyphosphate

emulsifier

E550

Sodium Silicates (i) Sodium silicate (ii)

Sodium metasilicate

anti-caking agent

E551

Silicon dioxide (Silica)

anti-caking agent

E552

Calcium silicate

anti-caking agent

E553a

(i) Magnesium silicate (ii) Magnesium

trisilicate

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E553b Talc

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

E554

Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium

silicate)

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E555

Potassium aluminium silicate

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E556

Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium

anti-caking agent
silicate)

Approved in the EU.[17]

E557

Zinc silicate

anti-caking agent

E558

Bentonite

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E559

Aluminium silicate (Kaolin)

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E560

Potassium silicate

anti-caking agent

E561

Vermiculite

E562

Sepiolite

E563

Sepiolitic clay

E565

Lignosulphonates

E566

Natrolite-phonolite

E570

Stearic acid (Fatty acid)

anti-caking agent

E572

Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate

(emulsifier)

anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E574

Gluconic acid

acidity regulator

Approved in the EU.[17]

E575

Glucono delta-lactone (acidity regulator)

sequestrant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E576

Sodium gluconate

sequestrant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E577

Potassium gluconate

sequestrant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E578

Calcium gluconate

firming agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E579

Ferrous gluconate

food colouring

Approved in the EU.[17]

E580

Magnesium gluconate

E585

Ferrous lactate

food colouring

Approved in the EU.[17]

E586

4-Hexylresorcinol

antioxidant

Approved in the EU.[18]

E598

Synthetic calcium aluminates

E599

Perlite

E600E699 (flavour enhancers)

Code

Name(s)

Purpose

Status

E620

Glutamic acid

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E621

Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E622

Monopotassium glutamate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E623

Calcium diglutamate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E624

Monoammonium glutamate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E625

Magnesium diglutamate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E626

Guanylic acid

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E627

Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E628

Dipotassium guanylate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E629

Calcium guanylate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E630

Inosinic acid

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E631

Disodium inosinate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E632

Dipotassium inosinate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E633

Calcium inosinate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E634

Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E635

Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E640

Glycine and its sodium salt

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E650

Zinc acetate

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[17]

E700E799 (antibiotics)
Code

Name(s)

Purpose

E701

Tetracyclines

antibiotic

E702

Chlortetracycline

antibiotic

E703

Oxytetracycline

antibiotic

E704

Oleandomycin

antibiotic

E705

Penicillin G potassium

antibiotic

E706

Penicillin G sodium

antibiotic

E707

Penicillin G procaine

antibiotic

E708

Penicillin G benzathine

antibiotic

E710

Spiramycins

antibiotic

E711

Virginiamycins

antibiotic

E712

Flavomycin

antibiotic

E713

Tylosin

antibiotic

E714

Monensin A

antibiotic

E715

Avoparcin

antibiotic

E716

Salinomycin

antibiotic

E717

Avilamycin

antibiotic

Status

E900E999 (glazing agents and sweeteners)

Code

Name(s)

E900

Dimethyl polysiloxane (anti-foaming agent) anti-caking agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E901

Beeswax, white and yellow

glazing agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E902

Candelilla wax

glazing agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E903

Carnauba wax

glazing agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E904

Shellac

glazing agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E905

Paraffins

E905a Mineral oil

Purpose

Status

Approved in the EU.[17]

anti-foaming agent

E905b Petrolatum
E905c

Petroleum wax (i)Microcrystalline wax (ii)

Paraffin wax

glazing agent

E906

Gum benzoic

flavour enhancer

E907

Crystalline wax

glazing agent

E908

Rice bran wax

glazing agent

E909

Spermaceti wax

glazing agent

E910

Wax esters

glazing agent

E911

Methyl esters of fatty acids

glazing agent

E912

Montanic acid esters, Montan acid esters

glazing agent

E913

Lanolin, sheep wool grease

glazing agent

E914

Oxidized polyethylene wax, oxidized

polyethylene

glazing agent

E915

Esters of colophony

glazing agent

E916

Calcium iodate

E917

Potassium iodate

E918

Nitrogen oxides

E919

Nitrosyl chloride

E920

L-cysteine

improving agent

E921

L-cystine

improving agent

E922

Potassium persulphate

improving agent

E923

Ammonium persulphate

improving agent

E924

Potassium bromate

improving agent

E924b Calcium bromate

improving agent

E925

Chlorine

preservative, bleach,
improving agent

E926

Chlorine dioxide (preservative)

bleach

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

E927a Azodicarbonamide

improving agent

E927b Carbamide (urea)

improving agent

E928

Benzoyl peroxide (improving agent)

bleach

E929

Acetone peroxide

E930

Calcium peroxide (improving agent)

bleach

E938

Argon

packaging gas

Approved in the EU.[17]

E939

Helium

packaging gas

Approved in the EU.[17]

E940

Dichlorodifluoromethane

packaging gas

Rarely used

E941

Nitrogen (packaging gas)

propellant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E942

Nitrous oxide

propellant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E943a Butane

propellant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E943b Isobutane

propellant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E944

Propane

propellant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E945

Chloropentafluoroethane

propellant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E946

Octafluorocyclobutane

propellant

E948

Oxygen

packaging gas

Approved in the EU.[17]

E949

Hydrogen

packaging gas

Approved in the EU.[17]

E950

Acesulfame potassium

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[21]

E951

Aspartame

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[21]

E952

Cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium

salts, also known as Cyclamate

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[21]

E953

Isomalt, Isomaltitol

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[21]

E954

Saccharin and its sodium, potassium and

calcium salts

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[21]

E955

Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose)

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[21]

E956

Alitame

sweetener

E957

Thaumatin (sweetener)

flavour enhancer

E958

Glycyrrhizin (sweetener)

flavour enhancer

E959

Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone
(sweetener)

flavour enhancer

Approved in the EU.[21]

E960

Steviol glycosides

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[22]

E961

Neotame

sweetener

Approved in 2010[20]

E962

Aspartame-acesulfame salt (sweetener)

stabiliser

Approved in the EU.[21]

E965

Maltitol (i) Maltitol (ii) Maltitol syrup

(sweetener) (stabiliser)

humectant

Approved in the EU.[21]

E966

Lactitol

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[21]

E967

Xylitol

sweetener

Approved in the EU.[21]

E968

Erythritol

humectant

Approved in the EU.[21]

E999

Quillaia extract

foaming agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

Purpose

Status

Approved in the EU.[21]

E1000E1599 (additional chemicals)

Code

Name(s)

E1000 Cholic acid

emulsifier

E1001 Choline salts

emulsifier

E1100 Amylase

stabiliser, flavour
enhancer

E1101

Proteases ((i)Protease, (ii)Papain,

(iii)Bromelain, (iv)Ficin)

E1102 Glucose oxidase

stabiliser, flavour
enhancer
antioxidant

E1103 Invertase

stabiliser

Approved in the EU.[19]

E1104 Lipases
E1105 Lysozyme

preservative

E1200 Polydextrose

stabiliser, thickening
agent, humectant,
Approved in the EU.[17]
carrier

E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone

stabiliser

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1202 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (carrier)

stabiliser

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1203 Polyvinyl alcohol

Approved in 2010[20]

E1204 Pullulan

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1400

Dextrin (Dextrins, roasted starch white and

thickening agent
yellow) (stabiliser)

E1401

Modified starch ((Acid-treated starch)

stabiliser)

thickening agent

E1402 Alkaline modified starch (stabiliser)

thickening agent

E1403 Bleached starch (stabiliser)

thickening agent

E1404 Oxidized starch (emulsifier)

thickening agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1410 Monostarch phosphate (stabiliser)

thickening agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1411 Distarch glycerol (thickening agent)

emulsifier

Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium

E1412 trimetasphosphate; esterified with
phosphorus oxychloride (stabiliser)

thickening agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate (emulsifier)

thickening agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1405 Enzyme treated starch

E1420

Starch acetate esterified with acetic

anhydride (stabiliser)

thickening agent

E1421

Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate

(stabiliser)

thickening agent

E1422 Acetylated distarch adipate (stabiliser)

thickening agent

E1423 Acetylated distarch glycerol

thickening agent

E1430 Distarch glycerine (stabiliser)

thickening agent

E1440 Hydroxy propyl starch (emulsifier)

thickening agent

E1441

Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine

(stabiliser)

thickening agent

E1442

Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate

(stabiliser)

thickening agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1443 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol

E1450

Starch sodium octenyl succinate (emulsifier)

thickening agent
(stabiliser)

E1451 Acetylated oxidised starch (emulsifier)

thickening agent

Approved in the EU.[17]

Approved in the EU.[17]
Approved in the EU.[17]

E1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate

E1501 Benzylated hydrocarbons
E1502 Butane-1, 3-diol
E1503 Castor oil

resolving agent

E1504 Ethyl acetate

flavour solvent

E1505 Triethyl citrate

foam stabiliser

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1510 Ethanol
E1516 Glyceryl monoacetate

flavour solvent

E1517 Glyceryl diacetate or diacetin

flavour solvent

E1518 Glyceryl triacetate or triacetin

humectant

Approved in the EU.[17]

humectant

Approved in the EU.[17]

E1519 Benzyl alcohol

E1520 Propylene glycol
E1521 Polyethylene glycol 8000 [23]
E1525 Hydroxyethyl cellulose

Approved in 2010[20]
thickening agent

See also
List of food additives
List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius

Notes
1. ^ "Food labels" (http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/food-labelling.aspx). Live Well. NHS Choices.
Retrieved 26 December 2012.
2. ^ "FAQ - What does the E stand for in the food additives known as E numbers"
(http://www.eufic.org/page/en/page/FAQ/faqid/what-e-numbers-stand-for/). EUFIC. Retrieved 3 February
2013.
3. ^ European Directive 95/2/EC on food additives other than colours and sweeteners (http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1995L0002:20060815:EN:PDF)
4. ^ Food Additives and Ingredients Association (http://www.faia.org.uk/faq2_4.php), no date, Frequently Asked
Questions, accessed 6 March 2010
5. ^ Food Additives in the European Union (http://www.foodlaw.rdg.ac.uk/additive.htm)
6. ^ Codex Alimentarius. "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives (Ref:
CAC/GL #36 publ. 1989, revised 2009, amended 2011)"
(http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/7/CXG_036e.pdf). Retrieved 15 December 2011.

7. ^ Food Standards Australia New Zealand (http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/Additives%20alpha.pdf),

website
8. ^ See also "Food Additives (http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/FoodAdditives/default.htm)",
Food and Drug Administration website
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax
ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by Current EU approved additives and

their E Numbers (http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist), Food Standards

Agency, 26 November 2010
10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Summary of Color Additives for Use in United States in Foods, Drugs,
Cosmetics, and Medical Devices
(http://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/ColorAdditives/ColorAdditiveInventories/ucm115641.htm), United States
Food and Drug Administration
11. ^ Additives (http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/Additives%20alpha.pdf), Food Standards Australia
New Zealand
12. ^ 21 C.F.R. 74.302 (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/get-cfr.cgi?
TYPE=TEXT&YEAR=current&TITLE=21&PART=74&SECTION=302)
13. ^ 21 C.F.R. 81.10 (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/get-cfr.cgi?
TYPE=TEXT&YEAR=current&TITLE=21&PART=81&SECTION=10)
14. ^ 21 C.F.R. 81.30 (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/get-cfr.cgi?
TYPE=TEXT&YEAR=current&TITLE=21&PART=81&SECTION=30)
15. ^ 21 C.F.R. 82.304 (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/get-cfr.cgi?
TYPE=TEXT&YEAR=current&TITLE=21&PART=82&SECTION=304)
16. ^ [1] (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:295:0001:0177:EN:PDF)
17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax
ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn
co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed
ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers

(http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_7), Food Standards Agency, 26

November 2010
18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers
(http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_4), Food Standards Agency, 26
November 2010
19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax
ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers

(http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_6), Food Standards Agency, 26

November 2010
20. ^ a b c d e New additives approved for use (http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2010/nov/additives),
Food Standards Agency, Friday 26 November 2010
21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers
(http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_5), Food Standards Agency, 26
November 2010
22. ^ Stevia EU approval (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?

uri=OJ:L:2011:295:0205:0211:EN:PDF.)
23. ^ New Zealand Food Safety Authority. "Identifying Food Additives"
(http://www.foodsmart.govt.nz/elibrary/food-additives.pdf). Retrieved 16 January 2010.

External links
Codex Alimentarius (http://www.codexalimentarius.org), the international foods standards, established by
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1963
See also their document "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food
Additives (http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/7/CXG_036e.pdf)" (Ref:
CAC/GL #36 publ. 1989, revised 2009, amended 2011)
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) publications
(http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/jecfa/publications/en/index.html) at the World Health Organization
(WHO)
Food Additive Index (http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa-additives/index.html), JECFA, Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO)
E-codes and ingredients search engine with details/suggestions for Muslims
(http://www.guidedways.com/halalfoodguide.php)
Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers
(http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/fAEF/additives/lists_authorised_fA_en.htm)
Food Additives in the European Union (http://www.foodlaw.rdg.ac.uk/additive.htm)
Food Additives (http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/fAEF/additives/index_en.htm), Food Safety, website of
the European Union. Includes (a) Lists of authorised food additives (b) Food additives database
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E_number&oldid=612236000"
Categories: Chemical numbering schemes Chemistry-related lists Food additives
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