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Chapter 4: Vector Calculus: Gauss's Theorem / Divergence Theorem

Gauss's theorem relates a surface integral over a closed surface S to a volume integral over the region G enclosed by S. It states that the surface integral of a vector field F over S is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F over G. Stokes' theorem relates a surface integral over an oriented surface S to a line integral around the boundary curve C of S. It states that the surface integral of the curl of a vector field F over S is equal to the line integral of F around C. The document provides examples demonstrating the application of Gauss's theorem and Stokes' theorem to evaluate various surface integrals.

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Dalton Chan
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838 views6 pages

Chapter 4: Vector Calculus: Gauss's Theorem / Divergence Theorem

Gauss's theorem relates a surface integral over a closed surface S to a volume integral over the region G enclosed by S. It states that the surface integral of a vector field F over S is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F over G. Stokes' theorem relates a surface integral over an oriented surface S to a line integral around the boundary curve C of S. It states that the surface integral of the curl of a vector field F over S is equal to the line integral of F around C. The document provides examples demonstrating the application of Gauss's theorem and Stokes' theorem to evaluate various surface integrals.

Uploaded by

Dalton Chan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4: Vector Calculus

Gausss Theorem / Divergence Theorem


Gausss Theorem / Divergence Theorem
Let G be a simple and closed solid region and let S be the surface of G given with positive
(outwards) orientation.
Let F( x, y, z) u( x, y, z)i v( x, y, z) j w( x, y, z)k be a vector field whose component
functions have continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains G.
Hence, the surface integrals of the vector field F is given by:

F ndS FdV
S

Example 1
Use Gausss Theorem to evaluate the flux integral

F ndS , where S is the entire surface of


S

the solid bounded by the cone z x 2 y 2 and the plane z 4 , if F 4 xz i xyz 2 j 3z k .


Solution
Since S is the whole surface of a closed surface, instead of calculating the surface integral
separately as in Example 4 in Chapter 4.4, we use the Gausss Theorem to solve this flux
integral.


F i j k 4 xzi xyz 2 j 3zk
z
x y
4 z xz 2 3

F ndS FdV
S

4 z xz 2 3dV
G

2 r 4 z 4

4 z r cos z

3dzrdrd

0 r 0 z r

2 r 4 z 4

4rz r

0 r 0 z r

cos z 2 3r dzdrd

Chapter 4: Vector Calculus


2 r 4

2 r 2 cos z 3

3rz drd
2rz
3

0 r 0
2 r 4

3 r 5 cos
64r 2 cos
2
32
r

12
r

2
r

3
r

drd
r 0
3
3

2 r 4

44r

0 r 0

cos 64r 3 r 6 r 4
2
22
r

r 3 d

3 3
6 2

cos

64r 2 r 5 2r 3 3r 2 drd

160

2048cos
d
9
2

2048sin

160

0
320

Example 2
Evaluate surface integral of F( x, y, z) xi yj 2 zk over all the surfaces of the cube
x 0, x 1, y 0, y 1, z 0, and z 1 , with the oriented outward unit normal vector.

Solution


F i j k xi yj 2 zk
z
x y
11 2
4

F ndS FdV
S

G
z 1 y 1 x 1

4dxdydz

z 0 y 0 x 0
z 1 y 1

4dydz

z 0 y 0
z 1

4dz

z 0

Chapter 4: Vector Calculus

Example 3
Use Gausss Theorem to evaluate

F ndS , where F( x, y, z) yi xyj zk and S is the


S

surfaces enclosed by cylinder x y 2 4 , plane z 0 , and paraboloid z x 2 y 2 .


2

Solution


F i j k yi xyj zk
z
x y
0 x 1
x 1
By Gausss Theorem,

F ndS FdV
S

( x 1)dV
G

Its projection on xy-plane

By cylindrical coordinates,
2 r 2 z r 2

F ndS

(r cos 1)dzrdrd

0 r 0 z 0

2 r 2 z r 2

(r 2 cos r )dzdrd

0 r 0 z 0

2 r 2

(r

cos r )r 2 drd

cos r 3 )drd

0 r 0

2 r 2

(r

0 r 0

0
2

r 5 cos r 4
5 4 d

0
32 cos

4 d
5

32

sin 4
5
0
8

Chapter 4: Vector Calculus

Example 4
Let S be the surfaces of the solid G enclosed by upper hemisphere z 1 x 2 y 2 , and
plane z 0 , and oriented outward. Use Gausss Theorem to find the surface integrals of the
vector field F( x, y, z) x3i y3 j z 3k over the surface S.
Solution


F i j k x3i y 3 j z 3k
z
x y
3x 2 3 y 2 3z 2
3( x 2 y 2 z 2 )
By Gausss Theorem,

F ndS FdV
S

Its projection on xy-plane

3( x 2 y 2 z 2 )dV
G

By spherical coordinates,
/2 2 1

F ndS 3
0

/2 2

/2

2 2 sin d d d

sin d d

sin d

6
/2
cos 0
5
6

Chapter 4: Vector Calculus

Stokes Theorem

Stokes Theorem can be regarded as an extension of Greens Theorem. Stokes


Theorem relates a surface integral over a surface S to a line integral around the
boundary curve of S.

Stokes Theorem
Let S be an orientable piecewise smooth surface, which is bounded by a simple, closed,
piecewise smooth boundatu curve C with positive orientation.
Let F( x, y, z) u( x, y, z)i v( x, y, z) j w( x, y, z)k be a vector field whose component
functions have continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains S.
Hence,

F dr F ndS
S

Example 5
Evaluate

F dr

by using Stokes Theorem for F z 2i 2 xj y3k with C is the circle

x y 1in the xy-plane with counterclockwise orientation looking down the positive z-axis.
2

Solution

F
x
z2

j
k

3 y 2i 2 zj 2k
y z
2x y3

For plane z 0

f ( x, y, z) z

f
f
f
i j k k
x
y
z
ndS f ( x, y , z )dA k dA
f ( x , y , z )

( F) ndS ( 3 y 2i 2 zj 2k) kdA 2dA

Chapter 4: Vector Calculus

By Stokes Theorem,

F dr F ndS
S

2dA
S

2 r 1

2rdrd

0 r 0
2

1d

2
Example 6
Evaluate

F dr by using Stokes Theorem for F ( x

y)i 4 zj x 2k where C lies on the

intercepting plane between plane z 2 and cone z x 2 y 2 . Take n to be the outward unit
normal vector.
Solution

F
x
2
x y
For plane z 2

f ( x , y , z )

y
4z

4i 2 xj + k
z
x2

f ( x, y, z) z 2

f
f
f
i j k k
x
y
z

ndS f ( x, y , z )dA k dA
( F) ndS ( 4i 2 xj + k) kdA 1dA

F dr F ndS
S

dA
S

2 r 2

rdrd
0 r 0

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